operational energy benefits of resource efficient bricks a...

Thursday, August 25, 2011

CHANDIGARH

Operational Energy Benefits of Resource Efficient Bricks

– A holistic study

Operational Energy Benefits of Resource Efficient BricksRajan Rawal

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Mechanization in Brick Industry, 2011

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Clay Material May Have Acted As

'Primordial Womb' For First Organic

Molecules

Arizona State University Prof. Lynda Williams


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Map showing places all over the world where clay is used as a building material


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If its all nice-good-appropriate

Then

Why do we talk about

Resource Efficient Bricks


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Circa 800 A.D…………man

is social animal

2009 A.D. man is urban

animal


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Brick clusters in Gujarat


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Sr.

No.

Name of the major

clusters

Large scale brick

industries

Small scale brick

industries

Manufacturing

Capacity, lakhs/year

Manufacturing

Capacity, lakhs/year

1Ahmedabad & near by

areas40 to 50 5 to 10

2Rajkot (Saurastra &

Kutch)- 2 to 3

3 Baroda 40 2 to 5

4 Anand Charotar 25 to 30 2 to 5

5Godhara, Dahod &

Panchmahal40 to 50 2 to 5

6 Mehasana 40 to 50 2 to 5

7 Surat 40 to 50 2 to 5

8 Navsari & Valsad 25 to 35 2 to 5

9 Sabarkantha - 2 to 5

Average Clay Bricks Production (lakhs/Year) 51100

Source: Gujarat brick federation Association, Ahmedabad

Brick production in Gujarat


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The present Brick demand appx. 120 billion bricks / year.

Extensive energy usage

Inefficient resource utilisation

High Air Pollution

Occupational hazards

Poor Living conditions

Payment Mechanism

Environmental Social

ISSUES IN BRICK MAKING INDUSTRY

Periodic employment


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Disadvantages of conventional bricks

Air pollution

Depletion of top soil

Extensive energy usage

Poor quality of bricks

Health Hazards to the

laborers


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Greater Ahmedabad Area

44km x 44km at 1km grid

Dots include industries and brick kilns

Ahmedabad

district border

Ahmedabad

Gujarat stateDr. Guttikunda, Sarath, Urban air pollution Analysis Ahmedabad, Gujarat, March 2011


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Annual PM10 Emissions Inventory 2010

Total = 35,100 tons/year

Dr. Guttikunda, Sarath, Urban air pollution Analysis Ahmedabad, Gujarat, March 2011

Annual SO2

Emissions Inventory 2010


RD

TR = transport; PP = power plant; IND = industries; CON = construction activities; BK = brick kilns; GS = generator

sets; RD = road dust; DOM = domestic; WB = waste burning


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Annual NOx Emissions Inventory 2010


TR = transport; PP = power plant; IND = industries; CON = construction activities; BK = brick kilns; GS = generator

sets; RD = road dust; DOM = domestic; WB = waste burning



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% Contribution form brick kiln operators



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-E N E R G Y –

- B U I L T E N V I R O N M E N T -

: Making : Maintaining : Recycling : Destroying :


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8%

15%

20%

5%

15%4%

4%

10%

10%

9%

Building Component

Infiltration

Wall Conduction

Roof Construction

Equipment

Lighting

Occupants

Indian Buildings and Energy consumption

Source: Dr N.K.Bansal, CES, IIT New Delhi


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Lighting

14%

AC

35%Fans

17%

Coolers

2%

Refrigerators

7%

TV

20%

Others

5%

Residential Buildings Lighting

AC

Fans

Coolers

Refrigerators

TV

Others

Indian Buildings and Energy consumption


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Reduction in extraction of top soil

Increase thermal performance of building

envelop


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• To quantify the thermal performance of buildings

made of resource efficient bricks

• To draw a comparative energy performance of

buildings between REB’s and other walling

materials.

Energy Analysis & Resource Savings

Of Resource Efficient Bricks


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Brick wall

U Value: 1.679

18mm Plaster

Outside

230 mm thk Brick

12 mm Plaster

Inside

Brick -Cavity wall

U Value: 1.265

200 mm

thk brick

outside115 mm

air gap

115 mm

brick Inside


Heat transfer through the Wall

18mm Plaster

outside

230 mm thk

Fly ash brick

12mm Plaster

inside

Fly Ash wall

U Value: 1.555


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Concrete Block wall

U value:2.477

18mm Plaster

outside

200 mm thk Concrete

block

12 mm Plaster inside

REB wall

U value:1.479

200 mm thk

Resource Efficient

Brick


Heat transfer through the Wall


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Concrete

Blocks

400 m² 40 % WWR Ahmedabad

Delhi

Chennai

Bangalore

Bricks

Cavity wall

Fly ash

bricks

REB

Building Energy Simulation methodology


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Material Type A:NORMAL BRICKS

Thermal properties

18mm plaster

light weight

(outside)

(115x230x75)

brick Work 200

mm

12mm plaster

light weight

(Inside)

U-Value

(ASSEMBLY)

Conductivity (W/m-K) 0.16 0.84 0.16

1.679

Specific Heat (J-kg-K) 1000 800 1000

Density (kg/m3) 600 1700 600

Surface Properties

Thermal Absorptance (Emissivity) 0.9 0.9 0.9

Solar Absorptance 0.5 0.7 0.5

Visible Absorptance 0.5 0.7 0.5

Material Type B:CAVITY WALL

Thermal properties

Brick Work

(Outer Leaf) 115

mm

Air Gap (50

mm

downwards)

Brick Work

(Outer Leaf)

230mm

U-Value

(ASSEMBLY)

Conductivity (W/m-K) 0.84

Thermal

Resistance

0.21

0.84

1.265

Specific Heat (J-kg-K) 800 800

Density (kg/m3) 1700 1700

Surface Properties

Thermal Absorptance (Emissivity) 0.9 0.9

Solar Absorptance 0.7 0.7

Visible Absorptance 0.7 0.7

U values considered for Energy Simulations


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Material Type C: FLYASH+ Plaster

Thermal properties 18 mm Plaster

(outside)

Fly Ash Brick

230mm

12 mm (inside)

Plaster

U-Value

(ASSEMBLY)


1.55


Density (kg/m3) 600 1570 600

Surface Properties




Material Type D: CONCRETE Block

Thermal properties

18 mm

(outside)

Plaster

[400x230x200]

Concrete block

12 mm

(inside)

Plaster

U-Value

(ASSEMBLY)


2.47


Density (kg/m3) 600 2300 600

Surface Properties






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Material Type E: RESOURCE EFFICIENT BRICKS

Thermal bulk properties

18 mm

(outside)

Plaster

[400x200x200]

REB

200mm thick

12 mm

(inside)

Plaster

U-Value

(ASSEMBLY)

Conductivity (W/m-K) 0.16 0.621

0.16

1.47

Specific Heat (J-kg-K) 1000 8002

1000

Density (kg/m3) 600 783

3600

Surface Properties




ROOF PROPERTIES

Thermal properties (ROOF)

18mm

plaster

(outside)

150 mm

Concrete

(Medium

Weight)

12mm plaster

Dense

(Inside)

U-Value

(ASSEMBLY)


3.14


Density (kg/m3) 600 1800 600

Surface Properties






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1.67

1.261.55

2.47

1.47

00.40.81.21.6

22.42.8

Normal Bricks Cavity wall Fly Ash Concrete Block

REB

U values of Wall Materials

Comparative U values considered for Simulations


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170

170.5

171

171.5

172

172.5

173

173.5

174

Normal bricks+plaster

Cavity Wall Flyash +plaster Concrete block+plaster

Reb +Plaster

kWh

/m²/

year

Chiller consumption

Annual Chiller Energy Consumption – Ahmedabad(Hot & dry)


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0.32

1.33

0.10

1.68

Normal Brick wall

Cavity wall Fly ash Wall Concrete wall REB Wall

% Increase in Chiller energy - compared to REB

Annual Chiller Energy Consumption – Ahmedabad(Hot & dry)


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235

235.5

236

236.5

237

237.5

238

238.5

239

239.5

240

Normal bricks+plaster

Cavity Wall Flyash +plaster Concrete block+plaster

Reb +Plaster

kWh

/m²/

Year

Fuel Totals

Annual Total Energy Consumption-Ahmedabad


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0.2

0.81

0.03

1.3

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

1.2

1.4

Normal Brick wall Cavity wall Fly ash Wall Concrete wall REB Wall

% Increase in total energy compared to REB

Total Energy Consumption – Ahmedabad(Hot & dry)


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104.75

156.92171.11

185.89

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

180

200

Bangalore Delhi Ahmedabad Chennai

kWh

/m²/

Year

Chiller Energy Consumption

Comparative Chiller Energy Consumption for REB


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% Increase In Energy Consumption- In comparison to REB

Bangalore Delhi Ahmedabad Chennai

Chiller Energy

Total Energy

Chiller Energy

Total Energy

Chiller Energy

Total Energy

Chiller Energy

Total Energy

0.44 0.37 1.28 0.89 0.32 0.2 0.26 0.16

0.12 0.15 2.4 1.63 1.33 0.81 0.79 0.50

0.92 0.36 1.06 0.70 0.10 0.03 0.07 0.01

0.24 0.13 1.5 1.27 1.68 1.3 1.31 1.09

0.01 0 0 0 0.01 0.01 0 0

Comparative Chiller Energy Consumption & Total Energy for REB- Analyzed for different climate zones


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Comparative carpet area available using different wall

types.

Quantifying Resource Savings

440

450

460

470

480

490

500

No

rmal

B

rick

s(1

10

x23

0x7

0)

Cav

ity

wal

l(2

30

x46

0x7

5)

Fly

Ash

b

rick

(11

0x2

30

x70

)

Co

ncr

ete

bri

ck

(40

0x2

30

x20

0)

REB

(40

0x2

30

x20

0)

REB

(19

0x1

90

x90

)

REB

(29

0x9

0x9

0)

Are

a m

²

Carpet Area Available (m2)


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Comparative area of space occupied by walls.

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

No

rmal

Bri

cks

(11

0x2

30

x70

)

Fly

Ash

b

rick

(11

0x2

30

x70

)

Cav

ity

wal

l(2

30

x46

0x7

5)

Co

ncr

ete

blo

ck(4

00

x23

0x2

00

)

REB

(19

0x1

90

x90

)

REB

(29

0x9

0x9

0)

REB

(40

0x2

30

x20

0)

Are

a m

²

Area occupied by walls


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Comparative volume of walls occupied by different wall types

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

No

rmal

B

rick

s(1

10

x23

0x7

0)

Cav

ity

wal

l(2

30

x46

0x7

5)

Fly

Ash

b

rick

(11

0x2

30

x70)

Co

ncr

ete

bri

ck

(40

0x2

30x

20

0)

REB

(40

0x2

30x2

00

)

REB

(19

0x1

90

x90

)

REB

(29

0x9

0x9

0)

Vo

lum

e (

m³)

Volume of walls (m3)


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Comparative no. of bricks used per m2

area


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Comparative Number of bricks used per m² area of wall.

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

No

rmal

Bri

cks

(11

0x2

30

x70

)

Fly

Ash

b

rick

(11

0x2

30

x70

)

Cav

ity

wal

l(2

30

x46

0x7

5)

Co

ncr

ete

blo

ck(4

00

x23

0x2

00

)

REB

(19

0x1

90

x90

)

REB

(29

0x9

0x9

0)

REB

(40

0x2

30

x20

0)

Nu

mb

ers


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0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

No

rmal

B

rick

s(1

10

x23

0x7

0)

Cav

ity

wal

l(2

30

x46

0x7

5)

Fly

Ash

b

rick

(11

0x2

30

x70

)

Co

ncr

ete

bri

ck

(40

0x2

30

x20

0)

REB

(40

0x2

30

x20

0)

REB

(19

0x1

90

x90

)

REB

(29

0x9

0x9

0)

Are

a m

²

500 m²(1:1 Square) 500 m²(1:2 Rectangle)

Comparing Area occupied by walls -Between Square and

Rectangle plan forms.


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430

440

450

460

470

480

490

500

No

rmal

B

rick

s(1

10

x23

0x7

0)

Cav

ity

wal

l(2

30

x46

0x7

5)

Fly

Ash

b

rick

(11

0x2

30

x70

)

Co

ncr

ete

bri

ck

(40

0x2

30

x20

0)

REB

(40

0x2

30

x20

0)

REB

(19

0x1

90

x90

)

REB

(29

0x9

0x9

0)

Are

a m

²

500 m²(1:1 Square) 500 m²(1:2 Rectangle)

Comparing carpet area between Square and Rectangle

plan forms for different wall materials:


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Total cost of construction

cost for Superstrcture (Rs)

cost for Plaster work (Rs)

cost for R.C.C (Rs)

cost for Steel (Rs)

Total without plaster for REB (Rs)

Total cost with plaster for REB (Rs)

conventional brick

23,000 16595 38,260 23,103 100,958 100,958

REB 20,000 Nil 38,260 23,103 81,363 97,958

NEXT STEPS...

Room size = 3m x 3m x 3m

Conventional brick = 230 x 110

x 75mm

REB = 400 x 200 x 200mm


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NEXT STEPS...

Invitation to become industry partner at NET ZERO ENERGY BUILDING……….

TERI – UNDP Resource Efficient Brick Project and CEPT University Ahmedabad


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“A great building must begin with the unmeasurable,

must go through measurable means when it is being designed and

in the end must be unmeasurable.”


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Rajan Rawal, Faculty of Design, CEPT University, K.L.Campus, Navarangpura, Ahmedabad 380 009

[email protected]

T H A N K Y O U

operational energy benefits of resource efficient bricks a...

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