optimising recovery from waste - apse · prequel • adam smith ‐'the real tragedy of the...
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Optimising Energy Recovery from Waste
Association of Public Sector Excellence
John CA Stewart,
B9 Organic Energy International Ltd
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Prequel
People of the same trade seldom meet together, even for
merriment and diversion, but the conversation ends in a
conspiracy against the public, or in some contrivance to
raise prices.
Adam Smith, An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of
Nations
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Prequel
• Adam Smith ‐ 'The real tragedy of the poor is the poverty of their aspirations'.
• 'Science is the great antidote to the poison of enthusiasm and superstition'.
• It’s from this last premise that I hope to approach the energy and waste linkage today
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Relevance of these quotations in an energy and waste context?
• We need meeting of minds to appreciate the link between energy and waste
• We need government to grasp the need for urgent action on technology introduction
• We need to lift our aspirations in order to optimise that change
• In the context of the foregoing, how can we optimise our technological opportunities and make the right decisions for change?
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Overview
• What are the elements of waste from which energy can be recovered?
• What are the various means of recovering energy from waste and what are their relative efficiencies?
• How can we achieve excellence in Scotland in optimising our resources?
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RES / B9 Energy
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B9 Energy O&M Ltd managed wind farm sites in UK and Ireland
40 wind farms
>600 wind turbines
>400 MW
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Offshore – 150 MW Tunes Plateau
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And Now . . ..
B9 Organic Energy LtdEnergy from Waste through:
1. Landfill gas development
2. AD waste treatment facilities
3. Government sponsored research project to enhance AD efficiency.
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Examples of AD plant
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Side View
• Typical 50,000 tpa plant
• Footprint approximately 2 acres of land
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Site Plan
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Front View
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Research Project
ORGANICINPUTS
MSW, Commercial
and Industrial,Agricultural,
Sewage Sludge
KTP system
AD system
Treatment systemOUTPUTS
Biogas
Fibre
Liquid
Energy Inputs Maximum Energy Conversion Energy Outputs
Remove ‘recyclables’ where necessary
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What elements of Municipal waste provide energy recovery opportunity?
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The Origins of waste resources
Farm Oilfield
Mine Forest
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Look at the origins of the waste – the origins of all things
• Rocks and ores –metals, aggregates, glass –non‐combustibles or non‐biodegradable
• Forest – wood, paper – combustible and biodegradable
• Farm – all food – combustible and biodegradable
• Oil well – fuels, plastics ‐ combustible
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Constituents of waste?
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Combustibles
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Biodegradables
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Carbohydrates,Proteins, Fats
Cellulose
Ligno-cellulose(high % lignin)
Ligno-cellulose(low % lignin)
Organic Wastes Organic Wastes –– Natural CompoundsNatural Compounds
Volatile Solids
High
Low
Biodegradability
High
Low
Anaerobic Digestion
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What are the energy values of the constituents?
• Plastics have similar calorific value to oil and have, arguably the greatest need for optimisation, being non‐renewable
• The organic fraction or BMW is over 60% by weight but much of that weight is water
• Plastics therefore, can be combusted with net energy output
• In order to drive off the moisture in BMW, large energy inputs are required – “burning water”
• E.g. Sewage sludge: >10MW in – 1MW out
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Means of recovering energy from waste
• Thermal treatment
• Anaerobic digestion
• Are there synergies between these
technologies and are there conflicts?
• What are the relative economic implications?
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The efficiency equation
• Overall efficiency =
• % of feed used in process (proportion into process) X
• % converted by process (proportion burnt) X
• % efficiency of process (boiler efficiency) X
• % efficiency of drive (turbine) X
• Correction for power used on site
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Efficiency comparison 1
Using MSW% available for process
% converted
% efficiency process
% efficiency drive
% Consumed on site
% Overall efficiency
Efficiency based on what used
KWhr/Te What is left
Incineration 100 98 79 32 15 21.1 21.1 526.5 Got an ashAD current 62 55 89 40 15 10.3 16.6 258.0 Got a sludge
AD Future 62 85 89 40 15 15.9 25.7 398.7
Soil coditioner + recyclate or 950 KWhr of energy
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Efficiency Comparison 2Using food waste
% available for process
% converted
% efficiency process
% efficiency drive
% Consumed on site
Overall efficiency
Efficiency based on what used
KWhr/Te What is left
Incineration 100 98 74 32 15 19.7 19.7 167.1
Got an ash (warning low furnace temp)
AD current 98 55 89 40 15 16.3 16.6 138.1 Got a sludge
AD Future 98 85 89 40 15 25.2 25.7 213.5
Soil coditioner + recyclate or 17 KWhr of energy
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Conclusions on efficiency• Efficiency depends on what you put in.
• No single favourite.
• Non of the efficiencies shown are what we need!
• Cannot rely on electricity alone!
• Need to beneficially use by product heat.
• Advanced AD uses some of heat for the MRF.
• What is key is that plant is at a scale where heat can be used! (Small or integration is beautiful)
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What are their relative efficiencies?
Anaerobic Digestion
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What are their relative efficiencies?
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Energy efficiency: AD versus Composting
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How can we achieve excellence in Scotland in optimising our resources?
• Do we just tick boxes for “job done” or do we
tick the box “excellence achieved”?
• What are the economic implications?
– AD versus Incineration –
– £50‐£60 per tonne versus £80‐£120 per tonne
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Conclusion
• Make the right decisions based on science not expediency
• Oil at $200 per barrel within 3 years – Adam Smith again – the
Laws of Supply and Demand. Eddie O’Connor, Airtricity
• Get some plants built
• Build it and they will come!
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Thanks for the invitation
Contact details:
• John Stewart
• Tel: 0791 871 8589
• E‐mail: [email protected]