organic and biological chemistry chapter 25 organic

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Organic and Biological Chemistry Chapter 25 Organic

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Page 1: Organic and Biological Chemistry Chapter 25 Organic

Organic andBiologicalChemistry

Chapter 25Organic

Page 2: Organic and Biological Chemistry Chapter 25 Organic

Organic andBiologicalChemistry

Organic Chemistry• The chemistry of

_________________ compounds.• Carbon has the ability to form long

_________________.• Without this property, large

biomolecules such as proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, and nucleic acids could not form.

Page 3: Organic and Biological Chemistry Chapter 25 Organic

Organic andBiologicalChemistry

Structure of Carbon Compounds• There are _________________ hybridization

states and geometries found in organic compounds:sp3 Tetrahedralsp2 Trigonal planarsp Linear

Page 4: Organic and Biological Chemistry Chapter 25 Organic

Organic andBiologicalChemistry

Hydrocarbons

• Four basic types:AlkanesAlkenesAlkynesAromatic hydrocarbons

Page 5: Organic and Biological Chemistry Chapter 25 Organic

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Alkanes

• Only _________________ bonds.• Saturated hydrocarbons.

“Saturated” with _________________.

Page 6: Organic and Biological Chemistry Chapter 25 Organic

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Formulas

• Lewis structures of alkanes look like this.• Also called _________________.• Often not convenient, though…

Page 7: Organic and Biological Chemistry Chapter 25 Organic

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Formulas

…so more often condensed formulas are used.

Page 8: Organic and Biological Chemistry Chapter 25 Organic

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Properties of Alkanes

• Only van der Waals force: _________________.• Boiling point _________________ with length of chain.

Page 9: Organic and Biological Chemistry Chapter 25 Organic

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Structure of Alkanes

• Carbons in alkanes sp3 hybrids.• Tetrahedral geometry.• 109.5° bond angles.

Page 10: Organic and Biological Chemistry Chapter 25 Organic

Organic andBiologicalChemistry

Structure of Alkanes

• Only ________________in alkanes

• Free rotation about C—C bonds.

Page 11: Organic and Biological Chemistry Chapter 25 Organic

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Isomers

Have same __________________________, but atoms are bonded in different order.

Page 12: Organic and Biological Chemistry Chapter 25 Organic

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Organic Nomenclature

• Three parts to a compound name:Base: Tells how many carbons are in the longest

continuous chain.Suffix: Tells what type of compound it is.Prefix: Tells what groups are attached to chain.

Page 13: Organic and Biological Chemistry Chapter 25 Organic

Organic andBiologicalChemistry

To Name a Compound…

1. Find the longest chain in the molecule.

2. Number the chain from the end nearest the first substituent encountered.

3. List the substituents as a prefix along with the number(s) of the carbon(s) to which they are attached.

Page 14: Organic and Biological Chemistry Chapter 25 Organic

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To Name a Compound…

If there is more than one type of substituent in the molecule, list them ________________.

Page 15: Organic and Biological Chemistry Chapter 25 Organic

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Cycloalkanes• Carbon can also form _________________ structures.• Five- and six-membered rings are most stable.

Can take on conformation in which angles are very close to tetrahedral angle.

Smaller rings are quite strained.

Page 16: Organic and Biological Chemistry Chapter 25 Organic

Organic andBiologicalChemistry

Alkenes

• Contain at least one carbon–carbon _________________ bond.

• Unsaturated.Have fewer than maximum number of hydrogens.

Page 17: Organic and Biological Chemistry Chapter 25 Organic

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Structure of Alkenes

• Unlike alkanes, alkenes cannot rotate freely about the _________________.Side-to-side overlap makes this impossible without

breaking -bond.

Page 18: Organic and Biological Chemistry Chapter 25 Organic

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Alkynes

• Contain at least one carbon–carbon _________________ bond.

• Carbons in triple bond sp-hybridized and have _________________.

• Also unsaturated.

Page 19: Organic and Biological Chemistry Chapter 25 Organic

Organic andBiologicalChemistry

Nomenclature of Alkynes

• Analogous to naming of alkenes.• Suffix is -yne rather than –ene.

4-methyl-2-pentyne

Page 20: Organic and Biological Chemistry Chapter 25 Organic

Organic andBiologicalChemistry

Aromatic Hydrocarbons

• Cyclic hydrocarbons.• p-Orbital on each atom.

Molecule is planar.

• Odd number of _________________in -system.

Page 21: Organic and Biological Chemistry Chapter 25 Organic

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Aromatic Nomenclature

Many aromatic hydrocarbons are known by their common names.

Page 22: Organic and Biological Chemistry Chapter 25 Organic

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Alcohols• Contain one or more _________________, —OH

• Named from parent hydrocarbon; suffix changed to -ol and number designates carbon to which hydroxyl is attached.

Page 23: Organic and Biological Chemistry Chapter 25 Organic

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Ethers

• Tend to be quite _________________.• Therefore, they are good

_________________ solvents.