optical fiber materials and processing -...

Optical Fiber Materials and Processing

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Cambridge University Press978-1-107-41023-7 - Optical Fiber Materials and Processing: Symposium held November 27-29, 1989, Boston, Massachusetts, U.S.A.Edited by James W. Fleming, George H. Sigel, Jr., Shiro Takahashi and Paul W. FranceFrontmatterMore information

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MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY SYMPOSIUM PROCEEDINGS VOLUME 172

Optical Fiber Materials and Processing

Symposium held November 27-29, 1989, Boston,Massachusetts, U.S.A.

EDITORS:

James W. FlemingAT&T Bell Laboratories, Murray Hill, New Jersey, U.S.A.

George H. Sigel, Jr.Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey, U.S.A.

Shiro TakahashiNTT Corporation, Ibaraki, Japan

Paul W. FranceBritish Telecom Research Laboratories, Ipswich, United Kingdom

IMIRISI MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETYPittsburgh, Pennsylvania






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Contents

PREFACE xi

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS xiii

MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY SYMPOSIUM PROCEEDINGS xv

PART I: GENERAL FIBER PROCESSING

•SCATTERING FROM GAS-PHASE SYNTHESIZED PARTICLES 3A.J. Hurd

THERMOCHEMISTRY OF THE AMORPHOUS SYSTEM SiO2-GeO2:COMPARISON OF FLAME HYDROLYSIS MATERIALS TO HIGHTEMPERATURE FUSED GLASSES 15

P.D. Maniar, A. Navrotsky, and C.W. Draper

*SOL-GEL PROCESSING FOR FIBER OPTIC APPLICATIONS 21I.M. Thomas

CONTINUOUS CASTING OF PARTICULATE SILICA GELS 29E.M. Rabinovich, K.A. Jackson, and N.A. Kopylov

FLUID DYNAMIC INSTABILITIES IN DRAWN FIBERS 37C. Thompson and A. Mulpur

THERMAL MODELING OF THE OPTICAL FIBER DRAWING PROCESS 43H. Papamichael and I.N. Miaoulis

ACCELERATED COOLING OF OPTICAL FIBER 49S. Kyriacou, C.E. Polymeropoulos, and V. Sernas

PART II: FIBER COATINGS

•DEPOSITION OF HERMETIC CARBON COATINGS ON SILICA FIBERS 57R.G. Huff, F.V. DiMarcello, A.C. Hart, Jr., andK.L. Walker

CHEMICAL REACTIONS AT GLASS/LIQUID INTERFACES 65K.F. Ferris, C.P. Sosa, and L.R. Pederson

AN INVESTIGATION OF OPTICAL FIBER COATING PERFORMANCEIN EMBEDDED SENSING APPLICATIONS 71

R.A. Haaksma, M.J. Cehelnik, and M.J. Kerkhoff

FABRICATION OF OXIDE GLASS COATED FLUORIDE GLASSOPTICAL FIBERS FOR DURABILITY AND STRENGTH IMPROVEMENT 77

Y. Ohishi, K. Fujiura, and S. Takahashi

*Invited Paper






PART III: ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS

•DIFFUSION OF HYDROGEN THROUGH HERMETIC CARBON FILMS ONSILICA FIBERS 85

P.J. Lemaire, K.L. Walker, K.S. Kranz, R.G. Huff,and F.V. DiMarcello

EPR CHARACTERIZATION OF CARBON COATED FIBER 97D. Inniss

MATERIALS EFFECTS ON THE RADIATION SENSITIVITY OFSINGLE MODE OPTICAL FIBERS 103

E.J. Friebele, C.G. Askins, M.E. Gingerich,C M . Shaw, and W.H. Schmidt

INVESTIGATION OF DIFFERENTIAL INDUCED ATTENUATION OFORTHOGONAL AXES IN POLARIZATION MAINTAINING FIBERS 111

M.E. Gingerich, S.J. Hickey, C.C. Harrington,M.J. Marrone, E.J. Friebele, L.D. Looney, andJ.R. Onstott

LUMINESCENCE MEASUREMENT OF FUSED SILICA IN THE PRESENCEOF EXCIMER LASER RADIATION 119

N. Kuzuu, Y. Komatsu, and M. Murahara

PHOTOLUMINESCENCE INDUCED BY 6.4 eV PHOTONS IN HIGHPURITY SILICA 125

T.E. Tsai and H.B. Lin

PART IV: HALIDE GLASSES AND FIBERS

•SYNTHESIS AND CHARACTERIZATION OF HEAVY METAL FLUORIDEGLASSES AND FIBRES 135

P.W. France, S.F. Carter, M.W. Moore, andJ.R. Williams

PROCESS ANALYSIS IN THE PREPARATION OF FLUOROZIRCONATEGLASSES 143

M. Braglia, G. Cocito, M. Ferraris, G. Grego,G. Parisi, and R. Chiappetta

EFFECT OF COMPOSITIONAL VARIATIONS AND PROCESSING ONTHE OPTICAL SCATTERING OF ZBLAN GLASS 149

A.E. Neeves, W.A. Reed, M. Chui-Sabourin,and A.J. Bruce

ORIGIN AND ELIMINATION OF SCATTERING LOSSES IN FLUORIDEGLASSES AND FIBERS 157

J.S. Sanghera, I. Aggarwal, B. Harbison, L. Busse,P. Pureza, P. Hart, M.G. Sachon, L. Sills, andR. Miklos

FABRICATION OF A1F--BASED GLASS FIBERS 163M.R. Shahriari, T. Iqbal, P.R. Foy, S.J. Saggese,and G.H. Sigel, Jr.

•Invited Paper






THE CHARACTERIZATION OF INFRARED TRANSMITTING OPTICALFIBERS 169

R.D. Driver, G.M. Leskowitz, L.E. Curtiss,D.E. Moynihan, and L.B. Vacha

DESIGN PARAMETERS FOR MULTIMODE FLUORIDE FIBERS:EFFECTS OF COATING AND BENDING ON LOSS 177

L.E. Busse and I.D. Aggarwal

PART V: CHALCOGENIDE AND CHALCOHALIDE GLASSES

PREPARATION AND PROPERTIES OF SELENIUM-TELLURIUM BASEDCHALCOGENIDE AND CHALCOHALIDE GLASSES 185

M.R. Tuzzolo, D.J. McEnroe, and M.G. Drexhage

31P DIPOLAR NMR APPROACHES TOWARDS THE DEVELOPMENT OFSTRUCTURAL PRINCIPLES IN NON-OXIDIC GLASSES 193

H. Eckert, D. Franke, D. Lathrop, R. Maxwell, andM. Tullius

PROPERTY-COMPOSITION RELATIONSHIP OF CHALCOGENIDEGLASSES CONTAINING GERMANIUM 199

J.J.L. Yi and P.R. Strutt

TELLURIUM HALIDE GLASS FIBER FOR TRANSMISSION IN THE8-12 urn REGION 205

X.H. Zhang, G. Fonteneau, H.L. Ma, and J. Lucas

NEW STABLE IODIDE GLASSES IN THE Cd-As-I AND Cd-As-Ge-ISYSTEMS 211

J. Heo and G.H. Sigel, Jr.

STRUCTURAL STABILITY OF TELLURIUM HALIDE GLASSES 217J.J.L. Yi and P.R. Strutt

CRYSTALLIZATION STUDIES OF GLASSY Te-Se-Br THIN FILMS 221J.L. Adam, C. Ortiz, J.R. Salem, and X.H. Zhang

MECHANICAL STRENGTH OF LOW-DIMENSION GLASS FIBERS 227K.A. Cerqua, E.C. Behrman, and W.C. LaCourse

PART VI: POLYMERS AND PLANAR WAVEGUIDES

•ADVANCE OF PLASTIC OPTICAL FIBERS 235F. Ide and T. Yamamoto

LOW-LOSS GI PLASTIC OPTICAL FIBER AND NOVEL OPTICALPOLYMERS 247

Y. Koike and Y. Ohtsuka

SILICA BASED SINGLE-MODE WAVEGUIDES AND THEIR APPLICA-TIONS TO INTEGRATED-OPTIC DEVICES 253

N. Takato and A. Sugita

•Invited Paper

vii






POTENTIAL APPLICATION OF Bi(Pb)-Ca-Sr-Cu-0 GLASSES FORPREPARATION OF INTEGRATED OPTICAL FIBERS 265

H. Zheng and J.D. MacKenzie

PART VII: CRYSTALLINE MATERIALS

GROWTH OF OPTICAL QUALITY SAPPHIRE SINGLE CRYSTALFIBERS 273

D.H. Jundt, M.M. Fejer, and R.L. Byer

THE GROWTH AND CHARACTERIZATION OF TUNGSTEN BRONZESr Ba- Nb2O6 SINGLE CRYSTAL FIBERS 279

x J.I . Tamamoto and A.S. Bhalla

PROTON EFFECTS IN KTiOPO- 283P.A. Morris, M.K. Crawford, M.G. Roelofs,J.D. Bierlein, P.K. Gallagher, G. Gashurov,and G.M. Loiacono

EXTENDED X-RAY ABSORPTION FINE STRUCTURE STUDY OFPOTASSIUM NIOBATE 291

K.H. Kim, W.T. Elam, and E.F. Skelton

ANALYSIS OF THERMAL VARIATION OF LENGTH AND REFRACTIVEINDEX OF LEAD FLUORIDE TO STUDY ITS OPTICAL PROPERTIES 29 5

T.S. Aurora, D.O. Pederson, and S.M. Day

PART VIII: RARE EARTH DOPED GLASSES

•MATERIALS AND PROCESSING REQUIREMENTS FOR EFFICIENTFIBER OPTIC NONLINEAR DEVICES 303

R.H. Stolen

CONCENTRATION AND DISTRIBUTION OF Er, Al AND P INSILICA-BASED OPTICAL FIBER PREFORMS BY SIMS 315

D.W. Oblas, T. Wei, W.J. Miniscalco, and B.T. Hall

APPLICATION-SPECIFIC OPTICAL FIBRES MANUFACTURED FROMMQLTICOMPONENT GLASSES 321

E.R. Taylor, D.J. Taylor, L. Li, M. Tachibana,J.E. Townsend, J. Wang, P.J. Wells, L. Reekie,P.R. Morkel, and D.N. Payne

GLASSES FOR Er3+-DOPED FIBER LASERS AND OPTICALAMPLIFIERS 329

W.J. Miniscalco, L.J. Andrews, S. Zemon, B.T. Hall,T. Wei, and R.C. Folweiler

EXCITED STATE ABSORPTION AND CROSS SECTIONS FOR Er-DOPEDGLASSES 335

S. Zemon, G. Lambert, W.J. Miniscalco, L.J. Andrews,and B.T. Hall

INFRARED SPECTROSCOPY OF PROTONS IN KTiOPO. 341M.K. Crawford, P.A. Morris, M. RoelofsT andG. Gashurov

•Invited Paper

viii






OPTICAL ABSORPTION AND EMISSION IN RARE EARTH HEAVYMETAL FLUORIDE GLASSES 347

R. Pafchek, J. Aniano, E. Snitzer, andG.H. Sigel, Jr.

AUTHOR INDEX 353

SUBJECT INDEX 35 5

MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY SYMPOSIUM PROCEEDINGS 359






Preface

Optical fiber has been developed to such a degree that itcan now be seen as the transmission medium of choice for a broadrange of applications from telecommunications through spectros-copy. High silica glass optical fibers for lightwave telecom-munication have been very successful with new systems beinginstalled throughout the world daily. Other uses have beendemonstrated in the laboratory and promise to be importanttechnologies in the future. The continued success of lightwavetransmission systems and the development of the new applicationsdepend on materials and processing research in a number of areas.The editors hope this book will make a contribution to thateffort.

The papers contained herein were presented at the secondsymposium on Optical Fiber Materials and Processing, heldNovember 27-29, 19 89. The goal was to assemble investigators withoptical fiber materials and processing interests to share theirexpertise whether their specific goals address production ofsilica based fiber for low cost applications, long wavelengthmaterials for ultra-low loss or power transmission, broadtransmission wavelength fiber for spectroscopy, non-linear optics,or other related objectives.

The first symposium was part of the Materials ResearchSociety Meeting in Boston, Massachusetts, December 2-4, 19 86.This program included 33 talks which examined a wide range ofmaterial systems for optical fibers and optical transmissionincluding high silica fiber, typically operating between 0.6-1.6pm, polymer fiber materials, a variety of halides, chal-cogenides, and hollow core fibers. Processing talks includedvapor phase deposition, zone refining for purification, conven-tional melting, sol-gel preparation, new application methods forcoating, and planar waveguide fabrication. In addition, severalpapers were presented oh the properties of existing and potentiallightguides.

In the 1989 symposium we expanded the interest and atten-dance, and provided an excellent gathering of experts in the fieldwho are exploring optical fiber for the 19 00s and beyond. In thisconference 52 papers were presented. Topics discussed includedthose addressed in the 19 86 symposium which deal with processingof a variety of materials for various types of optical fiber.Additionally, since the 19 86 meeting, there has been increasedinterest and significant scientific advancement in defects inhigh-silica glasses, non-linear optical effects (particularly forfiber amplifiers) and hermetic coatings. These topics wereaddressed in the 19 89 meeting and the papers are contained herein.All papers were subject to peer review. Since a principleobjective of the editors was rapid publication, reviewed paperswere basically categorized as acceptable or not acceptable withthe authors having little opportunity for revision.

J.W. FlemingJanuary 199 0 G.H. Sigel, Jr.

S. TakahashiP.W. France






Acknowledgments

The editors and participants are grateful to the followinginstitutions and individuals for their special contributions tothis symposium.

FINANCIAL SUPPORT

Air ProductsAlcatel NV

AT&T Bell LaboratoriesCorning Glass Works

DeSoto, Inc.Heraeus Amersil

Johnson & JohnsonNippon Mining Co., Ltd.Schott Fiber Optics, Inc.

Nippon Telegraph and TelephoneTosoh USA, Inc.

INVITED SPEAKERS

P.W. FranceR. HuffA.B. HurdP.J. Lemaire

E. SnitzerR. StolenI. ThomasT. Yamamoto

SESSION CHAIRS

M. DrexhageP. FranceJ.B. MacChesneyM. Saifi

P.C. SchultzB. SkutnikE. SnitzerS. Takahashi

MANUSCRIPT PREPARATION

Annette Wojtowicz Kristine Vennesland

xiii






MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY SYMPOSIUM PROCEEDINGS

Recent Materials Research Society Symposium Proceedings

Volume 145—III-V Heterostructures for Electronic/Photonic Devices, C.W. Tu,V.D. Mattera, A.C. Gossard, 1989, ISBN: 1-55899-018-6

Volume 146—Rapid Thermal Annealing/Chemical Vapor Deposition and IntegratedProcessing, D. Hodul, J. Gelpey, M.L. Green, T.E. Seidel, 1989,ISBN: 1-55899-019-4

Volume 147—Ion Beam Processing of Advanced Electronic Materials, N.W. Cheung,A.D. Marwick, J.B. Roberto, 1989, ISBN: 1-55899-020-8

Volume 148—Chemistry and Defects in Semiconductor Heterostructures, M. Kawabe,T.D. Sands, E.R. Weber, R.S. Williams, 1989, ISBN: 1-55899-021-6

Volume 149—Amorphous Silicon Technology-1989, A. Madan, M.J. Thompson,P.C. Taylor, Y. Hamakawa, P.G. LeComber, 1989, ISBN: 1-55899-022-4

Volume 150—Materials for Magneto-Optic Data Storage, C.J. Robinson, T. Suzuki,CM. Falco, 1989, ISBN: 1-55899-023-2

Volume 151—Growth, Characterization and Properties of Ultrathin Magnetic Films andMultilayers, B.T. Jonker, J.P. Heremans, E.E. Marinero, 1989,ISBN: 1-55899-024-0

Volume 152—Optical Materials: Processing and Science, D.B. Poker, C. Ortiz, 1989,ISBN: 1-55899-025-9

Volume 153—Interfaces Between Polymers, Metals, and Ceramics, B.M. DeKoven,AJ. Gellman, R. Rosenberg, 1989, ISBN: 1-55899-026-7

Volume 154—Electronic Packaging Materials Science IV, R. Jaccodine, K.A. Jackson,E.D. Lillie, R.C. Sundahl,1989, ISBN: 1-55899-027-5

Volume 155—Processing Science of Advanced Ceramics, I.A. Aksay, G.L. McVay,D.R. Ulrich, 1989, ISBN: 1-55899-028-3

Volume 156—High Temperature Superconductors: Relationships Between Properties,Structure, and Solid-State Chemistry, J.R. Jorgensen, K. Kitazawa,J.M. Tarascon, M.S. Thompson, J.B. Torrance, 1989, ISBN: 1-55899-029

Volume 157—Beam-Solid Interactions: Physical Phenomena, J.A. Knapp, P. Borgesen,R.A. Zuhr, 1989, ISBN 1-55899-045-3

Volume 158—In-Situ Patterning: Selective Area Deposition and Etching, R. Rosenberg,A.F. Bernhardt, J.G. Black, 1989, ISBN 1-55899-046-1

Volume 159—Atomic Scale Structure of Interfaces, R.D. Bringans, R.M. Feenstra,J.M. Gibson, 1989, ISBN 1-55899-047-X

Volume 160—Layered Structures: Heteroepitaxy, Superlattices, Strain, andMetastability, B.W. Dodson, L.J. Schowalter, J.E. Cunningham,F.H. Pollak, 1989, ISBN 1-55899-048-8

Volume 161—Properties of II-VI Semiconductors: Bulk Crystals, Epitaxial Films,Quantum Well Structures and Dilute Magnetic Systems, J.F. Schetzina,F.J. Bartoli, Jr., H.F. Schaake, 1989, ISBN 1-55899-049-6

Volume 162—Diamond, Boron Nitride, Silicon Carbide and Related Wide BandgapSemiconductors, J.T. Glass, R.F. Messier, N. Fujimori, 1989,ISBN 1-55899-050-X

Volume 163—Impurities, Defects and Diffusion in Semiconductors: Bulk and LayeredStructures, J. Bernholc, E.E. Haller, DJ. Wolford, 1989,ISBN 1-55899-051-8

Volume 164—Materials Issues in Microcrystalline Semiconductors,P.M. Fauchet, C.C. Tsai, K. Tanaka, 1989, ISBN 1-55899-052-6

Volume 165—Characterization of Plasma-Enhanced CVD Processes, G. Lucovsky,D.E. Ibbotson, D.W. Hess, 1989, ISBN 1-55899-053-4

Volume 166—Neutron Scattering for Materials Science, S.M. Shapiro, S.C. Moss,J.D. Jorgensen, 1989, ISBN 1-55899-054-2






MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY SYMPOSIUM PROCEEDINGS

Volume 167—Advanced Electronic Packaging Materials, A. Barfknecht, J. Partridge,C-Y. Li, CJ. Chen, 1989, ISBN 1-55899-055-0

Volume 168—Chemical Vapor Deposition of Refractory Metals and Ceramics,T.M. Besmann, B.M. Gallois, 1989, ISBN 1-55899-056-9

Volume 169—High Temperature Superconductors: Fundamental Properties and NovelMaterials Processing, J. Narayan, C.W. Chu, L.F. Schneemeyer,D.K. Christen, 1989, ISBN 1-55899-057-7

Volume 170—Tailored Interfaces in Composite Materials, C.G. Pantano, E.J.H. Chen,1989, ISBN 1-55899-058-5

Volume 171—Polymer Based Molecular Composites, D.W. Schaefer, J.E. Mark, 1989,ISBN 1-55899-059-3

Volume 172—Optical Fiber Materials and Processing, J.W. Fleming, G.H. Sigel,S. Takahashi, P.W. France, 1989, ISBN 1-55899-060-7

Volume 173—Electrical, Optical and Magnetic Properties of Organic Solid-StateMaterials, L.Y. Chiang, D.O. Cowan, P. Chaikin, 1989,ISBN 1-55899-061-5

Volume 174—Materials Synthesis Utilizing Biological Processes, M. Alper, P.D. Calvert,P.C. Rieke, 1989, ISBN 1-55899-062-3

Volume 175—Multi-Functional Materials, D.R. Ulrich, F.E. Karasz, AJ. Buckley,G. Gallagher-Daggitt, 1989, ISBN 1-55899-063-1

Volume 176—Scientific Basis for Nuclear Waste Management XIII, V.M. Oversby,P.W. Brown, 1989, ISBN 1-55899-064-X

Volume 177—Macromolecular Liquids, C.R. Safinya, S.A. Safran, P.A. Pincus, 1989,ISBN 1-55899-065-8

Volume 178—Fly Ash and Coal Conversion By-Products: Characterization, Utilizationand Disposal VI, F.P. Glasser, R.L. Day, 1989, ISBN 1-55899-066-6

Volume 179—Specialty Cements with Advanced Properties, H. Jennings, A.G. Landers,B.E. Scheetz, I. Odler, 1989, ISBN 1-55899-067-4

MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY MONOGRAPH

Atom Probe Microanalysis: Principles and Applications to Materials Problems,M.K. Miller, G.D.W. Smith, 1989; ISBN 0-931837-99-5

Earlier Materials Research Society Symposium Proceedings listed in the back.






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