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Organised Phonology Data (Hote) Malê Language [HOT]

Lae – Morobe Province

Oceanic; North New Guinea Cluster; Huon Gulf Chain; South Huon Gulf Chain

Population census: 2,237 (2000 census). Includes 1,909 Hote and 328 Misim

Major villages: Yemli, Wakop, Gwado, Bidum, Doho, Hote, Dolong, Wamasu

Linguistic work done by: SIL

Data checked by: Marguerite Muzzey 1992 (Original), John Lindstrom 2008 (Revised)

Phonemic and Orthographic Inventory

/ ɑ b d̪ e ɪ g x i k l ̪ m n̪ ŋ o ʊ p s t̪ θ u β /

< a b d e ê g,j h i,y,j k l m n ŋ o ô  p s t th u,w v >

< A B D E Ê G H I,Y, J K L M N Ŋ O Ô P S T Th U,W V >

Consonants

Bilab LabDen Dental Alveo Postalv Retro Palatal Velar Uvular Pharyn Glottal Plosive p b t̪ d̪ k ɡ

Nasal m n̪ ŋ

Trill

Tap/Flap

Fricative β θ s x

Lateral Fricative

Approx

Lateral Approx l

Ejective Stop

Implos

The consonants /k ɡ ŋ/ are backed.

Example words are given are in the order C-initial, C-medial, C-final, C-preconsonantal, C-postconsonantal.

p [ˈpɑlɪ] /pɑlɪ/ <palê> ‘sore (n)’ [ˈlopɑli] /lopɑli/ <lopali> ‘wet’ [bʊp] /bʊp/ <bôp> ‘first man child’

[ˈdopdop] /dopdop/ <dopdop> ‘fat’

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[ˈpaŋpaŋ] /paŋpaŋ/ <paŋpaŋ> ‘tight’

b [bɑˈlɑm] /bɑlɑm/ <balam> ‘sweet potato’ [ˈt̪ɑbʊ] /t̪ɑbʊ/ <tabô> ‘sign’

-

[ˈabiaŋ] /abiaŋ/ <abyaŋ> ‘hole’ [kɑmˈbom] /kɑmbom/ <kambom> ‘bad’

m [ˈmɑbuŋ] /mɑbuŋ/ <mabuŋ> ‘clean’ [ˈuɑkɑmik] /uɑkɑmik/ <wakamik> ‘father’ [ˈkɑt̪im] /kɑt̪im/ <katim> ‘cucumber’ [ˈkʊmkʊm] /kʊmkʊm/ <kômkôm> ‘beads’ [ˈlukmuk] /lukmuk/ <lukmuk> ‘new’

β [ˈɸɑlu] /βɑlu/ <valu> ‘stone’ [ˈlɑβʊk] /lɑβʊk/ <lavôk> ‘breadfruit’ [bʊβ] /bʊβ/ <bôv> ‘limbum’

[ˈθoxaβloma] /θoxaβloma/ <thohavloma> ‘face’ [kubɑˈxeŋβi] /kubɑxeŋβi/ <kubaheŋvi> ‘Friday’

t̪ [ˈɪn̪t̪ɪk] /ɪn ̪t̪ɪk/ <êntêk> ‘this’ [ˈt̪ɑt̪ʊ] /t̪ɑt̪ʊ/ <tatô> ‘cough (n)’ [ˈɑt̪um] /ɑt̪um/ <atum> ‘fire’ [ˈxatiok] /xatiok/ <hatiyok> ‘he destroys’

[ˈin̪t̪u] /in ̪t̪u/ <intu> ‘this one’

d̪ [ˈd ̪ɑku] /d ̪ɑku/ <daku> ‘up’ [ˈn ̪ɑkɑd ̪uŋ] /n̪ɑkɑd̪uŋ/ <nakaduŋ> ‘small’ -

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[ˈin̪d ̪um] /in ̪d̪um/ <indum> ‘he will work’

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n̪ [ˈn ̪en ̪ɑ] /n̪en̪ɑ/ <nena> CMP MKR [ˈd ̪en ̪ɑŋ] /d̪en̪ɑŋ/ <denaŋ> ‘still (adv)’ -

[ˈɪn̪d ̪ɪŋ] /ɪn ̪d̪ɪŋ/ <êndêŋ> ‘until’ [ˈokn̪ɑ] /okn ̪ɑ/ <okna> ‘boy’

s [ˈsɑpe] /sɑpe/ <sape> ‘fifth-born son’ [kɑˈsek] /kɑsek/ <kasek> ‘small’

-

-

[ˈiaŋsiŋ] /iaŋsiŋ/ <yaŋsiŋ> ‘afternoon’

θ [ˈθɑlɑleŋ] /θɑlɑleŋ/ <thalaleŋ> ‘blood’ [ˈʊðʊm] /ʊθʊm/ <ôthôm> ‘rain’ -

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[ˈθomθom] /θomθom/ <thomthom> ‘peninsula’

l [ˈlopopek] /lopopek/ <lopopek> ‘twins’ [ˈlekɑlek] /lekɑlek/ <lekalek> ‘spider web’ -

-

[d̪umˈlolɪ] /d̪umlolɪ/ <d ̪umlolê> ‘mountain’

k [ˈkɑpiŋ] /kɑpiŋ/ <kapiŋ> ‘scissors’ [ˈuɑkɑt̪ik] /uɑkɑt̪ik/ <wakatik> ‘mother’ [lɪk] /lɪk/ <lêk> ‘today’ [ˈwɑkbʊk] /wɑkbʊk/ <wakbôk> ‘yesterday’

[ˈkʊmkʊm] /kʊmkʊm/ <kômkôm> ‘beads’

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ɡ [ŋgɑˈbʊm] /ŋgɑbʊm/ <ŋgabôm> ‘lid’ [ˈlidʑiŋ] /ligiŋ/ <lijiŋ>1 ‘sickness’ [guɑsiˈlim] /guɑsilim/ <gwasilim> ‘trap’ [ŋgʊk] /ŋgʊk/ <ŋgôk> ‘spirit’ [ˈɑŋgɪ] /ɑŋgɪ/ <aŋgê> ‘when’

ŋ [ŋɑŋ] /ŋɑŋ/ <ŋaŋ> ‘water’ [ˈiɑŋɑliŋ] /iɑŋɑliŋ/ <yaŋaliŋ> ‘airplane’ [ˈɑn̪ɪŋ] /ɑn̪ɪŋ/ <anêŋ> ‘his’ [ˈloŋbʊ] /loŋbʊ/ <loŋbô> ‘again’

[ˈalʊkŋauŋ] / alʊkŋauŋ/ <alôkŋauŋ> ‘branch with leaves’

x [ˈxɑiɑlɑ] /xɑiɑlɑ/ <hayala> ‘he knows’ [ˈlɑɣɑβu] /lɑxɑβu/ <lahavu> ‘including’

-

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[ˈlemxaβiŋ] / lemxaβiŋ/ <lemhaviŋ> ‘you desire’

Vowels

i u ɪ ʊ e o ɑ

i [ˈin̪t̪u] /in ̪t̪u/ <intu> ‘that’ [iɑiŋ] /iɑiŋ/ <yaiŋ> ‘outside’ [ˈxʊiʊ] /xʊiʊ/ <hôyô> ‘you scratch’ [ˈbid ̪oŋ] /bid ̪oŋ/ <bidoŋ> ‘short’ [ˈlopɑli] /lopɑli/ <lopali> ‘wet’ [ˈɑn̪iʊ] /ɑn̪iʊ/ <anyô> ‘man’

1 Although this is phonologically /g/, spellers prefer <j> orthographically because of the English and Pidgin spelling for this sound. This also occurs for some words including the sequence /gɑ/, see orthographic conventions section.

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e [ˈet̪eŋ] /et̪eŋ/ <eteŋ> ‘ask’ [kɑˈsek] /kɑsek/ <kasek> ‘small’ [ɑleˈbɑ] /ɑlebɑ/ <aleba> ‘until’

ɪ [ɪk] /ɪk/ <êk> ‘to lay horizontally’ [ˈɑɪŋ] /ɑɪŋ/ <aêŋ> ‘so, thus’ [ˈxɑiɪ] /xɑiɪ/ <hayê> ‘he sees’ [ˈsɑɪ] /sɑɪ/ <saê> ‘test (n)’

ɑ [ɑˈt̪u] /ɑt̪u/ <atu> ‘this’ [ˈŋɑmɑ] /ŋɑmɑ/ <ŋama> ‘death’ [ˈkolɑ] /kolɑ/ <kola> ‘fence’ [ˈɑɪŋ] /ɑɪŋ/ <aêŋ> ‘so, thus’

ʊ [ˈʊmʊ] /ʊmʊ/ <ômô> ‘you (sg) sit’ [ˈmʊlʊ] /mʊlʊ/ <môlô> ‘good friend’ [lʊ] /lʊ/ <lô> ‘three’ [xɑbʊˈi] /xɑbʊi/ <habôi> ‘he laughs happily’

u [ˈun̪im] /un̪im/ <unim> ‘yours’ [ˈuɑkɑt̪ik] /uɑkɑt̪ik/ <wakatik> ‘mother’ [uˈŋguik] /uŋguik/ <uŋgwik> ‘you (pl) will hit’ [t̪uˈkuik] /t̪ukuik/ <tukwik> ‘bird species’ [ˈxɑt̪u] /xɑt̪u/ <hatu> ‘he smashes’ [iu] / [ʑu] /iu/ <ju>2 ‘DEM-two’

o [oˈiɑŋ] /oiɑŋ/ <oyaŋ> ‘nothing’ [ˈd ̪oŋt̪om] /d̪oŋt̪om/ <doŋt̪om> ‘one’ [ˈd ̪oɣo] /d̪oxo/ <doho> ‘some’ [lɑsoˈɑm] /lɑsoɑm/ <lasoam> ‘his stomach’

2 Some speakers pronounce this word [iu] and others [dʑu]. Initially <yu> was used in the orthography, but this caused confusion, so the solution of using <j> has been adopted in this case, and in 13 other common words. Since changing to <ju> there have been no problems in reading.

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Vowel sequences

ii [biŋ]3 /biiŋ/ <biiŋ> ‘boil (sore)’

iɑ [iɑ] /iɑ/ <ya> ‘I’ [ˈiɑmɑlʊ] /iɑmɑlʊ/ <yamalô> ‘son-in-law’ [ˈxɑiɑlɑ] /xɑiɑlɑ/ <hayala> ‘he knows’ [d̪uˈβiaŋ] /d̪uβiɑŋ/ <duviaŋ > ‘earthquake’ [ˈumiɑ] /umiɑ/ <umya> ‘snake’

iai [iɑi] /iɑi/ <yai> 1DL EX [iɑiŋ] /iɑiŋ/ <yaiŋ> ‘outside’

iʊ [iʊk] /iʊk/ <yôk> ‘ant’ [hɑˈt̪iʊk] /hɑt̪iʊk/ <hatyôk> ‘it’s going bad (food)’ [siʊ] /siʊ/ <siô> ‘cemetery’ (loan word)

iu [xɑˈiuɸ] /xɑiuβ/ <hayuv> ‘he blows’ [lɑˈiuk] /lɑiuk/ <layuk> ‘tail’

io [ioˈβɑ] /ioβɑ/ <yova> ‘smoke’ [xɑioˈβɑk] /xɑioβɑk/ <hayovak> ‘he flys’ [bio θʊk] /bio θʊk/ <bio thôk> ‘honey’

ɑi [ɑiˈsɪ] /ɑisɪ/ <aisê > ‘how’ [lɑik] /lɑik/ <laik > ‘handle [θɑi] /θɑi/ <thai> 3DL

ɑɪ [ˈɑɪŋ] /ɑɪŋ/ <aêŋ> ‘so, thus’ [ˈsɑɪ] /sɑɪ/ <saê> ‘test (n)’

3 The vocoid segment in this word has a higher pitch than in the more common word [biŋ] ‘knife’ with which it forms a minimal pair. It is not a common sound in the language.

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ɑu [ɑuk] /ɑuk/ <auk> ‘knowledge’ [xɑˈsɑu] /xɑsɑu/ <hasau> ‘he tricks’ [xɑt̪ɑuˈβiŋ] /xɑt̪ɑuβiŋ/ <hatauviŋ> ‘tame (v)’

ɑo [kɑˈpɑoɸ] /kɑpɑoβ/ <kapaov> ‘5th girl child’ [ˈɑoko] /ɑoko/ <aoko> ‘raven’ (loan-Jabêm) [ˈbokmɑŋkɑo] /bokmɑŋkɑo/ <bokmaŋkao> ‘cow’ (loan-Pidgin)

oɑ [lɑsoˈɑm] /lɑsoɑm/ <lasoam> ‘his stomach’

ui [uik] /uik/ <uik> ‘you hit’ [uˈŋguik] /uŋguik/ <ungwik> ‘you (pl) will hit’ [xɑiʊˈkuiŋ] /xɑiʊkuiŋ/ <hayôkwiŋ > ‘shake’

uɪ [uɪŋ] /uɪŋ/ <wêŋ> ‘vision’ [kʊˈkuɪk] /kʊkuɪk/ <kôkwêk> ‘frog’ [ˈɪsʊkuɪŋ] /ɪsʊkuɪŋ/ <êsôkwêŋ> ‘hang up’ [ɪuɪ] /ɪuɪ/ <êwê> ‘turn’

uɑ [ˈuɑkɑmik] /uɑkɑmik/ <wakamik> ‘father’ [ˈβɑŋguɑm] /βɑŋguɑm/ <vaŋgwam> ‘heel’ [ˈeuɑ] /euɑ/ <ewa> ‘he carries’

Suprasegmentals (tone, stress, length)

Stress is often on the first syllable of two and three-syllable words, but it is not fully predictable.

For example, first syllable stress occurs on the following words:

[ˈɑt̪um] /ɑt̪um/ <atum> ‘fire’

[ˈmʊlʊ] /mʊlʊ/ <môlô> ‘good friend’

[ˈkʊmkʊm] /kʊmkʊm/ <kômkôm> ‘beads’ [ˈlopɑli] /lopɑli/ <lopali> ‘wet’ [ˈuɑkɑt̪ik] /uɑkɑt̪ik/ <wakatik> ‘mother’

However, stress is on other syllables in these words, with similar syllable patterns:

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[bɑˈlɑm] /bɑlɑm/ <balam> ‘sweet potato’

[ioˈβɑ] /ioβɑ/ <yova> ‘smoke’

[kɑmˈbom] /kɑmbom/ <kambom> ‘bad’

[guɑsiˈlim] /guɑsilim/ <gwasilim> ‘trap’

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Syllable Patterns

V [i] /i/ i 'them'

[ˈa.d̪ik] /ɑd̪ik/ adik 'trap'

[ˈlek.ɑ.lek] /lekɑlek/ lekalek 'spider web'

[ˈsɑ.ɪ] /saɪ/ saê 'a test'

VV [iɑ] /iɑ/ ya 'I'

[ɑi.ˈsɪ] /ɑisɪ/ aisê ‘how’

[ˈhɑ.ie.lɑŋ] /hɑielɑŋ/ hayelaŋ 'he stirs'

[ˈbɑ.iɑ] /bɑiɑ/ baya ‘ribs'

VVV [iɑʊ] /iɑʊ/ yaô ‘today’

[iɑʊ.iɑʊ] /iɑʊiɑʊ/ yaôyaô ‘slowly’

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[lʊk.ˈuɑɪ] /lʊkuɑɪ/ lôkwaê ‘very large’

VC [uŋ] /uŋ/ uŋ 'saucepan'

[ˈok.n̪ɑ] /okn ̪ɑ/ okna 'boy'

-

[e.θɑk.mun ̪.iŋ] /eθɑkmun̪iŋ/ ethakmuniŋ 'they thirst'

VVC [iɑk] /iɑk/ yak 'coconut'

[ˈuɑk.bʊk] /uɑkbʊk/ wakbôk 'yesterday'

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VVVC [iɑiŋ] /iɑiŋ/ yaiŋ 'outside'

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CV [mi] /mi/ mi 'no'

[mɑ.ˈmu] /mɑmu/ mamu 'you two'

[ˈxɑ.bo.bo] /xɑbobo/ habobo 'close to'

[t̪a.bʊ] /t̪ɑbʊ/ tabô 'promise’

CVV [βɑu] /βɑu/ vau ‘tired’

[mu.ˈlɑi] /mulɑi/ mulai ‘first-born girl’

[bɑ.hem.guɑ.ˈsi]/bahemguasi/ bahemgwasiy 'fingers'

[xɑ.ˈsɑu] /xɑsɑu/ hasau 'he tricks'

CVC [bok] /bok/ bok 'pig'

[ˈloŋ.bʊ] /ˈloŋbʊ/ loŋbô 'again'

[iɑ.ˈleŋ.ʊn̪.dʊŋ] /iɑleŋʊn ̪dʊŋ/ yaleŋôndôŋ ‘my ear’

[ku.ˈpik] /kupik/ kupik 'skin'

CVVC [d̺ɑim]

/dɑim/ daim 'tall'

-

-

[kɑ.ˈpɑoɸ] /kɑˈpɑoβ/ kapaov 'fifth girl child'

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Conventions: Phonological

All alveolars are fronted and all velars are backed.

/k/ can be pronounced either [k] or [ʔ] between vowels, between a vowel and a consonant, and word finally in fast speech.

/ɡ/ is pronounced [ɡ] word initial in names or load words, [ɡ] or [dʑ] preceding or following /i/, and [ɡ - ɡʲ - dʑ] word initial and medial preceding /ɑ/.

/β/ is voiceless word finally, and [β] in free variation with [ɸ] word initially..

/θ/ is [θ - ð] in free variation word initially and [ð] between vowels. In some dialects it is now pronounced [t].

/x/ is voiced [ɣ] between vowels.

/i/ is sometimes pronounced [ʑ] word initially preceding /u/.

Conventions: Orthographic

A number of changes have been made to the orthography since the trial orthography was developed. With the trial orthography, reading fluency was severely impeded and there were many problems with spelling. Since making the revisions detailed below, spelling problems have become a much less significant problem and reading fluency has improved. The reforms also bring the orthography more closely in line with decisions in neighbouring languages, as can be seen in the table at the end of this paper.

[ɪ] and [ʊ] are written <ê> and <ô> respectively, as in the neighbouring language Bukawa and in the church language Yabêm. These were first written <ei> and <ou>, on the assumption that this was there original underlying form, and for ease of transfer to English (Muzzey 1988; 1989). Despite some initial resistance from Yemli village, the village where we are based, the majority of the language community preferred the single grapheme. Readability testing throughout all villages showed that the revised orthography was easier to read, and it was agreed to make this change.

[ŋ] is written <ŋ>, as in Bukawa and in Yabêm, again as a result of a community decision against the previously suggested <ng>.

These decisions to change the orthography were reached in consultation with community leaders from villages in Upper Ho (Yemli, Dolong, Waibe, Sêbôvlôk) and Lower Ho (Valandik, Baidum, Devo) between the years 1994-1998. This was discussed at parish meetings and at two special meetings.

Prenasalized /b d/ are usually written < b d >, except in compound words. For example, <kambom> ‘bad’ and <malemdôŋ> ‘stern expression (2sg)’

Prenasalized /g/ is usually written /ŋg/. For example, <ŋgwêk> ‘salt’.

In a few words the phoneme /g/ (preceding /i/ or /ɑ/) is written <j>, to mirror the same sound in English and Pidgin. For example (in addition to <lijiŋ>, cited above)

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[endʑɑŋ] /engaŋ/ <enjaŋ> ‘they-eat-IRR’

[budʑɑβ] /bugɑβ/ <bujav> ‘butterfly’.

Spelling rules for vowel sequences:

1. The high vowel /i/ is normally written < y > in word and syllable initial positions: /ieŋ/ yeŋ ‘boat’; /o.ˈiɑŋ/ oyaŋ ‘nothing’, and <i> elsewhere. 2. The vowel sequence /ɑu/ will be written as < au > when it occurs syllable final and < aw > when it occurs across syllable boundaries.

Sample Text

/xɑd ̪eŋ sɪbʊ mɑɡɑlet̪ lo mit̪i θɑi eθɑk xelikot̪ɑ xɪk d̪ɑke uɑbeŋd ̪um bɑ θɑi xi | iɑi lo rouinɑ iɑi ɑβeŋ bɑ ɑio mɑlɑklo | iɑi xɑuɑ ieŋ bɑ ɑio t̪uβulu lɑi | mɑ iɑi aiabiŋ θ ɑi xɑmʊ t̪uβulu lɑi | iɑi xɑmʊ θɑi ɪlɪm ɪlʊk mɑ sɑlele iɪlʊ xɑmʊ bɑ son ̪d̪ɑ yɪlʊ xɑmʊ lɑi | mun ̪d̪ɑ iɪlu ɑuɑ iaŋɑliŋ bɑ xɑlʊk d ̪ɑku ɑiiurɑ | mɑ iɪlʊ xɑmʊ xɑt̪ʊm son ̪d̪ ɑ ɑiioβɑ | mɑ θɑi ɪβ iɑi bɑ iɑi xɑlɪm iɑi xɑuɑ iɑŋɑliŋ bɑ xɑlɪm xɑlʊk lɑi | iɑi xɑmʊ lɑi bɑ xɑmʊ βɪm mɑ iɑi xɑuɑ ieŋ bɑ ɑ t̪ɑmʊ buɑn̪siŋ | iɑi xɑmʊ buɑn ̪siŋ xɑt̪ʊm son̪ sɑ lokuɑŋiu | βɪm mɑ iɑi xɑlɪm t̪ɑmi homiiɑ mɑ iɑi sɑlɪm aiʊ ɪn ̪t̪ɪk iemli | lɪk ioβ ɪŋ /

< Hadeŋ sêbôk ma Magalet lo Miti thai ethak helikota hêk dake Wabeŋdum ba thai hi. Yai lo Rowina yai aveŋ ba ayo Malaklo. Yai hawa yeŋ ba ayo tuvulu Lae, ma yai ayabiŋ thai hamô tuvulu Lae. Yai hamô thai êlêm êlôk ma Salele yêlô hamô ba Sonda yêlô hamô Lae. Munda yêlô awa yaŋaliŋ ba halôk daku Aiyura. Ma yêlô hamô hatôm Sonda ayova. Ma thai êv yai ba yai halêm yai hawa yaŋaliŋ ba halêm halôk Lae, yai hamô Lae ba hamô. Vêm ma yai hawa yeŋ ba a tamô Buansiŋ. Yayi hamô Buansiŋ hatôm Sonda lokwaŋju. Vem ma yai halêm tami Homiya. Ma yai halêm ayô êntêk Yemli. Lêk yov êŋ.>

‘Before, Marquerite and Miti went into the helicopter which was up at Wabengdum and so the two went. We two, Rowena and I, walked and went to Malalo. We two got a ship and went to Lae. We two waited for the other two at Lae. We waited and the other two came down; we all stayed Saturday and Sunday at Lae. On Monday we all got the plane and it came down at Aiyura. We stayed for four weeks. The other two sent the two of us and we got the plane and went to Lae. We two stayed at Lae a little time. Then we two got a ship and it went down to Buansing. We stayed at Buansing for two weeks. Then we two came up to Homiya down there. We two came back here to Yemli. Now finished.'

Orthography Chart

The following chart shows how the Malê phonemes (or the closest equivalents) are represented in other orthographies familiar with the speech community.

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Phonemes Malê Previous Malê (1992)

Pidgin Yabêm Bukawa’

/ɑ/ <A, a> <A, a> <A, a> <A, a> <A, a> /b/ <B, b> <B, b> <B, b> <B, b> <B, b> /d̪/ <D, d> <D, d> <D, d> <D, d> <D, d> /e/ <E, e> <E, e> <E, e> <E, e> <E, e> /ɪ/ <Ê, ê> <Ei, ei> <Ê, ê> <Ê, ê> /g/ <G, g> <G, g> <G, g, J, j> <G, g> <G, g> /x/ <H, h> <H, h> <H,h> <H, h> <H, h> /i/ <I, i, Y, y> <I, i, Y, y> <I, i, Y, y> <I, i, Y, y> <I, i, Y, y> /k/ <K, k> <K, k> <K, k> <K, k> <K, k> /l̪/ <L, l> <L, l> <L, l> <L, l> <L, l> /m/ <M, m> <M, m> <M, m> <M, m> <M, m> /n̪/ <N, n> <N, n> <N, n> <N, n> <N, n> /ŋ/ < Ŋ, ŋ> < Ng, ng> <-, ng> < Ŋ, ŋ> < Ŋ, ŋ> /o/ <O, o> <O, o> <O, o> <O, o> <O, o> /ʊ/ <Ô, ô> <Ou, ou> <Ô, ô> <Ô, ô> /p/ <P, p> <P, p> <P, p> <P, p> <P, p> /s/ <S, s> <S, s> <S, s> <S, s> <S, s> /t̪/ <T, t> <T, t> <T, t> <T, t> <T, t> /θ/ <Th, th> <Th, th> /u/ <U, u, W, w> <U, u, W, w> <U, u, W, w> <U, u, W, w> <U, u, W, w> /β/ <V, v> <V, v> <V, v>

Abbreviations

1 first person

2 second person

3 third person

adv adverb

CMP complement

DEM demonstrative

DL dual

EX exclusive

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IRR irrealis

MKR marker

n noun

pl plural

sg singular

Bibliography

Muzzey, Marguerite. 1988. Hote Phonology Essentials. Ukarumpa: SIL manuscript. Muzzey, Marguerite. 1989. Orthography Paper – Hote Language. Ukarumpa: SIL manuscript. Muzzey, Marguerite. 1992. Organised Phonology Data – Hote Language. Ukarumpa: SIL

manuscript.