open source vs. standard software – impacts on library infrastructures prof. dr.-ing. matthias l....
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Open Source vs. Standard Software –
Impacts on Library Infrastructures
Prof. Dr.-Ing. Matthias L. HemmjeFaculty for Mathematics and Computer Science, Chair for Multimedia and Internet Applications, University of Hagen and Scientific and Technical Advisor of InConTec GmbH
Prague, 10th of May 2010
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About the Speaker
Prof. Dr.-Ing. Matthias L. Hemmje
University of HagenFaculty of Mathematics and Computer ScienceChair for Multimedia and Internet Applicationshttp://www.lgmmia.fernuni-hagen.de
• 18 years of experience in IT R&D on national and international level, >100 Publications• Senior Expert Consultant for BMBF, EC, and R&D spin-offs• 15 years at Fraunhofer IPSI, Darmstadt• Former University Professorships at Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich and University of Duisburg• Areas of Expertise: HCI, Information Systems, Digital Libraries, Multimedia Archives, Long Term Archival, and Digital Preservation
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Outline
Open Source vs. Standard Software - What is the difference?
Introduction to Open Source Free and Open Source Initiatives Open Source History and Exmples
Potential Benefits, Disadvantages, & Riscs Make or Buy? Selection & Success Criteria An exemplar approach in the Library Domain Concluding Remarks
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Open Source vs. Standard Software - What is the difference?
Standard Software is sold and supported commercially
However, Open Source Software can be sold and/or supported commercially, too.
Perhaps, the term Proprietary Software is more correct
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Definitions of Open Source Software (I)
Open source is an approach to the design, development, and distribution of software, offering practical accessibility to a software's source code.
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Definitions of Open Source Software (II)
Some consider Open Source as one of various possible design approaches, while others consider it a critical strategic element of their operations. [1]
[1] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_source Open Source vs. Commercial Software Impacts on Library Infrastructures – Amsterdam, 5 th of October 2009
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What is the difference? (I)
Usually the question of Open Source vs. Standard Software is framed as Linux vs. Microsoft Innovation vs. Security etc.
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What is the difference? (II)
However, this is just a simplification from a Marketing Point of view, because …
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Free & Open Source Initiatives …
… have been there for ages and… have produced various licensing
schemes… are responsible for some of the
most radical ICT innovations that man kind has seen so far!
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Public domain Shareware, freeware Copyrighted but free to use GNU Public License (GPL) Creative Commons, Open Source Other licensing: BSD, Q License, etc.
Free & Open Source Initiatives …
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Open Source History (I)
Very similar to open standards, researchers with access to the Advanced Research Projects Agency Network (ARPANET) used a process called Request for Comments to develop telecommunication network protocols.
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Open Source History (II)
Characterized by contemporary open source work, this 1960s' collaborative process led to the birth of the Internet in 1969. [1]
[1] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_source
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Open Source History (III)
There are earlier instances of open source and free software such as IBM's source releases of its operating systems and other programs in the 1950s, 60s, and the SHARE user group that was formed to facilitate the exchange of software. [2][3]
[2] Fisher, Franklin M.; James W. McKie, Richard B. Mancke (1983). IBM and the U.S. Data Processing Industry: An Economic History. Praeger. ISBN 0-03-063059-2. pages 172-179 IBM unbundled (began charging for) software June 23, 1969
[3] Dave Pitts' IBM 7090 support – An example of distrbuted source: Page contains a link to IBM 7090/94 IBSYS source, including COBOL and FORTRAN compilers.
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Open Source History (IV)
Before the term Open Source became widely adopted, developers and producers used a variety of phrases to describe the concept.
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Open Source History (V)
The term Open Source gained popularity with the rise of the Internet, which provided access to diverse production models, communication paths, and, last but not least interactive communities.
[1]
[1] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_source
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Open Source History (VI)
The decision by some people in the free software movement to use the label “open source” came out of a strategy session[4]
held at Palo Alto, California, in reaction to Netscape's January 1998 announcement of a source code release for Navigator.
[4] a b Tiemann, Michael (September 19, 2006). "History of the OSI". Open Source Initiative. http://www.opensource.org/history. Retrieved on August 23, 2008.
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Open Source History (VII)
They used the opportunity before the release of Navigator's source code to free themselves of the ideological and confrontational connotations of the term free software. Netscape licensed and released its code as open source under the Netscape Public License and subsequently under the Mozilla Public License.[5]
[5] Muffatto, Moreno (2006). Open Source: A Multidisciplinary Approach. Imperial College Press. ISBN 1860946658.
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Open Source History (VIII)
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Examples in both Categories
OpenSource
Operating Systems Linux
Word Processing and Office Applications
openOffice
Software Development Eclipse JDK
Multimedia Content Creation Gimp
Web Page Design Typo 3
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Proprietory
Operating Systems MS Windows, XP, Vista ; SUN
Solaris
Word Processing and Office Applications
MS Office, Adobe Framemaker
Software Development .net MS Visual Studio
Multimedia Content Creation Adobe Photoshop
Web Page Design MS Frontpage Adobe Flash, DreamweaverOpen Source vs. Commercial Software Impacts on Library Infrastructures – Amsterdam, 5 th of October 2009
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Potential Benefits of Standard Software
Potential Benefits of deploying to standard software in an application solution: Understand and comply with the
business & technological models of commercial software engineering in a professional environment
Support of standard software / solutions, including services
Compliance with industrial standardsOpen Source vs. Commercial Software Impacts on Library Infrastructures – Amsterdam, 5 th of October 2009
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Potential Benefits of Open Source Software (I)
Availability of source code Source code to understand and learn
from Do not have to re-invent the wheel Free as in “freedom” And sometimes:
free as in “gratis”
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Potential Benefits of Open Source Software (II)
Does not depend on vendor Can choose additional support Can fix bugs and adapt to change in
requirements as well as technology
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Potential Disadvantages and Riscs of Standard Software (I)
Dependent upon a single vendor What if …
… the vendor disappears from the market? … the vendor charges too much?… bug fixing and enhancements not sufficient? etc.
Monopoly?Open Source vs. Commercial Software Impacts on Library Infrastructures – Amsterdam, 5 th of October 2009
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Potential Disadvantages and Riscs of Standard Software (II)
Too much Intellectual Property can be bad for innovation …
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Potential Disadvantages and Riscs of Open Source SW (I)
If source code is not looked at, there is no need to have Open Source SW
There are also bad codes, unqualified persons which use it, etc.
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Potential Disadvantages and Riscs of Open Source SW (II)
Software quality assurance process is widely not transparent
etc.
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Make or Buy? (I)Overall Challenges in the Library Domain
1st Source Search-Engines (Google) 2 Clicks
Fast Responseindependend
„Recommender“
Personalisation
New User Demands
Open Access
Cost PressureOutsourcing/
ASP Cooperations
Consolidation„Buy instead
of Make“
Standardisation
Productivity
Competition
Dynamic ContentCentral Catalogue Virt. Catalogue
Digitisation
eBookseJournals
eLearningInternet
High Volume Information
Streams
more e-only
InformationSharing
Open SystemsFederated
Search Mobil
Integration
Single sign On
Quality
ComfortableGUI
Library
Ranking
Web 2.0
Colloborative
Open Source?
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Make or Buy? (II) Decision Making Dimensions
CostQualityTimeRessource AvailabilityFlexibilityService-Strategy
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Make or Buy? (III) Generic Enterprize Experiences
IT has become a Commodity and is therefore expected to support almost any kind of Enterprize Application like a Service-Center
Significant Cost Pressure requires new
positioning: Which are Core Competences? Which are Competences that can be supported
economically?
Investments „only“ in Core Competences Increasing Deployment of Standard Software Implementation of Sourcing-Strategies (ASP,
Outsourcing, Cooperations etc.)
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Make or Buy? (IV)Open Source – an Alternative for Libraries?Potential Advantages
of building on Open Source
Software is „free of cost“ Sourcecode is freely
available High Flexibility Own Requirements can be
mapped very detailled to Features
Open Standards Independency of Providers
Potential Disadvantages of building Open Source
Full Deployment Risk W.r.t. Completeness and Robustness of
Functional Features Development-Know How is bound to human
resoures
Total Cost of Ownership High Follow-up Cost for Maintenance of
Application Features and Interfaces Need for own Support Infrastructure Höhere Schulungskosten
No secured follow-up development strategy
Need for own Development Resources and Strategy
„Time to Market“ pressure
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Make or Buy? (V) There is now Standard Answer ...
... but a set of questions to be systematically analysed and answered as a decision support:
Is IT application developement a Core Competence of the Library?
Does the Library win a Strategic Advantage by means of own IT Developements?
How big is the Functional Delta to features of Standard Software?
Economic Analysis? Total Cost of Ownership (TCO)?
Time to Market – How long until Production? How are the chances for follow-up funding of
necessary further Evolution of the Solution? Is there a Funding Basis/Community?
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Make or Buy? (VI) Economic Criteria and Planning of TCO
Deployment Costs Production Costs Strategic Aspects
Human Resource Costs Human Resource Cost
Which are Core Competences
Consultancy Costs Maintenance/Support
What is the Future Service-Offering?
Licensing Costs Hardware Costs Integration into a Solution Architecture
Migration Costs Training Cost Openness/Standards
Training Costs Update Cost Stability/Security
Installation Costs Further Development
Budgeting Focus
Start-up Overhead Costs
Usability
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Summary of Selection and Success CriteriaCost Categories Design Cost Specification Cost Implementation Cost Production Cost Maintenance/Service
Cost Update/Migration Cost
∑Total Cost of Ownership
Flexibility Dimensions
Expressiveness of the Solution
Granularity of Adaptation to Initial Requirements
Managing Change Persistency of the
Solution
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An Exemplar Approach in the Library Domain:
Feature&Demand Profiling and Gap Analysis of Search Platforms used in Library Institutions
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SHAMAN Project Profile •Large-Scale
Integrated Project
•48 months Duration
•1.300 PM effort by a Team of 60
R&D Specialists
•18 Partners from 9 Countries
Application Context
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Welcome to the future. Welcome to
SHAMAN.
www.shaman-ip.eu
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Feature & Demand Profiling Methodology applied in SHAMAN
1. Creation of a Multidimensional Decision Support Questionnaire about Features, Demands and other Properties of the solution
2. Production of a Multidimensional Feature Profile Scoring and Ranking Schema
3. Desk-based Research (R&D publications, white papers, marketing material) revealed RTD Feature Space for Open Source and Standard Software systems to be profiled
4. Pre-testing and Adjustment of the Profiling method5. Interviews on-site or by phone, documentation and
crosscheck with interviewees6. Calculation and Visualization of Profile Scoring and
Ranking
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Feature&Demand-Categories used in the Profiling
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Categories #
Integration in ILS Systems 1
Format & Migration Support 2
Management & Administration Features for Existing Standard Functions
3
Personalization Functions 4
Collaboration Support Features 5
Efficency of Search Functions 6
Quality and Efficency of Result Presentation 7
Openess and Customizing Support 8
Usability, User Support Functions and „Ease of Use“ 9
Scoring of the Interviewees during the Survey 0
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Feature-Category Priorities from Customers’ Point of View
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Excerpt of the Feature-Profiling Questionnaire
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F3.0 Browsing functions (simple and advanced search modus)
Which browsing function can be influenced by the user Yes No
1 Can you browse in predefined lists, hosted by the system itself?
Yes facets
2 Can you browse in predefined lists or documents hosted on o global base?
No
3 Can you sort these lists to your favor (alphabetic, theme oriented, …)
No
4 In Browsing lists are there the most important information resource prioritized on top of the lists
No
5 Is alphabetic browsing in different fields e.g. Authors, Magazine title, …) possible
Yes
6 Can the theme oriented structure of lists easy get adapted or changed?
don’t know
7 Can you browse in newspapers to reach articles? No I would imagine that these are not functionalities of an integrated search solution per se but more of the underlying (remote) databases.
8 Can you brows in Magazines to reach articles? No
9 Can you browse in Conferences to reach articles? No
10 Can the user return each time to the search mode?
Yes
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Result Scoring used for Findings
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Answer of interviewee Points
Standard functionality delivered with the product
3
Functionality that can be reached with customization
1,5
Functionality that is provided by the core search engine and requires configuration
2
Not covered by the system 0
Will be brought in the next upcoming release 1
Planned for future foreseeable release 0,5
Out of scope or other solution gets used 0
Partly delivered with the standard solution 1,5
Not part of the questionnaire 0
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General Demand-Category Ranking
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Question ranking Scoring
Questioned function is essential 2Questioned function is important 1,5Questioned function is “nice to have” 1Questioned function is not important 0,5Question does not influence the scoring of the systems
0
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Requirements-based Demand Ranking of Prospective Users
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# Requirement of interviewee Points
1 Yes, this is a “MUST HAVE” functionality 3
3 Yes, if no better solution available 1,5
2 Yes, this is expected 2
4 This is a not necessary function 0
6 Nice to have 1
7 Neutral 0,5
5, 8 Don’t Know / Need to investigate 0
9 On the wish list 1,5
0 Not part of the questionnaire 0Open Source vs. Commercial Software Impacts on Library Infrastructures – Amsterdam, 5 th of October 2009
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Calculation of Scoring Schema
The calculation of the following spider diagrams has been made by the use of the following formula:
Answer of the interviewee (points) * Importance of the question (factor) = Volume of points
The volume of points has been summarized in Feature Categories
The maximum possible feature set represents 100%
The results are presented as percentage of the maximum possible feature sets in each category
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Feature Profiling Results of reviewed Search Platforms
45 Open Source vs. Commercial Software Impacts on Library Infrastructures – Amsterdam, 5 th of October 2009
Commercial 1
Commercial 1
Open Source 1
Open Source 2
Open Source 3
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Demand Profiling UNI Hagen based on Requirements
Requirements measured with the SHAMAN requirements and scoring
Commercial systemsthat have been reviewed
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Methodology applied for the FU Hagen Library Project
1. Creation of a base questionnaire within the SHAMAN project for digital preservation with the focus on library institutions
2. Review of the current situation in Hagen (as is)3. Prioritization of the future demanded features4. Generation of a Ranking Schema related to the
Hagen Library Requirements (new 100% axis)5. Mapping of the SHAMAN System Feature-Pr0filing
results to the new Ranking Schema
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Open Source vs. Commercial Software Impacts on Library Infrastructures – Amsterdam, 5 th of October 2009
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Requirements measured against System Landscape
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Requirements measured against Commercial System 1
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Requirements measured against Commercial System 2
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Requirements measured against Commercial System 3
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Requirements measured against different Open Source Systems
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Gap analysis for all (combined) Open Source Systems
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Gap to be filled in the project with programming resources
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Gap analysis Commercial versus Open Source
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Analysis Dimensions Total Cost of Ownership (I)
Commercial system of choice Cost of investment Cost of customization and consulting
activities to fill the gap Cost of maintenance for a period of time
(maintenance fees) Cost of migration of customization to the
next following releases (number of releases in the defined period of time
Cost of own administration resources Hosting cost if applicable
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Analysis Dimensions Total Cost of Ownership (II)
Open Source system(s) of choice Cost of API learning with function review Cost of development and quality assurance to fill the
gap Cost of documentation to bring the own source code
in the source code community Cost of own administration and of keeping
development resources (plus eventually additionally API learning cost of fluctuation appears)
Cost of quality control for new Open source releases to participate in community bug fixing related to the own installation
Hosting cost if applicable
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Other Decision Criteria provided by Users/Customers
Importance
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Concluding Remarks
There are pros and cons to selecting Open Source and Standard Software
SW should be selected and used only after Careful Needs and Requirements Analysis
including Profiles of own Competences vs. available
Open Source Profiles and Standard Software Profiles
Thorough Definition of Success Criteria Systematic Evaluation of Potential Benefits
versus Riscs including Total Cost of Ownership
Open Source vs. Commercial Software Impacts on Library Infrastructures – Amsterdam, 5 th of October 2009
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Fine.
Thank you very much for your attention.
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Prof. Dr.-Ing. Matthias L. Hemmje
Phone (InConTec): +49-9552-931494Phone (Uni. Hagen): +49-2331-987-304
E-Mail: [email protected]. [email protected]
Open Source vs. Commercial Software Impacts on Library Infrastructures – Amsterdam, 5 th of October 2009