organismic cloning - san diego miramar collegefaculty.sdmiramar.edu/bhaidar/bio 107...

29
Organismic Cloning (Outline) 1. What is cloning: Natural and artificial 2. Cloning of what? 3. Embryonic development of multi-cellular organisms: cell division, morphogenesis, differentiation 2. Plant cloning 3. Animal cloning Reproductive versus therapeutic cloning Nuclear transplantation Stem cells: adult and embryonic Somatic Cell Reprogramming (2007)/ Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells (iPSC)

Upload: others

Post on 13-Sep-2020

8 views

Category:

Documents


0 download

TRANSCRIPT

Page 1: Organismic Cloning - San Diego Miramar Collegefaculty.sdmiramar.edu/bhaidar/Bio 107 Documents/Lecture...Organismic Cloning (Outline) 1. What is cloning: Natural and artificial 2. Cloning

Organismic Cloning (Outline)

1. What is cloning: Natural and artificial 2. Cloning of what? 3. Embryonic development of multi-cellular organisms:

• cell division, morphogenesis, differentiation

2. Plant cloning 3. Animal cloning

• Reproductive versus therapeutic cloning • Nuclear transplantation • Stem cells: adult and embryonic • Somatic Cell Reprogramming (2007)/ Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

(iPSC)

Page 2: Organismic Cloning - San Diego Miramar Collegefaculty.sdmiramar.edu/bhaidar/Bio 107 Documents/Lecture...Organismic Cloning (Outline) 1. What is cloning: Natural and artificial 2. Cloning

Cloning of What? • What is cloning? • Do clones ever occur naturally? • What are the types of artificial cloning? • How are genes cloned? • How are plants cloned? • How are animals cloned?

Page 3: Organismic Cloning - San Diego Miramar Collegefaculty.sdmiramar.edu/bhaidar/Bio 107 Documents/Lecture...Organismic Cloning (Outline) 1. What is cloning: Natural and artificial 2. Cloning

Cloning is….

• Producing genetically identical copies of a biological entity

• Occurs naturally for some organisms • Can be done artificially

Page 4: Organismic Cloning - San Diego Miramar Collegefaculty.sdmiramar.edu/bhaidar/Bio 107 Documents/Lecture...Organismic Cloning (Outline) 1. What is cloning: Natural and artificial 2. Cloning

Figure 2.3

Multiple Births

Monozygotic twins (Identical) - Arise from a single fertilized ovum - Embryo splits early during development - Twins may share supportive structures

Dizygotic twins (Fraternal) - Arise from two fertilized ova - Same genetic relationship as any two siblings

Page 5: Organismic Cloning - San Diego Miramar Collegefaculty.sdmiramar.edu/bhaidar/Bio 107 Documents/Lecture...Organismic Cloning (Outline) 1. What is cloning: Natural and artificial 2. Cloning

Figure 3.16

Page 6: Organismic Cloning - San Diego Miramar Collegefaculty.sdmiramar.edu/bhaidar/Bio 107 Documents/Lecture...Organismic Cloning (Outline) 1. What is cloning: Natural and artificial 2. Cloning

Artificial cloning

• Genes: used in biotechnology • Whole organism:

– Reproductive: plants and animals – Therapeutic

Page 7: Organismic Cloning - San Diego Miramar Collegefaculty.sdmiramar.edu/bhaidar/Bio 107 Documents/Lecture...Organismic Cloning (Outline) 1. What is cloning: Natural and artificial 2. Cloning

Gene cloning used in biotechnology to produce useful products

Page 8: Organismic Cloning - San Diego Miramar Collegefaculty.sdmiramar.edu/bhaidar/Bio 107 Documents/Lecture...Organismic Cloning (Outline) 1. What is cloning: Natural and artificial 2. Cloning
Page 9: Organismic Cloning - San Diego Miramar Collegefaculty.sdmiramar.edu/bhaidar/Bio 107 Documents/Lecture...Organismic Cloning (Outline) 1. What is cloning: Natural and artificial 2. Cloning

Genetic Basis of Development

From a diploid zygote to a multi-cellular organism

Sperm cell

Nuclei containing DNA

Egg cell

Fertilized egg with DNA from both parents

Embyro’s cells with copies of inherited DNA

Offspring with traits inherited from both parents

Page 10: Organismic Cloning - San Diego Miramar Collegefaculty.sdmiramar.edu/bhaidar/Bio 107 Documents/Lecture...Organismic Cloning (Outline) 1. What is cloning: Natural and artificial 2. Cloning

Three processes of embryonic development: • Cell division- increase n cell number • Morphogenesis- “creation of form” • Cell differentiation- specialization in

structure and function

Page 11: Organismic Cloning - San Diego Miramar Collegefaculty.sdmiramar.edu/bhaidar/Bio 107 Documents/Lecture...Organismic Cloning (Outline) 1. What is cloning: Natural and artificial 2. Cloning

Embryonic Development • a single-celled zygote many different types

of cells • higher-level structures organs arranged in a

particular way in three dimensions • cells-- tissues--- organs--- organ systems–

whole organism

Page 12: Organismic Cloning - San Diego Miramar Collegefaculty.sdmiramar.edu/bhaidar/Bio 107 Documents/Lecture...Organismic Cloning (Outline) 1. What is cloning: Natural and artificial 2. Cloning

Cell & tissue movement

Growth in size

Animals Necessary for embryonic transformation

Limited to embryonic and juvenile stages

Plants Does not take place

Continues throughout the life of the plant

Morphogenesis

Page 13: Organismic Cloning - San Diego Miramar Collegefaculty.sdmiramar.edu/bhaidar/Bio 107 Documents/Lecture...Organismic Cloning (Outline) 1. What is cloning: Natural and artificial 2. Cloning

Totipotent cells (any) Pluripotent cells (many

Page 14: Organismic Cloning - San Diego Miramar Collegefaculty.sdmiramar.edu/bhaidar/Bio 107 Documents/Lecture...Organismic Cloning (Outline) 1. What is cloning: Natural and artificial 2. Cloning

Human morphogenesis disorder Cleft palate- upper wall of the mouth cavity

fails to close completely

Page 15: Organismic Cloning - San Diego Miramar Collegefaculty.sdmiramar.edu/bhaidar/Bio 107 Documents/Lecture...Organismic Cloning (Outline) 1. What is cloning: Natural and artificial 2. Cloning

Cell differentiation- Interphase Chromatin

Heterochromatin: compacted,

transcriptionally inactive

Euchromatin: loosely packed,

actively transcribed

Page 16: Organismic Cloning - San Diego Miramar Collegefaculty.sdmiramar.edu/bhaidar/Bio 107 Documents/Lecture...Organismic Cloning (Outline) 1. What is cloning: Natural and artificial 2. Cloning

Differentiation produces a variety of cell types, each expressing a different combination of genes

Muscle cell Pancreas cells

Blood cells Nerve cell

Page 17: Organismic Cloning - San Diego Miramar Collegefaculty.sdmiramar.edu/bhaidar/Bio 107 Documents/Lecture...Organismic Cloning (Outline) 1. What is cloning: Natural and artificial 2. Cloning

Plant cloning Used extensively in agriculture

Plant cell remain totipotent and can dedifferentiate.

Cloning of Plants

Page 18: Organismic Cloning - San Diego Miramar Collegefaculty.sdmiramar.edu/bhaidar/Bio 107 Documents/Lecture...Organismic Cloning (Outline) 1. What is cloning: Natural and artificial 2. Cloning

Cloning of Animals • How are animals cloned? • What animals have been cloned? • Have humans been cloned? • What is difference between reproductive and

therapeutic cloning? http://www.genome.gov/25020028

Page 19: Organismic Cloning - San Diego Miramar Collegefaculty.sdmiramar.edu/bhaidar/Bio 107 Documents/Lecture...Organismic Cloning (Outline) 1. What is cloning: Natural and artificial 2. Cloning

Animal Cloning

• Reproductive Organism

• Therapeutic Tissues & Organs

Page 20: Organismic Cloning - San Diego Miramar Collegefaculty.sdmiramar.edu/bhaidar/Bio 107 Documents/Lecture...Organismic Cloning (Outline) 1. What is cloning: Natural and artificial 2. Cloning

Animal cloning by Nuclear Transplantation

Page 21: Organismic Cloning - San Diego Miramar Collegefaculty.sdmiramar.edu/bhaidar/Bio 107 Documents/Lecture...Organismic Cloning (Outline) 1. What is cloning: Natural and artificial 2. Cloning

Different types of cell in an organism have the same DNA but they transcribe different genes

Nuclei do change as cells differentiate: DNA sequences do not change Chromatin structure does

Page 23: Organismic Cloning - San Diego Miramar Collegefaculty.sdmiramar.edu/bhaidar/Bio 107 Documents/Lecture...Organismic Cloning (Outline) 1. What is cloning: Natural and artificial 2. Cloning

Other mammals have been cloned

The possibility of cloning humans raises unprecedented ethical issues.

Page 24: Organismic Cloning - San Diego Miramar Collegefaculty.sdmiramar.edu/bhaidar/Bio 107 Documents/Lecture...Organismic Cloning (Outline) 1. What is cloning: Natural and artificial 2. Cloning

Cloning and Stem Cell Research

Stem cells – unspecialized cells, continually reproduce can

differentiate into specialized cell types. – can differentiate into multiple cell types

Two types of stem cells 1. Adult stem cells & Cord Blood stem cells 2. Embryonic stem cells

Page 25: Organismic Cloning - San Diego Miramar Collegefaculty.sdmiramar.edu/bhaidar/Bio 107 Documents/Lecture...Organismic Cloning (Outline) 1. What is cloning: Natural and artificial 2. Cloning

Under the right conditions, cultured stem cells derived from either source can differentiate into specialized cells.

Omnipotent

Page 26: Organismic Cloning - San Diego Miramar Collegefaculty.sdmiramar.edu/bhaidar/Bio 107 Documents/Lecture...Organismic Cloning (Outline) 1. What is cloning: Natural and artificial 2. Cloning
Page 27: Organismic Cloning - San Diego Miramar Collegefaculty.sdmiramar.edu/bhaidar/Bio 107 Documents/Lecture...Organismic Cloning (Outline) 1. What is cloning: Natural and artificial 2. Cloning

Adult stem cells • Bone marrow stem cells- different kinds of

blood cells

Embryonic stem cells • immortal

Somatic Cell reprogramming (2007) Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells (iPSC) Oct 20 2009, 11:21 AM EST Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell Technology Used to Generate Hepatocytes from Skin Cells GEN News Highlights http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/tech/stemcells/ips/

Page 28: Organismic Cloning - San Diego Miramar Collegefaculty.sdmiramar.edu/bhaidar/Bio 107 Documents/Lecture...Organismic Cloning (Outline) 1. What is cloning: Natural and artificial 2. Cloning

Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells (iPSC)

Page 29: Organismic Cloning - San Diego Miramar Collegefaculty.sdmiramar.edu/bhaidar/Bio 107 Documents/Lecture...Organismic Cloning (Outline) 1. What is cloning: Natural and artificial 2. Cloning