Os riscos dos alimentos Os riscos dos alimentos transgênicos na Saúde, transgênicos na Saúde,

Economia e Meio AmbienteEconomia e Meio Ambiente

Por Jeffrey SmithPor Jeffrey Smith

Diretor ExecutivoDiretor ExecutivoInstituto para Tecnologia ResponsávelInstituto para Tecnologia Responsável

AutorAutorSementes da Decepção Sementes da Decepção && Roleta Roleta

GenéticaGenética

Industry ManipulationIndustry Manipulation Scientists were fired, threatened, stripped of Scientists were fired, threatened, stripped of

responsibilities and fundsresponsibilities and funds News reports are stoppedNews reports are stopped Evidence is omittedEvidence is omitted Research is rigged to avoid finding problemsResearch is rigged to avoid finding problems Monsanto offered bribes to regulatorsMonsanto offered bribes to regulators

A MANIPULAÇÃO DA INDÚSTRIA

CIENTISTAS FORAM DESPEDIDOS, AMEAÇADOS, ARRANCADOS DE RESPONSABILIDADES E ACESSO À FUNDOS

RELATÓRIOS FORAM INTERROMPIDOS, EVIDÊNCIAS FORAM OMITIDAS, A PESQUISA FOI MANUSEADA PARA SE EVITAR ENCONTRAR PROBLEMAS

MONSANTO OFERECEU PROPINAS PARA OS REGULADORES

Initial plans for GMOsInitial plans for GMOs Industry’s goal was to genetically engineer and Industry’s goal was to genetically engineer and

patent 100% of all commercial seeds in the patent 100% of all commercial seeds in the worldworld

The US government’s goal was to increase US The US government’s goal was to increase US exportsexports•O OBJETIVO DA INDUSTRIA ERA

MODIFICAR GENETICAMENTE E PATENTEAR 100% DE TODAS AS SEMENTES COMERCIAIS DO MUNDO.

•O OBJETIVO DO GOVERNO AMERICANO ERA AUMENTAR AS EXPORTACOES AMERICANAS.

FDA declares GMOs no differentFDA declares GMOs no different““The agency is not aware of any information The agency is not aware of any information showing that foods derived by these new showing that foods derived by these new methods differ from other foods in any methods differ from other foods in any meaningful or uniform way.” meaningful or uniform way.”

““Statement of Policy” May 29, 1992Statement of Policy” May 29, 1992FDA DECLAROU QUE OS ORGANISMOS GENETICAMENTE MODIFICADOSNÃO SÃO DIFERENTES E QUE A AGÊNCIA NÃO TEM NENHUMA INFORMAÇÃO DE QUE OS ALIMENTOS DERIVADOS DESTES NOVOS MÉTODOS DIFEREM DE MODO CONSTANTE OU SIGNIFICATIVO DE QUALQUER OUTRO ALIMENTO

Secret FDA documents revealed Secret FDA documents revealed that the statement contradicted that the statement contradicted

the agency scientiststhe agency scientists

DOCUMENTOS SECRETOS DO FDA REVELARAM QUE A DECLARACAO CONTRADIZIA OS CIENTISTAS DA AGENCIA

Scientists warned of:Scientists warned of: AllergensAllergens ToxinsToxins New diseasesNew diseases Nutritional problemsNutritional problems

OS CIENTISTAS ADVERTIRAM SOBRE ALERGENOS, TOXINAS, NOVAS DOENCAS, PROBLEMAS NUTRICIONAIS

Who overruled the Who overruled the scientists?scientists?Michael TaylorMichael Taylor

In charge of FDA policyIn charge of FDA policy Former Monsanto attorneyFormer Monsanto attorney Later Monsanto vice presidentLater Monsanto vice president

QUEM SOBREPUJOU OS CIENTISTAS? MICHAEL TAYLOR, QUE ERA NA EPOCA RESPONSAVEL PELA POLITICA DO FDA, EX-ADVOGADO DA MONSANTO E DEPOIS, VICE-PRESIDENTE DA MONSANTO

Checklist of Checklist of 65 health 65 health risks that risks that demand a demand a responseresponse

UMA LISTA DE 65 RISCOS A SAUDE EXIGEM UMA RESPOSTA

If GM crops are so bad, why don’t we If GM crops are so bad, why don’t we see more problems?see more problems?

SE COLHEITAS TRANSGENICAS FAZEM TANTO MAL, PORQUE

NAO VEMOS MAIS PROBLEMAS?

L-tryptophan produced byL-tryptophan produced byGM bacteriaGM bacteria

Killed about 100 and causedKilled about 100 and caused

5,000-10,000 to fall sick 5,000-10,000 to fall sick

L-TRIPTOFAN PRODUZIU UMA BACTERIA GM

MATOU CERCA DE 100 E PROVOCOU DOENCA EM CERCA DE

5 A 10 MIL PESSOAS.

The epidemic was discovered The epidemic was discovered because the diseasebecause the disease

1.1. Was new, with unique symptomsWas new, with unique symptoms

2.2. AcuteAcute

3.3. Came on quicklyCame on quickly

A EPIDEMIA FOI DESCOBERTA PORQUE A DOENCA

1.ERA NOVA, COM SINTOMAS UNICOS

2.AGUDA

3.AVANCAVA RAPIDAMENTE

Current AssessmentsCurrent Assessments No post-marketing surveillanceNo post-marketing surveillance No human clinical trialsNo human clinical trials No proper evaluation of plant changes or effectsNo proper evaluation of plant changes or effects Approvals based onApprovals based on

Superficial and “rigged” industry studiesSuperficial and “rigged” industry studies Disproved or untested assumptionsDisproved or untested assumptions

AVALIACOES ATUAIS

NENHUMA SUPERVISAO POS-MARKETING, NENHUM TESTE CLINICO EM HUMANOS, NENHUMA AVALIACAO ADEQUADA DE MUDANCAS OU EFEITOS EM PLANTAS, APROVACOES BASEADAS EM ESTUDOS INDUSTRIAIS SUPERFICIAIS OU “ARMADOS”, PRESSUPOSTOS DESAPROVADOS OU NAO TESTADOS.

Evidence of GM soy-related Evidence of GM soy-related problemsproblems

EVIDENCIA DE PROBLEMAS RELACIONADOS A SOJA TRANSGENICA

Soon after GM soy was Soon after GM soy was introduced into the UK, soy introduced into the UK, soy

allergies skyrocketed by allergies skyrocketed by 50%.50%.

York LaboratoryYork Laboratory

LOGO APOS A INTRODUCAO DE SOJA GM NO REINO UNIDO, ALERGIAS A SOJA SUBIRAM 50%.

Could genetic engineering Could genetic engineering cause such problems?cause such problems?

SERÁ QUE A ENGENHARIA GENÉTICA SERÁ QUE A ENGENHARIA GENÉTICA PODERIA CAUSAR TAIS PROBLEMAS?PODERIA CAUSAR TAIS PROBLEMAS?

First possible cause of First possible cause of problemsproblems

The process of creating a The process of creating a GM crop creates GM crop creates

unpredicted changes in unpredicted changes in DNA and plant compositionDNA and plant composition

PRIMEIRAS CAUSAS DE PROBLEMAS

OS PROCESSOS DE CRIACAO DE PLANTAS GENETICAMENTE MODIFICADAS CRIAM MUDANCAS IMPREVISIVEIS NO DNA E NA COMPOSICAO DAS PLANTAS

Gene constructGene constructCONSTRUÇÃO GENÉTICACONSTRUÇÃO GENÉTICA

promoter Gene for trait (Bt toxin) end

Regulatory sequence: on/off switch - often CaMV (virus)

(SEQUÊNCIA REGULATÓRIA: LIGA/DESLIGA -FREQUENTE/ VIRUS CamV)

Coding sequence of a gene - e.g. Bt toxin gene from soil bacterium

(SEQUÊNCIA CODIFICADORA DE UM GENE- i.e. GENE DE TOXINA BT DE BACTÉRIA DO SOLO)

Regulatory sequence: Termination signal - e.g. from pea

(SEQUÊNCIA REGULATÓRIA:SINAL DE TÉRMINO -i.e. DE ERVILHA)

Plasmid backbone DNA, superfluous genetic material

(DNA DE PLASMÍDEO, MATERIAL GENÉTICO SUPÉRFLUO)

PROMOTOR GENE PARA O TRAÇO(TOXINA BT) TÉRMINO

The DNA may contain:The DNA may contain: Mutations (2-4% of DNA)Mutations (2-4% of DNA) Deletion of genesDeletion of genes Altered gene expression Altered gene expression

(up to 5%)(up to 5%)O DNA PODE CONTER: MUTAÇÕES (2-4%), DELEÇÕES DE GENES, EXPRESSÃO ALTERADA DE GENES(ATE 5%)

1. Disrupted DNA1. Disrupted DNA Damaged DNADamaged DNA Extra transgene fragmentsExtra transgene fragments Altered nutrientsAltered nutrients Increase of a known allergenIncrease of a known allergen Production of a new potential allergenProduction of a new potential allergen

1.DNA ROMPIDO: DNA DANIFICADO, FRAGMENTOS TRANSGENICOS EXTRAS, NUTRIENTES ALTERADOS, AUMENTO DE ALERGENICO CONHECIDO, PRODUCAO DE NOVOS ALERGENICOS

Skin prick testSkin prick test

““One patient had a positive skin test One patient had a positive skin test result to GMO soybeans only.” result to GMO soybeans only.”

Allergy and Asthma Proceedings, 2005

TESTE EM PELE

“UM PACIENTE TEVE RESULTADO POSITIVO NO TESTE DE PELE APENAS PARA SOJA GMO.

A second cause of problemsA second cause of problems

The protein produced by The protein produced by the inserted gene may the inserted gene may

be harmfulbe harmful

SEGUNDA CAUSA DE PROBLEMAS: A PROTEINA INSERIDA NO GENE PODE SER DANINHA

2. Protein may be harmful2. Protein may be harmful

Sections identical to known Sections identical to known shrimp and dust mite shrimp and dust mite allergensallergens

2. A PROTEÍNA PODE SER PREJUDICIAL

• PARTES IDÊNTICAS A ALERGÊNICOS CONHECIDOS DE CAMARÃO E ÁCAROS DE POEIRA

BMC Structural Biology 2002

3. GM protein may be 3. GM protein may be alteredaltered

Unintentional RNA sequences Unintentional RNA sequences may create unintended may create unintended proteinsproteins3. PROTEINA GM PODE SER

ALTERADA

SEQUENCIAS DE RNA NAO INTENCIONAIS PODEM CRIAR PROTEINAS NAO INTENCIONAIS

European Food Research and Technology 2005

Third reason for problemsThird reason for problems

The protein may be The protein may be differentdifferent

than intendedthan intendedTERCEIRA RAZAO PARA HAVER PROBLEMAS

A PROTEINA PODE SER DIFERENTE DA INTENCIONADA

The transgene sequence The transgene sequence may:may:

Mutate or truncateMutate or truncate RearrangeRearrange Be read differentlyBe read differently Produce multiple proteinsProduce multiple proteins

A SEQUENCIA TRANGENICA PODE:

•MUTAR OU TRUNCAR

•RE-ARRANJAR

•SER LIDA DE MANEIRA DIFERENTE

•PRODUZIR MULTIPLAS PROTEINAS

The protein may:The protein may:

Be folded differentlyBe folded differently Have different molecules Have different molecules

attachedattached

A PROTEINA PODE:

SER DOBRADA DE MANEIRA DIFERENTE

ANEXAR MOLECULAS DIFERENTES

Mice had an Mice had an immune immune

response to response to protein that was protein that was

altered in GM altered in GM peaspeas

Agricultural Food ChemistryAgricultural Food Chemistry, 2005, 2005

RATOS TIVERAM UMA REAÇÃO IMUNOLÓGICA À PROTEÍNA QUE ERA ALTERADA EM ERVILHAS TRANSGÊNICAS

Fourth possible problemFourth possible problem

More herbicide More herbicide residues in residues in herbicide herbicide

tolerant cropstolerant cropsQUARTO PROBLEMA POSSIVEL:

MAIS RESIDUOS DE HERBICIDA EM COLHEITAS TOLERANTES A HERBICIDAS

4. Increased herbicide4. Increased herbicide 138 million pounds more in the US in the first 9 years138 million pounds more in the US in the first 9 years Herbicide use is acceleratingHerbicide use is accelerating About 120 million pound increase in last 2 yearsAbout 120 million pound increase in last 2 years In 1 year, 2005-2006, the increase was 38%In 1 year, 2005-2006, the increase was 38% Roundup use increased 93% from 1996-2006Roundup use increased 93% from 1996-2006 Usage of the more toxic 2,4-D was up 237% 2004-2006Usage of the more toxic 2,4-D was up 237% 2004-2006

4. HERBICIDA AUMENTADO•138 MILHÕES DE LIBRAS A MAIS NOS EUA NOS PRIMEIROS 9 ANOS•USO DE HERBICIDA ESTÁ ACELERANDO;•AUMENTO DE CERCA DE 120 MILHÕES DE LIBRAS NOS ÚLTIMOS 2 ANOS•EM 1 ANO, 2005-06, O AUMENTO FOI DE 38%•USO DE GLIFOSATO(ROUNDUP) AUMENTOU 93% DE 1996-2006•USO DO 2, 4-D MAIS TÓXICO, SUBIU 237% DE 2004-2006

Fifth possible problemFifth possible problem

Gene transfer toGene transfer togut bacteria orgut bacteria orinto our DNAinto our DNA

QUINTO PROBLEMA POSSIVEL

TRANSFERENCIA GENETICA PARA BACTERIAS INTERNAS OU PARA NOSSO DNA

What can transfer?What can transfer? PromoterPromoter Roundup Ready geneRoundup Ready gene Antibiotic resistant markerAntibiotic resistant marker Bt geneBt gene

O QUE PODE SER TRANSFERIDO?

PROMOTOR, GENE “PRONTO PARA COLHER”, MARCADOR RESISTENTE A ANTIBIOTICO, GENE BT

5. Gene transfer5. Gene transfer

Soy transgenes were Soy transgenes were confirmed in human gut confirmed in human gut bacteriabacteria5. TRANSFERENCIA GENETICA

TRANSGENIA DE SOJA FOI CONFIRMADA EM BACTERIA INTERNA HUMANA

Nature Biotechnology 2004

Reduced Digestive EnzymesReduced Digestive Enzymes

The pancreas cells in Mice fed GM The pancreas cells in Mice fed GM soy were significantly disrupted.soy were significantly disrupted.

There was a huge reduction in There was a huge reduction in digestive enzymesdigestive enzymes

If protein digestion is slowed, it If protein digestion is slowed, it increases time for allergic responsesincreases time for allergic responses

Toxic Reactions and GM SoyToxic Reactions and GM Soy

Can be produced from the same 5 Can be produced from the same 5 causescauses

Pode ser produzidas a partir das Pode ser produzidas a partir das mesmas 5 causasmesmas 5 causas

REAÇÕES TÓXICAS E SOJA TRANSGÊNICA

GM soy has higher lignin GM soy has higher lignin contentcontent

““Components of this same biochemical pathway also Components of this same biochemical pathway also produce both flavonoids and isoflavonoids that have a produce both flavonoids and isoflavonoids that have a high nutritional value, and rotenone, a plant-produced high nutritional value, and rotenone, a plant-produced insecticide that may cause Parkinson’s disease.”insecticide that may cause Parkinson’s disease.”

David Schubert, PhD, Salk InstituteDavid Schubert, PhD, Salk Institute

SOJA TRANSGÊNICA TEM MAIS CONTEÚDE DE LIGNINA

“COMPONENTES DESTA MESMA VIA BIOQUÍMICA PODEM PRODUZIR FLAVONÓIDES E BIOFLAVONÓIDES QUE TÊM UM ALTO VALOR NUTRICIONAL, E ROTENONE, UM INSETICIDA PRODUZIDO POR PLANTAS QUE PODE CAUSAR A DOENÇA DE PARKINSON”.

David Schubert, PhD, Salk Institute

Mice fedMice fedRoundup Ready soyRoundup Ready soy

Altered cells, enzymes, and/or Altered cells, enzymes, and/or gene expression in the livergene expression in the liver

Higher metabolic activity Higher metabolic activity (indicates toxic insult)(indicates toxic insult)

RATOS ALIMENTADOS COM SOJA ROUNDUP READY

•ALTERAÇÕES DE CÉLULAS, ENZIMAS E/OU EXPRESSAO GENÉTICA NO FIGADO,RINS

•ATIVIDADE METABÓLICA MAIS ELEVADA (INDICA INSULTO TÓXICO)

Rat Livers Fed GM Soy А, B – control group; C, D – GM-soy group

B

А C

D

FIGADO

CONTROLE

GRUPO DA SOJA GM

Mice fed GM soyMice fed GM soy

Altered young sperm Altered young sperm cellscells

Embryos had altered Embryos had altered gene expressiongene expressionRATOS ALIMENTADOS COM SOJA GM

•CELULAS DE ESPERMA JOVENS ALTERADAS

•EMBRIOES APRESENTAVAM EXRESSAO GENETICA ALTERADA

GM-soy Control

GM-soy: disturbance of blood stream SOJA TRANSGÊNICA: DISTÚRBIOS DA CORRENTE SANGUÍNEA

Control

Mortality of rat pups

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

1

%

Contrоl GM-soy Protein-isolate GM soya

Тrad-soy

MORTALIDADE DE FILHOTES DE RATOS

51.2%

 

Preliminary evidencePreliminary evidence

Rat offspring did not Rat offspring did not conceiveconceive

EVIDENCIA PRELIMINAR

SEGUNDA GERACAO DE RATOS NAO CONCEBEU

When the entire Russian facility When the entire Russian facility began using GM soy-based feed, began using GM soy-based feed,

infant mortality for all rats become infant mortality for all rats become 55.3%.55.3%.

QUANDO TODO O LABORATÓRIO DA QUANDO TODO O LABORATÓRIO DA RÚSSIA COMEÇOU A USAR ALIMENTO RÚSSIA COMEÇOU A USAR ALIMENTO COM SOJA TRANSGÊNICA PARA OS COM SOJA TRANSGÊNICA PARA OS RATOS, A MORTALIDADE INFANTIL RATOS, A MORTALIDADE INFANTIL PARA TODOS OS RATOS SE TORNOU PARA TODOS OS RATOS SE TORNOU 55,3%55,3%

CTN Bio approved Bt corn.CTN Bio approved Bt corn.

CTN BIO APROVOU MILHO BTCTN BIO APROVOU MILHO BT

Bt-toxinBt-toxinIndustry claims Bt:Industry claims Bt: Has a history of safe useHas a history of safe use Is destroyed during digestionIs destroyed during digestion Is not active in mammalsIs not active in mammals

TOXINA BT- A INDUSTRIA ALEGA QUE:

TEM UMA HISTORIA DE USO SEGURO, E DESTRUIDA DURANTE A DIGESTAO, NAO E ATIVA EM MAMIFEROS

In reality…In reality…

People react to Bt sprayPeople react to Bt spray Bt survives digestionBt survives digestion Mice react to Bt-toxinMice react to Bt-toxin

NA REALIDADEAS PESSOAS REAGEM AO SPRAY BTBT SOBREVIVE A DIGESTAOCAMUNDONGOS REAGEM A TOXINA BT

Bt in cropsBt in crops Thousands of times more concentrated Thousands of times more concentrated

than the spraythan the spray Designed to be more toxicDesigned to be more toxic Has properties of a known egg yolk Has properties of a known egg yolk

allergenallergenBT EM PLANTAS- MILHARES DE VEZES MAIS CONCENTRADOS QUE NO SPRAY, DESENHADO PARA SER MAIS TÓXICO

TEM PROPRIEDADES DE UM ALÉRGENO MUITO CONHECIDO DA GEMA DO OVO

Bt cottonBt cottonHundreds of laborers in India Hundreds of laborers in India reported allergic reactions toreported allergic reactions to

Bt cottonBt cotton

ALGODAO-BT

CENTENAS DE TRABALHADORES NA INDIA REPORTARAM REACOES ALERGICAS AO ALGODAO-BT

Upper Upper respiratorespiratoryry

EyesEyes SkinSkin OverallOverall

Bt Bt SpraySpray

sneezingsneezingrunny noserunny noseasthmaasthma

waterwateryyredred

itching itching burning burning inflammatiinflammationred, onred, swellingswelling

feverfever

some some in in hospitahospitall

Bt Bt cottocottonn

sneezingsneezingrunny noserunny nose

waterwateryyredred

itching itching burning burning eruptionseruptionsred, red, swellingswelling

feverfever

some some in in hospitahospitall

TRATO RESPIRATORIO

OLHOS

PELE GERAL

Bt cottonBt cotton

Thousands of sheep Thousands of sheep died after grazing ondied after grazing on

Bt cotton plantsBt cotton plants

ALGODAO COM A TOXINA BT

MILHARES DE OVELHAS MORRERAM DEPOIS DE PASTAR PLANTAS DE ALGODAO COM BT

Bt cottonBt cotton

““The Andhra Pradesh government has advised The Andhra Pradesh government has advised farmers not to allow animals to graze on Bt farmers not to allow animals to graze on Bt

cotton fields after four institutes reported the cotton fields after four institutes reported the presence of toxins in them.”presence of toxins in them.”

The Hindustan Times, 17 June 2007

O GOVERNO DE ANDHRA PRADESH AVISOU AOS FAZENDEIROS PARA NAO PERMITIREM QUE OS ANIMAS PASTASSEM EM CAMPOS DE ALGODAO BT DEPOIS QUE 4 INSTITUTOS RELATARAM A PRESENCA DE TOXINAS NELES.

Bt corn, reports…Bt corn, reports…

12 cows died on 12 cows died on a German farma German farm

MILHO COM BT, RELATORIO…

12 VACAS MORRERAM EM UMA FAZENDA NA ALEMANHA

Bt corn, reports…Bt corn, reports…

Farmers say pigs and cows became sterileFarmers say pigs and cows became sterile

MILHO COM BT, RELATORIO…

FAZENDEIROS DIZEM QUE PORCOS E VACAS FICARAM ESTEREIS

Bt corn, reports…Bt corn, reports…

Inhaled pollen mayInhaled pollen may

have caused illnesshave caused illness

MILHO COM BT, RELATORIO…

POLEN INALADO PODE PROVOCAR DOENCAS

Upper Upper respiratorrespiratoryy

EyesEyes SkinSkin OverallOverall

Bt Bt SpraSprayy

sneezingsneezingrunny noserunny noseasthmaasthma

waterwateryyredred

Itching, Itching, burning burning inflammation,inflammation,red, swellingred, swelling

feverfeversome in some in hospitalhospital

Bt Bt corn corn pollepollenn

sneezingsneezingasthmaasthmacoughscoughsnose bleedsnose bleeds

swellingswelling feverfeversome in some in hospitalhospitalOther symptoms: headache, stomach ache, Other symptoms: headache, stomach ache,

dizziness, diarrhea, vomiting, weakness, dizziness, diarrhea, vomiting, weakness, numbnessnumbness

9 horses, 4 water buffalos, and 37 chickens 9 horses, 4 water buffalos, and 37 chickens died after eating the corn. 5 unexplained died after eating the corn. 5 unexplained human deaths.human deaths.

TratoTrato

RespiratóriRespiratórioo

OlhosOlhos PelePele GeralGeral

Bt Bt SpraSprayy

EspirrosEspirros

Nariz Nariz escorrendoescorrendoasmaasma

Lacri-Lacri-mejandomejandovermelhvermelhoo

coceiras, coceiras, inflamações, inflamações, vermelhidão, vermelhidão, inchaçosinchaços

Febre, Febre, hospitalhospitalizaçõesizações

Bt Bt polem polem de de milhomilho

Espirros, Espirros, asma, asma, tosse, tosse, hemorragiahemorragias nasaiss nasais

inchaçosinchaços Febre, Febre, hospitalhospitalizaçõesizações

Outros sintomas: dor de cabeça, cólicas, tonturas, Outros sintomas: dor de cabeça, cólicas, tonturas, diarréias, vômitos, fraqueza, adormecimentosdiarréias, vômitos, fraqueza, adormecimentos

9 cavalos, 4 búfallos, e 37 galinhas morreram depois 9 cavalos, 4 búfallos, e 37 galinhas morreram depois de comer o milho. 5 mortes humanas inexplicadas.de comer o milho. 5 mortes humanas inexplicadas.

Rats ate Bt cornRats ate Bt corn(90 days)(90 days)

Indicators for Indicators for Liver and kidney toxicityLiver and kidney toxicity Blood pressure problems, allergies, Blood pressure problems, allergies, infections or infections or

disease, higher blood sugar and anemiadisease, higher blood sugar and anemiaIndustry studyIndustry study

RATOS COMERAM MILHO COM BT (90 DIAS)

INDICADORES PARA TOXICIDADE DO FIGADO E RINS, PROBLEMAS DE PRESSAO SANGUINEA, ALERGIAS, INFECCOES OU DOENCAS, NIVEL MAIOR DE ACUCAR NO SANGUE E ANEMIA

Rats ate Bt cornRats ate Bt corn(90 days)(90 days)

““With the present data, it cannot be With the present data, it cannot be concluded that GM corn MON863 is a safe concluded that GM corn MON863 is a safe product.”product.”

““The two main organs of detoxification, liver The two main organs of detoxification, liver and kidney, have been disturbed in this and kidney, have been disturbed in this study.”study.”

Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 2007Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 2007“COM OS DADOS ATUAIS, NAO SE PODE CONCLUIR QUE MILHO GM MON863 E UM PRODUTO SEGURO.” “DOIS ORGAOS PRINCIPAIS DE DESINTOXICACAO, O FIGADO E OS RINS, FORAM AFETADOS NESSE ESTUDO.”

If the Bt gene transfers, it If the Bt gene transfers, it might turn our intestinal flora might turn our intestinal flora into living pesticide factories.into living pesticide factories.

SE O GENE BT SE TRANSFERIR, SE O GENE BT SE TRANSFERIR, PODERÁ TRANSFORMAR NOSSA PODERÁ TRANSFORMAR NOSSA FLORA INTESTINAL EM FÁBRICAS FLORA INTESTINAL EM FÁBRICAS VIVAS DE PESTICIDAVIVAS DE PESTICIDA

Additional evidence of health Additional evidence of health problemsproblems

EVIDÊNCIAS ADICIONAIS DE EVIDÊNCIAS ADICIONAIS DE PROBLEMAS DE SAÚDEPROBLEMAS DE SAÚDE

After 28 days After 28 days

7 of 20 rats developed stomach lesions7 of 20 rats developed stomach lesions Another 7 of 40 died within 2 weeksAnother 7 of 40 died within 2 weeks

Industry studyIndustry study

APOS 28 DIAS, 7 DE 20 RATOS QUE COMERAM SOMENTE GM TIVERAM LESOES DE ESTOMAGO

OUTROS 7 DE 40 MORRERAM EM 2 SEMANAS

FlavrSavr FlavrSavr TomatoTomato

Rats refused to eat the Rats refused to eat the tomatotomato

OS RATOS SE RECUSARAM A COMER O TOMATE

GM potatoes damaged rats GM potatoes damaged rats (10 or 110 days)(10 or 110 days)

Rats developedRats developed Potentially precancerous cell growth in the digestive tractPotentially precancerous cell growth in the digestive tract Smaller brains, livers and testiclesSmaller brains, livers and testicles Partial atrophy of the liver, andPartial atrophy of the liver, and Immune system damageImmune system damage

Lancet, Lancet, 19991999

BATATAS GM DANIFICARAM RATOS (10 OU 110 DIAS)

OS RATOS DESENVOLVERAM CRESCIMENTO CELULAR POTENCIAMENTE PRECANCERIGENOS NO TRATO DIGESTIVO; CEREBROS MENORES, ASSIM COMO FIGADO E TESTICULOS; DANOS AO SISTEMA IMUNOLOGICO

Intestinal WallIntestinal WallNon-GM GMNon-GM GM

MUCOSA INTESTINAL

Stomach Lining- Epitelio do Stomach Lining- Epitelio do EstomagoEstomago

Non-GM GM

Chickens fed Liberty Link Chickens fed Liberty Link corncorn

Died at twice the rateDied at twice the rate

FRANGOS ALIMENTADOS COM MILHO LIBERTY LINK TIVERAM O DOBRO DE INDICE DE MORTALIDADE

Industry studyIndustry study

Economic risksEconomic risks

RISCOS ECONÔMICOSRISCOS ECONÔMICOS

Lost MarketsLost Markets US lost all corn sales to EU and US soy sales US lost all corn sales to EU and US soy sales

were reducedwere reduced Canada lost sales of canola and honey to EUCanada lost sales of canola and honey to EU

MERCADOS PERDIDOS

OS EUA PERDERAM TODAS AS VENDAS DE MILHO PARA A EUROPA E A VENDA DE SOJA DOS EUA FOI REDUZIDA

O CANADA PERDEU AS VENDAS DE CANOLA E MEL PARA A EUROPA

Worldwide rejection by Worldwide rejection by consumersconsumers limited expansion limited expansion

4 major crops4 major crops 6 countries6 countries 2 major traits2 major traits

REJEIÇÃO DE CONSUMIDORES A NÍVEL MUNDIAL

EXPANSÃO LIMITADA

•4 PLANTIOS PRINCIPAIS

•6 PAISES

•2 CARACTERÍSTICAS PRINCIPAIS

Critical role of BrazilCritical role of Brazil

US wants to force countries to take GMUS wants to force countries to take GM EU and others need non-GM sourcesEU and others need non-GM sources

PAPEL CRITICO DO BRASIL

•EUA QUEREM FORCAR OS PAISES A ACEITAR GM

•EUA E OUTROS PRECISAM DE FONTES NAO-GM

American Corn Growers American Corn Growers AssociationAssociation

GM corn caused a GM corn caused a drop in corn prices by 13 to 20%drop in corn prices by 13 to 20% ““An explanation is owed to the thousands of American An explanation is owed to the thousands of American

farmers who were told to trust this technology, yet farmers who were told to trust this technology, yet now see their prices fall to historically low levels while now see their prices fall to historically low levels while other other countries exploit US vulnerability and pick off countries exploit US vulnerability and pick off our export customers one by one.”our export customers one by one.”

ASSOCIAÇÃO DOS PLANTADORES DE MILHO DOS EUA

O MILHO TRANSGÊNICO CAUSOU UMA QUEDA DOS PREÇOS DO MILHO DE 13 A 20%

“UMA EXPLANAÇÃO É DEVIDA AOS MILHARES DE FAZENDEIROS AMERICANOS QUE CONFIARAM NESTA TECNOLOGIA E QUE AGORA VÊEM OS SEUS PREÇOS CAÍREM ABAIXOS DOS NÍVEIS HISTÓRICOS ENQUANTO OUTROS PAÍSES EXPLORAM A VULNERABILIDADE DOS EUA E PEGAM UM A UM OS NOSSOS CLIENTES DE EXPORTAÇÃO.”

US Government SubsidiesUS Government Subsidies US government payments to farmers are up US government payments to farmers are up

by by $3 to $5 billion$3 to $5 billion annually due to GM crops annually due to GM crops

——Charles Benbrook, PhD, former Charles Benbrook, PhD, former executive director of the National Academy executive director of the National Academy of Sciences’ Board on Agricultureof Sciences’ Board on Agriculture

AS INDENIZAÇÕES DO GOVERNO AMERICANO PARA FAZENDEIROS CHEGA A $3 ATÉ $5 BILHÕES ANUALMENTE DEVIDO AO MILHO TRANSGÊNICO

_Charles Benbrook, PhD, antigo diretor executivo da Academia Nacional de Ciências-Comissão de Agricultura

Canadian National Farmers Canadian National Farmers Union Union

““Corporate and government managers have Corporate and government managers have spent millions trying to convince farmers and spent millions trying to convince farmers and other citizens of the benefits of genetically-other citizens of the benefits of genetically-modified (GM) crops. But this huge public modified (GM) crops. But this huge public relations effort has failed to obscure the truth: relations effort has failed to obscure the truth: GM crops do not deliver the promised GM crops do not deliver the promised benefitsbenefits.”.”

“ADMINISTRADORES DE EMPRESA E GOVERNO TÊM GASTO MILHÕES TENTANDO CONVENCER FAZENDEIROS E OUTROS CIDADÕES DOS BENEFÍCIOS DAS PLANTAÇÕES TRANSGÊNICAS (GM). MAS ESTE IMENSO TRABALHO DE RELAÇÕES PÚBLICAS NÃO CONSEGUE OCULTAR A VERDADE: PLANTAÇÕES GM NÃO GARANTEM OS RESULTADOS PROMETIDOS.

Canadian National Farmers Canadian National Farmers Union Union

““Closing markets and falling prices threaten to Closing markets and falling prices threaten to overwhelm any small, short-term economic overwhelm any small, short-term economic benefits that GM crops or livestock may offer.”benefits that GM crops or livestock may offer.”

““The claim that GM seeds make our farms The claim that GM seeds make our farms more profitable is false.”more profitable is false.”

Reduced Farmer ProfitReduced Farmer Profit USDA: “USDA: “could not find positive financial impactscould not find positive financial impacts in in

either the field-level nor the whole-farm analysis” either the field-level nor the whole-farm analysis” for Bt corn and GM soybeans. “Adoption of Bt for Bt corn and GM soybeans. “Adoption of Bt corn corn had a negative impact on net returnshad a negative impact on net returns among among specialized corn farms.”specialized corn farms.”

USDA: “NÃO PODE ENCONTRAR IMPACTOS FINANCEIROS POSITIVOS NA ANÁLISE NEM AO NÍVEL DA PLANTAÇÃO EM SI NEM AO NÍVEL DA TOTALIDADE DA FAZENDA” PARA O MILHO BT E A SOJA GM.“A ADOÇÃO DO MILHO BT TEVE UM IMPACTO NEGATIVO NO LUCRO LÍQUIDO ENTRE AS FAZENDAS ESPECIALIZADAS EM MILHO.”

Reduced Farmer ProfitReduced Farmer Profit By 2004, Bt cotton farmers in By 2004, Bt cotton farmers in ChinaChina earn significantly earn significantly

less than non-Bt farmers.less than non-Bt farmers.——Cornell University studyCornell University study

Over three years in Over three years in Andhra PradeshAndhra Pradesh, non-Bt farmers , non-Bt farmers earned 60% more.earned 60% more.

— — 2004 study by three agriculture 2004 study by three agriculture organizationsorganizations

REDUÇÃO DO LUCRO DO PLANTADOR

• EM 2004, PLANTADORES DE ALGODÃO BT NA CHINA GANHAM SIGNIFICATIVAMENTE MENOS DO QUE PLANTADORES NÃO-BT (ESTUDO DA CORNELL UNIVERSITY)

• DURANTE 3 ANOS EM ANDHRA PRADESH, FAZENDEIROS NÃO-BT GANHARAM 60% MAIS (ESTUDO DE 2004 POR TRÊS ORGANIZAÇÕES DE AGRICULTURA.

The average GM Crop The average GM Crop Lowers Lowers YieldsYields

““Currently available GM crops do not increase Currently available GM crops do not increase the yield potential of a hybrid variety. . . . In the yield potential of a hybrid variety. . . . In fact, fact, yield may even decreaseyield may even decrease . . .” . . .”

——US Department of Agriculture (USDA) US Department of Agriculture (USDA) 20062006

“AS PLANTAÇÕES TRANSGÊNICAS ATUALMENTE DISPONÍVEIS NÃO AUMENTAM O POTENCIAL DE PRODUÇÃO DE UMA VARIEDADE HÍBRIDA... DE FATO, A PRODUÇÃO DEVE ATÉ MESMO DIMINUIR...”

Lower and Erratic PerformanceLower and Erratic Performance GM soy has GM soy has 4-11% less yield4-11% less yield GM GM cotton failurescotton failures have occurred in the US, have occurred in the US,

Indonesia, China and IndiaIndonesia, China and India Thousands of indebted Bt cotton farmers in India Thousands of indebted Bt cotton farmers in India

committed committed suicidesuicide Brazilian soybean yields are also downBrazilian soybean yields are also down since GM since GM

soy.soy. Canadian Roundup Ready Canadian Roundup Ready canola yield down 7.5%canola yield down 7.5%

(Benbrook, (Benbrook, 1999, Oplinger et al., 1999; ABIOVE, 1999, Oplinger et al., 1999; ABIOVE, 2006; Productivity Commission Staff, 2002)2006; Productivity Commission Staff, 2002)

PERFORMANCE BAIXA E INSTÁVEL• SOJA TRANSGÊNICA TEM 4-11% MENOS PRODUTIVIDADE• FALÊNCIAS COM ALGODÃO TRANSGÊNICO OCORRERAM NOS EUA, INDONÉSIA,CHINA E ÍNDIA (MILHARES DE FAZENDEIROS ENDIVIDADOS COMETERAM SUICÍDIO NA ÍNDIA)• PRODUTIVIDADE BRASILEIRA DE GRÃOS SOJA TAMBÉM BAIXOU DESDE A INTRODUÇÃO DA SOJA TRANSGÊNICA• A PRODUTIVIDADE DA CANOLA CANADENSE BAIXOU EM 7.5%

Contamination of Non-GMContamination of Non-GM In Canada, 32 of 33 certified non-GM canola In Canada, 32 of 33 certified non-GM canola

seeds were contaminated.seeds were contaminated.

——Agronomy Journal Agronomy Journal 95, 200395, 2003 Most of the non-GM soy, corn, and canola Most of the non-GM soy, corn, and canola

seeds tested in the US also contained GMOs.seeds tested in the US also contained GMOs.

—— Union of Concerned Scientists, 2005Union of Concerned Scientists, 2005

CONTAMINAÇÃO DE SOJA NÃO TRANSGÊNICACONTAMINAÇÃO DE SOJA NÃO TRANSGÊNICA• No Canadá, 32 das 33 sementes de canolas No Canadá, 32 das 33 sementes de canolas certificadas não GM estavam contaminadas. certificadas não GM estavam contaminadas. Jornal de Agronomia 95, 2003Jornal de Agronomia 95, 2003A maioria da soja, milho e sementes de canola não-GM testadas nos USA estavam também contaminadas de GMOs

Non-GM Growers SufferNon-GM Growers Suffer Dropped market pricesDropped market prices Risk of contaminationRisk of contamination Costs for segregation, GMO testing, buffer Costs for segregation, GMO testing, buffer

zones, separate storage and shippingzones, separate storage and shipping

QUEDA DOS PREÇOS DE MERCADOQUEDA DOS PREÇOS DE MERCADO RISCO DE CONTAMINAÇÃORISCO DE CONTAMINAÇÃO CUSTOS DE SEGREGAÇÃO, TESTES CUSTOS DE SEGREGAÇÃO, TESTES

DE GMO, ZONAS DE PROTEÇÃO, DE GMO, ZONAS DE PROTEÇÃO, ESTOCAGEM SEPARADA E ESTOCAGEM SEPARADA E TRANSPORTETRANSPORTE

GM Free ZonesGM Free Zones 4500 European jurisdictions4500 European jurisdictions Venezuela, Angola, Zambia, Sudan, Venezuela, Angola, Zambia, Sudan,

etc.etc. States and regions in Australia, New States and regions in Australia, New

Zealand, US, etc.Zealand, US, etc.ZONAS LIVRES DE GM (GENETICAMENTE MODIFICADOS)

•4500 JURISDIÇÕES EUROPÉIAS

•VENEZUELA, ANGOLA, ZAMBIA, SUDÃO, ETC.

•ESTADOS E REGIÕES NA AUSTRALIA, NOVA ZELANDIA, EUA, ETC.

Non-GM AdvantagesNon-GM Advantages ““Australia was able to secure greater Australia was able to secure greater

market access because it was producing market access because it was producing non-GM canola.”non-GM canola.”

——Western Australia Standing Committee on Western Australia Standing Committee on Environment and Public AffairsEnvironment and Public Affairs

““It is easier to trade non-GM grains in the It is easier to trade non-GM grains in the current market environment than it is to current market environment than it is to trade GM grains.”trade GM grains.”

——Australian Bureau of Resource Economics Australian Bureau of Resource Economics (ABARE)(ABARE)• “A AUSTRÁLIA FOI CAPAZ DE

ASSEGURAR UM MAIOR ACESSO AO MER-CADO PORQUE ESTAVA PRODUZINDO CANOLA NÃO-TRANSGÊNICA”• “É MAIS FÁCIL DE COMERCIALIZAR GRÃOS NÃO-TRANSGÊNICOS NA ATUAL C0NJUNTURA DE MERCADOS DO QUE GRÃOS TRANSGÊNICOS.

Trend in USTrend in US Consumers that become aware of Consumers that become aware of

GMOs often reject themGMOs often reject them Food companies are becomingFood companies are becoming

non-GMOnon-GMO

TENDÊNCIA NOS EUA

•CONSUMIDORES QUE SE TORNAM CONSCIENTES DOS TRANSGÊNICOS FREQUENTEMENTE OS REJEITAM

•INDUSTRIAS ALIMENTÍCIAS ESTÃO SE TORNANDO NÃO-GMO

Environmental risksEnvironmental risks Contamination of Non-GM crops and relativesContamination of Non-GM crops and relatives Contamination of soil organismsContamination of soil organisms Killing of non-target speciesKilling of non-target species Overuse of herbicideOveruse of herbicide Longevity of Bt pesticideLongevity of Bt pesticide Bt effect on aquatic ecosystemBt effect on aquatic ecosystem Reduction of biodiversityReduction of biodiversity

• CONTAMINAÇÃO DE PLANTAÇÕES NÃO TRANGÊNICAS E ASSOCIADOS• CONTAMINAÇÃO DE ORGANISMOS DO SOLO• MATANÇA DE ESPECIES NÃO FOCALIZADAS• ABUSO DO USO DE HERBICIDAS• LONGETIVIDADE DO PESTICIDA BT• REDUÇÃO DA BIODIVERSIDADE

Self-propagating genetic Self-propagating genetic pollution may outlast global pollution may outlast global warming and nuclear wastewarming and nuclear waste

A POLUIÇÃO GENÉTICA A POLUIÇÃO GENÉTICA AUTO-PROPAGADA PODE AUTO-PROPAGADA PODE ULTRAPASSAR O ULTRAPASSAR O AQUECIMENTO GLOBAL E AQUECIMENTO GLOBAL E OS RESÍDUOS ATÔMICOSOS RESÍDUOS ATÔMICOS

Obstacles in the DebateObstacles in the Debate SilenceSilence Sweeping dismissalSweeping dismissal Invoking of scientific organizationsInvoking of scientific organizations Challenging only the weakest argumentsChallenging only the weakest arguments Claiming GM has same risks as other foodsClaiming GM has same risks as other foods Confusing the need for GM medicines or gene Confusing the need for GM medicines or gene

therapytherapy Flood of “evidence”Flood of “evidence” Personal attackPersonal attack

• SILÊNCIO• PRONTAS NEGAÇÕES • CITAÇÕES DE ORGANIZAÇÕES CIENTÍFICAS• DESAFIANDO APENAS OS ARGUMENTOS MAIS FRACOS• DECLARAÇÕES DE QUE TRANSGÊNICOS TÊM OS MESMOS RISCOS QUE OUTROS ALIMENTOS• CONFUNDINDO A NECESSIDADE DE MEDICAMENTOS TRANSGÊNICOS OU TRA-TAMENTOS GENÉTICOS• INUNDAÇÃO DE “EVIDÊNCIAS”• ATAQUES PESSOAIS

My conclusion:My conclusion: The technology is not readyThe technology is not ready The current generation of GM crops The current generation of GM crops

is not safe or predictable enough to is not safe or predictable enough to justify feeding to millions of people or justify feeding to millions of people or releasing them into the environmentreleasing them into the environment

MINHA CONCLUSÃO:

A TECNOLOGIA AINDA NÃO ESTÁ PRONTA

A ATUAL GERAÇÃO DE MILHO TRANSGÊNICO NÃO É SEGURA OU PREVISÍVEL O SUFICIENTE PARA JUSTIFICAR ALIMENTAR MILHÕES DE PESSOAS OU SER LIBERADO PARA O MEIO AMBIENTE.

jeffrey@seedsofdeception.comjeffrey@seedsofdeception.com

www.SeedsOfDeception.comwww.SeedsOfDeception.com

www.ResponsibleTechnology.owww.ResponsibleTechnology.orgrg

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