opensource technologies
DESCRIPTION
Open source awarenessTRANSCRIPT
AIMTransfer knowledge about
free and open source technologies and its
features and find out its suitability to the Sri Lanka Navy.
• The Unix operating system was conceived and implemented in 1969 at AT&T's Bell Laboratories, USA
• By Ken Thompson, Dennis Ritchie,Douglas McIlroy, and Joe Ossanna.
• It was first released in 1971 and was initially entirely written in assembly language.That is common practice at the time.
UNIX History
Ken Thompson
Dennis Ritchie
Douglas McIlroy
Joe Ossanna.
AT & T Bell Laboratories
Bell Laboratories (also known as Bell Labs and formerly known as AT&T Bell Laboratories and Bell Telephone Laboratories) is the research and development subsidiary of the French-owned Alcatel-Lucent.
Bell Laboratories operates its headquarters at Berkeley Heights, New Jersey, United States
They won seven Nobel Prizes.
• Later, in 1973, Unix was re-written in the language C by Dennis Ritchie
• The availability of an operating system written in a high-level language allowed easier portability to different computer platforms.
• Unix became widely adopted by academic institutions and businesses
UNIX History
UNIX Principles• Everything is a file including
hardware.• All configuring data store as text.• Small and single purpose program.• Ability to chain programs together to
perform complex task.
GNU Project
• GNU is short for "GNU is Not Unix“
• "GNU" is pronounced as “g'noo”
• Aim of GNU to develop complete Unix-compatible software system.
• Development of GNU was initiated by Richard M. Stallman (RMS) in 1983.
• The GNU covered by GPL (GNU General Public License).
• GNU Project started in 1983 But Work began in 1984.
• 1985, Stallman created the Free Software Foundation
GNU Project
• Wrote the GNU General Public License in 1989.
• By the early 1990s, many of the programs required in an operating system
• Such as libraries, compilers, text editors, a Unix shell, and a windowing system were completed.
• GNU is typically used today with a kernel called Linux. This combination is the GNU/Linux operating system. GNU/Linux is used by millions, though many call it "Linux" by mistake.
FSF• Free Software Foundation (FSF)• The FSF is incorporated in USA.• FSF project started on 1984.• Its software developed on 1990.• The Free Software Foundation
(FSF) is a non-profit corporation founded by Richard Stallman on 4 October 1985
FSF• To support the free software
movement, a copyleft-based movement.
• Aims to promote the universal freedom to distribute and modify computer software.
• FSF project is a part of the GNU project.
Definition of Free software
• Free software” is a matter of liberty, not price. • To understand the
concept, you should think of “free” as in “free speech”, not as in “free beer”.
RMS
Definition of Free software
• The Linux source and most applications
are free of charge.
• So any company charging you for linux
is not charging for software but instead,
for compiling of the software the
packing and support of the software.
Definition of Free software
• Freedom0 - Freedom to run.
• Freedom1 - Freedom to study.
• Freedom2 - Freedom to Redistribute.
• Freedom3 - Freedom to improve and
release.
What is GPL• The GNU General Public License (GNU GPL) is
a free, copyleft license for software. • Originally written by Richard Stallman for the
GNU Project.
• The current version is v.3 was released in June 2007
• GPL through published software should be free software. To make it free software, you need to release it under a free software license. We normally use the GPL.
Minix• The UNIX-like tiny, free
OS called Minix was extensively used for academic purposes.
• MINIX operating system was an inexpensive minimal Unix-like operating system, designed for education in computer science, written by Andrew S. Tanenbaum .
AndrewTanenbaum
Linux Origins The Linux operating system was first coded by a Finnish computer programmer called Linus Benedict Torvalds in 1991, when he was just 21!.Linus decided to take Minix as a model.
Linus Benedict Torvalds
• In 1991 at the University of Helsinki.
• Linus began to work on a non-commercial replacement for MINIX.
• Linus began the development of Linux on Minix and applications written for Minix were also used under Linux.
• Later Linux matured and it became possible for Linux to be developed under itself.
• Code licensed under the GNU GPL.
Linux Origins
First Article In April 1991, Linus Torvalds, a 21-year-old student at the University of
Helsinki, Finland started working on some simple ideas for an operating system. He started with a task switcher in Intel 80386 assembly language and a terminal driver. Then, on 26 August 1991, Torvalds posted the following to comp.os.minix, a newsgroup on Usenet:
I'm doing a (free) operating system (just a hobby, won't be big and professional like gnu) for 386(486) AT clones. This has been brewing since April, and is starting to get ready. I'd like any feedback on things people like/dislike in minix, as my OS resembles it somewhat (same physical layout of the file-system (due to practical reasons) among other things).
I've currently ported bash(1.08) and gcc(1.40), and things seem to work. This implies that I'll get something practical within a few months [...] Yes - it's free of any minix code, and it has a multi-threaded fs. It is NOT portable (uses 386 task switching etc), and it probably never will support anything other than AT-harddisks, as that's all I have :-(.
It's mostly in C, but most people wouldn't call what I write C. It uses every conceivable feature of the 386 I could find, as it was also a project to teach me about the 386. As already mentioned, it uses a MMU, for both paging (not to disk yet) and segmentation. It's the segmentation that makes it REALLY 386 dependent (every task has a 64Mb segment for code & data - max 64 tasks in 4Gb. Anybody who needs more than 64Mb/task - tough cookies). Some of my "C"-files (specifically mm.c) are almost as much assembler as C. Unlike minix, I also happen to LIKE interrupts, so interrupts are handled without trying to hide the reason behind them.
GNU/Linux
• The Free Software Foundation views Linux distributions which use GNU software as GNU variants and they ask that such operating systems be referred to as GNU/Linux or a Linux-based GNU system.
• However, refers to this family of operating systems simply as Linux, as do many large Linux distributions (e.g. Ubuntu and SuSE Linux). Some distributions use GNU/Linux (particularly notable is Debian GNU/Linux. The naming issue remains controversial.
Features of Linux• Linux operating system is reliable, stable, and very
powerful• Linux comes with a complete development
environment, including compilers, toolkits, and scripting languages
• Linux comes with networking facilities, allowing you to share hardware
• Linux utilizes your memory, CPU, and other hardware.• A wide variety of commercial software is also available• Linux is very easily upgradeable• Supports multiple processors as standard• True multitasking. So many apps, all at once• The GUIs are more powerful than Mac!• Multi-user interface.• Widely hardware supported.
GNU Linux vs BSDFreeBSD and GNU Linux both are follow the UNIX philosophy but some differences do exist between the operating systems.
Linux and FreeBSD use names for hardware files. Linux uses predefined names for each device type, But BSD uses customized names for each device type.
Linux hardware information can be obtained by examining the content of the /proc directory.
Obviously there exist design differences between the Linux kernel and the FreeBSD kernel but there are also similarities
GNU Linux vs BSD• FreeBSD (Berkeley Software Distribution ) Itself modification of
AT&T’s UNIX, and was created by the University of California.
• All the pieces of GNU/Linux are developed separately and brought together in distributions. FreeBSD has been developed as a complete operating system. (kernel, device drivers, sysadmin’s tool).
• The Linux kernel developers decided to adapt their kernel to GNU software to make a complete operating system then GNU/Linux was born.
• The kernel and the majority of the code in FreeBSD has been released and distributed under the BSD license
• The Linux kernel, and most of the software in the GNU project, has been licensed under the GNU GPL which was created by the Free Software Foundation.
• Linux uses the modprobe command for loading a module and FreeBSD uses kldstat to list the currently loaded modules
GNU Linux vs BSD• Third party software can be distributed in binary or source format on
GNU Linux; however, many GNU/Linux distributions use their own format for software packaging and provide tools for installing, un-installing and configuring it.
• BSD package is a single compressed file that contains pre-compiled binaries, documentation and configuration files.
• GNU/Linux distributions choose the bash shell by default because this was written for the GNU project; FreeBSD uses csh, in line with traditional UNIX systems. But we can install bash shell into FreeBSD.
• GNU/Linux and FreeBSD can be installed on a number of different platforms and even we can install both operating systems on the same machine.
Redhat, Slackware,Debian• All have different package management systems
• The differences in performance are negligible. The differences are in management style, how and where files are stored, kernel optimizations.
Redhat, Slackware, Debian• RHEL is designed for business usage. The programs used
are older, the kernel is older, but very stable and mature . The benefit of this is that programs such as oracle can be certified to run on a specific version, because they know *exactly* what versions of various programs will be on that machine by default. RedHat's kernel is also optimized for this purpose.
• Slackware is based on the unix-style of doing things, so people coming from a solaris or BSD background will feel comfortable in slackware. It's management tools are different, but there's not a lot of bloat included with slackware, so less space is used in an install.
• Debian has the goal of being entirely free (including not distributing non-free software or those where there are possible copyright infringements). In addition, it's APT package manager is one of the easiest to use. For a more business-like version, look to Ubuntu. There are a large number of spinoffs of debian, such as Xandros, Ubuntu, and so forth.
RedhatRed Hat has discontinued the Red Hat Linux line in favor of Red Hat Enterprise Linux (RHEL) for enterprise environments. Fedora, developed by the community-supported Fedora Project and sponsored by Red Hat.
RHEL lacked many features due to possible copyright and patent problems. The RedHat Network Update Module, included with all subscriptions to Red Hat Enterprise Linux.
RPM and Yum are the package managers. Those are able to query for information about available packages from repositories, install, uninstall them, and update an entire system to the latest available version. Yum performs automatic dependency resolution on packages you are updating, installing, or removing, and thus is able to automatically determine, fetch, and install all available dependent packages.
Slackware• Slackware is a free and open source Linux-based operating system
was created in 1993.The current version is "Slackware Linux 14.0“
• While most Linux have switched to the GRUB, But Slackware use LILO boot loader. The default user environment is the command line interface. This behavior can easily be changed by editing a configuration file.
• Package management system can install, upgrade, and remove packages from local sources and over a network."slackpkg" has been added as the official network-capable package manager, complementing the traditional package tools suite that only operates locally. While Slackware itself does not incorporate tools to resolve dependencies for the user by automatically downloading and installing them,
• Slackware Linux uses the BSD-style file layout for its system initialization files. These files are organized and easy to edit. All of the system initialization files are stored in the /etc/rc.d directory. To prevent a script from executing at startup you can remove the execute permission on the file and Slackware will not execute it.
Debian• Debian always has at least three releases in active
maintenance: stable, testing and unstable
• Debian will run on almost all personal computers, including most older models. Each new release of Debian generally supports a larger number of computer architectures. The current stable distribution of Debian is version 6.
• The APT package management system, repositories with large numbers of packages, and strict policies regarding packages, promote high quality releases, easy upgrades between releases, and automated installation and removal of packages.
• Debian has the goal of being entirely free (including not distributing non-free software or those where there are possible copyright infringements). The Directory Structure in Unix & Linux are a unified Directory Structure where in all the directories are unified under the "/" Root file system.
RHEL and Fedora• Red Hat Enterprise Linux (or RHEL) is a
commercially supported derivative of Fedora tailored to meet the requirements of enterprise customers.
• RHEL is a commercial product.• Red Hat which also sponsors Fedora as
a community project. • Fedora is upstream for Red Hat
Enterprise Linux but there are several other Derived distributions available too.
• Both Fedora and Red Hat Enterprise Linux are open source.
RHEL and Fedora• Fedora is a free distribution and community
project and upstream for Red Hat Enterprise Linux.
• Fedora is a general purpose system that gives Red Hat and the rest of its contributor community the chance to innovate rapidly with new technologies.
• Red Hat Enterprise Linux is a commercial enterprise operating system and has its own set of test phases including alpha and beta releases.
• When you purchase Red Hat Enterprise Linux, you are also helping to support Fedora.
CertificationsRed Hat Certified System Administrator (RHCSA)• RHCSA is the best first step in establishing Linux credentials and is an ideal
initial certification for those transitioning from non-UNIX®/ Linux environments.
Red Hat Certified Engineer (RHCE)• Called the crown jewel of Linux certifications, independent surveys have
ranked the RHCE program #1 in all of IT.
Red Hat Certified Datacenter Specialist (RHCDS)• An RHCDS has the skills and knowledge necessary to build reliable, available,
scalable, and manageable solutions in mission-critical datacenter environments using fully-supported open source technologies from Red Hat.
Red Hat Certified Security Specialist (RHCSS)• RHCSS is a security certification that demonstrates skills in using Red Hat
Enterprise Linux, SELinux, and Red Hat Directory Server to meet the security requirements of today's enterprise environment.
Red Hat Certified Architect (RHCA)• RHCA is Red Hat's credential for senior technical professionals responsible for
planning and deploying large-scale enterprise environments.
Red Hat Certified Virtualization Administrator (RHCVA)• With this new certification, Red Hat extends thier industry-leading
certification program to the virtualization administrator.
Linux Distributions
• Free & Community– fedora– ubuntu– CentOS– Slackware– LinuxMint
• Commercial– RedHat– SUSE–OracleLinux
RedHat Version History• Red Hat Linux 6.2E (Zoot), 27 March 2000
Red Hat Enterprise Linux 2.1 AS (Pensacola),26-03- 2002
• Red Hat Enterprise Linux 2.1 ES (Panama), May 2003
• Red Hat Enterprise Linux 3 (Taroon), 22-10-2003.
• Red Hat Enterprise Linux 4 (Nahant), 15-02-2005.
• Red Hat Enterprise Linux 5 (Tikanga),14-03- 2007.
• Red Hat Enterprise Linux 6 (Santiago), 10-11-2010.
• Red Hat Enterprise Linux 7 Scheduled for 2013
Ref;
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Hat_Enterprise_Linux
http://linuxmafia.com/faq/RedHat/releases.html
Interfaces• Non-GUI interface• GUI (Graphical)interface• startx -- :2• Graphical Environments –GNOME 1… 2… 3…– KDE– Cinnamon–Mate
Directory Structure
Absolute and Relative PathnamesAbsolute pathnames--> Begin with a forward slash--> Complete "road map" to file location--> Can be used anytime you wish to specify a file
nameRelative pathnames--> Do not begin with a slash--> Specify location relative to your current
working
Directory Structurebin/
boot/
dev/
etc/
home/
lib/
media/
mnt/
opt/
sbin/
srv/
tmp/
usr/
var/
root/
proc//
Essential user command
Boot loader’s files
Device files
System configuration files
User home directories
Essential shared libraries and kernel module
Super user’s home directory
Virtual files/process status text files
Mount point for removable media
Mount point for the temporary file systems
Other application
System binaries
Data for services
Temporary files
Multiuser utilities and applications
Variable files
root directory for the entire file system
Directory Structure
Some Important DirectoriesHome Directories: /root,/home/usernameUser Executables: /bin, /usr/bin, /usr/local/binSystem Executables: /sbin, /usr/sbin, /usr/local/binOther Mountpoints: /media, /mntConfiguration: /etcTemporary Files: /tmpKernels and Bootloader: /bootServer Data: /var, /srvSystem Information: /proc, /sysShared Libraries: /lib, /usr/lib, /usr/local/lib
Control charactersYou type Control characters by holding
down the ‘control’ key while also pressing the specified character.
Control commands work (almost) any timectrl-W erases the previous word ctrl-U erases the whole command line ctrl-C will abort any program ctrl-l will clear screenctrl-R Recorded commands
Files and Directory Names
• Names may be up to 255 characters • Can be use all characters except “/”• Names are case sensitive – ex. MAIL, Mail, mAIL, mail
Wildcards• You can substitute the * as a wildcard
symbol for any number of characters in any filename.
• You can mix the * with other characters to form a search pattern.
• The “?” wildcard stands for any single character.
• (dot) represents the current working directory;
• .. (dot dot) represent the directory one level above the current working directory, often referred to as the parent directory.
RHEL Installation • File Systems • Partitions and Sizes • Installation Methods – CD/DVD– HDD– Network• http • ftp • Kickstart• nfs • PXE (Pre Executable Environment)
RHEL Installation DVD/CD-ROM
If you have a DVD/CD-ROM drive and the RHEL CD or DVD you can use this method.
Hard DriveIf you have copied the RHEL ISO images to a local hard drive, you can use this method. You need a boot CD (use the linux askmethod boot option).
NFSIf you are installing from an NFS server using ISO images or a mirror image of RHEL, you can use this method and you need a boot CD.
URLIf you are installing directly from an HTTP (Web) server or FTP server, use this method. You need a boot CD.
Commands
• All command case sensitive• First word accept as command• Each item Separate by space• Use options together or separate• We can chain command with ;• Use options fully
Command Option Argument
Commands
• First word accept as commanditbuddhika@upab$ls -l • Use options together or separateitbuddhika@upab$ls -laOritbuddhika@upab$ls –a –l
Commands• We can chain command with ;
itbuddhika@upab$ls -la; cp *.doc /opt/
• Use options fullyitbuddhika@upab$find /home –name upab.doc
RHEL help
man (man –k keyword)whatis (whatis ls)info (info date)--help (fdisk –help)apropos/usr/doc makewhatis
vi Editor
•vi/vim• i – insert• a – Append • w – write• q - Quit• ! - By force• yy, p, 7y…..
Configuring yum and yum Repositories(Package Management Utility for RPM Based Distributions)
• /etc/yum.conf• cachedir • keepcache
• enableProxy=1• httpProxy=http://10.10.1.241:3128• enableProxyAuth=1• proxyUser=yourname• proxyPassword=yourpw
Configuring yum and yum Repositories
• /etc/yum.repos.d/anyname.repo• [BuddhikaPackages]• name=Local Repository NMA• baseurl=file:///home/myrpm• enabled=1
createrepo -v /package/directory
Software Installation and Uninstallation
• rpm• i, v, h, e (Don’t allow wildcard with e)• U, qa, qf (/etc/passwd) • rpm -qa |wc -l
• yum• search, install, erase/remove, update,
info
dpkg –install, apt-get install,
Runlevels• 0-6, S, emergency
• The run level is selected by either• /etc/inittab • #runlevel• /etc/inittab file initdefault line
RunlevelsRun level 3 is emulated by multi-user.target. •runlevel3.target is a symbolic link to multi-user.target
You can switch to 'runlevel 3' by running•systemctl isolate multi-user.target (or) systemctl isolate runlevel3.target
•Run level 5 is emulated by graphical.target. •runlevel5.target is a symbolic link to graphical.target.
You can switch to 'runlevel 5' by running•systemctl isolate graphical.target (or) systemctl isolate runlevel5.target
change the default runlevel rm /etc/systemd/system/default.target•ln -sf /lib/systemd/system/multi-user.target /etc/systemd/system/default.target •ln -sf /lib/systemd/system/graphical.target /etc/systemd/system/default.targetor•systemctl set-default <name of target>.target
Simple Commands • date• cal • mkdir• more• less• last• tail• history• uptime
• cd• cp –r • mv• rm• whoami, who• ls• pwd• head
Simple Commands • find /home -name poqit.txt• find /home -iname poqit.txt• find / -type d/f -name poqit• find . -type f -perm 0777 -print• find / -type f ! -perm 777• find /tmp -type d/f -empty• find /home -user poqit• find /home -group developer• find / -size 50M• find / -size +50M -size -100M• find / -mtime 50 (50 days back
modified)• find / -mtime +50 –mtime -100
• find / -cmin -60
(changed file during last 60 min)
• find / -amin -60
(Accessed file during last 60 min)
• find / -size +100M -exec rm -rf {} \;
(Find and Delete 100MB Files)• find / -type f -name *.mp3 -
size +10M -exec rm {} \;
Simple Commands
• mkdir -p• mkdir 2014{J,F,M} • history >• ls > • grep• ls |grep• ping • cd .., cd -, ../, ../../• cd~, cd ~username,
• tree –ds• whereis• uname
Working with file
cat
touch
dd if=/dev/zero of=karu.dat bs=1024 count=10
With this command (bs=1024), the count is in kilobytes. Thus, the example will create a 10K file.
vi Editor Advanced• Operation mode
• Command Mode• To perform administrative tasks such
as saving files, executing commands, moving the cursor, yanking, pasting ,finding and replacing.
• Insert Mode• To insert text in to the file
Note; If you are not sure which mode you are in,
press the Esc key twice, and then you'll be in command mode.
Important Files
User IDs (500)
/etc/passwd
/etc/group
/etc/resolve.conf
/boot/grub/grub.conf
/etc/sysconfig/network
/etc/vsftpd/vsftpd.conf
/etc/httpd/conf/httpd.conf
/etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-eth0
/etc/inittab
/etc/fstab
/etc/exports
/etc/hosts
/etc/issue
GRUB Configuration
/etc/default/grub
grep menuentry /boot/grub2/grub.cfg
grub2-mkconfig --output=/boot/grub2/grub.cfg
grub2-mkconfig -o /boot/grub2/grub.cfg
GRUB_DEFAULT=0
GRUB_DEFAULT="Fedora Linux"
Manage Processps freekill top/proc/cpuinfo/proc/meminfo/proc/mounts/proc/version/proc/swaps/proc/partitions
Login• Users’ Levels– Super user (#)– Limited users ($)
• Local login– su– su -
• Remote login– ssh – root@
File Types
– regular filed directoryl hard links socketp named pipec character device file (unbuffered)b blocked device file (buffered)
File Permissionsls -l or ll
–rwxr-xr-x 1 root buddhika 3277086720 Aug 1 10:24 Fedora-18-i386-DVD.iso
– File type
rwx Owner's (User) permission
r–x Group's Permission
r–x Others' Permission
1 Links count
root Name of the Owner
buddhika Name of the Group
3277086720 Size of the file in Bytes
Aug 1 10:24 Modified Date and Time
Fedora-18-i386-DVD.iso Name of the file
File Permissions
Read access r → 4Write (change) permission w → 2Execute script/executable file x → 1Read and Execute rx → 5Read and Write rw → 6Read, Write and Execute rwx → 7
File Permissions
Letter Type of usersu -- User (owner of the file)g -- Group (group to which
belong the file)o -- Other (users who are neither
a member of the Group nor the owner of the file)
a -- All (everybody)
File Permissions & Ownersownergroupothers
chmod• u+wx,g+r• u-w,o-rw• u=rwx, g-w,o+r
rwx rw- --x761 User = r+w+x =4+2+1
= 7Group= r+w+ -=
4+2+0 = 6Others = -+-+x
=0+0+1 = 1
Sinhala Support
True Type Fonts (.fonts)
fonts-sinhalaim-chooseryum groupinstall sinhala-support
Services Manager
start/stop/restart/reload
chkconfig on/off/--list
system-config-………….
systemctl start <daemon>.servicestart/stop/restart/reload/status
systemctl enable service_name.servicedisable/
systemctl is-active service_name.service
Display all service/daemon status
[root@buddhika ~#]systemctl –a
systemctl list-units --type=service
systemctl poweroff/reboot
Services Manager
Network Configurations
IP/DNS configuring• ifconfig• ping• mii-tool• traceroute• system-config-network (gui/cui)
Install a Printer
• lshw,lshw-gui• lspci,lsusb • dmidecode• /etc/X11/xorg.conf • http://localhost:631• system-config-printer
Working with file system
Sharing with nfs• /etc/exports
/home/yasiru 192.168.0.0/255.255.255.0(ro,no_root_squash)
• samba• fat/ntfs
samba Server
system-config-samba• samba• samba-common• samba-client• samba-swat• etc/samba/smb.conf
Shell Script.sh extension
chmod +x
#!/bin/sh
echo "Starting shell script"
/bin/touch poqit poQit Poqit POQit
/bin/cp -f poqit nma
/bin/mkdir ENA_{NMA,NavDock,Mahaweli,Vijayaba,SBS}
/bin/mkdir -p /configbackups/{dns,config,LAN}
/bin/cp -rf /etc/inittab /configbackups/config/
/bin/cp -rf /etc/passwd /configbackups/config/
/bin/uname -a > /configbackups/OSinfo
/bin/cat /etc/issue >> /configbackups/OSinfo
/sbin/fdisk -l > /configbackups/diskinfo
/bin/df -h >> /configbackups/diskinfo
Step1: Boot from Windows setup CD/DVD
Step2: Select the "Repair" option.
Step3: Select the windows installed drive.eg: 1: C:\WINDOWS now press "1" and press enter.
Step4: When you are prompted, type the Administrator password.(Now you will get a small command prompt window.)
Step5: type "fixmbr" and press enter.Are you sure you want to write a new MBR ?Press "y" and press enter.
Step6: Type "exit" to reboot and you can boot to Windows after root
Recover windows boot loader after removing linux partition
AlternativesDocument
Processing
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Graphics
•GIM
P
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Players
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yer
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Browsers and ftp client•Mozilla Firefox•Opera•Konqueror•Epiphany•gFTP•CloneZilla•KBear•FireFTP
Web Development
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Alternatives
Diagramme Maker
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Programm
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L
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C A D(computer aided drawing)•FreeCAD•Qcad•Archimedes•BRL-CAD•Sweet Home 3D
Games
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Emai
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Applic
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Massaging
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CD Burning
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Other Essentials
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