1. POLITICS:Power in Action by Shane Janagap

2. Politics: Power in ActionOrganizational Politics - focused on the use of power to affect decision makingin an organization or on behaviors by members that are self-serving and organizationally non-sanctioned.

3. Politics: Power in ActionPolitical Behavior - activities that are not required as part of a personsformal role in the organization but that influence, or attempt toinfluence, the distribution of advantages and disadvantageswithin the organization.

4. Politics: Power in ActionLegitimate political behavior - refers to normal everyday politicsIllegitimate political behavior - extreme political behavior that violates the impliedrules of the game

5. The Reality of PoliticsPolitics is a fact of life in organizations.

6. The Reality of Politics

7. The Reality of Politics Resources in organizations are also limited, which often turns potential conflict into real conflict. If resources were abundant, then all the various constituencies within theorganization could satisfy their goals.

8. The Reality of PoliticsMost of the facts that are usedto allocate the limited resourcesare open to interpretation.

9. Political Label Effective Management Label Blaming others Fixing responsibility Creating conflict Encouraging change and innovation Forming coalitions Facilitating teamwork Scheming Planning ahead Overachieving Competent and capable Ambitious Career minded Cunning Practical minded Arrogant Confident Perfectionist Attentive to detail

10. Causes & Consequences of Political BehaviorFactors Contributing to Political Behavior Individual Factors Organizational Factors

11. Causes & Consequences of Political BehaviorIndividual Factors High self-monitors Internal locus of control High Mach personality Organizational investment Perceived job alternatives Favorable OutcomesOrganizational Factors Political Behavior Reward Reallocation of resources Low High Averted punishments Promotion opportunities Low trust Role ambiguity Unclear performance evaluation system Zero-sum reward practices Democratic decision making High performance pressures Self-serving senior managersFigure 14-4. Factors That Influence Political Behavior

12. Individual Factors HIGH SELF-MONITORS INTERNAL LOCUS OF CONTROL HIGH MACH PERSONALITY ORGANIZATIONAL INVESTMENT PERCEIVED JOB ALTERNATIVES

13. Individual FactorsTHE HIGH SELF MONITOR More sensitive to social cues Exhibits higher levels of social conformity, and More likely to be skilled in political behavior

14. Individual FactorsINDIVIDUALS WITH AN INTERNAL LOCUS OF CONTROL More prone to take a proactive stance Attempt to manipulate situations in their favor

15. Individual FactorsHIGH MACHIAVELIAN PERSONALITY Will to manipulate, and Desire for power is comfortable using politics as a means to further his or her self-interest

16. Individual FactorsORGANIZATIONAL INVESTMENT The more a person has invested in the organization in terms of expectations of increased future benefits, the more that person has to lose if forced out and the less likely he or she is to use illegitimate means.

17. Individual FactorsPERCEIVED JOB ALTERNATIVES The more alternative job opportunities an individual has due to a favorable job market or the possession of scarce skills or knowledge, a prominent reputation, or influential contacts outside the organization the more likely that individual is to risk illegitimate political actions.

18. Organizational Factors DECLINING RESOURCES PROMOTION OPPORTUNITIES LOW TRUST ROLE AMBIGUITY UNCLEAR PERFORMANCE EVALUATION SYSTEM ZERO-SUM REWARD PRACTICES DEMOCRATIC DECISION MAKING HIGH PERFORMANCE PRESSURES SELF-SERVING SENIOR MANAGERS

19. Organizational FactorsDECLINING RESOURCES People may engage in political actions to safeguard what they have Stimulate conflict and increase politicking

20. Organizational FactorsPROMOTION OPPORTUNITIES Encourages people to compete for a limited resource Try to positively influence the decision outcome

21. Organizational FactorsLOW TRUST The higher the level of political behavior, and The more likely that the political behavior will be of the illegitimate kind.

22. Organizational FactorsROLE AMBIGUITY Means that the prescribed behaviors of the employee are not clear.

23. Organizational FactorsUNCLEAR PERFORMANCE EVALUATION SYSTEM Subjective performance criteria Single outcome measure The amount of time that elapses between an action and its appraisal

24. Organizational FactorsZERO-SUM REWARD PRACTICES Also called Win/Lose Approach Treats the reward pie as fixed so that any gain one person or group achieves has to come at the expense of another person or group.

25. Organizational FactorsDEMOCRATIC DECISION MAKING Managers in these organizations are being asked to behave more democratically. They are told that they should allow employees to advise them on decisions and that they should rely to a greater extent on group input into the decision process

26. Organizational FactorsHIGH PERFORMANCE PRESSURES The more pressure that employees feel to perform well, the more likely they are to engage in politicking.

27. Organizational FactorsSELF-SERVING SENIOR MANAGERS When employees see the people on top engaging in political behavior, especially when they do so successfully and are rewarded for it, a climate is created that supports politicking.

28. HOW DO PEOPLE RESPOND TO ORGANIZATIONAL POLITICS