oorzaak- en gevolgdiagrammen (civ04) opslagtanks
TRANSCRIPT
Centrum
Industriële Veiligheid 3
BR
AN
DV
EILIG
HE
ID O
PS
LAG
TAN
KS
OO
RZ
AA
K- E
N G
EV
OLG
DIA
GR
AM
ME
N (C
IV0
4)
Het docum
ent Brandveiligheid Opslagtanks - O
orzaak- en Gevolgdiagram
men is de derde uit een reeks
van drie publicaties van het Centrum Industriële Veiligheid over opslagtanks. D
oel van deze documen-
ten is een handreiking te bieden voor het verbeteren van de brandveiligheid bij atmosferische opslag-
tanks. Na recente grote en kleinere incidenten is de aandacht hiervoor verscherpt. A
angezien verhoging van de kw
aliteit van brandveiligheid niet zozeer gebaat is bij meer en strengere norm
ering maar m
et vergroten van het inzicht in de m
echanismen van brandveiligheid bij tankopslagbedrijven, adviesbu-
reaus en overheden, zijn hiervoor deze specifieke documenten ontw
ikkeld. Deze docum
enten vormen
een auditmethode voor de volledige analyse van brandveiligheid bij een opslagtank (CIV
03), een ondersteunende docum
ent met achtergrondkennis en verbeteropties (CIV
02) en deze complete set van
incidentscenario’s (CIV 04). D
e documenten vertegenw
oordigen niet per definitie de actuele mening van
de Regionale Brandweer Rotterdam
Rijnmond van de Veiligheidsregio Rotterdam
Rijnmond en vervan-
gen niet bestaande normeringen.
Dit docum
ent is ontwikkeld door het gespecialiseerde Britse bureau Resource Protection International Ltd en
kent een uitgebreide consultatie van diverse Nederlandse specialisten op het gebied van arbeid-, m
ilieu-, brand- of openbare veiligheid en deskundigen op het gebied van bestrijding van tankincidenten.H
et Centrum Industriële Veiligheid is onderdeel van de Veiligheidsregio Rotterdam
Rijnmond en heeft
als doelstelling gemeentelijke en regionale overheden op een duurzam
e wijze te ondersteunen in het
domein industriële Veiligheid. H
et Centrum Industriële Veiligheid is bereikbaar voor aanvullende
ondersteuning bij gebruikt van dit document en geeft onder andere w
orkshops en (persoonlijke) opleidingen op het gebied van brandveiligheid.
Meer inform
atie is tevens te vinden op ww
w.centrum
-iv.nl
VO
OR
WO
OR
D
Centrum
Industriële Veiligheid 5
CO
LOFO
N
Niets u
it deze u
itgave m
ag w
ord
en verveelvo
ud
igd
, op
geslag
en in
een g
eauto
matiseerd
geg
evensb
estand
of o
pen
baar g
emaakt in
en
ige vo
rm o
f op
wijze, h
etzij elektron
isch, m
echan
isch, in
foto
kop
ie of an
derszin
s, zon
der vo
orafg
aand
schriftelijke to
estemm
ing
van
de u
itgever.
Deze p
ub
licatie is gem
aakt in o
pd
racht van
: Veilig
heid
sregio
Ro
tterdam
Rijn
mo
nd
(w
ww
.vr-rr.nl)
Vo
rmg
eving
: Trichis vo
rmg
eving
BN
O
Dit d
ocu
men
t is uitg
egeven
do
or h
et Cen
trum
Ind
ustriële V
eiligh
eid (C
IV). H
et CIV
verzorg
t in h
eel Ned
erland
on
dersteu
nin
g b
ij b
rand
weerg
erelateerde o
nd
erwerp
en ro
nd
om
ind
ustriële veilig
heid
. Het C
IV is o
nd
ergeb
racht b
ij Bran
dw
eerdistrict H
aven w
elke deel
uitm
aakt van d
e Veilig
heid
sregio
Ro
tterdam
-Rijn
mo
nd
.H
et CIV
is op
geen
enkele w
ijze aansp
rakelijk voo
r het g
ebru
ik of d
e (nad
elige) g
evolg
en van
de to
epassin
g van
de in
form
atie in d
it d
ocu
men
t.’
Centrum industriële Veiligheid 7
KEY TO ‘BOW TIE DIAGRAMS’
*
SCENARIO
LOCE.G. OVERFILLLevel alarm failure
LOSS OF CONTAINMENTE.G. SPILL ON ROOF
IGNITION SOURCE
BARRIER / CONTROLOR EVENTDetectionFoam System etc..
OUTCOME 1
IGNITION SOURCEE.G. LIGHTNINGDirect Strike Induced
BARRIER/CONTROL OR EVENT E.G ESCALATION OUTCOME 2B
INITIATINGFIRE EVENTDaily breathing cyclePV Vent failure
“Bow-Tie Diagrams” are provided for tank fire scenarios listed in the Te 4.5 and 4.6 to develop the fire scenario concerned. The left hand side of the “bow tie” may be made up of a number of initiating fire events, loss of containment modes and ignition sources depending upon the tank type, scenario and expected threats. The right hand side will comprise one or more intermediate events (e.g fire response options, threats or escalation events) leading to one or moreeventual outcomes. An outcome may be extinguishment of the tank fire, or a new fire scenario resulting from the previous escalation event(s).
The fire scenario (shows as the “knot” of the bow tie) will generally ar means of an AND gate (i.e. both must occur for the tank fire to manifest i Overfill OR m
In all cases, modes and events are grouped together, denoted by a ‘box’, under which examples are given. Those which appear in red type are generally failures or actions which could result in loss of containment, ignition or escalation (i.e. threats). Examples appearing in green type are generally “barriers” or Lines of Defence which may mitigate the effects of the tank fire scenario. On the right hand side of the bow tie, the eventual outcomes will be dependent upon the effectiveness of the barriers or Risk Reduction Options, and for more guidance on this reference should be made to the Technical Frame of Reference, Sections 6 and 9, which detail Lines of Defence and Fire Systems Integrity Assurance.
Fixed (Cone Roof) Tanks
FUEL
VAPOUR SPACE VAPOUR SPACE
FUEL
VENT SEAM WEAK
Fixed (Cone Roof) Tanks FIXED (CONE ROOF) TANKS
Centrum industriële Veiligheid 8
Centrum industriële Veiligheid 9
VENT FIRE SCENARIO
*
*Probablity depends on effectiveness of Risk Reduction Option (Barrier) /FSIA. See TFR Sections 6 / 9
*
*
NB: Frequency of vent fi res typically much lower than rimseal fi re frequency (fl oating roof tanks) due to nature of fuels normally stored i.e.high fl ash point
VENTFIRE
OVERFILLING
Level Alarm FailureOperator errorTank valve trip/close failure
UNPERMITTEDHOT WORKWelding, grinding etc.
LIGHTNING
Direct strikeInduced (nearby strike)
FLARES/OTHER
Vehicle(s)Lighting
FLAMMABLE VAPOUR(VENT/VAPOUR SPACE)
IGNITION SOURCE
RAPID EXTINGUISHMENT
Foam pourer systemTank cooling
DELAYEDEXTINGUISHMENT
BLUE-RED FLAMEFLAM. VAPOUR SPACEHalt tank operations
EXTINGUISHMENT
SHORT DURATIONVENT FIRE
VENT FIRE
OTHER MECHANICALDAMAGECorrosion
(UN)CLASSIFIEDELECTRICAL EQUIP.Inadequate maintenance
YELLOW/ORANGE FLAME VAPOUR SPACE FUEL RICH
Flame arrest in vent(s)Foam pourer systemExtinguishers / monitorsControlled burndown
SHORT DURATIONVENT FIRESingle ventMultiple vents
VAPOUREXPULSIONDaily breathing cycleFilling Operations
BLUE-RED FLAMEFLAM. VAPOUR SPACEAs above
DELAYEDEXTINGUISHMENTExtended discharge foam system failureDelayed responseDetection failure
PROLONGED VENT FIRE
Single ventMultiple vents
PROLONGED VENT FIRE
DEFECTIVE FLAMEARRESTOR
FLASH-BACK INTO TANK
LOSS OF ROOF & PAR-TIAL/FULL SURFACE FIRE
Centrum industriële Veiligheid 10
BUND FIRE SCENARIO
*
*Probablity depends on effectiveness of Risk Reduction Option (Barrier) /FSIA. See TFR Sections 6 / 9
*
BUNDFIRE
‘CARRY-OVER’ OF FUEL
Adjacent tank incidentBoilover
PIPE/TANK LEAKAGE
Piping, fl ange or valveMixer leakSteam coil failureSample point/valve leakCorrosion of tank bottomCorrosion of annular plateImpact
OVERFILLING
Level Alarm FailureOperator errorTank valve trip/close failure
OTHER MECHANICALFAILURECorrosionFailed gasket(s)Tank suction/discharge valve failureFailure of roof leg padsTank settlement
UNPERMITTEDHOT WORKWelding, grinding etc.
(UN)CLASSIFIEDELECTRICAL EQUIP.Inadequate maintenancePoor specifi cation
FLARES/OTHER
Vehicle(s)
SPILL IN BUND AND/ORSMALL BUND FIRE
IGNITION SOURCE
RAPID EXTINGUISHMENT
Bund pourersMonitors
PREVENTS ESCALATIONTO ENGULF TANKIsolation of fuel/minimise LOC
DELAYEDEXTINGUISHMENT
ESCALATION TOENGULF TANKBund pourer failureDelayed/inappropriate response
ESCALATION BEYONDBUND/TO OTHER TANKOpen drainPoor bundWall transitMisuse of Large monitorsIntermediate bund failure
Tank spacingIP19• Impervious bunding
DELAYEDEXTINGUISHMENT
EXTINGUISHMENT
CONTAINED BUND FIRE
PROLONGED SINGLEBUND FIRENo other tanks involvedIntermediate bunding
LARGE SCALE BUND FIRE + VENT FIRE
EXTENSIVE FIRE BEYOND BUND
ENGULFED TANK(S)
Flam range created in low fl ash tanks
MULTIPLE TANK / BUND INCIDENT
INLET/OUTLETPIPE RUPTURECorrosionImpact
LIGHTNING
Direct strikeInduced (nearby strike)
Centrum industriële Veiligheid 11
FULL SURFACE FIRE SCENARIO (Full Roof Removal)
*
*Probablity depends on effectiveness of Risk Reduction Option (Barrier) /FSIA. See TFR Sections 6 / 9
*
*FULLSURFACE
FIREFull RoofRemoval
LIGHTNING
Direct Strike Induced (nearby strike)
(UN)CLASSIFIEDELECTRICAL EQUIP.Inadequate Maintenance
FLARES/OTHER
Vehicle(s)Lighting
VENT FIRE ESCALATION
Prolonged vent fi reBlue-red ‘snapping’ fl ameFlashback into tankTank draw down operations Vent fl ame arrest failureVent PVV failure
VAPOUR SPACEEXPLOSIONFlashback into tank
FLAMMABLE VAPOUR(VENT/VAPOUR SPACE
WEAK SEAM RUPTURE FULL ROOF REMOVALAPI 650 Weak Seam
RAPID EXTINGUISHMENT(TOPSIDE/SUBSURFACE)Extended discharge foamSubsurface foam injectionTank cooling
PREVENTS ESCALATIONBEYOND TANKIsolation of fuel/minimise LOC
DELAYEDEXTINGUISHMENTInsuffi cient application rateInappropriate foamLogistical diffi culties
EXTINGUISHMENT
SHORT DURATIONFULL SURFACE FIRESingle tank
PROLONGED SINGLE BUND FIRE TANK INCIDENT
PROLONGED TANKFULL SURFACE FIRE
FUEL CARRY OVER
Misuse of large monitors
UNPERMITTED HOT WORKWelding, grinding etc.
IGNITION SOURCE
TOPSIDE EXTINGUISH-MENTMobile foam monitorsFoam Pourers
DELAYEDEXTINGUISHMENT
FOAM SYSTEM
Semi-Subsurface foam injectionSubsurface foam injection Foam pourers
MULTIPLE TANK/BUND INCIDENTTank spacing IP19Intermediate bundingTank cooling
Centrum industriële Veiligheid 12
FULL SURFACE FIRE SCENARIO (Partial Roof Removal)
*
*Probablity depends on effectiveness of Risk Reduction Option (Barrier) /FSIA. See TFR Sections 6 / 9
*
*FULL
SURFACEFIRE
Partial RoofRemoval
LIGHTNING
Direct Strike Induced (nearby strike)
(UN)CLASSIFIEDELECTRICAL EQUIP.Inadequate Maintenance
FLARES/OTHER
Vehicle(s)Lighting
VENT FIRE ESCALATION
Prolonged vent fi reBlue-red ‘snapping’ fl ameFlashback into tankTank draw down operations Vent fl ame arrest failureVent PVV failure
VAPOUR SPACEEXPLOSIONFlashback into tank
FLAMMABLE VAPOUR(VENT/VAPOUR SPACE
WEAK SEAM RUPTURE PARTIAL ROOF REMOVALAPI 650 Weak Seam
RAPID EXTINGUISHMENT(TOPSIDE/SUBSURFACE)Extended discharge foamSubsurface foam injectionTank cooling
PREVENTS ESCALATIONBEYOND TANKIsolation of fuel/minimise LOCIntermediate bunding
DELAYEDEXTINGUISHMENTInsuffi cient application rateInappropriate foamLogistical diffi culties
EXTINGUISHMENT
SHORT DURATIONFULL SURFACE FIRESingle tank
PROLONGED SINGLE TANK INCIDENT
PROLONGED TANKFULL SURFACE FIRE
FUEL CARRY OVER
Misuse of large monitors
UNPERMITTED HOT WORKWelding, grinding etc.
IGNITION SOURCE
ROOF FALLS BACK INTO TANK
DELAYEDEXTINGUISHMENT
ROOF BUCKLES
‘Fish mouth’ opening
MULTIPLE TANK/BUND INCIDENTTank spacing IP19Intermediate bundingTank cooling
Centrum industriële Veiligheid 13
INTERNAL (COVERED) FLOATING TANKS
InternalFloating Roof
Tank
Internal (Covered) Floating Roof TanksInternal (Covered) Floating Roof Tanks
InternalFloating Roof
Tank
Centrum industriële Veiligheid 14
VENT FIRE SCENARIO
*
*Probablity depends on effectiveness of Risk Reduction Option (Barrier) /FSIA. See TFR Sections 6 / 9
*
*
NB: Frequency of vent fi res typically much lower than rimseal fi re frequency (fl oating roof tanks) due to nature of fuels normally stored i.e.high fl ash point
VENTFIRE
OVERFILLING
Level Alarm FailureOperator errorTank valve trip/close failure
UNPERMITTEDHOT WORKWelding, grinding etc.
LIGHTNING
Direct strikeInduced (nearby strike)
FLARES/OTHER
Vehicle(s)Lighting
FLAMMABLE VAPOUR(VENT/VAPOUR SPACE)
IGNITION SOURCE
RAPID EXTINGUISHMENT
Foam pourer systemTank cooling
DELAYEDEXTINGUISHMENT
BLUE-RED FLAMEFLAM. VAPOUR SPACEHalt tank operations
EXTINGUISHMENT
SHORT DURATIONVENT FIRE
VENT FIRE
OTHER MECHANICALDAMAGECorrosion
(UN)CLASSIFIEDELECTRICAL EQUIP.Inadequate maintenance
YELLOW/ORANGE FLAME VAPOUR SPACE FUEL RICH
Flame arrest in vent(s)Foam pourer systemExtinguishers / monitorsControlled burndown
SHORT DURATIONVENT FIRESingle ventMultiple vents
VAPOUREXPULSIONDaily breathing cycleFilling Operations
BLUE-RED FLAMEFLAM. VAPOUR SPACEAs above
DELAYEDEXTINGUISHMENTExtended discharge foam system failureDelayed responseDetection failure
PROLONGED VENT FIRE
Single ventMultiple vents
PROLONGED VENT FIRE
DEFECTIVE FLAMEARRESTOR
FLASH-BACK INTO TANK
LOSS OF ROOF & PAR-TIAL/FULL SURFACE FIRE
Centrum industriële Veiligheid 15
BUND FIRE SCENARIO
*
*Probablity depends on effectiveness of Risk Reduction Option (Barrier) /FSIA. See TFR Sections 6 / 9
*
BUNDFIRE
‘CARRY-OVER’ OF FUEL
Adjacent tank incidentBoilover
PIPE/TANK LEAKAGE
Piping, fl ange or valveMixer leakSteam coil failureSample point/valve leakCorrosion of tank bottomCorrosion of annular plateImpact
OVERFILLING
Level Alarm FailureOperator errorTank valve trip/close failure
OTHER MECHANICALFAILURECorrosionFailed gasket(s)Tank suction/discharge valve failureFailure of roof leg padsTank settlement
UNPERMITTEDHOT WORKWelding, grinding etc.
(UN)CLASSIFIEDELECTRICAL EQUIP.Inadequate maintenancePoor specifi cation
FLARES/OTHER
Vehicle(s)
SPILL IN BUND AND/ORSMALL BUND FIRE
IGNITION SOURCE
RAPID EXTINGUISHMENT
Bund pourersMonitors
PREVENTS ESCALATIONTO ENGULF TANKIsolation of fuel/minimise LOC
DELAYEDEXTINGUISHMENT
ESCALATION TOENGULF TANKBund pourer failureDelayed/inappropriate response
ESCALATION BEYONDBUND/TO OTHER TANKOpen drainPoor bundWall transitMisuse of Large monitorsIntermediate bund failure
Tank spacingIP19• Impervious bunding
DELAYEDEXTINGUISHMENT
EXTINGUISHMENT
CONTAINED BUND FIRE
PROLONGED SINGLEBUND FIRENo other tanks involvedIntermediate bunding
LARGE SCALE BUND FIRE + VENT FIRE
EXTENSIVE FIRE BEYOND BUND
ENGULFED TANK(S)
Flam range created in low fl ash tanks
MULTIPLE TANK / BUND INCIDENT
INLET/OUTLETPIPE RUPTURECorrosionImpact
LIGHTNING
Direct strikeInduced (nearby strike)
Centrum industriële Veiligheid 16
OBSTRUCTED FULL SURFACE FIRE SCENARIO
*
*
*
PARTIALSURFACE
FIRE
LIGHTNING
Direct Strike Induced (nearby strike)
(UN)CLASSIFIEDELECTRICAL EQUIP.Inadequate Maintenance
FLARES/OTHER
Vehicle(s)Lighting
VENT FIRE ESCALATION
Prolonged vent fi reBlue-red ‘snapping’ fl ameFlashback into tank
VAPOUR SPACE EXPLOSIONBuckled or cocked roofProduct overfl owing rim resulting in fl ammable mixture between fi xed / fl oating roofFlashback into tank
FLAMMABLE VAPOUR(VENT/VAPOUR SPACE
WEAK SEAM RUPTURE PARTIAL ROOF REMOVALAPI 650 Weak Seam
RAPID EXTINGUISHMENT(TOPSIDE/SUBSURFACE)Foam systemMonitorsTank cooling
PREVENTS ESCALATIONBEYOND TANKIsolation of fuel/minimise LOCIntermediate bunding
DELAYEDEXTINGUISHMENTInsuffi cient application rateInappropriate foamLogistical diffi culties
EXTINGUISHMENT
SHORT DURATIONFULL SURFACE FIRESingle tank
PROLONGED SINGLE TANK INCIDENT
PROLONGED TANKFULL SURFACE FIRE
FUEL CARRY OVER
Misuse of large monitors
UNPERMITTED HOT WORK
IGNITION SOURCE
ROOF PARTIALLY INTO TANK
DELAYEDEXTINGUISHMENT
ROOF BUCKLES
‘Fish mouth’ opening
MULTIPLE TANK/BUND INCIDENTTank spacing IP19Intermediate bundingTank cooling
RIMSEAL NOT VAPOUR TIGHTVapour space in fl ammable range
Centrum industriële Veiligheid 17
OPEN-TOP FLOATING ROOF TANKS
Open top Floating Roof
Open-Top Floating Roof TanksOpen-Top Floating Roof Tanks
Open top Floating Roof
Centrum industriële Veiligheid 18
SPILL ON ROOF FIRE SCENARIO
*
*Probablity depends on effectiveness of Risk Reduction Option (Barrier) /FSIA. See TFR Sections 6 / 9
*
*
SPILLON ROOF
FIRE
PONTOON LEAKAGE
Weld failureCorrosion
DOUBLE DECK LEAKAGE
Lap weld cracking(high wind loading)
MECHANICAL FAILURE
CorrosionRoof drain failureSuction/discharge valve faiSeal damagel
LOSS OFROOF BUOYANCYLeg failurePontoon damageExcessive weight
UNPERMITTEDHOT WORKWelding, grinding etc.
(UN)CLASSIFIEDELECTRICAL EQUIP.Inadequate maintenancePoor specifi cation
FLARES/OTHER
LightingFlare carry over
SPILL ON ROOF/ PRO-DUCT ACCUMULATION
IGNITION SOURCE
RAPID EXTINGUISHMENT
Extended discharge foamMonitors
PREVENTS ESCALATIONBEYOND SPILL FIRE
DELAYEDEXTINGUISHMENT
ROOF SINKS
Misuse of large monitorsLocal over application offoam (full surface system)Open roof drian
ROOF TIPS
DELAYEDEXTINGUISHMENT
EXTINGUISHMENT
SHORT DURATIONSPILL ON ROOF FIRE
PROLONGEDSPILL ON ROOF FIRE
SINGLE TANK FULL SURFACE FIRE (SHORT)
PROLONGED TANK FULL SURFACE FIRE
BOILOVER (CRUDE OIL)
OVERFILLING
Level Alarm FailureOperator errorTank valve trip/close failure
EXCESSIVE WEIGHT(RAIN/FIREWATER)
LIGHTNING
Direct strikeInduced (nearby strike)
MULTIPLE TANK/BUND INCIDENTTank spacing IP19Intermediate bundingTank cooling
Centrum industriële Veiligheid 19
BUND FIRE SCENARIO
*
*Probablity depends on effectiveness of Risk Reduction Option (Barrier) /FSIA. See TFR Sections 6 / 9
*
BUNDFIRE
‘CARRY-OVER’ OF FUEL
Adjacent tank incidentBoilover
PIPE/TANK LEAKAGE
Piping, fl ange or valveMixer leakSteam coil failureSample point/valve leakCorrosion of tank bottomCorrosion of annular plateImpact
OVERFILLING
Level Alarm FailureOperator errorTank valve trip/close failure
OTHER MECHANICALFAILURECorrosionFailed gasket(s)Tank suction/discharge valve failureFailure of roof leg padsTank settlement
UNPERMITTEDHOT WORKWelding, grinding etc.
(UN)CLASSIFIEDELECTRICAL EQUIP.Inadequate maintenancePoor specifi cation
FLARES/OTHER
Vehicle(s)
SPILL IN BUND AND/ORSMALL BUND FIRE
IGNITION SOURCE
RAPID EXTINGUISHMENT
Bund pourersMonitors
PREVENTS ESCALATIONTO ENGULF TANKIsolation of fuel/minimise LOC
DELAYEDEXTINGUISHMENT
ESCALATION TOENGULF TANKBund pourer failureDelayed/inappropriate response
ESCALATION BEYONDBUND/TO OTHER TANKOpen drainPoor bundWall transitMisuse of Large monitorsIntermediate bund failure
Tank spacingIP19• Impervious bunding
DELAYEDEXTINGUISHMENT
EXTINGUISHMENT
CONTAINED BUND FIRE
PROLONGED SINGLEBUND FIRENo other tanks involvedIntermediate bunding
LARGE SCALE BUND FIRE + VENT FIRE
EXTENSIVE FIRE BEYOND BUND
ENGULFED TANK(S)
Flam range created in low fl ash tanks
MULTIPLE TANK / BUND INCIDENT
INLET/OUTLETPIPE RUPTURECorrosionImpact
LIGHTNING
Direct strikeInduced (nearby strike)
Centrum industriële Veiligheid 20
RIMSEAL FIRE SCENARIO
*
*Probablity depends on effectiveness of Risk Reduction Option (Barrier) /FSIA. See TFR Sections 6 / 9
*
*
RIMSEALFIRE
OVERFILLING
Level Alarm FailureOperator errorTank valve trip/close failure
OTHER MECHANICAL DAMAGERim vent failureCorrosion
UNPERMITTEDHOT WORKWelding, grinding etc.
LIGHTNING
Direct strikeInduced (nearby strike) Geodesic dome
FLARES/OTHER
Flare carry over
LOSS OF CONTAINMENTIN RIMSEAL FIRE
IGNITION SOURCE
RAPID EXTINGUISHMENT
Extended discharge foamHandlines / extinguishers
DELAYEDEXTINGUISHMENT
ESCALATION BEYOND RIMSEALPoor maintenancePontoon explosionExcessive fi rewater
EXTINGUISHMENT
PARTIAL SURFACE FIRE
FULL SURFUCE FIRE SCENARIO
SEAL DAMAGE
Weather shield damagePunctured seal (liquid/gas)Secondary seal failure
(UN)CLASSIFIEDELECTRICAL EQUIP.Inadequate maintenance Poor specifi catie
PREVENTS ESCALATIONBEYOND RIMSEALFire retardant rimsealDetectionExtended discharge foam system
SHORT DURATIONRIMSEAL FIREPartialFull Circumference
PRODUCT ACCUMULATIONOn fl oating
ESCALATION BEYOND RIMSEALPoor maintenancePontoon explosion
DELAYEDEXTINGUISHMENTExtended discharge foam system failureDelayed responseDetection failure
PROLONGED RIMSEAL ROOF FIREPartialFull Circumference
SHORT DURATIONFULL SURFACE FIRESingle tank
POOR MAINTENANCE
PROLONGED SINGLE TANK INCIDENT
MULTIPLE TANK/ BUND INCIDENT
Centrum industriële Veiligheid 21
FULL/PARTIAL SURFACE FIRE SCENARIO
*
*Probablity depends on effectiveness of Risk Reduction Option (Barrier) /FSIA. See TFR Sections 6 / 9
*
*
FULL/ PARTIAL SURFACE
FIRE
PONTOON LEAKAGE
Weld failureCorrosion
DOUBLE DECK LEAKAGE
Lap weld cracking(high wind loading)
MECHANICAL FAILURE
CorrosionRoof drain failure
LOSS OFROOF BUOYANCYLeg failurePontoon damage
UNPERMITTEDHOT WORKWelding, grinding etc.
UNCLASSIFIEDELECTRICAL EQUIP.Inadequate maintenance
FLARES/OTHER
SPILL ON ROOF/ PRO-DUCT ACCUMULATION
IGNITION SOURCE
RAPID EXTINGUISHMENT
Extended discharge foamMonitors
DELAYEDEXTINGUISHMENT
ROOF SINKS
Misuse of large monitorsLocal over application offoam (full surface system)Open roof drian
ROOF TIPS
DELAYEDEXTINGUISHMENT
EXTINGUISHMENT
PROLONGED SINGLE TANK INCIDENT
PROLONGED TANK FULL SURFACE FIRE
BOILOVER (CRUDE OIL)
OVERFILLING
Level Alarm Failure
EXCESSIVE WEIGHT(RAIN/FIREWATER)
LIGHTNING
Direct strikeInduced (nearby strike)
MULTIPLE TANK/BUND INCIDENTTank spacing IP19Intermediate bundingTank cooling
PREVENTS ESCALATIONBEYOND SPILL FIREExtended discharge foamMonitors
SHORT DURATIONFULL SURFACE FIRESingle tank