Origin of Origin of CivilizationsCivilizations

Chapter IChapter I

AP World HistoryAP World History

TimelineTimeline

The Spread of Human Populations, c. The Spread of Human Populations, c. 10,000 B.C.E.10,000 B.C.E.

The Spread of AgricultureThe Spread of Agriculture

Big Picture “Snap Shot”Big Picture “Snap Shot” Most people were still nomadic hunter and gatherers, in spite Most people were still nomadic hunter and gatherers, in spite

of the new civilizations- only about of the new civilizations- only about 5% lived in cities. 5% lived in cities. Definitions of civilization: Definitions of civilization: Elements: urban, monumental Elements: urban, monumental

building, writing, specialized occupations Aspects of building, writing, specialized occupations Aspects of civilizations? Cities, writing, & political organizationcivilizations? Cities, writing, & political organization

Animism- Animism- belief that things in nature have souls or conscience, belief that things in nature have souls or conscience, later a supernatural force animates & organizes the universe. later a supernatural force animates & organizes the universe.

Key EventsKey Events (Neolithic) Agriculture Revolutions (Actually more like an (Neolithic) Agriculture Revolutions (Actually more like an

evolution)evolution) Earliest known settlements about 7000 BCE Earliest known settlements about 7000 BCE

Jericho (Jordan River ) & Catal Huyuk in TurkeyJericho (Jordan River ) & Catal Huyuk in Turkey Early river valley civilizations, advanced urban cultures of Early river valley civilizations, advanced urban cultures of

Mesopotamia & EgyptMesopotamia & Egypt Key technology- irrigationKey technology- irrigation Cultural hearths develop (meaning where civilizations began)Cultural hearths develop (meaning where civilizations began)

Origins of major religions Origins of major religions

Mesopotamia 3200-1500BC: Mesopotamia 3200-1500BC: State Building , Expansion, & State Building , Expansion, & Conflict: Conflict: ““Political”Political” structures & forms of governance: structures & forms of governance:

Type of system-Type of system- Sumerian states were not unified until about Sumerian states were not unified until about 2300BCE when Sargon the Great conquered the area2300BCE when Sargon the Great conquered the area- Before Sargon- most city states were theocracies - Before Sargon- most city states were theocracies

Empires-Empires- (Nations) (Nations) Sargon started the Akkadian Empire (Akkad, near current Sargon started the Akkadian Empire (Akkad, near current

Baghdad) Baghdad) About 2200 BCE city-state of Ur took over power – controlling About 2200 BCE city-state of Ur took over power – controlling

tradetrade During 1700s BCE- Hammurabi started the 1During 1700s BCE- Hammurabi started the 1stst Babylonian Babylonian

EmpireEmpire Revolts and revolutionsRevolts and revolutions

Global structuresGlobal structures - Not many global - Not many global

interactions at the time just trade usually local.interactions at the time just trade usually local.

State Building , Expansion, & State Building , Expansion, & Conflict: Conflict:

““Political” Political” structures & forms of structures & forms of governancegovernance

Type of system- Type of system- Monarchy/Theocracy Monarchy/Theocracy Pharaohs enjoyed more power & Pharaohs enjoyed more power &

prestige than almost any ruler in prestige than almost any ruler in World History. (god) World History. (god)

Empires- Empires- Old KingdomOld Kingdom (3100-2500BCE) (3100-2500BCE)

Most powerful little outside Most powerful little outside influence. Start of Pyramids as influence. Start of Pyramids as Tombs (Djoser’s Pyramid and his Tombs (Djoser’s Pyramid and his architect Imhotep) architect Imhotep)

Middle KingdomMiddle Kingdom (2100-1650BCE) (2100-1650BCE) Peaceful period until the Hyksos Peaceful period until the Hyksos invaded/assimilated,invaded/assimilated, start of Bronze start of Bronze Age in Egypt, started trade with Age in Egypt, started trade with neighbors, middle class of merchants neighbors, middle class of merchants & officials, & officials,

Egypt, Kush and Axum

State Building , Expansion, & State Building , Expansion, & Conflict:Conflict: New KingdomNew Kingdom (1570-700BCE) Most recognized time & names of (1570-700BCE) Most recognized time & names of

Pharaohs, started conquering nations Nubia 1st, Hebrew Exodus, Pharaohs, started conquering nations Nubia 1st, Hebrew Exodus, Battle of Kadesh against the Hittites. Downfall after 1200BCE, Battle of Kadesh against the Hittites. Downfall after 1200BCE,

Then Egyptian Empire was gone, back to the Nile River enduring: Then Egyptian Empire was gone, back to the Nile River enduring: Invasion by “Sea Peoples” 1200BCE, Invasion by “Sea Peoples” 1200BCE, Libya 950BCE and later Nubian Libya 950BCE and later Nubian reunification/Assimilation reunification/Assimilation Phoenician “Purple People” influence Culture (Carthage Phoenician “Purple People” influence Culture (Carthage

813BCE) 813BCE) Kush invaded 777-750BCE, Pianky became ruler- Kush invaded 777-750BCE, Pianky became ruler- Assimilated Assimilated 671 BC the Assyrian Empire invaded Egypt 671 BC the Assyrian Empire invaded Egypt

End of Ancient Egypt:End of Ancient Egypt: 605 BCE Babylonian king Nebuchadnezzar invaded 605 BCE Babylonian king Nebuchadnezzar invaded 526 BCE Persians invaded and assume power526 BCE Persians invaded and assume power 404 Egypt regains independence 404 Egypt regains independence 338 Persia regains control 338 Persia regains control Alexander the Great Egypt 332 BCE Ptolemy Dynasty 323BCEAlexander the Great Egypt 332 BCE Ptolemy Dynasty 323BCE Romans after times of protection etc… Octavian invades 30BCE Romans after times of protection etc… Octavian invades 30BCE

Kush & NubiaKush & Nubia

Creation, Expansion, and Creation, Expansion, and Interaction of “Economic” Interaction of “Economic”

systemssystems The Neolithic Revolution - 8000 to 3500 B.C.E.The Neolithic Revolution - 8000 to 3500 B.C.E. Agricultural & pastoral productionAgricultural & pastoral production; ;

Horticulture (seed planting, science of plant Horticulture (seed planting, science of plant cultivation) cultivation)

Development of the Development of the “Fertile Crescent” “Fertile Crescent” Animals began to be domesticated, Animals Animals began to be domesticated, Animals

from 12,000 B.C.E.: dogs, sheep, goats, pigsfrom 12,000 B.C.E.: dogs, sheep, goats, pigs

Sedentary agricultureSedentary agriculture (Year round farming) (Year round farming) used to plow fields (slow development – used to plow fields (slow development – Revolution?) Revolution?)

Most believe it was caused by climatic Most believe it was caused by climatic shiftsshifts

Began the development of townsBegan the development of towns

The Spread of the Neolithic The Spread of the Neolithic Revolution Revolution

Hunting-and-gathering persistsHunting-and-gathering persists Pastoralism is animal husbandry Pastoralism is animal husbandry

Some mobile = Nomadic tribesSome mobile = Nomadic tribes Search of fresh pasture and waterSearch of fresh pasture and water

Crops & Material: Crops & Material: Sub-Saharan Africa = root and tree cropsSub-Saharan Africa = root and tree crops Northern China = milletNorthern China = millet Southeast Asia, to China, India, islands = Rice Southeast Asia, to China, India, islands = Rice

Mesoamerica, Peru = Maize, manioc, sweet Mesoamerica, Peru = Maize, manioc, sweet potatoespotatoes 5,000 years later….5,000 years later….

Bronze Age : Copper + Tin = Bronze {Brass}Bronze Age : Copper + Tin = Bronze {Brass}

Creation, Expansion, and Creation, Expansion, and Interaction of “Economic” Interaction of “Economic”

systemssystems Trade & Commerce-Trade & Commerce- 3000-1700BCE 3000-1700BCE Local trade, Local trade, little contact with Egyptlittle contact with Egypt All the city-states were economically independent, All the city-states were economically independent,

but local battles and war slowly unified them but local battles and war slowly unified them economically. economically.

About the time of Hammurabi 1700s BCE the About the time of Hammurabi 1700s BCE the Babylonians started trading actively with many Babylonians started trading actively with many countries including Egypt. countries including Egypt.

Labor system-Labor system- Slaves made up a big portion of the Slaves made up a big portion of the coordinated projects, unpleasant/dangerous work coordinated projects, unpleasant/dangerous work Most people would work together on the irrigation Most people would work together on the irrigation Occupations:Occupations:

Read and write: Scribes, Bookkeepers, & Priests Read and write: Scribes, Bookkeepers, & Priests The start of craftsman[The start of craftsman[artisansartisans] - (not literate, ] - (not literate,

but trained) metal, leather, pottery, jewelry, but trained) metal, leather, pottery, jewelry, carpentry, masonry. carpentry, masonry.

Development & Interaction Development & Interaction of Cultures –of Cultures – ““Religions” Religions”

Mesopotamia Sacred text-2000BCE, (Oral since about Mesopotamia Sacred text-2000BCE, (Oral since about 7000BCE), 7000BCE),

Epic of Gilgamesh, Epic of Gilgamesh, Uruk Uruk Pursuit of eternal life, but did not find it. Pursuit of eternal life, but did not find it.

Egyptian Sacred text-Egyptian Sacred text- The Book of the Dead – funeral The Book of the Dead – funeral rites, and the after life, copy buried with body in the new rites, and the after life, copy buried with body in the new Kingdom. Kingdom.

Key beliefs- Polytheistic, deities intervening in human Key beliefs- Polytheistic, deities intervening in human affairs, each city had its own God, they worshiped their affairs, each city had its own God, they worshiped their Gods because they were mighty, Gods because they were mighty,

Mesopotamia Sacred Place/structure – ZigguratsMesopotamia Sacred Place/structure – Ziggurats Amulets were found on remains- evil spirits, Evidence Religious Amulets were found on remains- evil spirits, Evidence Religious

festivals festivals Egyptian Sacred place – Pyramids Egyptian Sacred place – Pyramids (Rock Blocks/slabs)(Rock Blocks/slabs) Was it Universal & Ethnic?? Diffusion/spread, why? Was it Universal & Ethnic?? Diffusion/spread, why?

(clues?)(clues?)

Development & Interaction Development & Interaction of of

Cultures continued… Cultures continued… Science/Technology-Mathematics (Units Science/Technology-Mathematics (Units

of 60, 10, 6)of 60, 10, 6) Mesopotamia far more advance in math than Mesopotamia far more advance in math than

Egypt. Egypt. Architecture/Buildings- Ziggurats-Architecture/Buildings- Ziggurats-

(bricks) (bricks) Art- Cuneiform, Statues, paintings, & Art- Cuneiform, Statues, paintings, &

Code of Hammurabi Code of Hammurabi

Development & Development & transformation transformation

of social structures of social structures “Culture”“Culture” Gender Roles and relationsGender Roles and relations

Women’s roles, status – After Neolithic Women’s roles, status – After Neolithic Revolution the distinction between the Revolution the distinction between the status of men & women happenedstatus of men & women happened Women lost economic power of Women lost economic power of

“Gathering” “Gathering” With Agriculture men slowly took over With Agriculture men slowly took over

women's roles animals and plants women's roles animals and plants In Mesopotamia & Egypt both were a In Mesopotamia & Egypt both were a

patriarchal society. patriarchal society. But in Egypt women were in a higher But in Egypt women were in a higher

status i.e.. Goddesses of Creativity & status i.e.. Goddesses of Creativity & Marriage alliancesMarriage alliances

Development & Development & transformation transformation

of social structures of social structures “Culture”“Culture” Mesopotamian Society, Elite/Non elites, 4 categories: Mesopotamian Society, Elite/Non elites, 4 categories:

1.1. Nobles-Nobles- King, his family, chief priest, & high palace King, his family, chief priest, & high palace officialsofficials

2.2. Free Clients of the nobilityFree Clients of the nobility- Laborers of the - Laborers of the Nobility, worked the land, in return rec’d small Nobility, worked the land, in return rec’d small plots of land. (Similar to later feudal system) plots of land. (Similar to later feudal system)

3.3. Commoners-Commoners- Free citizens independent of nobility, Free citizens independent of nobility, but not the social status or political power, they but not the social status or political power, they owned land and were protected by laws. owned land and were protected by laws.

4.4. Slaves/Ethnic classes-Slaves/Ethnic classes- Slaves were usually captured Slaves were usually captured foreigners/POWs, plus criminals, or paying debts. foreigners/POWs, plus criminals, or paying debts.

Family & kinship (Clans)-Lived in traditional family Family & kinship (Clans)-Lived in traditional family units. units.

Heavy penalties for adultery Heavy penalties for adultery Husband had absolute powerHusband had absolute power

Development & transformation Development & transformation

of social structures of social structures “Culture” Cont…“Culture” Cont… Communication:Communication:

Mesopotamian Language- Sumerian Mesopotamian Language- Sumerian Later Semite, bases of most Arab languagesLater Semite, bases of most Arab languages

Egyptian for Egypt Egyptian for Egypt Hittites Indo-European Hittites Indo-European

Mesopotamian Writing system- 3500BCE Mesopotamian Writing system- 3500BCE Cuneiform Cuneiform

Egyptian Writing – Hieroglyphics- Egyptian Writing – Hieroglyphics-

““Interactions” between Interactions” between Humans and Humans and

environmentenvironment Migrations- Theory outward from Middle Migrations- Theory outward from Middle East from central Africa…some local East from central Africa…some local trade…. trade…. Settlement patterns along river valleysSettlement patterns along river valleys Technology (impact on environment)- Technology (impact on environment)-

Redirection of water through irrigationRedirection of water through irrigation Bricks for the ZigguratsBricks for the Ziggurats Limestone blocks for Pyramids Limestone blocks for Pyramids Both cultures into astrology Both cultures into astrology

Settlements, villagesSettlements, villages Slash and burn agricultureSlash and burn agriculture

Major Major Comparisons/ContrastsComparisons/Contrasts

Egypt and MesopotamiaEgypt and Mesopotamia Nile and Euphrates/Tigris RiversNile and Euphrates/Tigris Rivers Bronze AgeBronze Age (cooper & tin) Mesopotamia 3000BCE / (cooper & tin) Mesopotamia 3000BCE /

Egypt 1700BCE after being attacked by HyksosEgypt 1700BCE after being attacked by Hyksos Iron AgeIron Age happened about 1000BCE (More inter-relation) happened about 1000BCE (More inter-relation)

Religions: Polytheist Religions: Polytheist Economy: very similar (Economy: very similar (stone cutterstone cutter to Egypt) to Egypt) Writing: Hieroglyphs (Picture graphs) v. Cuneiform Writing: Hieroglyphs (Picture graphs) v. Cuneiform Buildings: Ziggurats vs. Pyramids Buildings: Ziggurats vs. Pyramids A Major Contrast: A Major Contrast: Their geographical location shaped very different Their geographical location shaped very different

political, economic, and cultural beliefs and political, economic, and cultural beliefs and practices. Egypt was isolated for much of its practices. Egypt was isolated for much of its existence, while Mesopotamia was at a cross roads existence, while Mesopotamia was at a cross roads of population movements, and invasion of population movements, and invasion

Overview of Mesopotamian Overview of Mesopotamian & Egypt& Egypt

Continuity & Change-over-Time- Continuity & Change-over-Time- (C.C.O.T)(C.C.O.T)

Continuities: Continuities: Early regional cultural hearths Early regional cultural hearths

diffusion/movement of material and non diffusion/movement of material and non material culture material culture

Irrigation based advanced, settled urban Irrigation based advanced, settled urban culturescultures

Conflict between settled and nomadic cultures Conflict between settled and nomadic cultures Slavery generally consequences of conquest, Slavery generally consequences of conquest,

debts, or poverty. debts, or poverty.

C.C.O.T. continued….C.C.O.T. continued…. Changes:Changes:

Increased % of people living in settled, Increased % of people living in settled, agricultural, culturesagricultural, cultures

Increased population in advanced, urban Increased population in advanced, urban culturescultures

Decline in status of women, increased Decline in status of women, increased patriarchy in agricultural based societies patriarchy in agricultural based societies

Increased local and later regional trade Increased local and later regional trade routesroutes

Rise and fall of empires Rise and fall of empires