organic and inorganic fertiliser in chilli

EFFECT OF ORGANIC AND INORGANIC FERTILIZER ON YIELD AND QUALITY OF CHILLI

(Capsicum annuum L.).

BY

DANGE RAHUL GUNDOPANT B.Sc.(Agri.)

DISSERTATION

Submitted to

the Marathwada Agricultural University

in partial fulfilment of the

requirement for the Degree of

MASTER OF SCIENCE (Agriculture)

IN

HORTICULTURE

DEPARTMENT OF HORTICULTURE, MARATHWADA AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY,

PARBHANI 431 402 (M.S.), INDIA.

2001

Prof. D. M. NAIK M.Sc. (Agri.) Assistant Professor, Department of Horticulture, Marathwada Agricultural University, Parbhani - 431 402 (M.S.).

CERTIFICATE-I This is to certify that the dissertation entitled "EFFECT OF

ORGANIC AND INORGANIC FERTILIZER ON YIELD AND QUALITY OF

CHILLI (Capsicum annuum L.)," submitted by Shri. RAHUL GUNDOPANT

DANGE to the Marathwada Agricultural University, Parbhani in partial fulfilment

of the requirement for the degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE in the subject of

HORTICULTURE is record of original and bonafide research work carried out by

him under my guidance and supervision. It is of sufficiently high standard to

warrant its presentation for the award of the said degree.

I also certify that the dissertation or part thereof has not been

previously submitted by him for a degree of any university.

Place : PARBHANI ( Prof. D. M. NAIK ) Date : / /2001 Research Guide

CERTIFICATE-II

This is to certify that the dissertation entitled "EFFECT OF

ORGANIC AND INORGANIC FERTILIZER ON YIELD AND QUALITY OF

CHILLI (Capsicum annuum L.)," submitted by Shri. RAHUL

GUNDOPANT DANGE to the Marathwada Agricultural University, Parbhani in

partial fulfilment of the requirement for the degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE in

the subject of HORTICULTURE has been approved by the student's advisory

committee after viva-voce examination in collaboration with the external

examiner.

( ) Prof. D. M. NAIK External Examiner Research Guide Advisory committee: Dr. N. N. SHINDE Dr. R. S. RAUT Dr. H. S. ACHARYA Associate Dean (P.G.), Prof. S. D. JATURE College of Agriculture, MAU, Parbhani.

CANDIDATE'S DECLARATION

I hereby declare that the dissertation

or part thereof, has not been

previously submitted by

me for a degree of

any University.

Place : PARBHANI ( DANGE RAHUL G. ) Date : / /2001

D edicated To My D edicated To My D edicated To My D edicated To My Beloved Beloved Beloved Beloved

Aunt S au. Lalita Aunt S au. Lalita Aunt S au. Lalita Aunt S au. Lalita & & & &

Uncle S hri. Arun PujariUncle S hri. Arun PujariUncle S hri. Arun PujariUncle S hri. Arun Pujari

CONTENTS

Chapter Title Pages

1 INTRODUCTION 1-4

2 REVIEW OF LITERATURE 5-18

3 MATERIAL AND METHODS 19-29

4 RESULTS 30-46

5 DISCUSSION 47-60

6 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION 61-67

LITERATURE CITED i-xi

APPENDIX I

Chapter-I

INTRODUCTION

Chilli (Capsicum annuum L.) belongs to family solanaceae, is one of the

most important vegetable, grown on commercial scale in India, having chromosome

number 2n=24 and originated from tropical America especially Brazil.

The chillies are rich in vitamin A and C. The pungency is due to an

alkaloid `capsaicin' and red colour in fruits due to the pigment `capsanthin'. The green

chillies contain rutin which has medicinal value (Singh, 1998).

India is one of the leading chilli growing country of the world. Important

chilli growing states are Andhra Pradesh, Maharashtra, Orissa, Karnataka, Tamilnadu,

Gujrat and Rajasthan.

Indian chilli is exported to over 90 countries. During 1996-97, India

produced 9.45 lakh tonnes of dry chilli over an area of 9.565 lakh hectares spread over 23

sates. Maharashtra produced 1.02 lakh tonnes of chilli over the area of 1.08 lakh

hectares. Nashik, Ahmednagar, Solapur, Aurangabad, Nanded and Amravati are major

chilli producing district of Maharashtra (Peter 1999).

The targeted production of India is 11.5 lakh tonnes during 1998-99 and

this is expected to reach 15 lakh tonnes by 2000. The world demand is also going up.

The estimated world import of chilli is one lakh tonnes which is 22.22 per cent of the

total world import of spices. India exports only 2.75 per cent to 7.50 per cent of it's total

production of chillies. India made the record of export of 51900 tonnes of dry chillies in

1996-97 (Peter 1999).

As per traditional farming, farmers uses farm manures and cowdung as

nutrient source to the crops to supplement the natural supply available through soil and

atmosphere. This system of low nutrient supply can only sustain low productivity of

crops. Increasing needs for enhanced crop productivity due to ever increasing population

necessitated the breeding of high-yielding varieties of crops which requires high amounts

of nutrition for high production.

Continuous use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides alone is not the best

way to sustain agricultural production consistent with maintenance of soil fertility, health

and the protection of environment.

An inefficient farming system may aggravate environmental disorders like

acid deposition in air, green house effect, depletion of ozone layer in stratosphere, soil

erosion, contamination of ground water, loss in diversity of flora and fauna.

Due to the ever increasing demand for crop nutrients in generally low

fertility situation in India, accompanied by the high costs of non-renewable chemical

forms of nutrients and the concern about environmental degradation and pollution, the

need for supplementary cheaper sources of nutrients is recognised. organic forms of

nutrients through crop residues, dung, city compost, green manuring and the use of

bacterial fertilizers constitute a potential renewable source of nutrient supply to the crops

under all situations (Motsara, 1999).

The interaction of chemical fertilizers with the soils is considered less

favourable to the soil environment in comparison to organic sources of nutrients which

supply a range of nutrients, including trace elements through the small amounts.

It is, therefore, scientifically well recognised that the adoption of an

integrated plant nutrient supply system (IPNS) ensures greater sustainability in

agriculture development.

Farmers have traditionally been aware of the importance of organic

manures which have the capability of supplying a range of nutrients and improving the

physiological and biological properties of soil. However, at the high level of crop

production, these nutrient sources are not adequate. Chemical fertilizers, being the

source of high nutrient content, have obvious uses. Due to some of the well-known

advantages of organic manures and some possible areas of risk in the use of high

chemical fertilizers, the integration of these sources of nutrients is the best method to

manage them (Motsara, 1999).

Vegetable respond to addition of nutrients through FYM, green manuring

and chemical fertilizers (Sharma and Rana, 1993). Particularly chilli needs heavy

manuring for better plant growth and high yield. Use of judicious combinations of

organic and inorganic fertilizer sources are essential not only to maintain the soil health

but also sustain productivity (Malewar et al., 1998).

Chilli crop responds to application of major nutrients, and practically very

less information is available on use of organic and inorganic fertilizer and their

combinations and integrated nutrient management of chilli.

The investigation reported in this dissertation were designed to obtain

some basic information on application of organic and inorganic fertilizer and their

combinations on growth, yield and quality of chilli, with following objectives.

a) To find out an appropriate combination of organic and inorganic fertilizer

to increase growth and green yield of chilli.

b) To study the effect of nutrients on quality of chilli

Chapter-II

REVIEW OF LITERATURE Use of organic and inorganic fertilizers and their combinations play on

important role in increasing the growth, yield and quality of different vegetable crops. In

the light of the proposed experiment, the following literature has been reviewed under

different heads.

2.1 Effect on growth parameters

2.1.1 Effect on height of the plant and number of

branches per plant

Cerna (1981) reported that nutrient deficiency markedly affected leaf

development only at reproductive organ. Application of N & K in absence of FYM

retarded the formation of vegetative organ and subsequently of reproductive organ. FYM

favourably affected vegetative mass, dry weight, plant height, rate of dry matter

increment per leaf unit area of chilli.

Abusaleha and Shanmugavelu (1988) observed that plant height, number

of leaves, number of branches per plant in okra were accounted by application of both

inorganic and organic form of nitrogen. Among the organic sources 20 kg N as poultry

manure with 20 kg N as ammonium sulphate stimulated better response than FYM and

horse manure at different levels and combinations.

Amirthalingam (1988) observed that inoculation of Azospirillum to seed,

soil and seedling with 70 kg N/ha and NAA 5 ppm increased the plant height, number of

primary, secondary and tertiary branches in chilli.

Maximum plant height observed in chilli on plot receiving 9 t FYM/ha +

50:50:50 kg NPK/ha as basal dose reported by Damke et al. (1988).

Application of half N (50 kg)/ha as poultry manure and half N (50 kg)/ha

as urea increased plant height in brinjal observed by Darley et al. (1988).

Paramaguru and Natarajan (1993) revealed that the treatment Azospirillum

+ 56 kg N/ha recorded the highest plant height and number of primary branches per plant

in chilli.

Mallangouda et al. (1995) showed that application of NPK + FYM

improved the growth parameter as height and number of branches per plant of capsicum

in companion cropping.

Fugro (1996) revealed that application of Neemcake 2 t/ha + 75:25:25 kg

NPK/ha showed maximum plant height of chilli and vermicompost 10 t/ha alone showed

minimum plant height. The number of branches per plant were maximum at plot

receiving Vikas 1.5 t/ha + 75:25:25 kg NPK/ha and were minimum at plot receiving 30 t

FYM/ha alone.

Tupe (1996) reported that the application of Celrich 2 t/ha + RDF

(100:50:25 kg NPK/ha)boosted the height of the okra plant than FYM and glyricidia

alone and combination with RDF.

Raut (1998) concluded that application of 75 kg N/ha + Biofertilizer +

FYM was found to be superior for increasing the height of okra.

Umap (1998) worked on chilli and reported that the plant height and

number of branches per plant in chilli were maximum at plot applied with super digested

litter compost of Shivan @ 15 t/ha and Karanj @ 15 t/ha with 50% NPK/ha.

Hu ShiYou et al. (1999) showed that in capsicum, plant height and

number of leaves per plant were 20.9 cm and 17.8 leaves per plant respectively, in plants

supplied with organic manures, compared with 19.3 cm and 14.2 leaves/plant

respectively, in plants supplied with inorganic fertilizer, and 16.4 cm and 14.3

leaves/plant respectively in plants with no fertilizer application.

Shelke et al. (1999) indicated that substitution of 60% urea N by poultry

manure followed by substitution of 60% urea N by FYM were found maximum plant

height and number of branches per plant in brinjal.

Barekar (2000) observed that application of 150:50:50 kg NPK/ha + 10t

FYM/ha in combination with PSB bio-fertilizer were effective for enhancing height of

plant, number of branches per plant and diameter of stem in chilli.

2.1.2 Effect on days to flower initiation and days

to 50 % flowering

Khan and Suryanarayana (1977) reported that the highest level of 120 kg

N/ha with 45 kg of P2O5 and K2O per hectare resulted in earlier flowering in chilli.

Amirthalingam (1988) observed that application of Azospirillum

inoculation to seed, soil and seedling with 75 kg N/ha and NAA 5 ppm induced earliness

in first flower appearance and 50 per cent flowering in chilli.

Brinjal plants supplied with inorganic form of N showed early flowering

as compared to organic form or their combinations (Darley et al., 1988).

Raut (1998) observed early flower initiation at 10 t of FYM/ha applied

alone to the okra plants.

Barekar (2000) observed earliness in 50 percent flowering in chilli at

plants applied with 150:50:50 kg NPK/ha + 10 t of FYM/ha in combination with PSB

biofertilizer.

2.2 Effect on yield attributing parameters

2.2.1 Effect on number of flowers per plant, fruit set,

number of fruits per plant, size of fruit with

reference to length and breadth and number of

seeds per fruit

Khan and Suryanarayana (1977) observed that the highest level of 120

kg/ha of nitrogen with 45 kg/ha each of phosphorus and potassium resulted in maximum

number of fruits per plant, maximum fruit size in terms of length and girth and highest

yield of chilli per unit area.

Abusaleha and Shanmugavelu (1988) revealed that the number of flowers

per plant, number of fruits per plant and length and girth of Okra fruit were significantly

influenced by application of 20 kg N/ha as poultry manure in combination with 20 kg

N/ha as ammonium sulphate than the other combinations with FYM and horse manure.

Amirthalingam (1988) concluded that application of Azospirillum

inoculation to seed, soil and seedling + 75 kg N/ha + NAA 5 ppm increased the number

of flowers, number of fruits per plant, weight of the fruit, length and girth of fruit and

number of seeds per fruit in chilli.

Annanurova et al. (1992) observed that in tomato, the application of Zn (5

kg/ha), Cu (3 kg/ha) or FYM (30 t/ha) to the basic NPK (220:160:100 kg/ha) were

beneficial and number of fruits and weight of fruit were increased.

Hsieh ChingFang et al. (1994) observed that the fruit number and fruit

size were higher in sweet pepper with organic manures than with chemical fertilizers.

Fugro (1996) revealed that the plot applied with Vikas 1.5 t/ha + 75:25:25

kg NPK/ha gave the maximum number of fruits (324.13) per plant and higher the fruit

breadth (0.91 cm). And the plot applied with Neemcake 4 t/ha alone found maximum

fruit length (8.7 cm) in chilli variety Konkan Kirti.

Raut (1998) observed that the number of flowers per plant were higher at

plants receiving 75 kg N + Biofertilizer + FYM. Maximum breadth and length of okra

fruit at plants receiving 75 kg N/ha + FYM.

Umap (1998) found that the number of flowers, fruits per plant and length

and breadth of fruits were higher in chilli when plants applied with superdigested litter

compost of Shivan @ 15 t/ha and Karanj @ 15 t/ha with 50% NPK/ha.

Nanthakumar and Veeraragavathatham (1999) revealed that the number of

flowers per plant, per cent fruit set, number of fruits per plant and fruit weight of brinjal

were highest when organic and inorganic fertilizers applied with combinations.

Barekar (2000) observed that the higher the number of fruits per plant and

maximum length and breadth of chilli fruits were found at plants supplied with 150:50:50

kg NPK/ha + 10t FYM/ha in combination with PSB as biofertilizer.

2.3 Effect on Yield

Cerna (1980) stated that Capsicum Cv. Jubilantka applied with 3 rates of

NPK were found more effective when applied with 40t/ha FYM than without FYM.

Subbiah et al. (1982) found that the fruit yield of chilli was highest (60

t/ha) when plot applied with 12t of FYM + 50% RDF per hectare and control plot yields

(29.7 t/ha) comparatively low.

Valsikova and Ivanic (1982) observed that the plot applied with NPK +

FYM yields (40.55t/ha) more than plot without FYM (29.60 t/ha) and proportions of first

grade chilli fruit were 60.49 and 55.25% respectively.

Narasappa et al. (1985) observed that when nitrogen at 50-250 kg/ha was

added to basal dose consisting of P and K at 100 kg/ha + FYM at 10 t/ha, the yield of

green chilli fruits rises with N rate to the maximum at 150 kg N/ha and then declined.

Abusaleha and Shanmugavelu (1988) revealed that application of 20 kg of

N through ammonium sulphate plus 20 kg of N through poultry manure gave the highest

yield of Okra (18.09t/ha).

Amirthalingam (1988) found that the application of Azospirillum

inoculation to seed + soil + seedling + 70 kg N/ha + NAA 5 ppm gave the maximum

yield of chilli.

Damke et al. (1988) observed that the yield of dry chilli pod were highest

when plot applied with 9 t/ha FYM + 50:50:50 kg NPK/ha as basal dose.

Darley et al. (1988) found that the highest yield (51.03 t/ha) of brinjal fruit

was recorded by the plants supplied with 50 kg N as poultry manure and 50 kg N as urea

followed by plants applied with 50 kg N as pig manure and 50 kg N as urea (45.80 t/ha).

Muniz and Silva (1989) showed that no marked differences observed

between two treatment as goat manure at 20 t/ha and goat manure 20 t/ha + 270:630:270

kg NPK/ha and yield ranged from 6930 kg/ha for Ruby King to 10152 kg/ha for

Agronomico-10 G.

Surlekov and Ronkov (1989) found that the application of NPK at

100:80:100 kg/ha + 20 t FYM/ha with irrigation produced highest average yield in

capsicum, this yield was 73.4 % above that of unfertilized control.

Nair and Peter (1990) observed that the application of 15 t/ha FYM +

175:40:25 kg NPK/ha gave the higher yield of chilli and increased the storage life of

green fruits.

Natrajan (1990) found that the basal dose of NPK 75:35:33 kg/ha + 25 t/ha

FYM through soil gave the highest yield of dry chilli (1.83 t/ha) than control.

Maynard (1991) observed higher yield of capsicum when plot applied with

spent mushroom compost (50 t/acre) than the control. Addition of half of the inorganic

fertilizer (650 lb/acre) with spent mushroom compost at 25 t/acre yields more than

inorganic fertilizer with poultry manure (50 t/acre).

Ahmed (1993) revealed that the fruit yield of tomato were greatest (19.01

t/ha) with FYM, followed by 20 t/ha coir pith (16.97 t/ha). Coir pith improved soil

condition and moisture retention capacity compared with FYM.

Anonymous (1993) showed that full dung + Urine applied to okra gave

maximum fruit yield (92.25 t/ha) followed by half dung + urine (76.88 t/ha) over the

control.

Hsieh ChingFang et al. (1994) observed that yield of sweet pepper were

higher with organic manures than chemical fertilizers.

Jagdeesh et al. (1994) found that the substitution of N by biogass spent

slurry at 25% level has increased chilli pod yield by 47% over the control.

Mallangouda et al. (1995) showed that when chilli + garlic companion

cropping applied with NPK + FYM gave maximum yield and improved growth and yield

of chilli.

Popescu et al. (1995) observed that the plants grown on organic substrate

produced more than twice the yield of those grown in soil and harvesting was two week

earlier in sweet peppers.

Trpeski et al. (1995) were used fertilizers like worm casts (10t/ha),

manures (40t/ha), Std. NPK and 27% URAS or KAN. And they concluded that the

organic fertilizers were very expensive and the best economic results were obtained with

mineral fertilizers, which increases the yield by 4554 kg/ha over the unfertilized control.

Warade et al. (1995) found the highest onion bulb yield was obtained with

FYM 40 t/ha + NPK 100:50:50 kg/ha as soil application.

Abou-El-Naga et al. (1996) concluded that availability of N, P, K, Mn and

Zn increased with increasing application rates of both organic manures and irrigation

water results in maximum yield of green pepper.

Fugro (1996) revealed that application of Vikas (7:10:5) 1.5 t/ha +

75:25:25 kg NPK/ha gave highest yield (166.23 q/ha) and increased keeping quality of

chilli. Application of Celrich 3t/ha alone gave lowest yield (39.87 q/ha) over all the

treatments.

Tupe (1996) reported that application of Celrich 2t/ha + RDF 100:50:25

kg NPK/ha gave maximum yield of okra than FYM and Glyricidia alone and

combinations with RDF.

Dixit (1997) showed that the yield increased with increasing N rate and

increasing FYM rate. Addition of FYM to N treatments further increased yield in

cabbage in presence of FYM + 160 kg N/ha.

Varu et al. (1997) revealed that half dose of NPK with 95 t of FYM/ha

plus Dhartidhara at 2 t/ha gave maximum onion bulb yield and yield contributing

components.

Balasubramanium et al. (1998) revealed that application of 100 % soil test

based NPK combined with zinc sulphate (50 kg/ha), Borax (10 kg/ha) and composted

coir pith recorded highest tomato fruit yield than control.

Malewar et al. (1998) stated that the application of 75 kg N/ha through

FYM + 75 kg N/ha through urea was found beneficial in increasing yield and nutrient

uptake of chilli.

Raut (1998) concluded that the application of 75 kg N + Biofertilizer +

FYM gave highest yield of okra.

Senthilkumar and Sekar (1998) revealed that incorporation of 12.5 t/ha

each of coir pith and gypsum, along with 25 t/ha each of FYM and pressmud resulted in

significant increase in yield of bhendi.

Shashidhara et al. (1998) worked on chilli and concluded that the

application of 100 % RDF together with organic fertilizers like FYM, vermicompost, red

gram stalk and biogas slurry increased dry yield of chilli significantly over 50 % and 0 %

RDF.

Umap (1998) investigated that the superdigested litter compost of shivan

@ 15t/ha and karanj @ 15 t/ha with 50 % NPK/ha were found best treatments in

increasing yield of chilli.

Hu ShiYou et al. (1999) observed that yield of capsicum were 273.6 g/plot

in plant supplied with organic manures, 265 g/plot with inorganic fertilizer and 108.9

g/plot with no fertilizer application.

Nanthakumar and Veeraragavathatham (1999) reported that the yield of

brinjal was increased due to application of organic sources of nutrients namely FYM

(12.5 t/ha) + 2 kg Azospirillum + 2 kg phosphobacteria in addition to inorganic sources

i.e. 75% NPK/ha than the application of inorganic fertilizer alone.

Patil et al. (1999) observed that the application of biofertilizer one lit.

slurry + FYM in addition to 50 kg N/ha was found to be beneficial for getting higher

yield of export quality pods of okra than their application alone.

Segura et al. (1999) revealed that when, Capsicum supplied with

commercial manures (2.5 t of Italpollina/ha + 1.0 t of Phenix /ha) resulted in final total

marketable yields than capsicum applied with 60 t FYM/ha. Application of commercial

manures favoured the rapid formation of Nitrates in root zone, particularly during early

growth stages.

Shelke et al. (1999) indicated that the substitution of 60% urea N by

poultry manure followed by substitution of 60% urea N by FYM were found increased

yield of brinjal.

Barekar (2000) observed that application of 150:50:50 kg NPK/ha + 10 t

FYM/ha in combination with PSB gave maximum yield of chill (Cv. Jayanti).

2.4 Effect on quality parameters

2.4.1 Effect on Ascorbic acid content

The treatment with 40 t of half rotted FYM/ha, 306 kg of ammonium

nitrate, 1099 kg of superphosphate and 249 kg of potassium sulphate was found to rise

the vitamin c content to 208.9 mg/100g in chilli (Petkov, 1964).

Chinnaswami and Mariakulandai (1966) observed that the combined

application of FYM and inorganic fertilizer increased the ascorbic acid content in tomato

as compared with groundnut cake and inorganic fertilizer alone.

Application of 20 t/ha FYM plus 120:150:60 kg NPK/ha produced

tomatoes with highest content of ascorbic acid (26.5 mg/100g) (Tolkynbaev, 1973).

Shinha (1975) observed that minimum dose of N produced the highest

vitamin C content in chilli fruits.

According to Khan and Suryanarayana (1977) N and K had beneficial

effect in increasing ascorbic acid content of chilli fruits.

Valsikova and Ivanic (1982) found that plot receiving NPK along with

FYM gave the highest ascorbic acid content of chilli.

Application of 25 kg N as urea and 75 kg N as poultry manure registered

the highest ascorbic acid content in brinjal fruits (Darley Jose, 1984).

Singh et al. (1986) reported that the N application significantly decreased

the ascorbic acid content in Amaranthus.

The combination of organic with inorganic fertilizers at higher levels

increased the ascorbic acid content of fruit. In general, poultry manure with inorganic

form registered higher acid content compared with FYM and horse manure. The fruits of

okra plants applied with inorganic form alone recorded the lowest ascorbic acid content

compared with organic form (Abusaleha and Shanmugavelu, 1988).

Amirthalingam (1988) revealed that application of Azospirillum

inoculation to seed, soil and seedling + 70 kg N/ha + NAA 5 ppm found highest content

of ascorbic acid and capsaicin in chilli.

When NPK applied with poultry manure 2 kg per bed significantly

increases in ascorbic acid content were observed in eggplant (Ogbadu and Easman,

1989).

Kannan (1990) found that application of 12.5 t/ha poultry manure plus 50

kg N/ha registered higher amount of ascorbic acid content in okra fruit compared with

other levels of N as urea with FYM and neemcake.

Fruit Vitamin C concentrations decreased when any one of the 'N'

fertilizers was applied. Increase N rate produced significantly negative linear trends with

vitamin C concentration decreasing by 18-28% depending on the form applied and

quality of tomato fruit also decreased when N applied in any form (Montagu and Goh,

1990).

Rankov et al. (1992) stated that the unfertilized control plot registered

highest vitamin C content in tomato than plot receiving NPK + FYM.

Malewar et al. (1998) revealed that ascorbic acid content was highest in

chilli when plot applied with 75 kg N/ha through FYM + 75 kg N/ha through urea.

2.4.2 Effect on Chlorophyll content

Balasubramani (1988) concluded that application of 30 kg N/ha increased

chlorophyll content of bhendi.

Hu ShiYou (1999) showed that in capsicum, the chlorophyll content was

43.4 mg/g in plants supplied with organic manures and inorganic fertilizers alone and

44.3 ng/g in plants with no fertilizer application.

Chapter III MATERIAL AND METHODS

The present investigation was carried out to study the "Effect of organic

and inorganic fertilizer on yield and quality of chilli (Capsicum annuum L.)". The details

of material used and methods adopted during the course of present investigation are

summarized in this Chapter.

3.1 Experimental site

The experiment was conducted on experimental field at Department of

Horticulture, Marathwada Agricultural University, Parbhani (MS) during kharif season of

2000-2001.

3.2 Geographical location, climate and weather

condition of experimental site

Parbhani is situated at 408.50 m above the mean sea level. Geographically

it is situated between 19o 16' N latitude and 76o 47' E longitude and comes under

subtropical region of India.

The Parbhani area receives rainfall mainly from South - West monsoon

commencing from second week of June to September.

The data on temperature, humidity and rainfall during entire crop growth

were recorded at Meteorological Observatory, M.A.U., Parbhani (Appendix I).

3.3 Soil

Soil type of experimental plot was fairly uniform, medium black cotton

type, with uniform texture and well drained.

The chemical properties of soil were determined by taking soil samples

from `O' to `25' cm deep strata of soil at random all over the experimental area before

layout the experiment. The composite soil sample was then prepared by quadrant method

and analysed for various chemical properties. The relevant data are presented in Table 1.

Table 1. Chemical properties of experimental soils

___________________________________________________________

Sr. Particulars Estimate and unit

No.

___________________________________________________________

1. Organic carbon 0.60 per cent

2. Available nitrogen 244.40 kg/ha

3. Available phosphorus 38.08 kg/ha

4. Available potassium 194.88 kg/ha

5. Electric conductivity (EC) 0.34 mmhos/cm at 20oC.

6. pH 8.48

___________________________________________________________

From the above data, the fertility status of soil was medium in nitrogen

low in phosphorus, medium in potassium and slightly alkaline in nature.

3.4 Programme of research work

3.4.1 Experimental details

Experiment design : Randomised Block Design (RBD)

No. of replications : Three (3)

No. of Treatments : Eight (8)

Total No. of plots : Twenty four (24)

Plot size : 2.5 x 2.5 m2

Net area : 150 m2

Gross area : 256.5 m2

Spacing : Row to row 45 cm

Plant to plant 45 cm

No. of plants/plot : Twenty five (25)

Variety : Pusa Jwala

Pusa Jwala is an early cultivar of 'Samba' type . This is derived from a

cross between NP 46 A and Puri Red. The plants are dwarf and spreading in habit. The

fruits are long, thin, and usually curved. The dried fruits have shrunken skin which is not

liked by traders and hence more suited as green chilli for export purpose (Muthukrishnan

et al., 1986).

3.4.2 Treatment details

___________________________________________________________

Sr. Symbol Treatment details

No.

___________________________________________________________

1. T1 100% RDF (Inorganic source)

2. T2 75% RDF + 25% OM (FYM)

3. T3 75% RDF + 25% OM (Celrich)

4. T4 75% RDF + 25% OM (Teracare)

5. T5 50% RDF + 50% OM (FYM)

6. T6 50% RDF + 50% OM (Celrich)

7. T7 50% RDF + 50% OM (Teracare)

8. T8 100% OM(33.33%of FYM, Celrich and

Teracare each)

___________________________________________________________

100% RDF : Recommended dose of fertilizer

120 : 80 : 50 kg NPK/ha.

100% OM : Organic manure

FYM = 40 t/ha

Celrich = 2 t/ha

Teracare = 2.5 t/ha.

3.5 Raising of seedling

Seeds of Pusa Jwala were obtained from Department of Horticulture,

MAU, Parbhani. Raised beds of 3.0 x 1.0 x 0.15 m3 (L x B X H) size were prepared. The

upper layer of 5 cm of each bed was mixed with equal quantity of well rotted FYM and

sieved soil. Seeds of Pusa Jwala were sown in rows to 10 cm apart on 20th May, 2000

considering seed rate 1 kg/ha. watering was done regularly by rose can. Raised beds were

kept clean by weeding regularly. The seedlings were kept healthy by taking spray of

pesticides as and when required.

3.6 Preparatory tillage

Area of experiment was ploughed deeply and was harrowed thrice to bring

the soil to fine tilth. The field was divided into plots as per required dimensions - by

using the measuring tape, rope and pegs,. The flat beds of 2.5 x 2.5 m2 were prepared by

leaving 1 m gap between each treatments and replications.

3.7 Application of organic and inorganic fertilizer

3.7.1 Organic manures

Organic manures like FYM, Celrich and Teracare each were applied at 25

per cent, 50 per cent and 33.33 per cent to the plots of given treatment before 10 days of

transplanting and light irrigation was given. 33.33 per cent of each combination of

organic manure applied as 100 per cent organic manure alone .

a) FYM:

Farmyard manure (FYM) refers to decomposed mixture of dung and urine

of farm animals along with the litter (bedding material) and left over material from

roughages or fodder fed to the cattle. On an average, well rotted FYM contains 0.5 per

cent N, 0.2 per cent P2O5 and 0.5 per cent K2O, 100 per cent dose of FYM is 40 t/ha.

b) Celrich

It is bio-organic soil enricher contains 30 per cent organic matter, 25 per

cent moisture and 45 per cent inorganic sand. It also inoculated with bio-fertilizers like

azatobactor, azospirillum and phosphobacteria etc. The recommended dose of Celrich is

2 t/ha.

c) Teracare

It is composted coconut coirpith as soil conditioner added with

micronutrients. It has much water holding capacity than FYM. The recommended dose of

Teracare is 2.5 t/ha.

3.7.2 Inorganic fertilizer

The recommended dose of N, P2O5 and K2O were applied through Urea,

single super phosphate and muriate of potash respectively. It was applied 100 per cent

alone, 75 per cent with plot receiving 25 per cent organic manures and 50 per cent with

plot receiving 50 per cent organic manures. Half dose of N and full dose of P2O5 and

K2O were applied 3 days before transplanting. Remaining half dose of N was applied 35

days after transplanting. Irrigation was immediately given after application.

3.8 Transplanting

40 days old uniform and healthy seedlings were selected and transplanted

on flat beds on 30th June, 2000. Before transplanting irrigation was given and seedling

were transplanted at spacing 45 x 45 cm and light irrigation was given till the seedlings

were established. Gap filling was done with healthy seedlings wherever required.

3.9 Other operations

Weeding, irrigation were given as and when required.

Spraying of rogor and monocrotophos at initial stage and at flowering and

fruiting stage the spraying of malathion were done to control whiteflies vector of

Churdamurda (leaf curl) disease.

3.10 Schedule of operations

___________________________________________________________

Sr. Particulars Dates

No.

___________________________________________________________

1. Seed sowing on nursery beds 20th May, 2000

2. Application of organic manures 19th June, 2000

3. Application of inorganic fertilizer 28th June, 2000

(Half N + Full P2O5 and K2O)

4. Transplanting 30th June, 2000

5. Top dressing of half Nitrogen 4th August, 2000

6. Harvesting (picking of fruits)

a) First picking 5th Sept. 2000

b) Second picking 30th Sept. 2000

c) Third picking 25th October 2000

d) Fourth picking 20th Nov. 2000

e) Fifth picking 15th Dec. 2000

f) Sixth picking 10th Jan. 2001

___________________________________________________________

3.11 Biometric observations

Five plants were selected from each plot as observational plant and were

labelled. the observations in respect to growth, yield and quality parameters was

recorded.

3.11.1 Plant height

Height of observational plants of each plot was measured in cm from

ground level upto growing point at 20, 40, 60, 80 and 100 days after transplanting.

3.11.2 Number of primary branches per plant

Number of primary branches per plant were recorded by taking actual

count from the observational plants of each plot at 20, 40, 60, 80 and 100 days after

transplanting.

33.11.3 Days to flower initiation

Time taken from transplanting to initiation of first flower in a plot was

considered as day to flower initiation from transplanting. Plants were observed daily for

this observation and first flower appearance on any one plant of a plot was taken as date

of flower initiation for that plot.

3.11.4 Days to 50 per cent flowering

Days to 50 per cent flowering in each treatment were recorded and from

these dates, days required for 50 per cent flowering were obtained.

3.11.5 Per cent fruit set

From number of flowers and actual fruit produced on each plant in each

treatment, per cent fruit set was calculated.

3.11.6 Number of fruits per plant

Number of fruits produced on observational plants were recorded by

actual count at each picking.

3.11.7 Number of fruits per 100 g

At each picking the marketable and unmarketable fruits were separately

weighted and count number of fruits per 100 g.

3.11.8 Length of fruit

Ten fruits were randomly collected at second picking from observational

plants of each plot and length of fruits (excluding pedicel) were recorded by using scale

in cm.

3.11.9 Length of pedicel


plants of each plot and length of pedicel (non edible part) were recorded using scale in

cm.

3.11.10 Breadth of fruit


plants of each plot and breadth of fruits were measured by using `vernier caliper' in cm.

3.11.11 Number of seeds per fruit


plants of each plot and number of seeds per fruit were counted.

3.11.12 Marketable yield per plant

Fruits which are suitable for marketing were calculated in grams per plant

on the basis of number of marketable fruits per plant and number of marketable fruits per

100 g.

3.11.13 Unmarketable yield per plant

Fruits which were not suitable for marketing viz., damaged, diseased,

wrinkled and reddish coloured were calculated in grams per plant on the basis of number

of unmarketable fruits per plant and number unmarketable fruits per 100 g.

3.11.14 Total yield per plant

Sum of average marketable yield per plant and average unmarketable yield

per plant in each treatment were taken for calculating the total yield per plant in grams.

3.11.15 Marketable yield per hectare

Marketable yield per hectare in quintals was estimated by multiplying

marketable yield per plant and plant population per hectare.

3.11.16 Unmarketable yield per hectare

Unmarketable yield per hectare in quintals was estimate by multiplying

unmarketable yield per plant and plant population per hectare.

3.11.17 Total yield per hectare

Sum of average marketable yield per hectare and average unmarketable

yield per hectare in each treatment were taken for calculating the total yield per hectare in

quintals.

3.12 Quality parameters for green chilli

3.12.1 Ascorbic acid content

10 g of fruit sample (i.e. two fruits from each observational plant of each

plot and mixed plot wise) were taken at second picking for estimation of ascorbic acid

content by 2, 6-Di-chlorophenol indophenol visual titration method (A.O.A.C., 1990) and

it was expressed in mg/100g.

3.12.2 Chlorophyll content of fruit

Fruits samples were taken from observational plants at second picking and

chlorophyll content was estimated by method given by A.O.A.C. (1960).

3.13 Statistical analysis of data

The statistical analysis of data collected was done by following standard

procedure described by Panse and Sukhatme (1967). The analysis of variance was carried

out according to simple Randomized Block Design.

Chapter-IV

RESULTS The data obtained were statistically analysed and the results of

investigation entitled,"Effect of organic and inorganic Fertilizer on yield and quality of

chill (Capsicum annuum L.)", has been presented in this chapter under suitable heads

with proper interpretation.

4.1 Growth parameters

The results obtained in respect of growth parameters viz. height of the

plant (cm), number of primary branches per plant (at 20, 40, 60, 80 and 100 days after

transplanting), days to flower initiation and 50 per cent flowering has been presented in

Table 2, 3 and 4.

4.1.1 Height of plant (cm)

The data presented in Table 2 in respect of height of the plant as affected

by different treatments, clearly indicated that the inorganic fertilizers along with organic

manures influenced the height of plant, recorded at 20, 40, 60, 80 and 100 days after

transplanting.

At 20 days after transplanting, the highest height of the plant was found in

treatment T6 (15.80 cm) and was at par with treatment T5 (15.40 cm) followed by

treatment T2 (15.06 cm). The lowest height of the plant was noted in .pn31

treatment T8 (13.06 cm) and was at par with treatments T7 (14.33 cm) and T3 (14.33

cm).

Table 2. Mean height of the plant in different treatments (cm)

________________________________________________________________________

_

Tr. Treatments Days after transplanting

No. ---------------------------------------

20 40 60 80 100

________________________________________________________________________

_

T1 100% RDF (Inorganic source) 13.40 22.80 29.00 31.53 33.06

T2 75% RDF+25% OM (FYM) 15.06 24.26 30.33 34.13 36.20

T3 75% RDF+25% OM (Celrich) 14.33 23.73 29.93 33.66 35.40

T4 75% RDF+25% OM (Teracare) 13.53 22.93 28.26 31.80 33.60

T5 50% RDF+50% OM (FYM) 15.40 24.53 30.86 35.86 38.13

T6 50% RDF+50% OM (Celrich) 15.80 25.10 32.13 37.60 39.93

T7 50% RDF+50% OM (Teracare) 14.33 23.66 30.53 34.20 36.40

T8 100% OM (33.33% of FYM, 13.06 21.00 26.46 29.53 31.20

Celrich and Teracare each)

S.E. + 0.229 0.277 0.223 0.345 0.439

C.D. at 5% 0.694 0.840 0.676 1.046 1.331

________________________________________________________________________

_

At 40 days after transplanting, the maximum height of the plant was found

in treatment T6 (25.10 cm) and was at par with treatments T5 (24.53cm) and T2

(24.26cm) and significantly minimum plant height (21.00 cm) was observed in treatment

T8.

At 60 days after transplanting, the highest plant height (32.13 cm) was

recorded in treatment T6 and was found to be significantly superior over all the

treatments, followed by T5 (30.86 cm) and it was at par with treatments T7 (30.53 cm)

and T2 (30.33cm). Lowest plant height (26.46 cm) was noted in treatment T8.

At 80 days after transplanting, the maximum plant height was observed in

treatment T6 (37.60 cm) and was found to be superior over all the treatments, followed

by T5 (35.86 cm) and significantly minimum plant height was observed in treatment T8

(29.53 cm).

At 100 days after transplanting, it was observed that the treatment T6

found highest plant height (39.93 cm) over all the treatments followed by treatment T5

(38.13 cm) and T7 (36.40 cm), T2 (36.20 cm) and T3 (35.40 cm) which were statistically

at par with each other. Whereas treatment T8 was found with minimum plant height

(31.20 cm).

4.1.2 Number of Primary branches per plant

It was observed from Table 3 that the application of organic, inorganic

fertilizer and their combinations influenced the number of primary branches at various

period of observations, i.e. at 20, 40, 60, 80 and 100 days after transplanting.

At 20 days after transplanting, the maximum number of primary branches

per plant were found in treatment T6 (4.06) and was at par with treatment T5 (3.93)

followed by treatment T7 (3.66) which was at par with treatment T2 (3.60). The

minimum number of branches were found in treatment T8 (2.93).

Table 3. Mean number of primary branches per plant in different treatments

________________________________________________________________________

_

Tr. Treatments Days after transplanting

No. ---------------------------------------

20 40 60 80 100

________________________________________________________________________

_

T1 100% RDF (Inorganic source) 3.20 5.13 7.33 7.66 8.26

T2 75% RDF+25% OM (FYM) 3.60 5.66 7.86 8.53 9.13

T3 75% RDF+25% OM (Celrich) 3.46 5.46 7.73 8.26 8.66

T4 75% RDF+25% OM (Teracare) 3.40 5.40 7.40 8.00 8.40

T5 50% RDF+50% OM (FYM) 3.93 5.86 8.20 9.06 9.66

T6 50% RDF+50% OM (Celrich) 4.06 6.13 8.46 9.13 9.73

T7 50% RDF+50% OM (Teracare) 3.66 5.80 8.00 8.66 9.33

T8 100% OM (33.33% of FYM, 2.93 4.86 7.26 7.53 7.93


S.E. + 0.051 0.061 0.043 0.058 0.049

C.D. at 5% 0.155 0.184 0.132 0.176 0.150

________________________________________________________________________

_

At 40 days after transplanting, the significantly highest number of

branches per plant (6.13) were recorded in treatment T6, followed by T5 (5.86) which

was at par with treatment T7 (5.80). Lowest number of primary branches (4.86) were

observed in treatment T8.

At 60 days after transplanting, the maximum number of primary branches

were observed in treatment T6 (8.46) which was found to be superior over all the

treatments, followed by T5 (8.20). The minimum number of primary branches were

recorded in treatment T8 (7.26).

At 80 days after transplanting, significantly higher number of primary

branches per plant (9.13) were recorded in treatment T6 and was at par with T5 (9.06).

Lowest number of primary branches (7.53) were recorded in treatment T8.

At final observation, similar trend was observed i.e. treatment T6 (9.73)

emerged significantly superior over all other treatments except T5 (9.66) which was

statistically similar to treatment T6. Minimum number of primary branches were

observed in treatment T8 (7.93).

4.1.3 Days to flower initiation

Data recorded in respect of days to flower initiation as affected by organic

and inorganic fertilizer and their combinations by different treatments presented in the

Table 4.

The data presented in Table 4, revealed that the early flower initiation

(33.33 DAT) was recorded in treatment T6 and was at par with treatment T5(33.66

DAT), while maximum days requires to flower initiation (37.66) was recorded in

treatment T1.

4.1.4 Days to 50% flowering

The data presented in Table 4, clearly showed that the treatment T6

resulted in production of 50 per cent of flowers significantly at earliest i.e. 37.66 days

after transplanting compared to all other treatments.

Significantly more number of days were taken for 50 per cent flowering

by treatment T1 (43.66 DAT).

Table 4. Mean days to flower initiation and 50 per cent

flowering in different treatments

___________________________________________________________

Tr. Treatments Flower 50 %

No. initiation flowering

(DAT) (DAT)

__________________________________________________________

T1 100% RDF (Inorganic source) 37.66 43.66

T2 75% RDF+25% OM (FYM) 36.00 40.00

T3 75% RDF+25% OM (Celrich) 36.66 40.66

T4 75% RDF+25% OM (Teracare) 37.00 42.00

T5 50% RDF+50% OM (FYM) 33.66 38.33

T6 50% RDF+50% OM (Celrich) 33.33 37.66

T7 50% RDF+50% OM (Teracare) 34.33 39.00

T8 100% OM (33.33% of FYM, 35.00 39.66


S.E. + 0.204 0.194

C.D. at 5% 0.618 0.588

__________________________________________________________

4.2 Yield attributing parameters

The results obtained in respect of yield attributing parameters viz. number

of flowers per plant, per cent fruit set, length of the fruit (cm), length of the pedicel (cm),

breadth of the fruit (cm), number of seeds per fruit, total number of marketable and

unmarketable fruits per plant and total number of marketable and unmarketable fruits per

100 g has been presented in Table 5, 6, 7 and 8.

4.2.1 Number of flowers per plant

The data pertaining mean number of flowers per plant in Table 5, showed

that the treatment T6 produced more number of flowers (274.93) per plant which was

superior over all the treatments, except T5 (267.73), it was at par with treatment T6.

Significantly lowest number of flowers per plant (205.20)were recorded in treatment T8.


Data regarding per cent fruit set per plant as affected by different

treatments presented in Table 5, clearly indicated that the highest fruit set was observed

in the treatment T6 (61.22%) which was at par with treatment T5 (59.26%). The lowest

fruit set was recorded in treatment T8 (46.89%).

Table 5. Mean number of flowers per plant and per cent

fruit set in different treatments

___________________________________________________________

Tr. Treatments No. of Per cent

No. flowers/ fruit

plant set

__________________________________________________________


T2 75% RDF+25% OM (FYM) 246.47 57.66

T3 75% RDF+25% OM (Celrich) 230.00 55.36

T4 75% RDF+25% OM (Teracare) 233.33 52.84

T5 50% RDF+50% OM (FYM) 267.73 59.26

T6 50% RDF+50% OM (Celrich) 274.93 61.22

T7 50% RDF+50% OM (Teracare) 252.07 58.62

T8 100% OM (33.33% of FYM, 205.20 46.89


S.E. + 3.059 0.687

C.D. at 5% 9.266 2.081

__________________________________________________________

4.2.3 Number of marketable fruits per plant

It is revealed from Table 6, that the treatment T6 (151.93) found with

maximum number of marketable fruits per plant and significantly superior over all the

treatments, followed by treatment T5 (140.77). Whereas treatment T8 (79.20) observed

with minimum number of marketable fruits per plant.

4.2.4 Number of unmarketable fruits per plant

From the data presented in Table 6 it is found that the maximum number

of unmarketable fruits observed in treatment T1 (24.93) whereas, significantly minimum

number of unmarketable fruits per plant recorded in treatment T6 (16.40).

4.2.5 Total number of fruits per plant

The data presented in Table 6 clearly showed that the total number of

fruits per plant were higher in treatment T6 (168.33) which was superior over all the

treatments followed by treatment T5 (158.70). The lowest total number of fruits per plant

were observed in treatment T8 (97.33).

Table 6. Mean number of marketable, unmarketable and total

fruits per plant in different treatments

___________________________________________________________

Tr. Treatments Number of fruits per plant

No. ---------------------------

Marketable Unmarke- Total

table

___________________________________________________________

T1 100% RDF (Inorganic source) 89.20 24.93 114.13

T2 75% RDF+25% OM (FYM) 121.37 20.80 142.17

T3 75% RDF+25% OM (Celrich) 105.17 22.20 127.37

T4 75% RDF+25% OM (Teracare) 99.86 23.40 123.27

T5 50% RDF+50% OM (FYM) 140.77 17.86 158.70

T6 50% RDF+50% OM (Celrich) 151.93 16.40 168.33

T7 50% RDF+50% OM (Teracare) 129.27 18.53 147.80

T8 100% OM (33.33% of FYM, 79.20 18.13 97.33


S.E. + 1.235 0.361 1.338

C.D. at 5% 3.740 1.094 4.052

__________________________________________________________

4.2.6 Length of the fruit

Data presented in Table 7, indicated that the maximum length of fruit was

found in the treatment T6 (8.95 cm) was significantly superior over all the treatments

followed by treatment T5 (8.60 cm).

The minimum length of fruit was found in the treatment T1 (6.99 cm).

Treatments T8 (8.26cm) and T7 (8.22 cm) were at par with each other.

4.2.7 Length of the pedicel

From the table 7 it is revealed that the maximum length of the pedicel

(2.70 cm) was recorded in treatment T6 followed by treatment T5 (2.68 cm) which are

superior over all the treatments. The minimum length of the pedicel (2.33 cm) was

recorded in treatment T1.

4.2.8 Breadth of the fruit

The data from Table 7, showed that the maximum breadth of the fruit was

observed in treatment T6 (0.743 cm) followed by treatment T5 (0.723 cm) which was at

par with treatments T8 (0.720 cm) and T7 (0.716 cm). The minimum breadth of the fruit

was observed in treatment T1 (0.653 cm).

Table 7. Length of the fruit and pedicel, breadth of the fruit

and mean number of seeds per fruit in different

treatments

_____________________________________________________________

Tr. Treatments Length Length Breadth No.of

No. of the of the of the seeds

fruit pedicel fruit per

(cm) (cm) (cm) fruit

_____________________________________________________________

T1 100% RDF (Inorganic source) 6.99 2.33 0.653 65.66

T2 75% RDF+25% OM (FYM) 7.71 2.61 0.696 67.40

T3 75% RDF+25% OM (Celrich) 7.31 2.53 0.680 67.06

T4 75% RDF+25% OM (Teracare) 7.13 2.38 0.663 66.40

T5 50% RDF+50% OM (FYM) 8.60 2.68 0.723 68.60

T6 50% RDF+50% OM (Celrich) 8.95 2.70 0.743 70.66

T7 50% RDF+50% OM (Teracare) 8.22 2.67 0.716 68.06

T8 100% OM (33.33% of FYM, 8.26 2.52 0.720 67.53


S.E. + 0.035 0.008 0.003 0.174

C.D. at 5% 0.107 0.026 0.009 0.529

_____________________________________________________________


The data depicted in Table 7, clearly revealed that the higher number of

seeds per fruit were recorded in treatment T6 (70.66) followed by treatment T5 (68.60).

The lowest number of seeds per fruit were recorded in treatment T1 (65.66). The

treatments T8 (67.53), T2 (67.40) and T3 (67.06) were statistically similar and at par with

each other.

4.2.10 Number of marketable fruits per 100 g

The observation on number of marketable fruits per 100 g are presented in

Table 8, it is revealed that, the minimum number of marketable fruits per 100 g were

recorded in treatment T6 (45.66) which was superior over all the treatments. The

maximum number of fruits per 100 g were observed in treatment T1 (62.83) followed by

T4 (58.83) and was at par with T3 (58.33).

Table 8. Mean number of marketable and unmarketable fruits

per 100 g in different treatments

___________________________________________________________

Tr. Treatments Number of fruits/100 g

No. -----------------------

Marketable Unmarketable

__________________________________________________________


T2 75% RDF+25% OM (FYM) 54.99 63.05

T3 75% RDF+25% OM (Celrich) 58.33 64.94

T4 75% RDF+25% OM (Teracare) 58.83 66.83

T5 50% RDF+50% OM (FYM) 47.55 52.66

T6 50% RDF+50% OM (Celrich) 45.66 54.99

T7 50% RDF+50% OM (Teracare) 51.38 57.94

T8 100% OM (33.33% of FYM, 54.05 60.99


S.E. + 0.295 0.769

C.D. at 5% 0.895 2.331

__________________________________________________________

4.2.11 Number of unmarketable fruits per 100 g

The data presented in table 8, clearly showed that the minimum number of

fruits per 100 g were observed in treatment T5 (52.66) and was at par with T6 (54.99).

The maximum number of fruits per 100 g were observed in treatment T1 (72.27)

followed by treatment T4 (66.83) and was at par with T3 (64.94).

4.3 Yield

The results obtained in respect of yield viz. marketable, unmarketable and

total yield per plant and per hectare were influenced by application of organic and

inorganic fertilizer and their combinations. The data has been presented in Table 9 and

10.

4.3.1 Marketable yield per plant (g)

The data presented in Table 9, revealed that the marketable yield per plant

was significantly superior in treatment T6 (332.82 g), followed by T5 (296.26 g). The

lowest marketable yield per plant was observed in treatment T1 (142.02 g) and was at par

with treatment T8 (146.56 g).

4.3.2 Unmarketable yield per plant (g)

The data in Table 9, showed that the highest unmarketable yield per plant

was observed in treatment T4 (35.04 g) and was at per with treatments T1 (34.50), T3

(34.21 g) and T5 (33.97 g). The lowest unmarketable yield was observed in treatment T8

(29.74 g) and was at par with treatment T6 (29.84 g).

Table 9. Marketable, unmarketable and total yield per plant

(g) in different treatments

___________________________________________________________

Tr. Treatments Yield per plant (g)

No. ---------------------------


table

___________________________________________________________


T2 75% RDF+25% OM (FYM) 220.95 33.01 253.96

T3 75% RDF+25% OM (Celrich) 180.39 34.21 214.60

T4 75% RDF+25% OM (Teracare) 169.87 35.04 204.91

T5 50% RDF+50% OM (FYM) 296.26 33.97 330.23

T6 50% RDF+50% OM (Celrich) 332.82 29.84 362.66

T7 50% RDF+50% OM (Teracare) 251.85 32.00 283.85

T8 100% OM (33.33% of FYM, 146.56 29.74 176.30


S.E. + 2.938 0.631 3.084

C.D. at 5% 8.899 1.913 9.341

___________________________________________________________

4.3.2 Total yield per plant (g)

From the Table 9, it is observed that the highest total yield per plant was

recorded in treatment T6 (362.66 g) followed by treatment T5 (330.23 g) were

significantly superior over all the treatments. The lowest total yield per plant was

recorded in treatment T8 (176.30 g) and was at par with treatment T1 (176.53 g).

4.3.4 Marketable yield per hectare (q)

The data presented in Table 10, clearly indicated that the highest

marketable yield per hectare was observed in treatment T6 (164.35 q) and was found to

be superior over all the treatments followed by treatment T5 (146.30 q). The lowest

marketable yield per hectare was recorded in treatment T1 (70.13 q) and was at per with

treatment T8 (72.37 q).

Table 10.Marketable, unmarketable and total yield per

hectare (q) in different treatments

___________________________________________________________

Tr. Treatments Yield per hectare (q)

No. ---------------------------


table

___________________________________________________________


T2 75% RDF+25% OM (FYM) 109.11 16.30 125.41

T3 75% RDF+25% OM (Celrich) 89.07 16.89 105.97

T4 75% RDF+25% OM (Teracare) 83.88 17.30 101.19

T5 50% RDF+50% OM (FYM) 146.30 16.77 163.07

T6 50% RDF+50% OM (Celrich) 164.35 14.73 179.09

T7 50% RDF+50% OM (Teracare) 124.36 15.80 140.17

T8 100% OM (33.33% of FYM, 72.37 14.68 87.05


S.E. + 1.451 0.312 1.523

C.D. at 5% 4.395 0.945 4.613

___________________________________________________________

4.3.5 Unmarketable yield per hectare (q)

From the data in Table 10, clearly showed that the lowest unmarketable

yield per hectare was observed in treatment T8 (14.68 q) followed by T6 (14.73 q). The

highest unmarketable yield per hectare was recorded in treatment T4 (17.30 q) and was at

par with treatments T1 (17.03 q), T3 (16.89 q) and T5 (16.77 q).

4.3.6 Total yield per hectare (q)

Data presented in Table 10, regarding yield per hectare (q) as influenced

by various treatments and concluded that the maximum total yield per hectare was found

in treatment T6 (179.09 q) was superior over all the treatments, followed by treatment T5

(163.07 q). The minimum total yield per hectare was found in treatment T8 (87.05 q) and

was at par with treatment T1 (87.17 q).

4.4 Quality parameters

The results obtained in respect of quality viz. ascorbic acid and

chlorophyll content of fruit were influenced by application of organic and inorganic

fertilizer and their combinations. The data have been presented in Table 11.

4.4.1 Ascorbic acid content (mg/100 g)

The data presented in Table 11, revealed that the highest ascorbic acid

content in fruits was obtained in treatment T6 (154.95 mg/100g) and was superior over

all the treatments followed by treatment T8 (133.33 mg/100g) which was at par with

treatment T5 (132.43 mg/100g).

The lowest ascorbic acid content in fruit was registered in treatment T1

(76.57 mg/100g).

Table 11.Ascorbic acid and chlorophyll content of chilli

fruit in different treatments

___________________________________________________________

Tr. Treatments Ascorbic acid Chlorophyll

No. content content

(mg/100 g) (mg/g)

__________________________________________________________


T2 75% RDF+25% OM (FYM) 104.50 0.280

T3 75% RDF+25% OM (Celrich) 112.61 0.290

T4 75% RDF+25% OM (Teracare) 88.28 0.265

T5 50% RDF+50% OM (FYM) 132.43 0.320

T6 50% RDF+50% OM (Celrich) 154.95 0.326

T7 50% RDF+50% OM (Teracare) 117.11 0.304

T8 100% OM (33.33% of FYM, 133.33 0.317


S.E. + 2.349 0.025

C.D. at 5% 7.116 N.S.

__________________________________________________________

4.4.2 Chlorophyll content (mg/g)

The data presented in Table 11, concluded that the effect of organic and

inorganic fertilizer and their combinations were non significant on chlorophyll content in

chilli fruit.

Chapter-V

DISCUSSION High cost, limited supply and hazardous effect of chemical fertilizer

diverted the attention of cultivator to the renewable sources like organic manures,

biofertlizers, crop residues and green manures. The use of organic manures along with

inorganic fertilizers is a present need to supply / produce the quality of vegetable,

maintaining the soil health and sustainable productivity.

The present investigation was undertaken with a view to find out an

appropriate combination of organic and inorganic fertilizer to increase green yield of

chilli and to study the nutrients effect on quality of chilli. The effect of FYM, Celrich

and Teracare were compared with inorganic fertilizers when applied alone and in

combinations. The results obtained in the present study are discussed in this chapter,

under different heads.

5.1 Effect of organic and inorganic fertilizer on

vegetative growth of chilli

5.1.1 Height of the plant

The height of the plant is an important parameter to assess the vigour of

the plant. The data recorded in present investigation on height of the plant are presented

.pn48

in Table 2 and it was observed that, the height of the plant was increased at increasing

rate upto 40 DAT and later on it was increased by decreasing rate upto 100 DAT.

Significant differences were observed in all treatments. The height of the

plant were maximum when the plants applied with organic fertilizer along with inorganic

fertilizer than both applied alone. In general, the height of the plant was found to be

highest when plot was applied with 50 per cent RDF (Inorganic source) + 50 per cent

Celrich as organic manure.

This effect might be due to presence of biofertilizer like Azospirillum,.

Azatobactor and phosphobacteria in Celrich. Azospirillum has nitrogen fixing ability also

produces growth promoting substances, which favour better growth of crop (Anandan,

2000). Similar results were recorded by Amirthalingum (1988), Paramaguru and

Natarajan (1993) in chilli and Raut (1998) in okra which conform the present findings.

Phosphobacteria have ability of solubilize insoluble inorganic phosphate

and make it available to plants. The solubilization effect is generally due to production of

organic acid by these organisms. They are also known to produce amino acids, vitamins

and growth promoting substances like IAA and GA, which help in better growth of plants

(Anandan, 2000). These are in conformity to those reported by Barekar (2000).

Another merit with Celrich might be the presence of more amount of NPK

compared with FYM and Teracare which and increased the availability of NPK and

helped in biological activities (Tupe, 1996).

The height of the plant were minimum in plants under organic and

inorganic fertilizer alone.

5.1.2 Number of primary branches per plant

The data furnished in Table 3, among the observations of number of

primary branches per plant were accounted by the application of organic and inorganic

fertilizers in combination. Among the organic sources, Celrich stimulated better response

than FYM and Teracare in combination with inorganic fertilizers.

The maximum number of primary branches per plant were noticed in the

plants under the treatment T6 which received 50 per cent RDF (inorganic source) + 50

per cent Celrich as organic manure.

It has been reported that the microbial population increases at tremendous

rate as organic matter decomposed in soil with the subsequent release of nitrogen helps

for growth and number of primary branches. Organic manures were applied with

inorganic fertilizers the effectiveness of inorganic manures was high (Robert and

Stephen, 1953).

The result also attributed to the highest amount of plant growth hormones

like IAA, IBA produced by Azospirillum (Fallik et al., 1989) those are present in Celrich.

The minimum number of primary branches observed in treatment

receiving organic and inorganic fertilizer alone.

The application of recommended dose of NPK reduced, the height and

number of branches of the plants. Whereas the treatments in which the recommended

dose have been reduced 50 per cent with application of 50 per cent organic manures was

found superior than they applied alone. The similar results are obtained in treatments T5

and T7 and this results are agreement with the findings of Cerna (1981) in Capsicum,

Abusaleha and Shanmugavelu (1988) in okra, Damke et al. (1988) in chilli, Darley et al.

(1988) in brinjal, Mallangouda et al. (1995), Fugro (1996) and Umap (1998) in chilli.

5.1.3 Days to flower initiation and 50 per cent

flowering

The Table 4 showed that, the flower initiation and 50 per cent flowering

was found to be earlier when plants applied with 50 per cent RDF (inorganic source) + 50

per cent of Celrich or FYM and late flowering occurs in plants supplied with inorganic

fertilizer alone.

The earliness in flowering was attributed to simultaneous transport of

growth substances like cytokinin to the axillary buds and the break of apical dominance.

This resulted in a better sink for faster mobilisation of photosynthates, which resulted in

early transformation from vegetative to reproductive phase (Preethi et al., 1999). The

similar result have been reported by Amirthalingam (1988) in chilli, Darley et al.

(1988)in brinjal and Barekar (2000) in chilli.

Combined application of organic and inorganic fertilizer observed early

flowering and it might be due to favourable effects of source of phosphorus. The

findings of Sendur Kumar et al. (1998) supports the present investigation.


yield attributing parameters

5.2.1 Number of flowers per plant

In respect of number of flowers per plant (Table 5), which is one of the

most vital attributes, was considerably increased due to the combined application of

organic and inorganic fertilizer. The maximum number of flowers observed when 50 per

cent RDF (inorganic source) + 50 per cent Celrich or FYM as organic manure applied to

the plants. This is in accordance with the findings of Darley et al. (1988), who found an

increase in productive flowers in brinjal was recorded in the treatment with half of the

dose of organic and other half of the dose of inorganic fertilizer. The similar result have

been reported by Abusaleha and Shanmugavelu (1988) in okra and Umap (1998) in chilli.

The reason for the floriferous might be due to the combined effect of

application of organic and inorganic fertilizers. Early vigours growth seen in these

treatments would have helped to synthesis more cytokinin by these plants which might

have helped to the translocation of cytokinins as well as more quantity of available

phosphorus through xylem vessels and the accumulation of cytokinins and phosphorus in

these axillary buds would have favoured the plants to enter into reproductive phase

(Nanthakumar and Veeraragavathatham, 1999). The similar findings reported by

Amirthalingam (1988) in chili, and Raut (1998) in okra which also support the present

findings.

It is revealed that combined application of organic and inorganic fertilizers

increased the number of flowers per plant than they applied alone.


The per cent fruit set (Table 5) is one of the important yield determining

factors. This also varied significantly among the treatments. The fruit set was

significantly improved in the crop fertilized with organic and inorganic fertilizers in

combination than both applied alone. In general, when 50 per cent RDF (Inorganic

source) + 50 per cent Celrich or FYM was applied to the plants, the per cent fruit set was

increased (T6 and T5).

The increased nutrient availability from organic matter in Celrich and

from FYM, the organic phosphorus through, phosphobacteria and IAA from Azospirillum

content in Celrich might have increased the various indigenous hormonal levels in the

plant tissue, which was found responsible for increased fruit set (Rajagopal and Rao,

1974). The similar result have been reported by Nanthakumar and Veeraragavathatham

(1999) in brinjal, which confirm the present findings.

5.2.3 Number of fruits per plant

The number of fruits per plant (Table 6), is the most important

determinant of the yield in chilli which is greatly influenced by various levels of organic

and inorganic fertilizers.

The increased number of fruits per plant was observed is combined

application of organic and inorganic fertilizer than both applied alone. The number of

marketable fruits per plant found maximum when plot applied with 50 per cent RDF

(inorganic source) + 50 percent Celrich and followed by 50 per cent RDF + 50 per cent

FYM. It may be due to the increase in height of the plants, earliness in production of

fruits, and as well as accumulation of cytokinin in the active sinks namely the productive

flowers due to better root activity and this could have caused increased number of fruits

(Nanthakumar and Veeraragavathatham , 1999). Higher fruit set may also increased the

number of fruits per plant. The similar results have been reported by Abusaleha and

Shanmugavelu (1988) in okra, Amirthalingum (1988) in chilli, Annanurova et al. (1992)

in tomato, Hsieh ChingFang et al. (1994) in sweet pepper, Fugro (1996), Umap (1998)

and Barekar (2000) in chilli.

The number of unmarketable fruits were maximum when 100 per cent

RDF applied to the plants and it was minimum when plants applied with 50 per cent

organic and 50 per cent inorganic fertilizer in combinations. Although no literature is

available to substantiate the influence of 100 per cent RDF which gave maximum number

of unmarketable fruits per plant and combination of organic and inorganic fertilizer

which gave minimum number of unmarketable fruits per plant.

5.2.4 Length of fruit and pedicel and Breadth of fruit

The length of fruit and pedicel (Table 7) , is an important yield attributing

parameter. From the result it is revealed that the length of fruit and pedicel was found

maximum when plants supplied with 50 per cent of inorganic and 50 per cent of organic

fertilizer than they both supplied alone. In general, 50 per cent RDF + 50 per cent Celrich

or FYM increased the length of fruit and pedicel. From the Table 7, it is concluded that,

when length of fruit increases, the length of pedicel also increased.

Breadth of fruit (Table 7) was found maximum when plants applied with

50 per cent of RDF (Inorganic source) + 50 per cent of Celrich or FYM than 100 per cent

inorganic fertilizer applied alone.

Application of 50 per cent inorganic fertilizer and 50 per cent organic

manure was found to be superior in increasing length and breadth of fruit. The similar

findings have been reported by Abusaleha and Shanmugavelu (1988) in okra,

Amirthalingum (1988) in chilli, Hsieh Ching Fang et al. (1994) in sweet pepper, Fugro

(1996) in chilli, Raut (1998) in okra, Umap (1998)and Barekar (2000) in chilli.


Number of seeds per fruit (Table 7), increased with length of the fruit.

Maximum number of seeds per fruit was obtained when plants applied with 50 per cent

organic and 50 per cent of inorganic fertilizer than both applied alone. The similar result

have been reported by Amirthalingum (1988) in chilli.

5.2.6 Weight of the fruit i.e. Number of marketable and

unmarketable fruits per 100 g

The present study revealed that the fruit weight (Table 8), could be

improved by the application of organic and inorganic fertilizer in combinations. The

plants fertilized with inorganic fertilizer and organic manures alone recorded the lowest

fruit weight among the treatments. The maximum fruit weight was recorded in the crop

fertilized with both 50 per cent of RDF (Inorganic source) and 50 per cent of Celrich or

FYM (T6 and T5).

The similar results have been reported by Abusaleha and shanmugavelu

(1988) in okra, Amirthalingamn (1988) in chilli, Annonurova et al. (1992) in tomato,

Nanthakumar and Veeraragavathatham (1999) in brinjal and Barekar (2000) in chilli.

The maximum fruit weight might be due to accelerated mobility of

photosynthates from the source to the sink as influenced by the growth hormone, released

or synthesised due to organic manures (Susan, 1995).

The weight of unmarketable fruits were lower than marketable fruits due

to minimum length , small size and less seed content of the unmarketable fruits.


yield of chilli

The yield per plant and per hectare (Table 9 and 10) was significantly

increased due to application of inorganic and organic fertilizer in combinations than they

applied alone. In general, yield per plant and per hectare was found to be maximum when

plants supplied with 50 per cent of RDF (Inorganic source) + 50 percent Celrich or FYM

(T6 yields 363.66 g/plant and 179.09 Q/ha and T5 yields330.23 g/plant and 163.07 q/ha).

Combination of 50 per cent inorganic fertilizer with 50 per cent of Celrich gave 9 % more

yield than that applied with 50% per cent FYM. It is attributed to biofertilizer content in

Celrich and differences in minerlization, availability and utilization by plant. Similar

result have been reported by Tupe (1996) in okra.

The yield increased in above two treatments is the summation of the

favourable ffect on growth and yield contributing parameters such as plant height,

number of branches per plant, early flower initiation, 50 per cent flowering, number of

flowers per plant, per cent fruit set, number of fruits per plant, mean fruit weight, length

and breadth of the fruit which was obtained with 50 per cent inorganic fertilizer in

combination with 50 per cent of organic manures. Many studies indicated that yield is

highly correlated with fruit number per plant rather than individual fruit weight (Munshi,

1998).

The yield increase obtained in plant is also due to biofertilizer content in

Celrich. Azospirillum could be attributed to the effect of growth hormones like IAA,

Cytokinin produced by Azospirillum (Fallik et al., 1989), .lh16

vitamin B 12 (Sankaram, 1960), auxin (Naumova et al, 1962), gibberellin (Barea et al.

1976). The phytohormones produced by Azospirillum also stimulate root growth and

induce changes in root morphology, which in turn improve the assimilation of nutrients

and thus yield increased (Summer, 1990). The phosphobacteria in Celrich solubilize and

increases the availability of organic phosphorus to the plants (Golebiowska et al. 1964).

Similar findings have been reported by Amirthalingam (1988) in chilli, Raut (1998) in

okra, Nanthakumar and Veeraragavathatham (1999)in brinjal, Patil et al.(1999) in okra

and Barekar (2000) in chilli.

Maximum yield was found with combination of 50 per cent Celrich might

be due to 30 per cent organic matter content in it. The microbial population increases at

tremendous rate as organic matter decomposed in soil with the subsequent release of

nitrogen for growth and yield. When organic manures applied to the soil, various organic

acids liberated during decomposition of organic matter which helps in more

solubilization of native and applied nutrients and their subsequent uptake. (Subbiah et al.

1982) and (Nair and Peter, 1990) in chilli. Similar effects with the addition of organic

manures were also reported by Cerna (1980), Valsikova and Ivanic (1982), Narasappa et

al. (1985), Damke et al. (1988), Natrajan (1990), Mallangouda et al. (1995), fugro

(1996), Malewar et al. (1998) and Shashidhara et al. (1998) in chilli which supports the

current findings.


quality of chilli

5.4.1 Ascorbic acid content

Ascorbic acid content in chilli pods (Table 11), was found highest when

plants applied with 50 per cent RDF (Inorganic source) + 50 per cent Celrich i.e. in

treatment T6 (154.95 mg/100 g). In general, the combination of organic and inorganic

fertilizers increased the ascorbic acid of fruit. The fruits of the plants applied with

inorganic fertilizer alone recorded the lowest ascorbic acid content compared with

organic manures. Similar results have been reported by Valsikova and Ivanic (1982) in

chilli, Darley et al. (1994) in brinjal, Abusaleha and Shanmugavelu (1988) in okra,

Amirthalingam (1988) in chilli, Kannan (1990) in okra and Malewar et al. (1998) in

chilli.

This effect might be due to physiological influence of Azospirillum and

Phosphobacteria on the activity of a number of enzymes (Sendur Kumaran et al., 1998).

In present investigation, ascorbic acid content in the fruit was found to be

higher where, length of the fruit was more. It is an established fact that ascorbic acid

content in green fruits is strongly correlated with the length of fruit (Askand, 1984).

5.4.2 Chlorophyll content

Chlorophyll content of chilli fruit (Table 11) was found to be non

significant. But it was more in combination of 50 % organic and inorganic fertilizer than

inorganic fertilizer applied alone.

Chapter VI

SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION Summary The present investigation entitled, "Effect of organic and inorganic

fertilizer on yield and quality of chilli (Capsicum annuum L.)", was conducted during

kharif season of 2000-001 at Department of Horticulture, Marathwada Agricultural

University, Parbhani.

The main objective of conducting the experiment was to find out an

appropriate combination of organic and inorganic fertilizer to increase the green yield of

chilli and to study the nutrients effect on quality of chilli.

The experiment was carried out in simple Randomized Block Design with

three (3) replications and eight (8) treatments with the plot size of 2.5 x 2.5 m2

at 45 x 45 cm spacing. The Pusa Jwala variety selected to study the effect of organic and

inorganic fertilizer on various characters.

The observations recorded in respect of various characters are summarised

as under.

6.1 Vegetative growth

Height (cm)

In this regard, treatment T6 (50% RDF + 50% OM as Celrich) found to be

significantly superior in height of the plant (39.93 cm) at 100 DAT followed by

treatment T5 (50% RDF + 50% OM as FYM) (38.13 cm). The lowest height observed in

treatment T8 (100% OM) (31.20 cm).

Primary branches

With regard to number of primary branches per plant, the treatment T6

(50% RDF + 50% OM as Celrich) being statistically similar to treatment T5 (50% RDF

50% OM FYM) emerged significantly superior over all the treatments and lowest number

of primary branches recorded in treatment T8 (100%OM) at 100 DAT.

6.2 Flowering

Flower initiation

The treatment T6 (50% RDF + 50% OM as Celrich) was found to be

earliest in flower initiation (33.33 DAT) and was at par with treatment T5 (50% RDF +

50% OM as FYM). The late flower initiation reported in treatment T1 (100% RDF).

50 per cent flowering

Among the different combinations treatment T6 (50% RDF + 50% OM as

Celrich) emerged significantly superior in earliest 50 per cent flowering (37.66 DAT).

Next superior treatment was T5 (50% RDF + 50% OM as FYM). The late 50 per cent

flowering occurred in treatment T1 (100% RDF).

6.3 Yield attributing parameters

Number of flowers per plant

Significantly more number of flowers per plant were observed in treatment

T6 (50 RDF + 50% OM as Celrich) and was statistically at par with treatment T5 (50%

RDF + 50 % OM as FYM) and lowest number of flowers per plant recorded in treatment

T8 (100% OM)

Per cent fruit set

Treatment T6 (50% RDF + 50% OM as Celrich) had significantly highest

number of fruit set (61.22 %) which was at par with treatment T5 (50% RDF + 50 %

OM as FYM). Lowest fruit set was observed in treatment T8 (100% OM).

Number of marketable fruits per plant

The highest number of marketable fruits per plant (151.93) were

significantly recorded in treatment T6 (50% RDF + 50% OM as Celrich). Next superior

treatment was T5 (50% RDF +50% OM as FYM). Lowest number of unmarketable fruits

recorded in treatment T8 (100% OM) i.e. (79.20).

Number of unmarketable fruits per plant

The treatment T1 (100 % RDF) recorded highest number of unmarketable

fruits per plant. The lowest number of unmarketable fruits obtained in treatment T6 (50%

RDF + 50% OM as Celrich).

Total number of fruits per plant

The highest number of fruits per plant (168.33) were significantly

observed in treatment T6 (50% RDF + 50% OM as Celrich). Next superior treatment was

T5 (50% RDF + 50% OM as FYM). The lowest number of fruits per plant recorded in

treatment T8 (100% OM).

Length of the fruit and pedicel

The length the fruit and pedicel was found maximum in treatment T6

(50% RDF + 50% OM as Celrich) and lowest in treatment T1 (100% RDF).

Breadth of the fruit

Treatment T6 (50% RDF + 50% OM as Celrich) observed maximum

breadth of the fruit (0.743 cm). Next superior treatment was T5 and was at par with

treatments T8 and T7. Lowest breadth of the fruit was recorded in treatment T1 (100%

RDF) (0.653 cm).

Number of seeds per fruit

The number of seeds per fruit was found to be significantly highest

(70.66) in treatment T6 (50% RDF + 50% OM as Celrich). Lowest seeds observed

(65.66) in treatment T1 (100% RDF).

Number of marketable fruits per 100 g

Lowest of marketable fruits per 100 g (45.66) were found in treatment T6

(50% RDF + 50% OM as Celrich) and highest number of marketable fruits per 100 g

were recorded in treatment T1 (100% RDF) i.e. 62.83.

Number of unmarketable fruits per 100 g

Lowest number of unmarketable fruits per 100 g (52.66) were recorded in

treatment T5 (50% RDF + 50% OM as FYM)and was at par with treatment T6 (50%

RDF + 50% OM as Celrich). The maximum number of unmarketable fruits per 100 g

were observed in treatment T1 (100% RDF) i.e. 72.27.

6.4 Yield

6.4.1 Yield per plant (g)

The marketable yield per plant was significantly superior (332.82 g/plant)

in treatment T6 (50 RDF + 50% OM as Celrich). Next superior treatment was T5 (50%

RDF + 50% OM as FYM). Lowest marketable yield/plant was recorded in treatment T1

(100% RDF) i.e. 142.02 g/plant and was at par with treatment T8 (100 % OM) i.e. 146.56

g/plant.

Treatment T8 (100 % OM) produced the lowest unmarketable yield per

plant (29.74 g/plant) and was at par with treatment T6 (50% RDF + 50% OM as Celrich)

i.e. 29.84 g/plant. The highest unmarketable yield per plant was found in treatment T4

(75% RDF + 25% OM as Teracare) i.e. 35.04 g/plant and was at par with treatments T1,

T3 and T5.

Significantly, maximum total yield per plant (362.66 g) was observed in

treatment T6 (50% RDF + 50% OM as Celrich). The lowest total yield per plant (176.30

g) was recorded in treatment T8 (100% OM) and was at par with treatment T1 (100%

RDF ) i.e. 176.53 g/plant.

6.4.2 Yield per hectare (q)

The highest marketable yield per hectare (164.35 q) was recorded in

treatment T6 (50% RDF + 50% OM as Celrich). The lowest marketable yield (70.13 q)

was observed in treatment T1 (100% RDF) and was at par with treatment T8 (100% OM

) i.e. 72.37 q/ha.

Minimum unmarketable yield per hectare (14.68 q) was recorded in

treatment T8 (100% OM) and was at par with treatment T6 (50% RDF + 50% OM as

Celrich) i.e. 14.73 q/ha. The highest unmarketable yield per hectare (17.30 q) was

observed in treatment T4 (75% RDF + 25% OM as Teracare) and was at par with

treatments T1, T3 and T5.

The highest total yield per hectare (179.09 q) was observed in treatment

T6 (50% RDF + 50% OM as Celrich) followed by treatment T5 (50 % RDF + 50 % OM

as FYM) (163.07 q/ha). The lowest total yield per hectare (87.05) was recorded in

treatment T8 (100% RDF) and was at par with treatment T1 (100 % RDP) i.e. 87.17 q/ha.

6.5 Quality

Ascorbic acid content

In respect of Ascorbic acid content, significantly superior value was

recorded (154.95 mg/100g) in treatment T6 (50% RDF + 50% OM as Celrich). The next

superior treatment was T8 (100% OM ) and was at par with T5 (50% + RDF + 50%OM

as FYM) i.e. 133.33 and 132.43 mg/100 g. The lowest ascorbic acid content was

observed in treatment T1 (100% RDF) i.e. 76.57 mg/100g.

Chlorophyll content (mg/g)

Effect of organic and inorganic fertilizer and their combinations on

chlorophyll content of chilli fruit were non significant.

CONCLUSION

On the basis of present findings it can be concluded that, in respect of

cultivation of chilli Var. Pusa Jwala, under Parbhani condition that the application of

50% RDF (inorganic source) + 50% organic manures as Celrich was significantly

effective for enhancing growth, yield attributing parameters, green yield and quality of

chilli.

As the study was undertaken only for one season, it needs further

confirmation.

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