original: english trial chamber ii -...

ORIGINAL: ENGLISH

TRIAL CHAMBER II Before Judges: Asoka de Silva, Presiding

Taghrid Hikmet Seon Ki Park Registrar: Adama Dieng Date: 17 May 2011

THE PROSECUTOR

v. Augustin NDINDILIYIMANA

Augustin BIZIMUNGU Franois-Xavier NZUWONEMEYE

Innocent SAGAHUTU

Case No: ICTR-00-56-T

JUDGEMENT AND SENTENCE

For the Prosecutor: For the Defence: Alphonse Van For Augustin Ndindiliyimana: Moussa Sfon Christopher Black & Vincent Lurquin Abubacarr Tambadou For Augustin Bizimungu: Lloyd Stickland Gilles St. Laurent & Benot Henry Faria Rekkas For Franois-Xavier Nzuwonemeye: Charles Taku & Beth Lyons For Innocent Sagahutu: Fabian Segatwa & Saidou Doumbia

International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda Tribunal pnal international pour le Rwanda

UNITED NATIONS NATIONS UNIES

Judgement and Sentence The Prosecutor v. Ndindiliyimana et al, ICTR-00-56-T

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TABLE OF CONTENTS TABLE OF CONTENTS............................................................................................................................2

CHAPTER I: OVERVIEW OF THE CASE.............................................................................................13

1.1 INTRODUCTION ...................................................................................................................................... 131.1.1 Allegations Withdrawn and Acquittals Entered at the Close of the Prosecutions Case in Chief.131.1.2 Count 1: Conspiracy to Commit Genocide.................................................................................131.1.3 Counts 2 and 3: Genocide or in the Alternative Complicity in Genocide....................................13

1.1.3.1 Bizimungu and the Killing of Tutsi by Interahamwe in Rwankeri Secteur and Busogo Parish................141.1.3.2 Bizimungu and the Killing of Tutsi by Interahamwe at the Ruhengeri Court of Appeal..........................141.1.3.3 Bizimungu and the Killing of Tutsi by Interahamwe at Roadblocks in EGENA......................................141.1.3.4 Bizimungu and the Killing of Tutsi in Byangabo Neighbourhood............................................................141.1.3.5 Bizimungu and the Killing of Tutsi at Various Places in Kigali, Gitarama, Butare, Gisenyi, Cyangugu,

Kibuye and Ruhengeri...............................................................................................................................151.1.3.6 Ndindiliyimana and the Killing of Tutsi by Gendarmes at Kansi Parish..................................................151.1.3.7 Ndindiliyimana and the Killing of Tutsi at the Nyaruhengeri Secteur Office...........................................161.1.3.8 Ndindiliyimana and the Killing of Tutsi by Gendarmes at St. Andr College..........................................161.1.3.9 Ndindiliyimana and the Killing of Tutsi by Gendarmes and Interahamwe at CELA................................16

1.1.4 Count 4: Murder as a Crime Against Humanity.........................................................................161.1.4.1 Bizimungu and the Killing of Tutsi by Militiamen at Ruhengeri Agronomic Centre...............................161.1.4.2 Bizimungu and the Killing of Tutsi at Various Locations in Kigali and Gitarama....................................171.1.4.3 Bizimungu and the Abduction and Killing of Tutsi by Soldiers and Interahamwe at Various Locations in

Butare........................................................................................................................................................171.1.4.4 Bizimungu and the Abduction and Killing of Tutsi by Soldiers and Interahamwe in Gisenyi..................171.1.4.5 Bizimungu and the Abduction and Killing of Tutsi by Soldiers and Interahamwe in Cyangugu..............171.1.4.6 Ndindiliyimana and the Killing of Ignace Habimana and Clestine Munyanshagore in Nyaruhengeri....181.1.4.7 Ndindiliyimana and the Killing of Civilians by Interahamwe at a Gendarmerie Roadblock Near Camp

Kacyiru......................................................................................................................................................181.1.4.8 Ndindiliyimana and the Killing of Gahoki................................................................................................181.1.4.9 Ndindiliyimana and the Killing of Aloys Niyoyita and Phocus Kananeri by Gendarmes in Kigali..........181.1.4.10 Ndindiliyimana and the Killing of Tutsi at a Roadblock in Nyamirambo.............................................191.1.4.11 Nzuwonemeye and Sagahutu and the Killing of Prime Minsiter Agathe Uwilingiyimana...................191.1.4.12 Nzuwonemeye and Sagahutu and the Killing of Belgian UNAMIR Soldiers.......................................191.1.4.13 Nzuwonemeye, Sagahutu and Bizimungu and the Killing of Tutsi at the Centre Hospitalier de Kigali.. ..............................................................................................................................................................20

1.1.5 Count 5: Extermination as a Crime Against Humanity...............................................................201.1.6 Count 6: Rape as a Crime Against Humanity.............................................................................21

1.1.6.1 Bizimungu and the Rape of Tutsi by Soldiers and Interahamwe in Various Locations............................211.1.6.2 Nzuwonemeye and Sagahutu and the Rape of Tutsi by Soldiers at the Centre Hospitalier de Kigali......21

1.1.7 Counts 7: Murder as a Violation of Article 3 Common to the Geneva Conventions and of Additional Protocol II................................................................................................................ 21

1.1.8 Count 8: Rape as a Violation of Article 3 Common to the Geneva Conventions and of Additional Protocol II..................................................................................................................................22

1.2 VERDICT ................................................................................................................................................ 221.3 SENTENCE .............................................................................................................................................. 231.4 THE ACCUSED ....................................................................................................................................... 24

1.4.1 Augustin Ndindiliyimana............................................................................................................ 241.4.2 Augustin Bizimungu.................................................................................................................... 251.4.3 Franois-Xavier Nzuwonemeye..................................................................................................261.4.4 Innocent Sagahutu...................................................................................................................... 27

CHAPTER II: PRELIMINARY ISSUES.................................................................................................28

2.1 RULE 98BIS CHALLENGES .................................................................................................................... 282.1.1 Introduction............................................................................................................................... .282.1.2 Allegations Withdrawn by the Prosecution at the Rule 98bis Stage............................................282.1.3 Acquittals at the Rule 98bis Stage...............................................................................................28

2.2 EVIDENTIARY MATTERS ....................................................................................................................... 292.2.1 General Principles..................................................................................................................... 292.2.2 Judicial Notice........................................................................................................................... 29


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2.2.3 Burden and Standard of Proof....................................................................................................302.2.4 Viva Voce Evidence.................................................................................................................... 302.2.5 Expert Witnesses........................................................................................................................ 312.2.6 Documentary Evidence............................................................................................................... 32

2.3 DEFECTS IN THE INDICTMENT .............................................................................................................. 322.3.1 Introduction............................................................................................................................... .322.3.2 Applicable Law.......................................................................................................................... 32

2.3.2.1 Specificity.................................................................................................................................................322.3.2.2 Exception to Specificity............................................................................................................................342.3.2.3 Curing of Defects in an Indictment...........................................................................................................34

2.3.3 Alleged Defects in the Indictment Concerning the Murder of the Prime Minister and the Belgian Soldiers ............................................................................................................................... ....35

2.3.3.1 Nzuwonemeyes Submissions Regarding Count 1....................................................................................362.3.3.2 Nzuwonemeyes Submissions Regarding Count 4....................................................................................382.3.3.3 Sagahutus Submissions Regarding Count 1.............................................................................................39

2.3.4 Alleged Defects in the Indictment Concerning the Distribution of Weapons...............................402.3.4.1 Sagahutus Submissions Regarding Count 1.............................................................................................402.3.4.2 The Pleading of Paragraphs 30 and 31 of the Indictment..........................................................................41

2.3.5 The Pleading of Paragraphs 68 and 69 of the Indictment (Underlying Criminal Events in Butare, Gisenyi, Cyangugu, Kibuye and Ruhengeri)...............................................................................41

2.3.5.1 The Indictment..........................................................................................................................................412.3.5.2 Prejudice to the Accused...........................................................................................................................42

CHAPTER III: WITNESS CREDIBILITY AND CONTEMPT OF COURT..........................................44

3.1 CREDIBILITY OF WITNESSES GFR, GFA AND GAP ........................................................................... 443.1.1 Developments Since the Witnesses Testified Before this Chamber..............................................443.1.2 Applicable Principles................................................................................................................. 453.1.3 Analysis ............................................................................................................................... ....45

3.1.3.1 Witness GFAs Recantation in the Karemera et al. Trial..........................................................................453.1.3.2 Witness GFRs Recantation in the Present Case.......................................................................................473.1.3.3 Witness GAPs Statements in an Interview with Peter Robinson.............................................................49

CHAPTER IV: FACTUAL FINDINGS....................................................................................................50

4.1 BACKGROUND ........................................................................................................................................ 504.1.1 The Arusha Accords................................................................................................................... 504.1.2 United Nations Assistance Mission for Rwanda (UNAMIR).......................................................514.1.3 The Kigali Weapons Secure Area...............................................................................................534.1.4 The Rwandan Army.................................................................................................................... 54

4.1.4.1 The Reconnaissance Battalion and Other Elite Units................................................................................554.1.5 The Rwandan Gendarmerie........................................................................................................ 55

4.2 ALLEGATIONS OF PLANNING AND PREPARATION FOR THE GENOCIDE ............................................ 574.2.1 Definition of the Enemy.............................................................................................................. 57

4.2.1.1 Introduction...............................................................................................................................................574.2.1.2 Deliberations.............................................................................................................................................58

4.2.2 Preparation of Lists of People to be Eliminated.........................................................................624.2.3 Ndindiliyimana and the Provision of Material Support to Interahamwe.....................................62

4.2.3.1 Introduction...............................................................................................................................................624.2.3.2 Evidence....................................................................................................................................................63

4.2.3.2.1 Prosecution Evidence..........................................................................................................................634.2.3.2.2 Defence Evidence................................................................................................................................65

4.2.3.3 Deliberations.............................................................................................................................................684.2.3.3.1 Ndindiliyimanas Alleged Speech at Nyanza Stadium........................................................................684.2.3.3.2 Ndindiliyimanas Support for the Militia at Various Roadblocks........................................................694.2.3.3.3 Events at Camp Kacyiru......................................................................................................................70

4.2.4 Military Training and Distribution of Weapons to Interahamwe................................................724.2.4.1 Introduction...............................................................................................................................................724.2.4.2 Evidence....................................................................................................................................................72



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4.2.4.3 Deliberations.............................................................................................................................................854.2.5 President Habyarimanas Speech...............................................................................................894.2.6 Meetings Prior to 7 April 1994...................................................................................................89

4.2.6.1 Introduction...............................................................................................................................................894.2.6.2 Evidence....................................................................................................................................................90


4.2.6.3 Notice of Charges......................................................................................................................................984.2.6.4 Deliberations.............................................................................................................................................98

4.2.7 Ndindiliyimanas Alleged Opposition to the Arusha Accords and the Kigali Weapons Secure Area ............................................................................................................................... ..100

4.2.7.1 Introduction.............................................................................................................................................1004.2.7.2 Evidence..................................................................................................................................................100

4.2.7.2.1 Prosecution Evidence........................................................................................................................1004.2.7.2.2 Defence Evidence..............................................................................................................................102

4.2.7.3 Deliberations...........................................................................................................................................1054.2.8 Concealment of Vehicles.......................................................................................................... 107



4.2.8.3 Deliberations...........................................................................................................................................1114.2.9 Protais Mpiranya and the Obstruction of the Installation of the Transitional Government.......1134.2.10 Sagahutus Shares in Radio Tlvision Libre des Milles Collines.............................................114

4.2.10.1 Introduction........................................................................................................................................1144.2.10.2 Evidence.............................................................................................................................................114

4.2.10.2.1 Prosecution Evidence......................................................................................................................1144.2.10.2.2 Defence Evidence............................................................................................................................115

4.2.10.3 Deliberations.......................................................................................................................................1164.2.11 Ndindiliyimanas Failure to Stop Radio Tlvision Libre des Milles Collines Broadcasts........117



4.2.11.3 Deliberations.......................................................................................................................................1194.3 ACTS ASSOCIATED WITH GENOCIDE ................................................................................................. 120

4.3.1 The Killing of Prime Minister Agathe Uwilingiyimana and the Belgian Soldiers......................1204.3.1.1 Introduction.............................................................................................................................................1204.3.1.2 Deliberations...........................................................................................................................................121

4.3.1.2.1 Killing of the Belgian Soldiers..........................................................................................................1214.3.1.2.2 Assassination of Prime Minister Agathe Uwilingiyimana.................................................................121

4.3.2 Nzuwonemeye and the Events Preceding the Deaths of Prime Minister Agathe Uwilingiyimana and the Belgian Soldiers........................................................................................................... 123



4.3.2.3 Deliberations...........................................................................................................................................1264.3.3 Protais Mpiranya and the Assassination of Rwandan Politicians Between 7 and 11 April 19941274.3.4 Distribution of Weapons to Militia in April and May 1994.......................................................127



4.3.4.3 Deliberations...........................................................................................................................................1314.3.5 President Sindikubwabos Speech in Butare on 19 April 1994 and Prime Minister Kambandas

Praise of RTLM........................................................................................................................ 1334.3.5.1 Introduction.............................................................................................................................................1334.3.5.2 Evidence..................................................................................................................................................1344.3.5.3 Deliberations...........................................................................................................................................137


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4.3.6 The Crisis Committee and the Formation of the Interim Government.......................................1394.3.6.1 Introduction.............................................................................................................................................1394.3.6.2 Evidence..................................................................................................................................................139


4.3.6.3 Deliberations...........................................................................................................................................1484.3.7 Ndindiliyimanas Failure to Intervene to Stop the Killings of Members of the Belgian Detachment

of UNAMIR.............................................................................................................................. 1524.3.7.1 Introduction.............................................................................................................................................1524.3.7.2 Evidence..................................................................................................................................................153


4.3.7.3 Deliberations...........................................................................................................................................1564.3.8 The Killing of Opposition Politicians Between 7 and 11 April 1994.........................................160



4.3.8.3 Deliberations...........................................................................................................................................1664.3.9 Transfer of Gendarmes to the War Front..................................................................................170



4.3.9.3 Deliberations...........................................................................................................................................1744.3.10 Issuance of Laissez-passers to Interahamwe by Ndindiliyimana...............................................175



4.3.10.3 Deliberations.......................................................................................................................................1774.3.11 Ndindiliyimanas Failure to Restore Public Order...................................................................178



4.3.11.3 Deliberations.......................................................................................................................................1814.3.12 Bizimungus Encouragement of Ruhengeri Interahamwe..........................................................186

4.3.12.1 Bizimungus Comments to the Conseiller of Mukamira Secteur........................................................1864.3.12.1.1 Introduction.....................................................................................................................................1864.3.12.1.2 Evidence..........................................................................................................................................1864.3.12.1.3 Deliberations....................................................................................................................................186

4.3.12.2 Bizimungus Statements at a Meeting on the Night of 6 to 7 April 1994...........................................1874.3.12.2.1 Introduction.....................................................................................................................................1874.3.12.2.2 Deliberations....................................................................................................................................187

4.3.12.3 Bizimungu and the Ruhengeri Meeting on 8 April 1994....................................................................1874.3.12.3.1 Introduction.....................................................................................................................................1874.3.12.3.2 Evidence..........................................................................................................................................188

4.3.12.3.2.1 Prosecution Evidence...............................................................................................................1884.3.12.3.2.2 Defence Evidence.....................................................................................................................188

4.3.12.3.3 Notice of Charges............................................................................................................................1904.3.12.3.4 Deliberations....................................................................................................................................191

4.3.12.4 Bizimungu and the Meeting on 18 May 1994.....................................................................................1924.3.12.4.1 Introduction.....................................................................................................................................1924.3.12.4.2 Deliberations....................................................................................................................................192

4.3.12.5 Bizimungus Visit to the Remera-Rukoma Hospital on 21 May 1994................................................1924.3.12.5.1 Introduction.....................................................................................................................................1924.3.12.5.2 Evidence..........................................................................................................................................192

4.3.12.5.2.1 Prosecution Evidence...............................................................................................................1924.3.12.5.2.2 Defence Evidence.....................................................................................................................193

4.3.12.5.3 Deliberations....................................................................................................................................196


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4.3.12.6 Bizimungus Failure to Take Action to Stop the Killings and Restore Order.....................................1974.3.12.6.1 Introduction.....................................................................................................................................1974.3.12.6.2 Deliberations....................................................................................................................................197

4.4 GENOCIDE ............................................................................................................................................ 1974.4.1 Bizimungu............................................................................................................................... .197

4.4.1.1 Killing of Tutsi by Interahamwe at Rwankeri Secteur............................................................................1974.4.1.1.1 Introduction.......................................................................................................................................1974.4.1.1.2 Evidence............................................................................................................................................198

4.4.1.1.2.1 Prosecution Evidence.................................................................................................................1984.4.1.1.2.2 Defence Evidence.......................................................................................................................202

4.4.1.1.3 Notice of Charges..............................................................................................................................2064.4.1.1.4 Deliberations.....................................................................................................................................206

4.4.1.1.4.1 The Meeting at the House of Joseph Nziroreras Mother...........................................................2074.4.1.1.4.2 Killings in Rwankeri Following the Meeting.............................................................................2104.4.1.1.4.3 Killings by Soldiers from Kanombe and Bigogwe Camps at Busogo Parish.............................211

4.4.1.2 Killing of Tutsi by Interahamwe at Ruhengeri Court of Appeal.............................................................2124.4.1.2.1 Introduction.......................................................................................................................................2124.4.1.2.2 Evidence............................................................................................................................................212


4.4.1.2.3 Deliberations.....................................................................................................................................2204.4.1.2.3.1 The Meeting...............................................................................................................................2214.4.1.2.3.2 The Attack..................................................................................................................................2234.4.1.2.3.3 Conclusion.................................................................................................................................228

4.4.1.3 Killing of Tutsi by Interahamwe at Roadblocks in EGENA Area...........................................................2284.4.1.3.1 Evidence............................................................................................................................................2284.4.1.3.2 Deliberations.....................................................................................................................................229

4.4.1.4 Killing of 60 to 70 Tutsi in the Byangabo Neighbourhood.....................................................................2294.4.1.4.1 Introduction.......................................................................................................................................2294.4.1.4.2 Evidence............................................................................................................................................230


4.4.1.4.3 Deliberations.....................................................................................................................................2334.4.1.4.3.1 Events at the Byangabo Market Square......................................................................................2334.4.1.4.3.2 Involvement of Lieutenant Mburuburengero..............................................................................2334.4.1.4.3.3 Provision of Weapons and Fuel by Soldiers...............................................................................234

4.4.1.5 Acts of Violence Against Tutsi by Soldiers at Various Locations in Kigali, Gitarama, Butare, Gisenyi, Cyangugu, Kibuye, and Ruhengeri, April to June 1994...........................................................................................234

4.4.1.5.1 Introduction.......................................................................................................................................2344.4.1.5.1.1 Improper Pleading of Crimes Allegedly Committed by Soldiers in Butare, Gisenyi, Cyangugu, Kibuye and Ruhengeri.....................................................................................................................................2354.4.1.5.1.2 Allegations of Serious Bodily and Mental Harm........................................................................2354.4.1.5.1.3 Allegations at Charles Lwanga Church......................................................................................2364.4.1.5.1.4 Allegations at Kabgayi Primary School.....................................................................................236

4.4.1.5.2 Evidence............................................................................................................................................2374.4.1.5.2.1 Charles Lwanga Church, 9 to 10 June 1994...............................................................................2374.4.1.5.2.2 Josephite Brothers Compound, 8 April 1994 and 7 June 1994...................................................2384.4.1.5.2.3 ETO-Nyanza, 11 April 1994......................................................................................................241

4.4.1.5.2.3.1 Evidence.............................................................................................................................2414.4.1.5.2.4 Centre Hospitalier de Kigali.......................................................................................................243

4.4.1.5.2.4.1 Prosecution Evidence..........................................................................................................2434.4.1.5.2.4.2 Defence Evidence...............................................................................................................246

4.4.1.5.2.5 Kicukiro Conseillers Office......................................................................................................2484.4.1.5.2.6 cole des Sciences Infirmires de Kabgayi................................................................................2484.4.1.5.2.7 TRAFIPRO and the Musambira Commune Office and Dispensary...........................................250

4.4.1.5.3 Deliberations.....................................................................................................................................2554.4.1.5.3.1 Charles Lwanga Church, 9 to 10 June 1994...............................................................................2554.4.1.5.3.2 Josephite Brothers Compound, 8 April and 7 June 1994............................................................257

4.4.1.5.3.2.1 Attack Against Tutsi Civilians at the Josephite Brothers Compound, 8 April 1994...........2574.4.1.5.3.2.2 Attack Against Tutsi Civilians at Josephite Brothers Compound, 7 June 1994..................259

4.4.1.5.3.3 ETO-Nyanza..............................................................................................................................2604.4.1.5.3.4 Centre Hospitalier de Kigali, April to June 1994.......................................................................262


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4.4.1.5.3.5 cole des Sciences Infirmires de Kabgayi................................................................................2664.4.1.5.3.6 Musambira Commune Office and Dispensary............................................................................2674.4.1.5.3.7 TRAFIPRO, April and May 1994..............................................................................................2694.4.1.5.3.8 Bizimungus Superior Responsibility.........................................................................................2704.4.1.5.3.9 Crimes in Gitarama Prfecture During April and May 1994......................................................2714.4.1.5.3.10 Crimes at the Josephite Brothers Compound on 7 June 1994...................................................2724.4.1.5.3.11 Exhibits Tendered by the Prosecution......................................................................................273

4.4.2 Ndindiliyimana......................................................................................................................... 2764.4.2.1 Killing of Tutsi by Gendarmes in Nyaruhengeri, Including at Kansi Parish, and the Provision of a Grenade to Interahamwe by Gendarmes at Ndindiliyimanas Residence.................................................................276

4.4.2.1.1 Introduction.......................................................................................................................................2764.4.2.1.2 Kansi Parish.......................................................................................................................................278

4.4.2.1.2.1 Evidence.....................................................................................................................................2784.4.2.1.2.1.1 Prosecution Evidence..........................................................................................................2784.4.2.1.2.1.2 Defence Evidence...............................................................................................................282

4.4.2.1.2.2 Deliberations..............................................................................................................................2864.4.2.1.2.2.1 Ndindiliyimanas Awareness of Refugees at Kansi Parish.................................................2864.4.2.1.2.2.2 The Number of Tutsi Refugees at Kansi Parish..................................................................2874.4.2.1.2.2.3 Date of the Attack at Kansi Parish......................................................................................2884.4.2.1.2.2.4 Involvement of Gendarmes Guarding Ndindiliyimanas Nyaruhengeri Residence in the Attack at Kansi Parish.................................................................................................................................2894.4.2.1.2.2.5 Ndindiliyimanas Superior Responsibility..........................................................................290

4.4.2.1.3 Provision of Two Grenades to an Interahamwe Militiaman Called Kajuga......................................2914.4.2.1.3.1 Evidence.....................................................................................................................................291

4.4.2.1.3.1.1 Prosecution Evidence..........................................................................................................2914.4.2.1.3.1.2 Defence Evidence...............................................................................................................292

4.4.2.1.3.2 Deliberations..............................................................................................................................2924.4.2.1.3.2.1 Provision of Two Grenades to Kajuga................................................................................2934.4.2.1.3.2.2 Order by Gendarmes to Kill Tutsi.......................................................................................2934.4.2.1.3.2.3 Kajugas Grenade Attack on the Secteur Office in Nyaruhengeri.......................................2934.4.2.1.3.2.4 Conclusion..........................................................................................................................294

4.4.2.2 The Killing of Tutsi Refugees by Gendarmes at Saint Andr College in Nyamirambo, Kigali..............2944.4.2.2.1 Introduction.......................................................................................................................................2944.4.2.2.2 Evidence............................................................................................................................................294


4.4.2.2.3 Deliberations.....................................................................................................................................3004.4.2.2.3.1 The Role of Gendarmes in the Killing of Tutsi Refugees at St. Andr College.........................3004.4.2.2.3.2 Ndindiliyimanas Superior Responsibility.................................................................................305

4.4.2.3 Killing of Tutsi from CELA by Gendarmes and Interahamwe................................................................3074.4.2.3.1 Introduction.......................................................................................................................................3074.4.2.3.2 Evidence............................................................................................................................................307


4.4.2.3.3 Deliberations.....................................................................................................................................3094.4.2.3.3.1 The Abduction and Killing of Tutsi Civilians from CELA........................................................3094.4.2.3.3.2 The Role of Gendarmes in the Events that Led to the Killing of Tutsi Civilians Abducted from CELA ...................................................................................................................................................3124.4.2.3.3.3 Ndindiliyimanas Superior Responsibility.................................................................................313

4.5 MURDER AS A CRIME AGAINST HUMANITY ...................................................................................... 3144.5.1 Introduction.............................................................................................................................. 3144.5.2 Bizimungu............................................................................................................................... .315

4.5.2.1 Killing of Four Tutsi by Militiamen at Ruhengeri Agronomic Centre....................................................3154.5.2.1.1 Introduction.......................................................................................................................................3154.5.2.1.2 Evidence............................................................................................................................................315


4.5.2.1.3 Deliberations.....................................................................................................................................3194.5.2.2 Abduction and Killing of Tutsi by Soldiers and Interahamwe in Butare................................................321

4.5.2.2.1 Introduction.......................................................................................................................................3214.5.2.2.2 Evidence............................................................................................................................................3214.5.2.2.3 Deliberations.....................................................................................................................................324


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4.5.2.2.3.1 Abduction and Murder of Refugees at the Butare Prfecture Office and EER..........................3244.5.2.2.3.2 Rape of Female Refugees at the Butare Prfecture Office and EER..........................................3254.5.2.2.3.3 Bizimungus Superior Responsibility.........................................................................................325

4.5.2.3 Abduction and Killing of Tutsi by Soldiers and Interahamwe in Gisenyi...............................................3274.5.2.3.1 Introduction.......................................................................................................................................3274.5.2.3.2 Evidence............................................................................................................................................3274.5.2.3.3 Deliberations.....................................................................................................................................330

4.5.2.4 Abduction and Killing of Tutsi by Soldiers and Interahamwe in Cyangugu...........................................3314.5.2.4.1 Introduction.......................................................................................................................................3314.5.2.4.2 Evidence............................................................................................................................................332


4.5.2.4.3 Deliberations.....................................................................................................................................3384.5.2.4.3.1 Abduction and Killing of Refugees at Cyangugu Stadium.........................................................3394.5.2.4.3.2 Rapes at Cyangugu Stadium.......................................................................................................3414.5.2.4.3.3 Abduction and Killing of Refugees from the Nyarushishi Camp Compound............................3424.5.2.4.3.4 Bizimungus Superior Responsibility.........................................................................................342

4.5.3 Ndindiliyimana......................................................................................................................... 3434.5.3.1 Killing of Ignace Habimana and Clestin Munyanshagore in Nyaruhengeri..........................................343

4.5.3.1.1 Introduction.......................................................................................................................................3434.5.3.1.2 Evidence............................................................................................................................................343


4.5.3.1.3 Deliberations.....................................................................................................................................3514.5.3.2 Killing of Civilians by Interahamwe at a Roadblock Near Camp Kacyiru.............................................352


4.5.3.3 Killing of Gahoki....................................................................................................................................3534.5.3.3.1 Introduction.......................................................................................................................................3534.5.3.3.2 Evidence............................................................................................................................................353


4.5.3.3.3 Deliberations.....................................................................................................................................3554.5.3.4 The Killing of Aloys Niyoyita and Phocus Kananeri by Gendarmes in Kigali.......................................356


4.5.3.5 Killing of Tutsi by Gendarmes at a Roadblock in Nyamirambo.............................................................3584.5.3.5.1 Introduction.......................................................................................................................................3584.5.3.5.2 Evidence............................................................................................................................................3584.5.3.5.3 Deliberations.....................................................................................................................................360

4.5.4 Nzuwonemeye and Sagahutu....................................................................................................3614.5.4.1 Killing of Prime Minister Agathe Uwilingiyimana.................................................................................361

4.5.4.1.1 Introduction.......................................................................................................................................3614.5.4.1.2 Prosecution Evidence........................................................................................................................3614.5.4.1.3 Defence Evidence..............................................................................................................................370

4.5.4.1.3.1 Nzuwonemeye Defence Witnesses.............................................................................................3704.5.4.1.3.2 Sagahutu Defence Witnesses......................................................................................................380

4.5.4.1.4 Deliberations.....................................................................................................................................3824.5.4.1.4.1 Order by Nzuwonemeye and Sagahutu to Deploy RECCE Armoured Vehicles to the Residence... ...................................................................................................................................................3824.5.4.1.4.2 Involvement of RECCE Battalion Soldiers in the Attack at the Residence................................384

4.5.4.2 Killing of Belgian UNAMIR Soldiers.....................................................................................................3904.5.4.2.1 Introduction.......................................................................................................................................3904.5.4.2.2 Evidence............................................................................................................................................391


4.5.4.2.2.2.1 Nzuwonemeye Defence Evidence.......................................................................................3984.5.4.2.2.2.2 Sagahutu Defence Evidence................................................................................................412

4.5.4.2.3 Deliberations.....................................................................................................................................4194.5.4.2.3.1 Introduction................................................................................................................................419


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4.5.4.2.3.2 Participation of RECCE Battalion Soldiers in the Attack..........................................................4204.5.4.2.3.3 Superior Responsibility of Nzuwonemeye and Sagahutu...........................................................424

4.6 EXTERMINATION AS A CRIME AGAINST HUMANITY ........................................................................ 4284.7 RAPE AS A CRIME AGAINST HUMANITY ............................................................................................ 4284.8 MURDER AS A VIOLATION OF ARTICLE 3 COMMON TO THE GENEVA CONVENTIONS AND OF ADDITIONAL PROTOCOL II ............................................................................................................................... 429

4.8.1 Introduction.............................................................................................................................. 4294.8.2 Allegations Considered in the Chambers Factual Findings for Genocide and Crimes Against

Humanity............................................................................................................................... ..4304.8.3 Responsibility of Nzuwonemeye and Sagahutu under Article 6(1) for the Killings of the Belgian

Soldiers ............................................................................................................................... ..4304.9 RAPE AS A VIOLATION OF ARTICLE 3 COMMON TO THE GENEVA CONVENTIONS AND OF ADDITIONAL PROTOCOL II ............................................................................................................................... 431

CHAPTER V: LEGAL FINDINGS........................................................................................................432

5.1 LEGAL PRINCIPLES ............................................................................................................................. 4325.1.1 Direct Responsibility Under Article 6(1)..................................................................................4325.1.2 Superior Responsibility Under Article 6(3)...............................................................................433

5.2 AUGUSTIN NDINDILIYIMANAS SUPERIOR RESPONSIBILITY ........................................................... 4345.2.1 Authority: General Considerations...........................................................................................4345.2.2 De Jure Authority..................................................................................................................... 4345.2.3 De Facto Authority................................................................................................................... 437

5.2.3.1 Gendarmes Deployed to Assist the Army in Combat..............................................................................4375.2.3.2 Gendarmes Not Deployed to Assist the Army in Combat.......................................................................438

5.2.4 Superior Subordinate Relationship........................................................................................4415.2.5 Knowledge............................................................................................................................... 4415.2.6 Failure to Punish...................................................................................................................... 442

5.3 AUGUSTIN BIZIMUNGUS SUPERIOR RESPONSIBILITY ..................................................................... 4425.3.1 Authority : General Observations.............................................................................................4425.3.2 Retroactive Command Responsibility.......................................................................................4435.3.3 De Jure Authority..................................................................................................................... 4445.3.4 De Facto Authority................................................................................................................... 4455.3.5 SuperiorSubordinate Relationship..........................................................................................4485.3.6 Knowledge............................................................................................................................... 4495.3.7 Failure to Prevent Crimes or Punish the Perpetrators..............................................................450

5.4 FRANOIS-XAVIER NZUWONEMEYES SUPERIOR RESPONSIBILITY ............................................... 4545.4.1 Authority: General Considerations...........................................................................................4545.4.2 De Jure Authority..................................................................................................................... 4555.4.3 De Facto Authority................................................................................................................... 4555.4.4 Superior Subordinate Relationship........................................................................................4565.4.5 Knowledge............................................................................................................................... 4565.4.6 Failure to Prevent or Punish....................................................................................................457

5.5 INNOCENT SAGAHUTUS SUPERIOR RESPONSIBILITY ...................................................................... 4585.5.1 Authority: General Considerations...........................................................................................4585.5.2 De Jure Authority..................................................................................................................... 4585.5.3 De Facto Authority................................................................................................................... 4585.5.4 Superior Subordinate Relationship........................................................................................4595.5.5 Knowledge............................................................................................................................... 4595.5.6 Failure to Prevent or Punish....................................................................................................460

5.6 CUMULATIVE CONVICTIONS .............................................................................................................. 4605.6.1 Introduction.............................................................................................................................. 4605.6.2 Murder as a Crime Against Humanity and Extermination as a Crime Against Humanity.........4615.6.3 Genocide and Extermination as a Crime Against Humanity.....................................................4615.6.4 War Crimes and Crimes Against Humanity..............................................................................4615.6.5 War Crimes and Genocide....................................................................................................... 462

5.7 COUNT 1: CONSPIRACY TO COMMIT GENOCIDE .............................................................................. 4625.7.1 Introduction.............................................................................................................................. 462


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5.7.2 Law ............................................................................................................................... ..4635.7.3 Deliberations............................................................................................................................ 464

5.7.3.1 The Enemy Commission Document........................................................................................................4645.7.3.2 Provision of Military Training and Distribution of Weapons to Militia..................................................4655.7.3.3 Meetings to Devise Strategies for Exterminating Tutsi...........................................................................4655.7.3.4 Opposition to the Successful Implementation of the Arusha Accords....................................................4655.7.3.5 Transfer of Gendarmerie Unit Commanders Opposed to the Massacres................................................4665.7.3.6 Formation of the Crisis Committee, the Interim Government and Killing of Moderate Political Leaders and Belgian UNAMIR Peacekeepers........................................................................................................................4665.7.3.7 Allegations Related to Radio Tlvision Libre de Milles Collines..........................................................4665.7.3.8 The Killing of the Prime Minister and Belgian UNAMIR Soldiers........................................................4675.7.3.9 Augustin Bizimungus Anti-Tutsi Remarks and Conduct.......................................................................467

5.7.4 Conclusion............................................................................................................................... 4685.8 COUNTS 2 AND 3: GENOCIDE AND COMPLICITY IN GENOCIDE ....................................................... 468

5.8.1 Introduction.............................................................................................................................. 4685.8.2 Law ............................................................................................................................... ..4695.8.3 Deliberations............................................................................................................................ 470

5.8.3.1 Massacres in Nyaruhengeri: Kansi Parish, 20, 21 and 22 April..............................................................4705.8.3.2 Massacres in Kigali: St. Andr College, 13 April 1994..........................................................................471

5.8.4 Conclusion: Count 2................................................................................................................. 4715.8.5 Conclusion: Count 3................................................................................................................. 471

5.9 COUNTS 4, 5 AND 6: CRIMES AGAINST HUMANITY ........................................................................... 4715.9.1 Introduction.............................................................................................................................. 4715.9.2 Widespread or Systematic Attack..............................................................................................4725.9.3 Count 4: Murder...................................................................................................................... 473

5.9.3.1 Introduction.............................................................................................................................................4735.9.3.2 Law.........................................................................................................................................................4735.9.3.3 Deliberations...........................................................................................................................................473

5.9.3.3.1 Killing of Prime Minister Agathe Uwilingiyimana...........................................................................4735.9.3.3.2 Killing of the Belgian Soldiers..........................................................................................................4735.9.3.3.3 Killing at the Josephite Brothers Compound.....................................................................................4745.9.3.3.4 Killings at the Prfecture Office and Episcopal Church of Rwanda in Butare..................................4755.9.3.3.5 Killings at Cyangugu Stadium...........................................................................................................475

5.9.3.4 Conclusion..............................................................................................................................................4755.9.3.4.1 Bizimungu.........................................................................................................................................4755.9.3.4.2 Nzuwonemeye...................................................................................................................................4755.9.3.4.3 Sagahutu............................................................................................................................................475

5.9.4 Count 5: Extermination............................................................................................................ 4765.9.4.1 Introduction.............................................................................................................................................4765.9.4.2 Law.........................................................................................................................................................4765.9.4.3 Deliberations...........................................................................................................................................476

5.9.4.3.1 Killings at Kansi Parish.....................................................................................................................4765.9.4.3.2 Killings at the Josephite Brothers Compound in Kigali.....................................................................4775.9.4.3.3 Killings in Butare..............................................................................................................................477

5.9.4.4 Conclusion..............................................................................................................................................4785.9.4.4.1 Ndindiliyimana..................................................................................................................................4785.9.4.4.2 Bizimungu.........................................................................................................................................478

5.9.5 Count 6: Rape.......................................................................................................................... 4785.9.5.1 Introduction.............................................................................................................................................4785.9.5.2 Law.........................................................................................................................................................4785.9.5.3 Deliberations...........................................................................................................................................4785.9.5.4 Conclusion..............................................................................................................................................479

5.9.5.4.1 Bizimungu.........................................................................................................................................4795.10 COUNTS 7 AND 8: VIOLATIONS OF ARTICLE 3 COMMON TO THE GENEVA CONVENTIONS AND OF ADDITIONAL PROTOCOL II ............................................................................................................................... 479

5.10.1 Introduction.............................................................................................................................. 4795.10.2 Law ............................................................................................................................... ..479

5.10.2.1 Threshold Requirements.....................................................................................................................4795.10.2.1.1 Non-International Armed Conflict...................................................................................................4795.10.2.1.2 Nexus Between the Alleged Violation and the Armed Conflict......................................................480


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5.10.2.1.3 Victims Not Taking a Direct Part in Hostilities...............................................................................4825.10.3 Count 7: Murder as a Violation of Article 3 Common to the Geneva Conventions and of

Additional Protocol II.............................................................................................................. 4825.10.3.1 Introduction........................................................................................................................................4825.10.3.2 Law.....................................................................................................................................................4825.10.3.3 Deliberations.......................................................................................................................................4835.10.3.4 Conclusions........................................................................................................................................484

5.10.3.4.1 Ndindiliyimana................................................................................................................................4845.10.3.4.2 Bizimungu.......................................................................................................................................4845.10.3.4.3 Nzuwonemeye.................................................................................................................................4845.10.3.4.4 Sagahutu..........................................................................................................................................484

5.10.4 Count 8: Rape as a Violation of Article 3 Article 3 common to the Geneva Conventions and Additional Protocol II.............................................................................................................. 485

5.10.4.1 Introduction........................................................................................................................................4855.10.4.2 Law.....................................................................................................................................................4855.10.4.3 Deliberations.......................................................................................................................................4855.10.4.4 Conclusions........................................................................................................................................485

5.10.4.4.1 Bizimungu.......................................................................................................................................485

CHAPTER VI: VERDICT.....................................................................................................................486

CHAPTER VII: SENTENCING.............................................................................................................488

7.1 INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................................... 4887.2 SUBMISSIONS ....................................................................................................................................... 488

7.2.1 Prosecution.............................................................................................................................. 4887.2.1.1 Bizimungu...............................................................................................................................................4887.2.1.2 Ndindiliyimana.......................................................................................................................................4887.2.1.3 Nzuwonemeye.........................................................................................................................................4897.2.1.4 Sagahutu..................................................................................................................................................489

7.2.2 Defence ............................................................................................................................... ..4897.2.2.1 Bizimungu...............................................................................................................................................4897.2.2.2 Ndindiliyimana.......................................................................................................................................4907.2.2.3 Nzuwonemeye.........................................................................................................................................4907.2.2.4 Sagahutu..................................................................................................................................................490

7.3 DELIBERATIONS .................................................................................................................................. 4917.3.1 Bizimungu............................................................................................................................... .491

7.3.1.1 Gravity of Offences.................................................................................................................................4917.3.1.2 Aggravating Factors................................................................................................................................4927.3.1.3 Mitigating Factors...................................................................................................................................4927.3.1.4 Sentencing Consideration........................................................................................................................493

7.3.2 Ndindiliyimana......................................................................................................................... 4937.3.2.1 Gravity of Offences.................................................................................................................................4937.3.2.2 Aggravating Factors................................................................................................................................4947.3.2.3 Mitigating Factors...................................................................................................................................494

7.3.2.3.1 Prosecutorial Conduct Towards Ndindiliyimana...............................................................................4957.3.2.3.2 Ndindiliyimanas Control Over the Gendarmes................................................................................4967.3.2.3.3 Evidence that Ndindiliyimana was a Political Moderate Who Supported the Arusha Accords and Cooperated with UNAMIR..................................................................................................................................4967.3.2.3.4 Evidence that Ndindiliyimana was Sidelined and Threatened...........................................................5027.3.2.3.5 Evidence of Ndindiliyimanas Efforts to Save Tutsi and Prevent or Punish Killings........................505

7.3.2.4 Sentencing Consideration........................................................................................................................5067.3.3 Nzuwonemeye........................................................................................................................... 507

7.3.3.1 Gravity of Offences.................................................................................................................................5077.3.3.2 Aggravating Factors................................................................................................................................5077.3.3.3 Mitigating Factors...................................................................................................................................5087.3.3.4 Sentencing Consideration........................................................................................................................509

7.3.4 Sagahutu............................................................................................................................... ..5097.3.4.1 Gravity of Offences.................................................................................................................................5097.3.4.2 Aggravating Factors................................................................................................................................5107.3.4.3 Mitigating Factors...................................................................................................................................5107.3.4.4 Sentencing Consideration........................................................................................................................511


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7.4 CONCLUSION ....................................................................................................................................... 5127.4.1 Consequential Order................................................................................................................ 512

PARTIALLY DISSENTING OPINION OF JUDGE PARK..................................................................514

ANNEX A: PROCEDURAL HISTORY.................................................................................................517

1) THE TRIBUNAL AND ITS JURISDICTION ............................................................................................. 5172) PRE-TRIAL PHASE ............................................................................................................................... 5173) ARRESTS AND INITIAL APPEARANCES OF THE ACCUSED ................................................................. 518a) Ndindiliyimana......................................................................................................................... 518b) Bizimungu...........................................................................................................................

original: english trial chamber ii -...

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