organization of the nervous system 3 - iiser puneraghav/pdfs/neurobiology1/lecture7...26th august...
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26th August 2013 Bio 334 - Neurobiology I - Organization of the nervous system 3 1
Organization of the nervous system 3
Raghav RajanBio 334 – Neurobiology I
August 26th 2013
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Spinal cord
● Dorsal roots carry sensory information
● Ventral roots carry motor information
● Controls voluntary and reflexive movements
● Receives sensory input from skin, joints, muscles
● Paralysis inferior to location of damage
Mark F Bear, Barry W Connors, Michael A Paradiso. Neuroscience: Exploring the brain (2007) – Chapter 7
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PNS
● Somatic PNS – related to voluntary control
● Visceral PNS – involuntary – innervates internal organs, glands, blood vessels, etc.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peripheral_nervous_system
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General functions of nervous system
● To find food
● To avoid being eaten
● To reproduce
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Evolution of complex nervous systems
● Evolution selects for adaptations that promote the ability to pass on genetic material
● Works on what is already there
● Needs some amount of redundancy to tinker and make changes
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General principles of organization of nervous system
● Organization of sensory and motor areas dependent on environment, relative importance of different sense organs, motor capabilities
● Based on anatomy, we can delineate functional systems
● Functional systems are organized into maps
● Hierarchy of functional systems?
● Functional systems on one side of the brain (cerebral cortex) get information and control the contralateral side of the body
Kandel, Schwartz and Jessell, Principles of Neural Science
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Sensory and motor cortical representations not proportional to external size
http://www.autismindex.com/Therapies/Therapy_Key_Word_Site_Map/sensory/motor_sensory_homunculus.html
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Important sensory organs are better represented in the cortex and sub-cortical structures
http://www.pnas.org/content/109/Supplement_1/10647.long
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Functional systems – like the visual system – two streams of processing
● Dorsal pathway - “vision for action” - where
● Ventral pathway - “vision for perception” - what
● Now, considerable evidence for interaction between both pathways
http://www.waece.org/cd_morelia2006/ponencias/stoodley.htm
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Maps – sensory, motor, etc.
http://uc.exteenblog.com/highwind/images/Know/brain_homunculus1.jpghttp://www.wiringthebrain.com/2010_12_01_archive.htmlhttp://neurowww.cwru.edu/faculty/strowbridge/OlfactoryBulb/bulb1.htmhttp://www3.unil.ch/wpmu/neuroaudio/resaerch/auditory-cortex/
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Hierarchichal processing within functional systems – is there really a hierarchy?
Felleman DJ, Van Essen DC. Distributed hierarchical processing in the primate cerebral cortex. Cerebral Cortex (1991)http://www.cse.buffalo.edu/~rapaport/575/F07/006010.jpg
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Plasticity – changes in strength of connections not reflected in simple anatomy
● In congenitally blind people, primary visual cortex is active during sentence comprehension task
http://www.pnas.org/content/108/11/4429.long
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Assignment on disorders
● 1 page write-up – in layman language
● Description of disorder
● Present understanding of the cause?
● What does this tell us about the brain?
● Caveats
● Send by email before the 2nd of September