organic food production in the u.s. and world trends 2011/news/ppt1-organic.pdf · definition...
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Organic Food Production in the U.S. and World Trends
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USDA Regulation
The Organic Foods Production Act (OFPA), 1990 established
uniform national standards for the production and handling of the
foods labeled “ Organic ”.
National Organic Program (NOP) set national standards for the
production, handling and processing organically grown agricultural
products, also overseas mandatory certification of organic
products.
National Organic Standard Board (NOSB) advises the secretary of
agriculture in setting the standard for NOP. Producers meeting the
standards may label the products as “ USDA Certified Organic “.
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Definition (NOSB)
Organic agriculture is an ecological production management
system, that promotes;
biodiversity,
biological cycles and
soil biological activity.
based on minimal use of off-farms inputs and on management
practices that restore, maintain and enhance ecological harmony.
“Organic” is a labeling term that denotes products produced under
the authority of Organic Foods Production Act.
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Definition (NOSB) cont.
“Organic agriculture practices cannot ensure that products are
completely free of residues; however, methods are used to
minimize pollution from air, soil and water”.
“Organic food handlers, processors and retailers adhere to
standards that maintain the integrity of organic agricultural
products. The primary aim of organic agriculture is to optimize the
health and productivity of interdependent communities of soil life,
plants, animals and people ”.
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Definition (NOSB) cont.
“Organic production: A production system that is managed in
accordance with the act and regulations in this part to respond to
site-specific conditions by integrating cultural, biological and
mechanical practices that foster cycling of resources, promote
ecological balance, and conserve biodiversity”.
USDA National Organic Program.
http://www.ams.usda.gov/nop/NOP/standards/DefineReg.html
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Definition (NOSB) cont.
“What is organic food? Organic food is produced by farmers who
emphasize the use of renewable resources and the conservation of
soil and water to enhance environmental quality for future
generations. Organic meat, poultry, eggs, and dairy products come
from animals that are given no antibiotics or growth hormones.
Organic food is produced without using pesticides; fertilizers
synthetic or sewage sludge; bioengineering; or ionizing radiation.
Before a product can be labeled „organic,‟ a Government-approved
certifier inspects the farm where the food is grown.
Companies that handle or process organic food before it gets to
your local supermarket or restaurant must be certified, too.”
Consumer Brochure, USDA National Organic Program,
http://www.ams.usda.gov/nop/Consumers/brochure.html
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Organic Production Systems & Practices
Use of cover crops, green manures, animal manures and crop
rotations to fertilize the soil, maximize biological activity and
maintain long-term soil health .
Use of biological control, crop rotations and other techniques to
manage weeds, insects and diseases .
An emphasis on biodiversity of the agricultural system and the
surrounding environment .
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Organic Production Systems & Practices cont.
Using rotational grazing and mixed forage pastures for livestock
operations and alternative health care for animal well being.
Reduction of external and off-farm inputs and elimination of
synthetic pesticides and fertilizers and other materials, such as
hormones and antibiotics.
A focus on renewable resources, soil and water conservation, and
management practices that restore, maintain and enhance
ecological balance.”
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Organic Principle
There are several compelling principles that characterize certified
organic farming.
Biodiversity .
Integration .
Sustainability .
Natural plant nutrition .
Natural pest management .
Integrity .
Most organic operations will reflect all of these to a greater or lesser
degree. Since each farm is a distinct entity, there is a large degree of
variation.” Organic Crop Production Overview, by George Kuepper and Lance Gegner. ATTRA –
National Sustainable Agriculture Information Service.
http://attra.ncat.org/attra-pub/organiccrop.html
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Organic Principle cont.
“ Organic production techniques such as
Crop rotations
Use of composted animal manures and green manure crops,
Overall system health is emphasized, and the interaction of
management practices is the primary concern.
http://www.csrees.usda.gov/ProgViewOverview.cfm?prnum=6861
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Information on Organic Production
Sustainable Agriculture: Definitions and Terms, by Mary V. Gold
USDA, NAL, Alternative Farming Systems Information Center, 1999
and 2007. http://www.nal.usda.gov/afsic/pubs/terms/srb9902.shtml
Organic Crop Production Overview, by George Kuepper and Lance
Gegner ATTRA - National Sustainable Agriculture Information
Service, 2004.
http://attra.ncat.org/attra-pub/organiccrop.html
The Principles of Organic Agriculture, International Federation
of Organic Agriculture Movements (IFOAM), 2005. http://www.ifoam.org/about_ifoam/principles/index.html
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Information on Organic Production cont.
Frequently Asked Questions on Organic Agriculture
Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, 2007 http://www.fao.org/organicag/fram11-e.htm
Definition of Terms Used in the National Organic Program, by
James J. Ferguson. University of Florida, Institute of Food and
Agricultural Sciences (UF/IFAS) http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/HS209
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Distribution of Organic Land Worldwide
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Australia/Oceania organic land distribution
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North America organic land distribution
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Future
In U.S. dollar value was 1 billion in 1994 .
In 2003 dollar value was 13 billion .
Growing consumer market
– Food safety issues .
– Concern for the environment .
– Consumer will pay the premium .
– Continued growth in organic food production world wide .
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Future cont.
Questions ???
– Can organic farming withstand the rigors of growing
agricultural demand.
– Is there any profit ?
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Research needs
Identify potential financial risks
Fully investigate productivity of organic farming with conventional
agriculture.
Support and development from the organic community will
determine the future of organic farming .
Health benefits from organic foods.
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EFFECTS OF ORGANIC MANURES AND PINE NEEDLE MULCH ON MUSCADINE PRODUCTION AND SOIL PROPERTIES
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COLLABORATORS
Dr. Juan Silva, Professor
Department of Food Science, Nutrition, & Health Promotion,
Mississippi State University.
Dr. Girish Panicker, Assistant Professor
School of Agriculture,
Alcorn State University.
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INTRODUCTION
-Muscadines are native to Mississippi.
-Original Scuppernong Muscadine found in 1554-NC
-Popular crop- adaptability, resistance to diseases and insects,
long vine life.
-Industry value in Mississippi is approximately 2M.
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Intro cont...
-Poultry industry in MS is number one crop commodity with
approximately 2.2 B in 2005.
-Abundant supply of poultry litter.
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Intro Cont...
-Beef Production is 6th agricultural commodity in MS.
-Over 980,000 head of cattle
-Abundance of cow manure
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Intro Cont…
-Forestry 2nd leading agricultural crop in MS.
-Approximately 61% of land is in forest.
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Intro cont...
Crop adaptability + Nutrient Source
Questions - Can we grow muscadines organically without
inorganic fertilizer?
Why go organic?
-Cost of fertilizers is high.
-Reduces fertilizer use.
-Avoids polluting water and land
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Intro Cont…
Organic Fertilizers – Provide organic material to the soil to
build healthy soil - no leaching.
- Nutrients are provided to the crop.
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Intro cont..
Organic agriculture offers an alternative market where sellers can
command fair prices for crops.
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OBJECTIVE
EVALUATE THE EFFECTS OF COW AND
POULTRY MANURE AND PINE NEEDLE MULCH ON
BIOMASS PRODUCTION, YIELD, FRUIT QUALITY OF
MUSCADINE AND SOIL PROPERTIES
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MATERIALS AND METHODS
Variety : Summit Spacing : 20ft x 20ft
270 plants ha-1
Exptl. Design :CRD
Training System : Modified Genera Double Curtain.
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MATERIALS AND METHODS CONT…
Treatments: lbs A-1
lbs Pl-1
Actual N A-1
1. Poultry manure 1346 12.5 20
Lime 538 5.0
Pine needle 3176 29.4
2. Cow Manure 2961 27.4 11
Lime 538 5.0
Pine needle 3176 29.4
3. Poultry manure 673 6.2 10
Cow Manure 1346 12.5 6
Lime 538 5.0
Pine needle 3176 29.4
4. Control : 13:13:13 376 3.5 48
Lime 538 5.0
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MATERIALS AND METHODS CONT…
Air-drying of cow manure for 3 - 4 weeks
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MATERIALS AND METHODS CONT…
Make a basin around the plant
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MATERIALS AND METHODS CONT…
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MATERIALS AND METHODS CONT…
Application of decomposed and dried manure
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MATERIALS AND METHODS CONT…
Apply lime over the manure
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MATERIALS AND METHODS CONT…
Pine mulch on Muscadine
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MATERIALS AND METHODS CONT…
Assessing soil compaction and soil moisture
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MATERIALS AND METHODS CONT…
Collection of core soil samples up to 100 cm deep for water quality
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RESULTS
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Effect of treatment on biomass development at harvest
Treatments Stem dia.(cm) Ground Cover(m2) Canopy Cover(%)
Poultry +pine 5 ax 14 a 89 a
Cow+pine 5 a 11 ab 89 a
Cow+poultry 5 a 14 a 91 a
+ Pine
Control 4 a 8 b 86 a
LSD 0.75 3.2 8.5
x Means within columns followed by the same letter are not
significantly different (P=0.05)
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Effect of treatments on fruit size and weight
Treatments Fruit dia (cm) Fruit Length (cm) Fruit wt (g)
Poultry +pine 2 ax 2 a 6 a
Cow+pine 2 a 2 a 5 a
Cow+poultry 2 a 2 a 5 a
+ Pine
Control 2 a 2 a 5 a
LSD 0.10 0.14 1.4
x Means within columns followed by the same letter are not
significantly different (P=0.05)
Values represent average of three years (2000,2001& 2002)
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Effect of Treatments on Yield
Treatments 2000-2004 2005 2006
--------------- Yield lbs A-1---------
Poultry +pine 3983 ax 9180 a 7545 b
Cow+pine 5239 a 9720 a 8026 b
Cow+poultry 5813 a 9936 a 11560 a
+ Pine
Control 4691 a 8208 a 7576 b
x Means within column followed by the same letter are not
significantly different (P=0.05)
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Effect of treatments on soil moisture, pH and compaction at harvest
Treatments Moisture pH Compaction
Poultry +pine 14 bx 6 a 200 b
Cow+pine 18 a 6 a 150 c
Cow+poultry 14 b 6 a 166 bc
+ Pine
Control 11 c 6 a 300 a
LSD 2.9 0.7 35.9
x Means within columns followed by the same letter are not
significantly different (P=0.05)
Values represent average of two years (2001& 2002)
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Effect of treatments on nitrate-N and P concentration in soil
Treatments Nitrate-N (mg Kg-1) P(ppm)
Poultry +pine 7 bx 79 b
Cow+pine 7 b 69 b
Cow+poultry 8 b 79 b
+ Pine
Control 18 a 149 a
LSD 18.0 133.8
x Means within columns followed by the same letter are not
significantly different (P=0.05)
Values represent average of 3 years (2001-2003)
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CONCLUSION
- Nutrient Sources are readily available and inexpensive.
- In the short run, this system is time consuming, more complex
and labor-intensive.
- Environmentally friendly.
- Just as effective as inorganic fertilizers.
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CONCLUSION cont..
- Produced beneficial soil properties
- Serves a unique market.
- Controlled application of manures can be an economically,
horticultural and environmentally sound system.
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Good Agricultural Practices- GAPs
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FOOD SAFETY- WHY SHOULD WE CARE?
Consumer safety
Government regulations and guide lines
Market positioning and price
Competition
Good common sense
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Food Safety Hazards
Biological
– Microbiological: bacteria, virus, fungi
– Pests
Chemical
– Pesticide residues
– Indirect additives
Physical
– Debri
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Produce Outbreaks and Pathogens
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Food Safety at the Farm/Packinghouse
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Foodborne Illness Outbreaks
• In the U.S. ~ 76 million people contract some type of foodborne illness each year.
• Over 325,000 are hospitalized and
• About 5,000 deaths occur.
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Cont… • Salmonella on tomatoes and cantaloupes,
• E. coli 0157:H7 on lettuce, spinach, apple juice,
• Hepatitis A on strawberries, green onions
• Cyclospora on raspberries,
• Shigella on herbs and other crops
• Almonds, watermelons ...
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Reference The Guide to Minimize Microbial
Food Safety Hazards
for Fresh Fruits and Vegetables
-Intended for growers, packers, shippers,..
-Prevention over corrective action is preferred
-Accountability at all levels (records/traceback)
U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Oct. 1998
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Things to Consider 1. Water:
Wherever water comes into contact with fresh produce,
its quality dictates the potential for pathogen contamination
2. Manure and Municipal Biosolids:
Properly treated manure or biosolids can be an effective and safe fertilizer.
3. Worker Health and Hygiene:
Infected employees who work with fresh produce increase the risk
of transmitting foodborne illness.
4. Field Sanitation:
Fresh produce may become contaminated during pre-harvest and harvest
activities from contact with soil, fertilizers, water, workers, and
harvesting equipment.
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Cont… 5. Packing Facility:
Maintain packing facilities in good condition to reduce the potential
for microbial contamination
6. Transportation:
Proper transport of fresh produce will help reduce the potential for
microbial contamination
7. Traceback:
The ability to identify the source of a product can serve as an
important complement to good agricultural and management practices.
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Accountability Once good agricultural (GAPs) and management (GMPs)
practices are in place, ensure that the process is working
correctly. Without accountability, the best efforts to
minimize microbial contamination are subject to failure
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PREVENTION
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Postharvest & Processing Water
Singular critical control point capable of amplifying
an error in sanitation or hygiene management
Suslow, UC Davis
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Traceback
Codification that allows to pinpoint source of problem (safety and security)
Farm, plot, date harvest, packing line, date packed, shipping date …
Keep records of this!
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WHAT CAN WE DO?
Sources of Contamination
Sanitary
FacilitiesPotential
Sources of
Contamination
Water
Fertilizer
Water & Wastewater
Worker
Hygiene
TransportField
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WHAT CAN WE DO?
FARM HISTORY
NEIGHBORS
PRODUCTION PRACTICES
PERSONNEL
WATER
FERTILIZATION
CHEMICALS
HARVEST
POSTHARVEST HANDLING