origin formation and adoption of the constitution vol 2 george ticknor curtis 1858

7/29/2019 Origin Formation and Adoption of the Constitution Vol 2 George Ticknor Curtis 1858

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Transcriber's Note:

This is the second volume of a two volume set, begun inHistory of the Origin, Formation, andAdoption of the Constitution of the United States, Volume I.

The index at the end of this volume, Volume II., includes links to entries for both volumes. Anindex jump-table has been added for the convenience of the reader.

Multiple-page footnotes, repositioned to the end of the text, have resulted in numbered pageswith no contents (visible in html version only).

Remaining transcriber's notes are at the end of the text.

HISTORY

OF THE

ORIGIN, FORMATION, AND ADOPTION

OF THE

CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED

STATES;

WITH

NOTICES OF ITS PRINCIPAL FRAMERS.BY

GEORGE TICKNOR CURTIS.
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IN TWO VOLUMES.

VOLUME II.NEW YORK:HARPER AND BROTHERS,

Franklin Square.1858.

Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1858, byGEORGE T. CURTIS,in the Clerk's Office of the District Court of the District of Massachusetts.

CONTENTS

OF

VOLUME SECOND.

BOOK IV.

FORMATION OF THE CONSTITUTION.

CHAPTER I.

Preliminary Considerations.Organization of the Convention.Position of the States.Rule ofInvestigation.

Page

Explanation of the Author's Plan 3,4

Preservation of Republican Government 5-7

Nature of American Freedom 7-9

Its Dependence upon the Union 9,10

Intention of the Framers of the Constitution 11

Hamilton's Purposes 11

The Confederation officially condemned 11,12

Purposes of the States 12

The declared Objects of the Convention 13

Nature of the previous Union 14,15

General Purpose of the People 16
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Powers of the Convention 17

Opposite Views of the Members 18

Presence of Slavery in the States 19,20

The Slaves in some Form to be considered 20-22

How they were regarded under the Confederation 21

Complex Relations of the Subject 22

All the States but one represented in Convention 23

[iv]

Absence of Rhode Island 24,25

Application of the Minority of Rhode Island 25,26

Position of the States in Convention 27,28

Reserved Authority of the People 28,29

Present Importance of the Process of forming the Constitution 29

Cautions to be used in Interpretation 30

CHAPTER II.

Construction of a Legislative Power.Basis of Representation and Rule of Suffrage.Powersof Legislation.

Randolph's Outline of a Constitution 32

Referred to Committee of the Whole 32

Idea of a National Government 32-35

Rule of Suffrage in the Legislature 35

First Parties in the Convention 36

Representatives in one Branch to be chosen by the People 37

Representation of the People 39-40

States in some way to be represented 40,41

State Legislatures to choose the Members of the other Branch 41

Ratio of Representation as between the States 42-44

Basis of the Representative System 44-49

Rule of Suffrage in the Senate 48

Consequences of Numerical Representation 49,50

Powers to be conferred on the Legislature 50

Control of State Legislation 51-55

Population of the States 55

CHAPTER III.

Construction of the Executive and the Judiciary.
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Of how many Persons the Executive to consist 56

Negative to be given to the Executive 57

Mode of choosing the Executive 59

Purpose and Necessity of a Judiciary 60

To be made supreme 65

Its Jurisdiction 65

Tenure of the Judicial Office 67

[v]

Note on the Judicial Tenure 69

CHAPTER IV.

Admission of New States.Guaranty of Republican Government.Power of Amendment.Oath to support the New System.Ratification.

The Union destined to be enlarged 75

Jefferson's Measure for the Admission of New States in 1784 76

Want of Power in the Confederation 77

Power to be supplied in the Constitution 78

Guaranty of State Governments to be provided 79

Necessity and Utility of the Guaranty 80-83

A Mode of Amendment to be provided 84

Oath to support the Constitution 84

Mode of Ratification 84-86

Report of the Committee of the Whole 86

CHAPTER V.

Issue between the Virginia and the New Jersey Plans.Hamilton's Propositions.Madison'sView of the New Jersey Plan.

General Character of the Virginia Plan 89

Difficulties and Obstacles in its Way 91

The chief Cause of Opposition 92

The counter Plan by the New Jersey Members 92

Referred to a Second Committee of the Whole 92

Argument of Patterson in its Support 93

Hamilton interposes 94

The Nature of the Issue pending 95

Hamilton's Leading Principles 95

He states the Courses open to the Convention 96
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Explains the Principles on which Government must be founded 96-98

Objects to the New Jersey Plan 98,99

Not satisfied with the Virginia Plan 99

His Views of what must be done 99,100

Introduces his own Plan 101

It must be judged by the Issue pending 101-106

Madison examines the New Jersey Plan 106

Explains its Effect on the smaller States 107

Declares the Representation to be the great Difficulty 108

The States must be represented proportionally 109

The Virginia Plan again adhered to 109

[vi]

Note on the Opinions of Hamilton 110

CHAPTER VI.

Conflict between the National and Federal Systems.Division of the Legislature into TwoChambers.Disagreement of the States on the Nature of Representation in the Two Branches.Threatened Dissolution of the Union.

Different Magnitudes of the States 116

Inequalities in other Respects 117

The Majority and Minority of States 117,118

Views of New York 118-121

Luther Martin's Opinions 121

Position of Connecticut 122

Nature of the Question between the Larger and the Smaller States 122-125

Advantages of a National System 127

Difficulties attending it 128

Dangers of adhering inflexibly to Theory 129

Division of the Legislature into Two Chambers 130

Origin of the Division in England 130,131

Practical Advantages of the Separation 131,132

Why resisted by the Minority 133

Defect in the Virginia Plan 133

Mode of electing the Members 134

Rule of Suffrage for the House 135

Madison's View of the Interest of the Small States 136

Hamilton on the Consequences of Dissolution 136,137

Evil Results of a perfect Theory 137

Purpose of a Senate 138
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Necessity for a distinct Basis 138-140

Irreconcilable Differences 140

Proposition of Compromise rejected 141

Disagreement on the Senate 141

Consequences of a Failure to form a Constitution 142-144

CHAPTER VII.

First Grand Compromises of the Constitution.Population of the States adopted as the Basis ofRepresentation in the House.Rule for Computing the Slaves.Equality of Representation ofthe States adopted for the Senate.

Appointment of a Committee of Compromise 145

[vii]

Representation adjusted by the Committee 146

Character of the Compromise 147

How treated in the Convention 147,148

Apportionment of Representatives re-arranged 148,149

Objections to the Plan 149,150

Representation of the Slaves 150

Combined Rule of Numbers and Wealth 151

Test Question respecting the Slaves 153

Necessity for their Admission into the Basis of Representation 154-162

The Difficulties only to be adjusted by Compromise 162

Form of the Compromise 163,164Equality of Vote adopted for the Senate 165,166

Value of this Feature of the Constitution 166,167

Population of the Slaveholding and Non-slaveholding States compared 168

CHAPTER VIII.

Powers of Legislation.Constitution and Choice of the Executive.Constitution of theJudiciary.Admission of New States.Completion of the Engagements of Congress.Guaranty of Republican Constitutions.Oath to Support the Constitution.Ratification.Number of Senators.Qualifications for Office.Seat of Government.

The General Interests of the Union to be provided for 170

Constitution, Laws, and Treaties to be Supreme 170

Appointment and Powers of the Executive 171

Re-eligibility of the Executive 172,173

Tenure of the Office 173

Right of Suffrage in Choice of the Executive 174
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Appointment by Electors 175

Construction of the Judiciary 176

Admission of New States 176

Completion of the Engagements of Congress 176

Guaranty of Republican Governments 177

Future Amendments 177

Oath to Support the Constitution 177

Ratification 177

Objects of a Popular Ratification 177-184

Constitution to be submitted to the Congress 185

[viii]

Number of Senators 186

Qualifications for Office 186

Property Qualification 187

Seat of the National Government 189

General Pinckney's Notice respecting Slaves and Exports 189

Resolutions sent to Committee of Detail 190

CHAPTER IX.

Report of the Committee of Detail.Construction of the Legislature.Time and Place of itsMeeting.

Power confided to the Committee of Detail 193

Their Draft of a Constitution 194

Right of Suffrage 194

Foreign-born Inhabitants 195-196

Immigration to be encouraged 197

Qualifications for Voting 198-202

Power of Naturalization 199

Qualifications for Office 203-210

Spirit of the Constitution 211

Ratio of Representation 212-214

Money Bills 215-222

Qualifications of Senators 223,224

Number of Senators 224-226

Method of Voting in the Senate 226-228

Vacancies in the Senate and House 229

Powers of the Senate 229-240

Senatorial Term 240-242
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Disqualifications of Members of both Branches 242et seq.

Parliamentary Corruption 242-244

Executive Influence 244-256

Time and Place for Elections 257

Pay of Members 258,259

Impeachments 260-262

Quorum of each House 262

Separate Powers of each House 262-263

President of the Senate 263

Enactment of Laws 264

President's Negative 265-268

Seat of Government 268-277

[ix]

Session of Congress 277,278

CHAPTER X.

Report of the Committee of Detail, continued.The Powers of Congress.The GrandCompromises of the Constitution respecting Commerce, Exports, and the Slave-Trade.

General Principles of the Powers of Legislation 279,280

Limitations 280

Exports and the Slave-Trade 281

Fitness and Unfitness of a Tax on Exports 282

Variety in the Exports of the United States 283

Impracticability of such a Tax 284

The Slave-Trade Controversy 285et seq.

How adjusted 289et seq.

Restrictions on the Revenue and Commercial Powers 289

Regulation of Commerce 291et seq.

Settlement of the Revenue and Commercial Powers 295et seq.

Proposition of Compromise 301

Arrangement of the Compromise 303

Value of the Compromise 307

Benefits of the Revenue and Commercial Powers 309

CHAPTER XI.

Report of the Committee of Detail, continued.The Remaining Powers of Congress.Restraints upon Congress and upon the States.
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9/345

Purpose of the Revenue Power 318-322

Preference of Ports prohibited 323,324

Duties, &c. to be equal 325

Commerce with the Indian Tribes 325-328

Uniform Rule of Naturalization 328

Coining and Regulating Value of Money 328

Standard of Weights and Measures 328

Post-Offices and Post-Roads 328

Power to borrow Money 328-330

Tribunals inferior to the Supreme Court 330

Rules as to Captures 330

Offences against the Law of Nations 331

Counterfeiting 332

[x]

War Power 332

Raising and supporting Armies 333

Navy 334

Power over the Militia 334-338

Necessary and proper Laws to execute the Specific Powers 338

Patents and Copyrights 339

Power over Territories 341-358

Admission of New States 358

Restraints upon Congress 359

Suspension of the habeas corpus 359

Bills of Attainder 360

Ex post facto Laws 360et seq.

Titles of Nobility 362

Gifts and Emoluments from foreign Princes 362

Restraints upon the States 362et seq.

Obligation of Contracts 365

State Imposts 369

Tonnage Duties 370

Other Restraints 371

CHAPTER XII.

Report of the Committee of Detail, continued.Supremacy of the National Government.Definition and Punishment of Treason.

Principles of the National Supremacy 372
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10/345

Preamble of the Constitution 373

Supremacy effected through the Judicial Power 374

Ratification 375

Meaning and Operation of the Supremacy 376-381

Its Effect on the Growth of the Country 381-384

Definition and Punishment of Treason 384-387

CHAPTER XIII.

Report of the Committee of Detail, continued.Election and Powers of the President.

Election of the President, why not made directly by the People 388

Origin of the Plan of Electors 389

Choice of President and Vice-President 390-395

[xi]

Succession of the Vice-President to the Presidency 395-398

Mode of filling the Vacancy when there is no Vice-President 398

Mode of choosing the Electors 398,399

Opening of the Votes of the Electors 399,400

Modifications of the Mode of Election made by the Amendment 400,401

Contingency, for which no Provision is made 401-403

Qualifications for the Presidency 404

Salary of the President 404-407

Question of a Cabinet, or a Council 407-409

Powers of the President 409et seq.Executive Power 412,413

Pardoning Power 413,414

Treaty-making Power 414-417

Appointing Power 417,418

To give Information on the State of the Union 419

Power to convene Congress 419

CHAPTER XIV.

Report of the Committee of Detail, continued.

Formation of the Judicial Power.

Scope of the Judicial Power 421-431

Its Purposes 431-445

CHAPTER XV.
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Report of the Committee of Detail, continued.Effect of Records.Inter-State Privileges.Fugitives from Justice and from Service.

Intimacy of the Relations between the People of the States 447

Difference between the Confederation and the Constitution 447,448

Privileges of Citizenship in all the States 448

Effect of Records 449

Fugitives from Justice 449,450

[xii]

Fugitives from Service 450-467

CHAPTER XVI.

Report of the Committee of Detail, continued.Guaranty of Republican Government andInternal Tranquillity.Oath to support the Constitution.Mode of Amendment.Ratification

and Establishment of the Constitution.

Signing by the Members of the Convention.

Purpose of the Guaranty of Republican Government 468

Meaning of the Guaranty 469

American Sense of a "Republican" Government 471

Amendment a Conservative Element 473

Distinction between Amendment and Revolution 473-474

Settlement of the Mode of Amending the Constitution 474-477

Restrictions on the Power of Amendment 477,478

Oath to support the Constitution 478

Establishment of the Constitution provided for 479-485

Signatures of the Delegates 485-487

The Issue presented 487

BOOK V.

ADOPTION OF THE CONSTITUTION.

CHAPTER I.

General Reception of the Constitution.

Hopes of a Reunion with Great Britain.

Action of theCongress.State of Feeling in Massachusetts, New York, Virginia, South Carolina, Maryland,and New Hampshire.Appointment of their Conventions.

Public Anxiety 491

Rumors about the Bishop of Osnaburg 492

Scheme of the Tories 493,494

Publication of the Constitution 495
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Its Friends and Opponents 495,496

[xiii]

Position of the People 497,498

Reception of the Instrument in Congress 499

Action upon it 500

Reception in Massachusetts 501

Reception in New York 502-504

Reception in Virginia 505,506

Jefferson's Opinion 506,507

Course recommended by Jefferson 508

Washington's Exertions 509

Patrick Henry's Course in the Legislature 510

Debate in the Legislature of South Carolina 511

Action of the Legislature of Maryland 512

Luther Martin's Address 512-514

State of Opinion in New Hampshire 514

The real Crisis anticipated 515

Chances for the Constitution 516

Uncertainty of the Result 517

CHAPTER II.

Ratifications of Delaware, Pennsylvania, New Jersey, Georgia, and Connecticut, withoutObjection.Close of the Year 1787.Beginning of the Year 1788.Ratification of

Massachusetts, the Sixth State, with Propositions of Amendment.

Ratification of Marylandwithout Objection.South Carolina, the Eighth State, adopts, and proposes Amendments.

Delaware ratifies unanimously 518

Prestige of Philadelphia 519

James Wilson in the Convention of Pennsylvania 520

His Defence of the Constitution 521-524

Ratification of Pennsylvania 524

Position of New Jersey 524,525

Ratifies the Constitution 526

Position of Georgia 526

Ratifies the Constitution 527

Convention of Connecticut 527,528

Her Adoption 529

New Aspect of the Subject 529,530

Convention of Massachusetts assembles 530

[xiv]
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Nature of her Opposition 531

Value of her State Constitution 532

Parties in her Convention 532,533

Samuel Adams and the Opposition 533,534

The Federal Leaders 534

They recogniz

origin formation and adoption of the constitution vol 2 george ticknor curtis 1858

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