OPERATING SYSTEM

MICROSOFT windows Xp

Mr. Rohan Bhatkar

Introduction What is an Operating system ? An Operating system is a program which acts as an

interface between user of computer & the computer hardware.

The purpose of an Operating system is to provide an environment in which a user may execute programs. The Primary goal of an O.S. is thus to make the computer system convenient to use. A Secondary goal is to use the computer hardware is an efficient manner.

Computer componentsA computer system can be roughly

divided into four Components.

1. The Hardware. [CPU, Memory, I/O devices]

2. The Operating System.

3. The Application programs. [Compilers, data bases, business programs]

4. The user’s [People, Machines or Other Computers]

The Basic resources of a computer system are provided by its hardware, software & data.

User’s

Application programs

Operating system.

Computer Hardware

Working Of Operating System.. Operating system works as a resource

allocator. The resources like CPU time, Memory & File storage space, I/O devices are allocated to the programs & user by Operating system.

An Operating system can be viewed as a control program. It controls the execution of user programs to prevent errors & improper use of Computer.

Operating system makes a provision of security/confidentiality of information to user’s.

Operating system eliminates duplicate efforts in development of complicated routines. Once these routines are developed by system developer, application program can make use of it.

Some Operating system’s Apple operating system. Linux operating system. Windows Operating system. UNIX operating system. Ubuntu operating system. Sun Solaris operating system.

Overview of Windows XP.

The Introduction of Windows XP.XP comes in Three versions- XP-Home XP-Professional XP-Media Center They are all nearly the same. However, XP professional

contains more Corporate & Networking features, & Media Center is designed to exploit multimedia connectivity by allowing you to set up your TV through your computer.

Access & Security Aspects of Operating System..

The term security is defined as:“Secure systems will control, through use of specific

security features, access to information that only authorized individuals or processes operating on their behalf will have access to read, write, create or delete.”

The elements of security are-1. CONFIDENTIALITY2. INTEGRITY3. AVAILABILITY

Define Elements- Confidentiality-Ensuring that the information is not accesses in an unauthorized

manner, i.e. by controlling read operations. Integrity-Ensuring that the information is not emended or deleted in an

unauthorized manner, i.e. by controlling write operations. Availability-Ensuring that the information is available to authorized users at

right time, i.e. by controlling read & delete operations & ensuring fault recovery.

Microsoft ® Windows XP Welcome to Microsoft® Windows® XP Professional,the new version of Windows that brings your PC to life!Experience the best. Experience Windows XP. Windows XP really delivers!Just experience Windows XP for ourselves with the help of some points.Start Here

Safe and Easy Personal Computing Unlock the World of Digital MediaThe Connected Home and OfficeBest for Business

Start HereMicrosoft Windows was born out of the Microsoft Disk Operating System (MS-DOS) world. Windows XP features friendly new screens, simplified menus, and a whole lot more. Discover the fresh, streamlined design of Windows XP. Get acquainted with key tasks and basic commands. Microsoft 1st introduced an operating environment named Windows in November 1985 as an add-on to MS-DOS in response to the growing interest in graphical user interface [GUIs]

Safe and Easy Personal Computing..

Windows XP makes personal computing easy and enjoyable! Power, performance, a bright new look, and plenty of help when you need it. Windows XP has it all, along with unmatched dependability and security.

Unlock the World of Digital Media..

Unlock the exciting world of digital media at home, at work, and on the Internet. Enjoy photography, music, videos, computer games, and more.

The Connected Home and Office

Share files, photos, music, even a printer and Internet connection—all on a network that is private and secure.

Best for Business..With Windows XP, you get the proven dependability of Microsoft Windows 2000, enhanced for high-speed performance and even greater reliability.

Using Operating System. In this section, we will look at the Microsoft GUI from the ground up,

beginning with a detailed look at its key components & ending with an exploration of basic tasks common across Windows Vista, XP & 2000.

Let us Know about Some Important Components of O.S. Windows GUI My Computer My Networks Places Control Panel The Windows Registry Virtual Memory

Graphical User Interface [GUI] Earlier computers were used by certain people who were computer literates.

The operating system used to have a set of cryptic commands. To perform an operation, user need to type command. User were expected to remember command & its meaning. Lateron the use of personal computers widely spreads over.

The Human-computer interface was a problem are using computers. Attempts were made to replace commands by graphics. The interfaces which replaces cryptic commands by their graphical representation are called ‘Graphical User Interface’ [GUI].

The first GUI was developed by Xerox corporation for their xerox star computer. This interface was used by Apple computers in their Macintosh personal computers. It was hit among users. Microsoft developed GUI called MS-Windows, for IBM personal computers. Now various GUIs for Unix-based systems are also available.

My Computer-

The My Computer icon, it displays a list of all the disk drivers installed in your computer. Its displays an icon for the Control Panel & printers folders, which can be used to configure the system.

In windows XP, all the disk devices are sorted into categories such as Hard Disk Drives, Devices with Storages Device

The computer will manage management interface, interface of all drives, partitions etc.

My Network Places.. Another icon in Windows relates to accessing other

computers to which the local computer is connected it’s called My Network Places.

Opening My Network Places enables you to browse for & access other computers & shared resources to which your computer is connected.

The might be another computer in a workgroup, domain, or other network Environment. In short you would learn about networking in detail.

Control Panel- Although for most IMP part the Windows system is

functional from the time it is Control Panel, Windows environment has a large number of utilities that are intended to give you control over the computer & feel, enjoy the desktop or computer life.

It can be used to choose or change windows settings & schemes in the applications.

Control panel manages all configuration of computer Operating system.

The Windows Registry.. Windows configuration information is stored in a

special configuration database known as the Registry.

This centralized database contains environmental settings for various Windows programs. It also contains registration information that details which types of file extensions are associated with which applications.

Virtual Memory- Another thing you may need to configure is Virtual

Memory. Virtual Memory uses what’s called as swap file, or paging

file. A swap file is actually hard drives space into which the pieces of programs are placed, while other active parts of programs are kept in or swapped into main memory.

Virtual memory actually is RAM, means its still behind on windows (Desktop) its stored as physical memory when the user must save it an computer.

File System’s

Windows XP professional supports three file system:

File Allocation Table [FAT 16] File Allocation Table [FAT 32] New Technology File System [NTFS]

File System Selection:Another factor that determines your disk-partitioning scheme is the type of File System.

FAT 16- FAT16 (originally just FAT) is the 16-bit file system widely used by DOS & Windows 3x. FAT16 tracks where files are stored on a disk using a file allocation table & a directory entry table. The Disadvantages of FAT16 are that it supports partitions only up to 2GB & it does not offer the security features of NTFS. The advantages of FAT is that it is backward compatible, which is important if the computer will be dual-booted with another operating system, such as DOS, Unix, Linux, OS 2 or Windows. Almost all PC operating systems read FAT16 partitions.

Continue- FAT32- FAT32 is the 32-bit version of FAT, which was first introduced in 1996 with Windows 95, with OEM [Original Equipment Manufacturer] Service Release 2 [OSR2]. With FAT32, disk partitions can be large as 2TB (terabytes). It has more fault-tolerance features than FAT16 & also improves disk-space usage by reducing the size of clusters. However, it lacks several of the file encryption, disk quotas, & compression. If you choose to use FAT , Windows XP Professional will automatically format the partition wit FAt16 if the partition is less than 2GB, it will be automatically partitioned as FAT32.

Continue- NTFS- NTFS is a file system designed to provide additional features for Windows NT, Windows 2000, Windows XP & Windows Server 2003 computers. Some of the features NTFS offers include the following: The ability to set local security on files & folders. The option to compress data. This feature reduces disk-storage requirements. The flexibility to assign disk quotas. Disk quotas are used to limit the amount of disk space a user can use. The option to encrypt files. Encryption offers an additional level of security.

Unless you are planning on dual-booting your computer to an operating system other than Windows NT, Windows 2000, Windows Server 2003 or another instance of Windows XP, Microsoft recommends using NTFS.

The Features Of Windows XP

o Easier to Useo Fastero True web Integrationo More entertaining

Easier to Use Windows XP is single user multitasking operating system.

Navigating around your computer is easier in Windows XP. U can open a file by single click. You can use multiple monitors with a single computer.

Installation of New Hardware is easy because Windows XP supports the universal serial bus [USB], This is allowing you to plug in new hardware & use it immediately without restarting your computer. With Windows XP we can use digital cameras & digital imaging devices.

Faster Windows & programs open faster than

ever before. By using maintenance wizard, the computer speed & efficiency can be improved.

You can use FAT16, FAT32 & NTFS file system to store files more efficiently & save Hard disk space. & it’s Works user friendly & processing commands faster.

True Web Integration Using world wide web is easier & faster.

The connection to web is simple. Web pages can be viewed in any window. You can make your favorite web page. In Microsoft outlook express you can send e-mail & post messages to Internet newsgroup.

The conference on Internet can be arranged.

More Entertaining Windows XP supports DVD & digital

audio, you can play high quality digital movies & audio on the Computer, The Television broadcast also be observed on Computer.

Services in Operating System

The Operating system provides certain services to programs & to the users of those programs. There are three major categories of services:

o Information management [IM]o Process management [PM]o Memory management [MM]

Information Management (IM)Information management refers to a set of services used for storing

retrieving, modifying or removing the information on various devices. These system services manages the organization of information in terms of directories & files, allocating & deallocating the sectors to various files, ensuring right people have access to the information & driving Various devices.

Some of the system call in IM are listed below-1. Create a file /directory.2. Open & Close file (for read, write or both)3. Read a data from a Buffer.4. Create a Link.5. Change working Directory.

Process Management (PM)In multiuser operating system, a number of users located at different

terminals run he same or different programs. A computer has only one CPU & it can execute only one instruction belonging to any one of all these programs. In such case, the Operating system has to keep track of all running programs, called as PROCESS.

Some of the system calls in PM are listed below-1. Block /Ready /Dispatch /Suspend /Resume a process.2. Change the priority of a process.3. Terminate a process.4. Wait for a child process to continue or terminate.5. Create a child process identical to the parent.6. Delay a process.

Memory Management (MM)The services provided under memory management are directed

to keeping track of memory & allocating / deallocating it to various processes. The Operating system keeps a list of free memory locations. Before a program is loaded in the memory from the Disk, the MM consults this free list, allocates the memory to the process & updates the list of free memory. The memory allocated to process depends on the program Size.

The system calls in this categories are listed below-1. Allocate a chunk of memory to process.2. Free chunk of memory from a process.

Thank You