optics telescope johannes lippershey (middleburg, 1608) by accident - no knowledge of optics ...
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OpticsOptics TelescopeTelescope
Johannes Lippershey (Middleburg, 1608)Johannes Lippershey (Middleburg, 1608)By accident - no knowledge of opticsBy accident - no knowledge of opticsManufactured & sold in London (1609)Manufactured & sold in London (1609)
MicroscopeMicroscopeInventor unknownInventor unknown
Zacharius Jansen, Galileo (1614)
Surveyors quadrant (1631)Surveyors quadrant (1631)Earliest - Joseph Lusuerg (Rome, 1674)Earliest - Joseph Lusuerg (Rome, 1674)
CrankCrank
Conversion of rotary & reciprocating Conversion of rotary & reciprocating motionsmotions
Cam - Hero of AlexandriaCam - Hero of AlexandriaCrank & connecting rod (1430)Crank & connecting rod (1430)
Crank & Connecting RodCrank & Connecting Rod
PrintPrint
Greatest invention of Middle agesGreatest invention of Middle ages Johannes Gutenberg (Germany, 1440)Johannes Gutenberg (Germany, 1440)
Invention of paper reached Germany in about Invention of paper reached Germany in about 13201320
Cutting of punches from brass, punch copper Cutting of punches from brass, punch copper plate, pour molten ironplate, pour molten iron
Development of inksDevelopment of inks First book (Caxton, 1474)First book (Caxton, 1474) By 1500, 1050 presses in EuropeBy 1500, 1050 presses in Europe
Screw PressScrew Press
THE FOURTH AGETHE FOURTH AGE
Intimations of AutomationIntimations of Automation
Intimations of AutomationIntimations of Automation
Coinage - first mass production ?Coinage - first mass production ?Factory systemFactory system Interchangeability of componentsInterchangeability of componentsA computer too earlyA computer too early
CoinageCoinage
As early as 600 BCAs early as 600 BC Coin Blanks (1000)Coin Blanks (1000)
Sheet of metal, hammered, then cutSheet of metal, hammered, then cut Bramante (Florence, 1500)Bramante (Florence, 1500)
Utilized screw pressUtilized screw pressRolling millsRolling mills
Boulton (Soho, 1797)Boulton (Soho, 1797)Utilized power from steam engineUtilized power from steam engine
Factory SystemFactory System
Began with print shops and mintsBegan with print shops and mintsTextile industry (late 1700’s)Textile industry (late 1700’s)
Flying shuttle (Kay, 1755)Flying shuttle (Kay, 1755)Water frame (Arkwright, 1790)Water frame (Arkwright, 1790)Spinning Jenny (Hargreave, 1760)Spinning Jenny (Hargreave, 1760)Mule (Crompton, 1788)Mule (Crompton, 1788)Power Loom (Robert, 1825)Power Loom (Robert, 1825)
Primarily operated by steamPrimarily operated by steam
Factory System (continued)Factory System (continued) Industrial citiesIndustrial cities
Coal and oil in addition to steamCoal and oil in addition to steamNo need to locate industry by a riverNo need to locate industry by a riverBritainBritain
Liverpool, Manchester, Glasgow, Leeds, Nottingham, Birmingham
Metal-working industriesMetal-working industriesMachines create more machinesMachines create more machineslathes, boring, milling, shaping, slotting, planing, lathes, boring, milling, shaping, slotting, planing,
grinding, & gear-cuttinggrinding, & gear-cutting
James Watt’s Micrometer James Watt’s Micrometer (1772)(1772)
Henry Maudslay’s Screw Henry Maudslay’s Screw Cutting Lathe (1797)Cutting Lathe (1797)
Interchangeability of Interchangeability of ComponentsComponents
Beginning of mass productionBeginning of mass production LocksLocks
Joseph Bramah (1790)Joseph Bramah (1790)Required accuracy in productionRequired accuracy in productionBarrel of lock fits casing of anotherBarrel of lock fits casing of another
Smooth bore flintlock musketsSmooth bore flintlock musketsEli Whitney (1798)Eli Whitney (1798)Supplied US govt. with 15,000Supplied US govt. with 15,000Required 8 yearsRequired 8 years
A Computer Too EarlyA Computer Too Early Charles BabbageCharles Babbage
Professor of Mathematics, CambridgeProfessor of Mathematics, Cambridge Difference EngineDifference Engine (1833)(1833)
Special purpose calculating machineSpecial purpose calculating machine Analytical Engine (>1834)Analytical Engine (>1834)
Universal calculatorUniversal calculator Engine ?Engine ?
Power by steam (no foresight)Power by steam (no foresight) Purely mechanical with highly precise gearing and Purely mechanical with highly precise gearing and
machiningmachining
Difference Engine (1833)Difference Engine (1833)
THE FIFTH AGETHE FIFTH AGE
The Expansion of SteamThe Expansion of Steam
Pre-SteamPre-Steam Francesca della Porta (1606)Francesca della Porta (1606)
Suction caused by condensing steamSuction caused by condensing steamAbility to draw up waterAbility to draw up water
Otto von Guericke (1654)Otto von Guericke (1654)Two teams of 8 horses can’t pull apart copper sphere Two teams of 8 horses can’t pull apart copper sphere
made of two halvesmade of two halves Blaise Pascal (1648)Blaise Pascal (1648)
Weight of column of air is less at elevationWeight of column of air is less at elevation Robert Boyle (1660)Robert Boyle (1660)
Gas lawsGas laws
Steam EngineSteam Engine Hero of AlexandriaHero of Alexandria Newcomen (1712)Newcomen (1712)
21 inch dia. piston (12 strokes per min)21 inch dia. piston (12 strokes per min)10 gallons of water 51 yards per stroke10 gallons of water 51 yards per strokeLow efficiencyLow efficiency
WattWattCondense steam & create vacuumCondense steam & create vacuumSeparate condenser (1769)Separate condenser (1769)Double-acting engine (1782)Double-acting engine (1782)Rotative Engine (1781)Rotative Engine (1781)
Newcomen (1712)Newcomen (1712)
Development of SteamDevelopment of Steam
Trevithick (1799)Trevithick (1799)High pressure steamHigh pressure steam
Fulton (1807)Fulton (1807)Clermont on Hudson river Clermont on Hudson river
Sirius crossed Atlantic (1830)Sirius crossed Atlantic (1830) Intercontinental RailwayIntercontinental Railway
THE SIXTH AGETHE SIXTH AGE
The Freedom of Internal The Freedom of Internal CombustionCombustion
ChronologyChronology
Huygens utilized gunpowder in piston Huygens utilized gunpowder in piston and cylinderand cylinder
Etienne Lenoir (1859)Etienne Lenoir (1859)Coal gas as fuel with ignitionCoal gas as fuel with ignition
Nikolaus Otto (1877)Nikolaus Otto (1877)Four-stroke cycleFour-stroke cycle
Gottlieb Daimler (1885)Gottlieb Daimler (1885)Petrol as fuelPetrol as fuel
Benz Tricycle (1855)Benz Tricycle (1855)
Chronology (continued)Chronology (continued)
Paris-Rouen race (1894)Paris-Rouen race (1894)Rudolf Diesel (1892)Rudolf Diesel (1892)Wright Brothers (1903)Wright Brothers (1903)Ford Model “A” (1903)Ford Model “A” (1903)
THE SEVENTH AGETHE SEVENTH AGE
Electrons ControlledElectrons Controlled
ChronologyChronology Gas Lines (Late 1700s)Gas Lines (Late 1700s)
Philippe Lebon (1799)Philippe Lebon (1799)Gas From Heating Wood
Frederick Windsor (1807)Frederick Windsor (1807)Gas From CoalLit Pall Mall in London (1807)26 mile long main (1816)
Hydraulic MainsHydraulic MainsJoseph BramahJoseph Bramah
Hydraulic Press (1795)Hydraulic Mains (1812)
Chronology (continued)Chronology (continued)
ElectricityElectricityWilliam Gilbert (1600)William Gilbert (1600)Alessandro Volta (1800s)Alessandro Volta (1800s)
Zinc and Silver discs- Voltaic PileFirst True Battery - Static Source of Power
Michael Faraday (1831)Michael Faraday (1831)First Electric GeneratorMoved Magnet near a Wire
Wheatstone & Cooke (1845)Wheatstone & Cooke (1845)Substituted ElectromagnetsFirst Dynamo
Chronology (continued)Chronology (continued) Telephone - Bell (1876)Telephone - Bell (1876) Incandescent Light Bulb (1879)Incandescent Light Bulb (1879)
Thomas Edison - USAThomas Edison - USAJ.W. Swan - EnglandJ.W. Swan - England
ElectronicsElectronicsJ.A. Fleming - Diode (1904)J.A. Fleming - Diode (1904)ASCC/IBM - First computer ? (1944)ASCC/IBM - First computer ? (1944)
Automatic Sequence Controlled CalculatorMechanical Switching
ENIAC - First Electronic Computer (1946)ENIAC - First Electronic Computer (1946)Electronic Num. Integrator and Calculator