Organic Molecules

L.E.Q. What are the four main biological molecules?

The Chemistry of Living Things

Organic compounds – contain CarbonAnd Hydrogen

Inorganic compounds – do not

Carbon is an ideal Building Block

Carbon is able to bond to itself and other elements to form large molecules.

Importance of Carbon

It has one electron in each valence shellMakes it very good for bondingIt can form large stable moleculesForm single, double and triple bonds

Organic molecules are usually large. How are they made?

Monomer – a small, repeating unit (molecule)

Polymer – many monomers bonded together.

Macromolecule.A large molecule

How do Monomers form Polymers?

Dehydration SynthesisDehydration means to take water outWhen monomers bond together they

lose a water molecule

Since many organic molecules have the elements oxygen and hydrogen in them, this isn’t hard to do.

How do you break down Macromolecules?

HydrolysisHydro – water lysis – breakBreaking of a bond in a molecule using water

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QWf2jcznLsYTime 4:30

Functional Groups the 6 main ones for Bio

Attach themselves to this long carbon chainGives the molecule its “function”Act as the active part of the molecule

Examples

The 4 Types of Biological (Organic) Molecules

CarbohydratesLipidsNucleic AcidsProteins

CarbohydratesStructure (contain what elements?) C, H, and O

They are found in a ratio of 1C : 2H : 1O

Carbohydrate – Functional Group

Many Hydroxyl with a carbonyl

Monosaccharide Single sugars (one molecule)

Examples are glucose, galactose and fructose (C6H12O6)

Monomer of Carbohydrates (or the Building Blocks)

glucose

Found in plants and animals

Carbohydrates- What is their Function?

Primary Energy Source (mono and di-saccharides)

Glucose is a simple sugar that our body uses as its main source of fuel

Easily absorbed in blood stream

Double SugarMade of two monosaccharides

Most common disaccharide is sucrose (glucose+fructose) Found in plant sapWe use it to make table sugar Sucrose and maltose

Lactose is the sugar present in milk.

Carbohydrates – DisaccharidesComplex sugars

Carbohydrates- What is their Function?Storage of Energy-Polysaccharides Made up of many monosaccharides or disaccharides.

Example: StarchoBroken down throughout the dayoPlants store food in the form of starch

Carbohydrates- What is their Function?Storage of Energy-Polysaccharides Another Example

GlycogenoHumans store glycogen in their liver. oThis can be converted to energy when

needed

Carbohydrates- What is their Function?Structural - Polysaccharides – serves as building material in plants and other organisms. - EXAMPLESCellulose

building material of plant cell walls

ChitinForms cell walls in

fungi (mushrooms) and the exoskeleton of arthropods

LipidsOften known as FatsProvide energy and the surrounding to cell

membranesImportant component of the molecule is

the hydrocarbon tailsMakes up the “fatty acid” portion of the

moleculeWhen bonds are broken, it releases energy

LipidsMany Lipids are NOT soluble in water. Meaning – they do not dissolve in water

Oil and water don’t mix

They are non-polar molecules.

•Remember water is polar, so other polar molecules will dissolve in water

Groups of Lipids- Triglycerides Function -Store Energy

Made up of a glycerol attached to three fatty acid chains

Triglcerides Energy reserves

carbohydrates give short term energy storage (carbs can be turned into fats)

Triglycerides give LONG term energy storage

Source of energy in hibernating animals

Protective cushion and insulator

Types of TriglyceridesSaturated Lipids:

every carbon atom contains the most # of hydrogens that it can.

Contained in animal products.

Solid at room temp.

Unsaturated Lipids: there is at least 1 double bond bet. carbon atoms.

Plant oils.Liquid at room

temp.

FYI – Trans Fats

Groups of Lipids - PhospholipidsStructure

Two fatty acid chainsA “head” with a phosphate group

The head is polar, so it is hydrophilic

Groups of Lipids - PhospholipidsFunction as parts of cell membranes form the bilayer that make up cell membranes.

Serves as a boundary between the cell and the environmentAre soluble in water

Groups of Lipids - SteroidsStructure

Ringed hydrocarbons with a methyl group

This example is Cholesterol (the one you should be most familiar with)

Groups of Lipids - SteroidsInclude Cholesterol and Sex Hormones

Cholesterol is a component of cell membranes and helps keep them fluid

Sex hormones include testosterone and estrogen

WaxesIn nature can be waxes produced by plants

as a barrier to waterAlso beeswaxAll are hydrophobic

Nucleic Acids- Function Carries Genetic informationExamples are DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) and RNA (ribonucleic acid)

Gene expression and regulation

Made up of NucleotidesThese monomers are repeated many times

Each Nucleotide consists of 5-Carbon sugar Phosphate GroupNitrogen containing Base

Nucleic Acid –Structure

ContainsC, H, N, O, and P

Nucleic Acid –Structure The SugarPentose SugarsNotice the Hydroxyl GroupsDeoxyribose has one less hydroxyl group,

hence the name

Nucleic Acid –Structure-The BaseThe nitrogen bases each contain an amino

group (NH2)Adenine and Guanine are known as Purines

They are double ringed structuresCytosine and Thymine and Uracil are known as

PyrimidinesThey are single ringed structures

Proteins a.k.a. Polypeptides

StructureMonomers (Building Blocks)

Amino AcidsFunctional groups

Amino groupCarboxyl group

Consists of C, H, O, and N

Proteins- Structure (side chains, the “R” group)

There are 20 different amino acids

Each contains a carboxyl group and an amino group

Each side chain is different.(colored)

Protein Structure a) Primary – the sequence

of the amino acids

b) Secondary- the forming of hydrogen bonds

a) NOTE: secondary structure involves the hydrogen bonding. That is what creates the alpha helix. Which forms coils or the beta pleated sheet (which are “flat”)

c) Tertiary – the three dimensional structure

d) Quaternary – three dimensional structure when the protein has multiple units

Protein - FunctionsDo most of the work in cells and

are required for the structure, function, and regulation of the body's tissues and organs

Protein - Functions Structural proteins – for support

Making webs. Keratin is the protein of hair, horns and feathers

Storage proteinsEgg white is the amino acid source for the developing

embryoPlants have storage proteins in their seeds

Transport ProteinsHemoglobin, transports oxygen in the blood.

Hormonal proteinsInsulin helps regulate the concentration of sugar in the

blood Defensive proteins

Antibodies combat bacteria and viruses Enzymatic Proteins are probably the most important type

of proteinEnzymes regulate metabolism by speeding up chemical

reactions.

Protein -Function

ENZYMES proteins that act as catalysts to speed up chemical reactions

Catalyst – a substance that enables a chemical reaction to proceed at a usually faster rate.

The enzyme is not consumed in the reaction and can be used over and over.https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XTUm-75-PL4

Protein - EnzymesHow Enzymes FunctionSubstrate – the “reactants” . These bind to the

enzymeActive Site – where the “reactants” bind to the enzymeProducts – what is formed during the reactionThere are many different enzymes, but each one will only fit one substrate. Like a lock and key.

The enzyme speeds up the reaction and forms the Products.

Active site

Protein – Enzyme FunctionsEnzymes require specific conditions to

function normallyFactors that affect enzyme function

HeatpH

If it gets too hot, or the pH changes, then the structure of the enzyme is affected and the reaction can’t take place.

The enzyme is DenaturedThe shape of the enzyme is changed