oral surgury 6

Oral surgery lec # 5 29/3/2009

بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم

Hello everybody

this z my first lecture and i did my best to make it ( r5eesa w kwayseh w bnt nas ) ,, the record was too long ( 80 mnts ), the doctor skipped many slides and unfortunately i don’t have copy of them ,, so read the handout beside the lecture .

lets begin and plz try to enjoy ....

prevention and management of surgical complications

our lecture today talks about the most common complications occurring during or after oral surgical procedures , the later we call them postoperative complications .

complications which might occur during the surgical procedure could be related to the soft tissue at the site of extraction , to the teeth being extracted , to the anatomical structures adjacent to the site of surgery like nerves , or to the bone .

Complications are unfortunate things that we can’t prevent their happening even with perfect planning and excellent surgical technique, so the most important issue is :

1. To know how to manage them if these complications occurred.

2. dentists must perform surgery that is within their limitations and capabilities , so the dentist must keep in mind that referral to a specialist is an option which always should be exercised if the planned surgery is beyond the dentist own skill level .

1


Prevention of complications:The best and easiest way to manage complications is to prevent them from happening by a thorough of a preoperative assessment and comprehensive treatment plan .

- What do we mean by preoperative assessment ???1. Thorough review of the patient medical history .2. Full examination ( extra and intra orally )3. Investigations ( radiographs and blood investigation )

One of the primary ways to prevent complications is by obtaining adequate radiographs and carefully reviewing them .... these radiographs must include the entire area of surgery , including the apices of the roots of the teeth to be extracted , in addition to the local and the regional anatomical structures such as adjacent parts of maxillary sinus and the inferior alveolar canal .

4. Treatment plan .5. Then you go with your treatment .

After doing all these steps perfectly , if complications occurred you will be able to manage them .

Soft tissue injuries :Injuries to the soft tissue of the oral cavity are almost always the result of the surgeon’s lack of adequate attention to the delicate nature of the mucosa , attempts to do surgery with inadequate access or the use of excessive or uncontrolled force .

1. Tear of a mucosal flap

When you perform a surgery you need to raise a flap with adequate size to have a good visual access for the site of surgery .

2


Tearing of the mucosal flap usually results from an inadequately sized flap, which is then forcibly retracted beyond the ability of the tissue to stretch as the surgeon tries to gain needed surgical access .

2. Puncture wound of the soft tissue

This injury is the result of using uncontrolled force and is best prevented by the use of controlled force , with special attention given to using finger rests or support from the opposite hand in anticipation of slippage ..

For example while you are using the elevator and this elevator suddenly slipped , it will go into the tissues and puncture them .

Pic in doc slides : injury in the palate as a result of elevator slipping .

3


3. Stretch or abrasion injury

Abrasions or burns of the lips , corners of the mouth , or flaps usually result from the rotating shank of the bur on the soft tissue or on a metal retractor in contact with soft tissue ..

Ex : while you are removing bone in surgical removal of teeth , if you are not careful enough , the hand piece will injure the mucosa or the lip and burn it .

Pic : in this pic you see burn to the lip , so you need to focus in your surgical field .

At the same time the assistant should be aware of the location of the shank of the bur in relation to the cheek and lips .

- But if this happened ... other than keeping the area clean with regular oral rinsing , you should advice the patient to apply antibiotics, ointments and Vaseline .. Antibiotics : to protect the patient from getting infected

Vaseline : to provide a protective coating to prevent any material from coming in contact in this .

Ointment : the patient should keep the area moist with the ointment during the entire healing period to prevent scar formation and delayed healing , as well as to keep the area reasonably comfortable but the patient must keep the ointment only on the abraded area and not spread onto intact skin because it is likely to cause a rash .

4


4. Subcutaneous or submucosal emphysema

During bone removal , while you are using the high speed drill which is with compressed air , this air may go into the tissue spaces . this might be dangerous and sometimes it might be fatal , the patient may die because the air from the high speed we are using to remove the bone or divide the tooth might go into tissue spaces in the neck and compress the airways .

So you need to be careful about this , but most of the time small amount of air may go to the soft tissues and if you press on them or palpate them, you will feel crackling sound ( FAGAGEE3 ) .

Management : usually we do nothing , they are self limiting and usually disappears in few days .. ( but we should be aware of them ) .

5. Broken instruments in tissue

- Cause : use of excessive force and repeated use of instruments .

- Treatment : radiographic localization and removal .

Proper instruments should be used during the procedure , so you should avoid poor quality or old instruments ( they must be still functioning )

Pic ( radiograph, in doc slides ) : broken instruments like fissure burs or round burs .

You should be careful to assess if you can remove them by yourself or refer the patient to a specialist .

Problems with a tooth being extracted:

1. Root fracture

5


The most common problem associated with the tooth being extracted is fracture of its root . long , curved , divergent roots that lie in dense bone are the most likely to be fractured .

- Causes : 1. Heavily restored tooth 2. Improper technique 3. Ankylosed root 4. Hocked curved root

In the radiograph you can see if the tooth is ankylosed , has hocked roots or divergent roots , then you can do surgery , divide them or remove bone to remove them easily without complications .

2. Tooth/root displacement into maxillary sinus

Pic( in doc slides) : first molar in the maxillary sinus ...

The amount of bone separating the root from the maxillary sinus is very small and it is easy to make communication between the sinus and the oral cavity during extraction , so you should be ready if this happened .

Communication between the the sinus and the oral cavity may occur (as the doctor said ) due to 2 reasons :

1)The absence of bone because of 1. Resorbing due to infection 2. There is no bone in the floor of the

sinus , its just soft tissue separating the root from the sinus .

2)Maxillary sinus pneumatization ( the alveolar process become occupied by maxillary sinus ) so even with simple extraction this thin bone will fracture with the root and lead to communication with the sinus .

6


- Pneumatization may happen without extraction , and it is not a normal process .

- If a root fragment or all the entire tooth is displaced into the maxillary sinus , what shall we do ?a) If it is small and noninfected , leave it because u need an

extensive surgical procedures to remove it .

The small and noninfected root tip can be left in place because it is unlikely to cause any troublesome sequelae . additional surgery in this situation causes more patient morbidity than leaving the root tip in the sinus . if the root tip is left in the sinus , the patient must be informed and given proper follow up instructions for regular monitoring of the root and the sinus and you should give him the special sinus precautions ( antibiotics , nasal

decongestion , analgesics ) .

b)If the root tip is large and infected , it should be removed . and if the whole root is infected you should refer the patient to a maxillofacial surgeon .

The usual method for removal is CALDWELL-LUC approach into the maxillary sinus in the canine fossa region and then removal of the

tooth .

- The tooth root that is most commonly displaced into unfavourable anatomic spaces is the maxillary molar root . if a fractured root of a maxillary molar is being removed with a straight elevator being used

7

this pic from the book ,, I know it’s not clear at all bs bemshe 7alha

(B) tooth in the maxillary sinus is

the maxillary third molar ..


with excessive apical pressure , the root can be displaced into the maxillary sinus .

Note : for implants we need adequate width and height of bone , if this isn’t available we do bone grafting to provide adequate adequate width and height .

- We said that the tooth can be displaced into the maxillary sinus , and sometimes while you are extracting a maxillary third molar you might displace it into the infratemporal fossa .

- Behind the maxillary tuborosity is the lateral ptregoid plate and lateral to it is the ramus so if u displace the tooth in this area and the ramus is in the other side , you might affect the mouth opening of the ramus so you need to remove it , and you have to be careful .

- If the displacement happen while you are doing the extraction , if you have good visibility and access , you can try to remove the tooth one attempt , if you can’t do that at one attempt close and refer him , because the tooth may displaced further back and removing it will be extremely difficult .

- When u refer the patient to a surgeon , if the pt doesn’t have any problems and the tooth is not infected so why we do anything . bt if the tooth is interfering with mouth movement and mouth opening so the surgeon should open and remove it .

- In the maxilla the teeth maybe displaced in the sinus or in the infra temporal fossa .

- while in the mandible the bone ( the apical bone ) specially on the lingual side related to the molars is thin ,, so if you apply an elevator and make a pressure you might displace the root or the tooth into the submandibular area , so to avoid this you need to avoid the apical pressure because you are going to push them against the thin lingual bone which can be fractured and the teeth will go into the submandibular space ,,,, if this happened , you can place your thumb lingually and try to push the tooth , if you can feel it through the socket so

8


back it again ,, if you can’t , refer him to a maxillofacial surgeon ( need to reflect a flap lingually to be able to remove the tooth ) .

3. Tooth lost into the oropharynx

The teeth may be swallowed or aspirated , if the patient swallowed a tooth and it went to the GIT , usually he will pass it 3-4 days later , but we need to make sure that the tooth is in the GIT by taking abdominal x-rays ,, so swallowing isn’t a serious problem .

But the problem is when the patient aspirated the tooth ... the tooth will go to the airways and close them completely or partially ,, then the pt will suffer from cyanosis , cough and difficulty in breathing ,, also he may die !!!!!

So if the patient aspirated a tooth , you must be sure that the airways are potent , then you should take chest x-rays .

Sometimes we do endoscopy or bronchoscopy ( enter a scope inside the bronchus and try and try to remove the foreign body )

Removal of the aspirated body is an emergency case which must be done in the hospital .

Injuries to adjacent teeth :When the dentist extracts a tooth , the focus of attention is on that particular tooth and the application of forces to luxate and deliver it. When the surgeon’s total attention is thus focused, likelihood of injury to the adjacent teeth increases.

Injury is often due to use of bur to remove bone or divide a tooth for removal . the surgeon should take care to avoid getting too close to adjacent teeth when surgically removing a tooth . this usually requires the surgeon to keep some of the focus on structures adjacent to the site of surgery .

9


1. fracture or dislodgment of an adjacent restoration

While you are extracting a tooth you may damage the filling in the tooth adjacent to it , so you should be careful .

And you should warn the patient preoperatively about the possibility of fracturing the restoration during the extraction .

If this occurred the tooth should be smoothed or restored as necessary to keep the patient comfortable until a permanent restoration can be constructed .

2. luxation of an adjacent tooth

- inappropriate use of the extraction instruments may luxate an adjacent tooth , so sometimes during extraction of a tooth , as a result of applying pressure on the adjacent tooth , it may be luxated ( like when you are using an elevator )

- it could be also as a result of crowding , so if the tooth to be extracted is crowded and has overlapping adjacent teeth , as it commonly seen in the mandibular incisor region , a thin , narrow forceps may be useful for the extraction ..... forceps with broader

10

if first molar is to be removed ,, care must be taken not to fracture amalgam in the second premolar by elevator or forceps ...


beaks should be avoided because they will cause injury and luxation of adjacent teeth .

- management : if an adjacent tooth is significantly luxated or partially avulsed , the treatment goal is to reposition the tooth into its appropriate position and stabilize it so that adequate healing occurs .

3. extraction of the wrong tooth

- causes : 1) inadequate attention to the preoperative assessment .

2) a common reason for removing the wrong tooth is that a

dentist removes a tooth for another dentist , thus the

wrong tooth is sometimes extracted when the dentist is

asked to remove teeth for orthodontic purposes , specially

in pts with mixed dentition stages .

- management : if the wrong tooth is extracted , and the surgeon realizes that immediately , the tooth should be replaced quickly into the tooth socket . if the extraction is for orthodontic purposes , the surgeon should contact the orthodontist immediately and discuss whether the tooth that was removed can substitute for the tooth that should have been removed ,, and if the orthodontist believes that the original tooth must be removed , the correct extraction should be deferred for 4 or 5 weeks until the wrongfully extracted tooth regain its attachment to the alveolar process .

- The surgeon should not extract the contralateral tooth until a definite alternative treatment plan is made.

11


- When the wrong tooth is extracted, it is important to inform the pt and any other dentist involved with the pt care.

- The point is not YEEEH we did a mistake, it is how to manage this mistake.

Injuries to the osseous structures :

1. Fracture to the buccal plate

The most common sites where bone fracture may occur are the buccal cortical plate in canine region, molars region and lower anterior teeth region.

- The bone is more prone to fracture:a. in old peopleb. And if it is thick..... While doing extraction you expand

the socket, if the bone is thick so it is not elastic then you can’t expand the socket and u may fracture the bone.

note : infiltration can work in thick bone .

- While you extracting the upper first molar and you felt that the buccal plate is moving, what you should do ?

1) If the bone is still attached to the soft tissues , try to separate the bone and soft tissue from the root then you can remove the tooth easily ..

12


2) If you can’t do that, stop the extraction and ask the pt to come back after six weeks.. Then you do the extraction by surgical techniques (more controlled bone removal, instead of removing the whole buccal plate , we remove only the bone required to remove the tooth ) .

- but if you extract the tooth with large amount of bone so here u can’t replace it again , just do smoothening for the sharp edges of the bone then suturing , and the most important thing is to inform the patient .

Pic: piece of bone was removed with the tooth instead of removing the tooth alone

2. Fracture of the maxillary tuberosity

13


Pic: maxillary tuberosity was removed with the tooth.

- During extraction if you noticed that the bone is moving , try to separate the bone and the soft tissue from the tooth then extract it, or you start surgical removal , or dismiss the patient and ask him to come after 5-6 weeks to remove the tooth surgically .

- Soooooooooo it is very important to keep the bone attached to the soft tissue, WHY !!! to keep it supplied with blood ..

- If you remove the tuberosity with the bone , you have nothing to do except irrigation and suturing .

3.fractures of the jaws :

Patients with a weak jawbone structure (e.g. older women with osteoporosis) may have a risk of jaw fracture. Even if the actual tooth extraction procedure is performed smoothly without any problems, there are cases of complications during the healing process.

- Causes: excessive pressure during extraction and thin bone that slight pressure can break it .

- Management: TAJBEEER .

Injuries to the adjacent structures :

1. injury to regional nerves :

14


A mistake during an extraction of a tooth from the lower jaw may damage the inferior alveolar nerve. Numbness in the lower lip and chin are common symptoms of a damaged nerve. The nerve will heal in a few weeks up to some months depending on the extend of the damage. In rare cases, the nerve is unable to heal completely, leaving the patient with a permanent numbness.

2. Injury to the temporomandibular joint

( The doctor didn’t talk about them at all )

Foreign bodies :- Foreign bodies : tooth , root , detached fillings may be either

swallowed or inhaled .- Inhaled foreign bodies which may obstruct the airways can

cause rapidly developing cyanosis and exaggerated respiratory effort .. immediate steps must be taken to restore potency of the airways .

- Management :1) ask the pt to cough , because cough action forces the foreign body to come out ,,, so ask him to cough and split on the floor to be sure that the FB came out .2) If this failed hit him on his back .3) And again if this failed .. Stand behind the pt and put ur hands on each other below the sternum of the pt then push 3-4 times ( this is called HEIMLICH MANUVER ) .4) Failed again .. lie the pt on his abdomen and put ur hands below his sternum and push ..5) Failed then la 7wl wala qewata ela belah w ma elu ‘3er rbna

Here the doctor skipped many slides then he started saying : we need to bypass the area of obstruction by something we called crichothyrotomy .

We have membrane between cricoid and thyroid cartilage called the cricothyroid membrane, and the cricoid is the only complete tracheal ring .

15


Ex : the laryngeal prominent of the thyroid cartilage ( adam’s apple ) , it is the area of thyroid cartilage , above it we have hyoid bone and below it we have the cricoid cartilage and between thyroid and cricoid we have membrane ,, so if u put ur fingers ( the little finger on the hyoid bone and other two fingers below adam’s apple , in the area in between we enter anything to open the area and allow the passage of air ...

Tooth extraction complications after the operation:

Possible tooth extraction complications after the operation include :

1. Dry socket:

A dry socket following a tooth extraction is a common complication in about 5% of people who have a tooth extracted. The condition occurs when a blood clot does not form normally in the tooth socket or the blood clot is washed out or dissolved prematurely. In a dry socket situation, the underlying bone and nerves are exposed to air and food, causing intense pain and sometimes bad odor or taste. A dry socket needs to be treated with a medicated dressing to stop the pain and help healing.

2. Infection:

The wound of the tooth extraction can be a doorway for bacteria causing an infection, particularly in patients with a weakened immune system. If a patient has a high risk of infection the dentist will generally prescribe antibiotics before and after the extraction.

3. Excessive bleeding and/or swelling, redness or fever. If you have any of these symptoms, especially if they continue after the first 24 hours, contact your dentist or oral surgeon for advice.

16


The postoperative complications were not mentioned by the doctor

Many slides were skipped here ,,

And now EL7AMDOLELAH it is the end

Bma enu dayel makan bl saf7a fa 5leena nktb km ta7eyeh ...

- My frndz whom i miss sooooo much ( Reem Qudeisat ,, Hala hajeer , Sahar karasneh , Hanaa Marzooq and Yasmeen Asfoor ) .

- My best frndz :

Maram Bataiha ( o8eru 2na el mzkor a3lah , saken bl 3enwan eyah bltanazol 2dam el df3a klha yalla 3eshe wel ba2e 3ndek )

Ruba al tawara ( happy birthday ror w 3o2bal e 1000 ya rb ,, bs da5lek shu 25bar el jorth !!!!! )

Zain smadi ( ma 7d fahem mwhebte el m2anteka ‘3erek ,, slamet 3yonek ya zozo )

Esraa Gozlan ( 2aaaah b3ed elayale wel 2yam mn sho2e eleak )

Rawan Rahhal ( 7awalt at3awad bs ma tele3 m3e shi )

Mais Hatamleh ( bma enu el 7yat salaf dean w bma enek katabtele ehda2 fa jmeltek 3la 7alek ,, 3asal walla m3 enu bndal netna2ar )

- Ta7eyeh kman la kl group C w 5asatan C2 ( we r the best )

- Finally .. for u dr. Baker Quteishat ( dayman 3ndak solafeh , alla yjeeb 2a5er hl sawaleef 3la 5ear w m3 enu ma nef3ni el endo taba3ak )

Tell me if there z any mistake

Heba Jaradat

17


18

oral surgury 6

Documents

site of surgery

infected4 oral surgery

planned surgery

entire area of surgery

prevention of complications

common complications

postoperative complications

soft tissue injuries