Organisation and Management Presentation.

Leadership Styles and Theories.

Aims

• To distinguish different leadership styles using three clips showing leadership.

• To compare the leadership styles between the chosen clips.

Introduction

‘Leadership is the process of influencing the activities of an organized group in its efforts toward goal-setting and goal achievement’ (Huczynski and Buchanan 2007, p695).

‘Leadership theory is a way of describing why people behave as they do and how it is that others can set them to behave as they do’ (Handy 1976, p.123).

However, according to Alvesson and Deetz (2000) a definition is impractical, misleading and would inevitably obstruct new ideas and interesting ways of thinking.

Leadership TheoriesTransformationalleadershipLeaders inspire followersto achieve exceptionalperformance – Bass 1996.Attributes• Charismatic• Inspirational• Use personal attributesExample• The following clip shows Michelle

Obama inspiring and motivating an audience in South Africa

• Click here to view clip

• She inspires people to do their best and achieve their goal is a sign of an excellent leader. Michele Obama displays charismatic leadership qualities. Despite apparent differences she is able to connect deeply with young women in South Africa and motivate them to take on difficult challenges. She uses an empathetic approach, as well as great interpersonal skills.

• She recognises shares and supports the goals of her followers and her aim is for them to feel supported, understood and valued. She has the capacity to connect with young women and aims to inspire them by who she is and what she conveys.

‘... You can be the generation that holds your leaders accountable for open, honest government at every levels…’

‘… You can be the generation that ensures that women are no longer second class citizens…’

Inspirational Statements…‘As you hear the stories

of lions like Madiba, Sisulu and Luthuli, you

may think you can never measure up to

such greatness…’

Components of Transformational leadership

1. Inspirational Motivation • This is the leaders’ ability to have a

clear vision that they are able to articulate to surbodinates and also able to help them to experience the same passion and motivation to fulfil these goals.

• In this clip Michelle Obama aims to inspire young women to participate and engage in the fight against ignorance, poverty and AIDS. Her goal is to empower people from disadvantage background and influence them in developing and bringing out their strength and potential.

2. Idealized Influence • This is the leaders position as a role

model for subordinates and the leader is trusted and respected by them and they emulate the leader and take in and make an integral part of the leaders’ attitudes, ideas and beliefs .

• Michelle is using her position and reputation to influence the young women in South Africa. She infuses optimism into these young women aiming boost their morale. Although she is aware and attentive to the current reality, she inspires people to do not resign themselves s to present circumstance but look forward to a brighter future.

Conclusion:• Adair (1993) asserts that leadership

should be action centred. This is where the leader inspires others by their own enthusiasm, commitment and the ability to communicate enthusiasm to people. The leader must have personality and character and must have integrity, wholeness and a moral sense (Burns 2004).

• Bass (1996) argues that “women leaders are more democratic and participative than their male counterparts-or at least are perceived to be so” (cited in Wilson 2010, p.151). Women leaders are inclined to use their personal qualities such as charisma, interpersonal, empathy and compassion instead of the power invested in them by the organisation. On contrary men leaders have a tendency to use this power to achieve their aims and objectives.

3. Individualized Consideration • Transformational leadership also

involves offering support and encouragement to individual followers.. Transformational leaders demonstrate genuine concern for the needs and feelings of followers. This personal attention to each follower is a key element in bringing out their very best efforts.

4. Intellectual Stimulation• Transformational leaders encourage

creativity among followers. The leader encourages followers to explore new ways of doing things and new opportunities to learn.

References

• http://

blogs.psychologytoday.com/blog/cutting-edge-leadership/200903/are-you-transformational-leader

• Adair J. (1993) Effective Leadership, how to develop leadership skills, London: How to books.

• Bass B.M. (1996) Improving organisational effectiveness through transformational leadership, London: Sage.

Al PacinoGame of Inches

Pacino plays an American football coach and offers his team an inspirational

speech pre-match in his usual stylish approach

So how does he do it?

In the locker room speech, we can identify the different styles and approaches he used to motivate his team to perform and win:

• INSPIRATIONAL LEADERSHIP• TRAITS APPROACH

• COACHING

TRAITS APPROACH

Leaders are born to be leaders with inherited characteristics such as:

• Intelligence• Initiative • Self-assurance• Above average height or well below (sorry Al!)• Imagination• energy

TRAITS APPROACH

Leaders are born to be leaders with inherited characteristics such as:

• Intelligence• Initiative • Self-assurance• Above average height or well below (sorry Al!)• Imagination• energy

COACHING

• A focus on skills and goals• Al offered a personal story to show he was

genuine and endear self to the team• He gave them important individual goals and a

collective team goal• The relationship between the coach and the

coachee is built on truth, openness and trust.

Douglas McGregor (1987) – Y TheoryParticipative Management Style

Y theory – integration of the individuals and organisational goals. It is a good style for promoting co-operation from individuals. The leaders role is to create conditions to satisfy motivational needs which in turn helps to allow people to achieve their own goals through meeting the needs of the organisation (Mullins, 2010)

The Y theory is a motivational, inspiring leadership style.The leader has to show:• Self belief• Integrity• Openness• Vulnerability• Purpose• Recognition• Belief• Shared leadership

Al Pacino shows all these qualities in the clip to motivate the team to succeed.

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gdtQrSnEPCM

Life is just a game of inches.So is football.Because in either gamelife or footballthe margin for error is so small.I meanone half step too late or to earlyyou don't quite make it.One half second too slow or too fastand you don't quite catch it.The inches we need are everywhere around us.They are in ever break of the gameevery minute, every second.

Analysis

• The Coach as very reflective/self aware• Learning through age/insight/personal awareness• Urges team to work together/put aside differences in

order to succeed/reach ultimate aim• Importance of recognising opportunities and taking

them• Equates life - Football

MY CLIP ANALYSIS OF “DAMNED UNITED”

This video clip was originally set to highlight the leadership qualities of Brian Clough. He was widely recognised by many sports writers and fellow football managers as one of the best managers in the history British football. His follower has attributed his many achievements down to his style of management. As shown in this clip, the leader could be said to be displaying a directive style of leadership. So what is “Directive Style of Leader?

Directive Leadership Style• Leaders or managers attains desired objectives by telling

members of the group what to do and how to do it.• They are authoritarians by approach.• Management level is a significant feature and predictor of

this leadership style ie, his reference to his captain whom is a leader of the team in the field of play. (Oshaghemi, 2008).

References

Fisher, E. A (2009) Motivation and leadership in Social Work Management: A Review of Theories and Related Studies. Administration in social work, P.33:347-367, Taylor and Frances.Oshagbemi, T. (2008) The impact of personal and organisational variables on leadership styles of managers. International Journal of Human Resource Management, 19:10, 1896-1910

• The manager in this video used his motivational skill to address the members of the team. Fisher (2009) acknowledged the importance of theories of motivation to social work manager. She argues that to promote productivity among member of the team, managers must use their motivational skills to focus the team on the task at hand. In this video, the manager/leader pointed out to the team that at far as he is concerned, their past achievements was fraudulent. He pointed to them that if they want to write their names in to the history book, the must put aside whatever medal they had won in the past and start all over again.

• Maslow five hierarchy of needs pointed that to keep the members of a team motivated, the leader must recognise that once a need is met, the motivation for that need will diminish. In this regard, the leader in the clip recognised that because the team has won many accolades, there is a danger that some member of the group may lose their motivation, hence the need to rubbish their achievements and refer to the team as “unworthy champions (Fisher, 2009)

Belbin (2000) Groups Teams

Medium or large in number Limited in number

Unselected members Members are selected

Fixed leader Leader rotates

The characteristics of a team are evident in “The Damned United” as there is clearly a fixed number of football players who would have been specifically recruited based on their skills and abilities.

The coach motivates the players by using Vroom’s Expectancy Theory (1964) as he points out the strengths that a player has and gives the team belief in themselves. According to Vroom,

Valence + Expectancy + Instrumentality = Motivation