operationalising unesco law through national law

8/9/2019 Operationalising UNESCO Law Through National Law

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OperationalisingUNESCO InternationalLaw Obligations through

Third StateResponsibility

Valentina Azaro

!alestine Center" # $ar%h &'(#


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Oeriew

() Utilising UNESCO law to pro*ote !alestinianheritage prote%tion

• +ow to *a,e international law wor,-

• +ow to unpa%, third state responsibility-

&) Operationalising UNESCO law through third stateresponsibility . ado%a%y opportunities


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Utilising /UNESCO0international law

• Uniersal standard to be upheld . threshold 1orassessing" e2posing state pra%ti%e

• Used in do%u*entation3reporting"international *edia rallying" publi%4awareness

• 5Na*ing and sha*ing6 approa%h

• 7etting %o*plian%e with international law

• International law short o1 real law .%o*plian%e sub8e%t to politi%al dis%retion

• International organisations proide li*itedopportunities 1or en1or%e*ent" o1tenpoliti%ised


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Unpa%,ing third stateresponsibility-• 9uty o1 non4re%ognition" non4aid3assistan%e o1

internationally wrong1ul a%ts

• Voluntary" non4spe%i:%

• ;asis 1or operationalising non4re%ognition . international

law in%orporated into state do*esti% law and publi% poli%y• E)g) EU law internalises obligation to respe%t international

law

• Co*plian%e3en1or%e*ent o1 do*esti% legal obligations .based on internal legal ne%essity" not politi%al dis%retion

•

;rings third state to re


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ppor un es or r 4state responsibility4based

ado%a%y Three aenues" 1ro* the general to the spe%i:% .

(0 UNESCO as a nor*atie a%tor . upholding

international law and do*esti% law and publi%poli%y in inter4state relations

&0 Triggering en1or%e*ent by third states o1 illi%it

trans1er" trade and restitution o1 arti1a%ts .*useu*s and tour operators

>0 Indiidual %ri*inal a%%ountability . trial andtrael


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/(0 UNESCO as a nor*atiea%tor

• Conde*nations and %ounter*easures . resolutions"listing" aid suspension

• Standard 1or third state non4re%ognition" re1usal o1%o*ity . %annot %onsider Israel6s pra%ti%e e


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/&0 Third state en1or%e*ent?$useu*s and tour operators

• Seizure" return o1 illi%itly trans1erred arti1a%ts

• Raise suspi%ion with national authorities en1or%ingdo*esti% law" that in%orporates UNESCO law . lawspreenting stolen3unlaw1ully obtained property 1ro*

1ree %ir%ulation

• Lo%al *useu*s" art dealers" au%tion houses et%) tradingor e2hibiting arti1a%ts 1ro* 5Israel6 re


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/&0 Third state en1or%e*ent

• Israeli tour operators" sites in settle*ents . underIsraeli law" national budget

• Boreign tour agen%ies *isrepresenting destination"legiti*ate authority . iolating %onsu*er prote%tionlaw" EU and do*esti%

•

Boreign tour agen%ies bene:t 1ro* unlaw1ul" non4re%ognisable settle*ent operators . brea%hingdo*esti% %ri*inal law-


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/>0 Indiidual %ri*inala%%ountability

• Indiidual %ri*inal responsibility 1or /under +ague(D# and its Se%ond !roto%ol (0?

• e2%aations in o%%upied territory

• destru%tion and appropriation o1 sites

• re*oal o1 arti1a%ts 1ro* o%%upied territory

• Long4standing pra%ti%e" established uniersalsigni:%an%e o1 %ultural heritage prote%tion .Nure*berg" ICTF

• 9o*esti% uniersal 8urisdi%tion laws . withoutregard to nationality" re


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/>0 Indiidual %ri*inala%%ountability

• I1 prose%ution not possible .

• Use 5good standing6 o1 Israeli oG%ials identi:able asinoled in unlaw1ul a%ts

• ;asis 1or trael restri%tions by third states is ris,aersie approa%h . transnational law en1or%e*entrationale

• e)g) StaH OG%er 1or Ar%haeology /SOA0" +ananya+iz*i


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Ta,eaways

• Adopt a state3a%tor spe%i:% approa%h to ado%a%y"nor*atie a%tion

• Value o1 te%hni%al approa%h . pa%i1y politi%aldis%retion that obstru%ts international law

en1or%e*ent• Need %oherent international law4based strategy

1or engage*ent" rights ado%a%y

• ;uild %apa%ity 1or? 1a%t4:nding" do%u*entation"ar%hiing . a register 1or !alestinian %ulturalproperty-

• Consider establishing !alestinian e2pert tea*/legal and other %ultural heritage prote%tione2perts0

• $irror do*esti% and international initiaties

operationalising unesco law through national law

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