origins of the cold war. former allies crash problems building between the us and su before and...
TRANSCRIPT
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Origins of the Cold War
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Former Allies Crash
• Problems building between the US and SU before and during WWII
• Economic and political systems incompatible
• Resentments had built up over previous events
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Former Allies Crash
• Soviet Communism:– State controlled all
property– All economic activity– Totalitarian
Communist Party allowed no opposition party
– Resented the US for not recognizing communist govmt for 16 years
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Former Allies Crash
• The United States:– Capitalist system– Private citizens
controlled almost all property and economic activity
– Elect politicians from competing political parties-unlimited number of political parties
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Former Allies Crash
• US furious at Stalin-Signed nonaggression pact with Hitler in 1939
• Stalin angry with the US for not opening a second front in Europe until 1944
• Stalin also angry that we kept the development of the atomic bomb a secret
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Truman Becomes President
• Key American figure in early part of the Cold War
• Became President when FDR died
• 82 days as Vice President-met with FDR only twice
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Truman Becomes President
• FDR left Truman uninformed on military matters
• Truman knew nothing about the development of the atomic bomb
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Truman Becomes President
• With the war ending Truman would have to
1. Make difficult military decisions
2. Deal with world leaders of greater experience
1. Churchill
2. Stalin
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Potsdam Conference
• Truman’s 1st meeting with other major world leaders-Potsdam, July 1945
• By this time, the Soviets had broken their promise for free elections in Poland
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Potsdam Conference
• Not only did the Soviets not allow free elections in Poland, but they banned democratic parties
• The was a violation of Poland’s rights according to Truman
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Potsdam Conference
• Truman pushed for free elections-Stalin refused
• With the Soviet army occupying Eastern Europe, the West could do little
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Tension Mounts
• Refusal to allow free elections convinced Truman that American and Soviet goals were at odds
• Truman feared giving Stalin too much land and reparations– Soviets wanted all of
German stripped of industry
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Tension Mounts
• Americans and British opposed Soviet demands
• Agreed that each occupying nation could collect reparations from the German zone it occupied
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Tension Mounts
• At odds over Eastern Europe
• US wanted Eastern Europe to stay open to trade
• US wanted to be able to sell their goods to Eastern European Nations
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Soviets Tighten Grips on Eastern Europe
• Soviets felt justified to stay in Eastern Europe
• Lost more than 20 million in WWII and felt vulnerable to attack from the west
• Needed friendly neighbors
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Soviets Tighten Grips on Eastern Europe
• Stalin propped up communist governments in Eastern European nations
• The Satellite Nations- were countries dependent upon and dominated by the Soviet Union
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Soviets Tighten Grips on Eastern Europe
• Stalin seized the industry of these nations to rebuild the Soviet Union
• 1946- Stalin announces that communism and capitalism are incompatible
– Stated that war was inevitable
– US say this as a declaration of war
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United States Establishes a Policy of Containment
• US institutes a policy of Containment towards the Soviet Union– An effort to block the
Soviets’ attempts to spread their influence
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United States Establishes a Policy of Containment
• Containment Policy worked by:– Creating alliances– Supporting weaker
nations
This policy guided the Truman administration’s foreign policy
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United States Establishes a Policy of Containment
• March 1946 Churchill gives his “Iron Curtain” speech
• Stalin stated that Churchill’s words were a “call to war”
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Cold War in Europe
• Conflicting US and Soviet aims in Eastern Europe led to the Cold War– State of hostility short
of direct military confrontation between the 2 superpowers until the breakup of the Soviet Union in 1991
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Cold War in Europe
• During the Cold War, the US and Soviet Union tried to spread their economic and political influence wherever they could– Eventually spread to
Asia, Africa, and Latin America
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The Truman Doctrine
• US 1st tried to contain communism in Greece and Turkey
• Britain was helping to prevent a communist takeover-but could no longer afford it
• Asked the US to take over the responsibility
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The Truman Doctrine
• US spent $400 million to help Greece and Turkey
• Truman Doctrine- The US should support free peoples throughout the world who were resisting takeovers by “armed minorities” or “outside pressures”
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Marshall Plan
• After WWII, Europe was in economic chaos
• Many homeless with no jobs and no where to go
• Governments had to figure out where to out these people
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Marshall Plan
• 1946-47-harsh winter• Food shortages• Fuel shortages• British could only use
electricity a few hours a day
• British rations lower than during the war
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Marshall Plan
• June 1947 US Secretary of State George Marshall proposed that the US help
• US would send aid to all European Nations that needed it
• Known as the Marshall Plan
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Marshall Plan
• Congress debated plan for several months
• Then…• February 1948
Soviets invaded Czechoslovakia– Took over the country
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Marshall Plan
• Invasions showed the need for congress to move quickly and help create strong, stable governments in Europe– To resist communism– Congress quickly
approved Marshall Plan
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Marshall Plan
• The Plan was a success
• By 1952 Western Europe was flourishing
• Communist parties lost their appeal to voters
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Superpowers Struggle Over Germany
• Europe starts to get back on its feet
• Western allies and Soviets arguing over German reunification
• Soviets want Germany weak and divided
• West wants stable productive Germany
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Berlin Airlift
• 1948-Western Zones combine into 1 nation
• Soviets respond by holding Berlin Hostage
• Berlin divided into 4 zones as well
• Lays deep in Soviet Zone
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Berlin Airlift
• Soviets cut off all access to Berlin
• No supplies could get in
• City faced starvation unless Western nations would surrender Berlin
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Berlin Airlift
• Americans and British started the Berlin Airlift-fly food and supplies to West Berlin
• Lasted 327 days-planes landed and took off every few minutes
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Berlin Airlift
• 277,000 flights made delivering 2.3 million tons of supplies
• West Berlin survived• American prestige
grew in the world• Soviet prestige
dropped• May 1949 Soviets lift
blockade
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Berlin Airlift
• May 1949 West Germany becomes known as the Federal Republic of Germany with its capital at Bonn
• East Germany becomes German Democratic Republic with its capital in East Berlin
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NATO
• Blockade increased fear of Soviet aggression
• In response, 10 western European nations, the US and Canada formed a defensive military alliance-NATO
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NATO
• NATO-North Atlantic Treaty Organization
• An attack on one regarded as an attack on all
• First time the US entered a military alliance in peacetime