open education network http :// www. open - ed. net reviewing the literature paul kawachi frsa open...
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Open Education Networkhttp :// www . open - ed. net
Reviewing the Literature
Paul Kawachi FRSA
Open University of China
kawachi @ open-ed.net
Open Education Networkhttp :// www . open - ed. net
Reviewing the Literature
Paul Kawachi FRSA
Open University of China
kawachi @ open-ed.net
http://www.open-ed.net / library / review.ppt
Open Education Networkhttp :// www . open - ed. net
suggestions as a road map
to help guide researchers as writers in
how to review the literature
overview
Open Education Networkhttp :// www . open - ed. net
i cycles iteratively
ii four stages in each cycle
iii the cycles
iv examples in practice
overview
Open Education Networkhttp :// www . open - ed. net
learningoccurs in cyclesiteratively
with each cycle moving on into the nextthroughout life
cycles
Open Education Networkhttp :// www . open - ed. net
reviewingthe literature occurs in cycles
with each cycle furtherdeveloping your understanding
cycles
Open Education Networkhttp :// www . open - ed. net
a cycle
the transactional distance model of learning
Stage 1 get input
Stage 2 organise
Stage 4 output
Stage 3 critique
Open Education Networkhttp :// www . open - ed. net
stages in a cycle
less
transactional
distance
1 S - D -
2 S+ D -
3 S+ D+
4 S - D+
cooperative sharing old
collaborative creative
collaborative disjunctive
cooperative experiential
the transactional distance model of learningS = imposed structure D = educative dialogue
Open Education Networkhttp :// www . open - ed. net
1
2
4
3.
1
2
3.
3.
4
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four stages
get input
organise
output
critique
Open Education Networkhttp :// www . open - ed. net
four-stages in each cycle :
1 : get input
2 : organise
3 : critique
4 : output
four stages
Open Education Networkhttp :// www . open - ed. net
four-stages in each cycle :
1 : get input
2 : organise
3 : critique
4 : output
four stages
experience, search, read, listen
link examples with reasons
disjunctively judge, decide
test out, get feedback and learn
Open Education Networkhttp :// www . open - ed. net
four-stages in each cycle :
1 : get input
2 : organise
3 : critique
4 : output
this cycle repeats with more purpose, refinement, detail …
cycles
Open Education Networkhttp :// www . open - ed. net
four-stages in each cycle :
this cycle repeats with more purpose, refinement, detail …
cycles
14
Open Education Networkhttp :// www . open - ed. net
initial cycle :
second cycle :
next cycle :
more cycles :
cycles
1 experience, 2 reflect on why, 3 what alternatives, and 4 try to get some consistent understanding
1 taking initial understanding as a starting point, read, and search for related input, 2 collate notes and link up by reasons, 3 share and consider alternatives, then 4 write a draft
1 research, 2 annotate earlier draft, 3 share and consider alternatives, then 4 write a better draft
repeat similar activities in the four stages
Open Education Networkhttp :// www . open - ed. net
cycles :
so there are cycles of reading the literature, thinking about the value of the input content, comparing different views from various sources, and writing an original sensible interpretation
cycles
Open Education Networkhttp :// www . open - ed. net
now let’s look at sources of literature
and
how to access these
in practice
Open Education Networkhttp :// www . open - ed. net
sources of literature :
encyclopaedia and reference books
library indexed books
newspapers and periodicals
academic journals and conference proceedings
online sources and internet searches
discussion groups, colleagues,
in practice
Open Education Networkhttp :// www . open - ed. net
sources of literature :
encyclopaedia and reference books
reading these general books gives you
a comprehensive overview and the framework
on which you can then position your
later more-detailed reading
in practice
Open Education Networkhttp :// www . open - ed. net
sources of literature :
library indexed books
not all books are linked to the web
in practice
Open Education Networkhttp :// www . open - ed. net
sources of literature :
newspapers and periodicals
there are 1000s of online newspapers and news lists
in practice
Open Education Networkhttp :// www . open - ed. net
sources of literature :
academic journals and conference proceedings
one article can introduce 100 related articles
and you quickly need to filter and focus your search
in practice
Open Education Networkhttp :// www . open - ed. net
sources of literature :
online sources and internet searches
more than 800 search engines giving different findings –
there are three basic kinds of search engine ;-
1)
2)
3)
in practice
Open Education Networkhttp :// www . open - ed. net
sources of literature :
discussion groups, colleagues
a global network of friends can help ;
although if you never help them
then they’ll quickly stop sending you their sources …
invest your time forwarding interesting quality news to others
in practice
Open Education Networkhttp :// www . open - ed. net
other points :
there is a pervasive inescapable need for you to
be systematic
design or adopt a system of storage-and-retrieval
to manage your reading-and-writing
see Personal Knowledge Management
finally
http://www.open-ed.net / library / pkm.ppt