one hts josephson junction an array of applications: has ......one hts josephson junction ......

One HTS Josephson Junction –An Array of Applications: Has anything come from HTS devices in the last 30 years?

MANUFACTURING AND DATA61

C. Foley, J. Du, E. Mitchell, S. Lam, S. Keenan, J. Lazar, M. Bick, T. Zhang and K. Leslie

IEEE/CSC & ESAS EUROPEAN SUPERCONDUCTIVITY NEWS FORUM (global edition), October 2016. Plenary presentation 4PL-01 given at ASC 2016; Denver,Colorado,USA, September 4 – 9, 2016.

1

1986(LaB)CuO Tc=36 K


2

18 March 1987


3


4

http://www.time.com/time/magazine/list/0,11627,1101870511,00.html

















5


6


7


8

Making a Josephson junction


9

1 nm


10


11

AFM

Image width: 2.5 µm


12

Can you create a grain boundary another way?


13

STO

MgO

c axis

c axis


14

“Escher steps”


15


16

Schematic of the MgO lattice from different orientations for beta


17


18


19


20


21

Emma Mitchell


22

Enpuku and Minotani Simplistic Model IEICE Trans Electron E83-C (2000) 34

SuperconductorSuperconductor Insulator

Cooper Pair Direct tunnel (d-wave symmetry)

Direct tunnel

Resonant tunnel

Trap and escape (1/f noise)

Quasiparticles


23

Junction noise in a magnetic shield

0

1

2

3

0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0

cath1.ep

BC2 bi-xtal

ML384Pk.1Pk.2

ML789Pk.2 Pk.1

ML635

T/Tc

Sv (

nV

Hz

-1/2

)

VOLTAGE NOISE vs. REDUCED TEMPERATURE FOR 3 STEP-EDGE JUNCTIONS (ML***) AND 1 BI-XTAL JUNCTION


24

0

0.5x10-6

1.0x10-6

1.5x10-6

0 0.4 0.8 1.2

(d) bc2b(d)

(c)

(c) ml635T70K

Step-edge Junctions ml789 A, ml635and Bi-crystal junction bc2b

c7&icib1.ep

(a) ml789, 1st Peak(b) ml789, 2nd Peak

(b)

(a)

B (mT)

Ic(B

) /I c(0

) (H

z-1/2

)

CRITICAL CURRENT FLUCTUATIONS vs. MAGNETIC FIELD

Critical Current fluctuations in applied magnetic fields

Bicrystal

Step edge


25

Controlling/trimming critical parameters: Ic and Rn

Use oxygen stoichiometry variability

• Heating

• Ion Beam etching Du and Foley Physica C 391 (2003) 31


26

I. CSIRO HTS Step-edge Josephson Junction technology - many HTS electronic devices built upon

1m

Θ= 36.8±0.2o

YBCO film

C. P. Foley et al, IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond. 9 1(999) 4281.E.E. Mitchell and C.P. Foley, Supercond. Sci. Technol. 23 (2010) 065007


27

No junctions


28

High-Tc superconducting band-pass and low-pass filters with superior performance

Insertion losses:

0.5 dB

LPF 0-4 GHz


29

One junction


30

LANDTEMTM Development

1992-1993

First HTS Ground-based TEM system

BHPB

1994-1997

“Airborne System”

BHPB1999-2001

Prototype unit

Falconbridge/Crone2002-2004

LANDTEMTM

Outer-Rim Exploration Services

Experiment to commercial system


31


32

1992


33

Cannington Silver Mine $2B Silver - biggest in the world


34

2 junctions

2 junctions


35

CSIRO HTS DC SQUIDs

Field noise ~ 30 fT/root Hz (white)

or Flux noise ~ 5 /root Hz


36

Rotating Gradiometers Systems using High Tc Junctions

Rotating axial gradiometersSensitivity – 10 pT/m/Hz at 0.5 Hz unshielded

Static planar gradiometers (hexagonal-prism)Sensitivity – 2 pT/m/Hz at 10 Hz unshielded

Rotating planar gradiometer-initial results; continuing improvementSensitivity ~ 10-20 pT /(m.√Hz) in rotation at 2nd harmonic (25 Hz) Stable operation in Earth’s field

1. 2. 3.

z

yx


37

Ground trial at Tallawang


38

Helicopter trial over a magnetic target


39

Background gradient noise


40

HTS resistive-SQUID heterodyne GHz oscillator with tuneable frequency

YBCO step-edge junctions

500.0M 1.0G 1.5G 2.0G 2.5G

0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

No

rma

lise

d V

2

Freq. (Hz)

JD318F in cryocooler at 55K, IB = 390 uA, vary Ir, 2/4/09

Mixing spectrum


41

HTS Monolithic Microwave Integrated Circuits (MMIC) for Communication Receiver Front-ends

Best performance ever reported for

HTS mixers

A 10-12 GHz HTS MMIC Josephson

frequency down-converter with ~ zero loss


42

Advanced High-Tc Superconducting Receiver Technology for Ka band high-speed, long-range communications

The latest CSIRO demonstrator of a compact (2.5 x 2 x1.5 cm^3), high-gain (40 dB) and low noise (~ 0.1 dB) Ka band HTS receiver front-end module.

Demonstration of a HTS receiver integrated with a mini cryocooler – a cryogen-free portable instrument box


43

Josephson Junctions for High Frequency Applications

• AC Josephson Effect: ƒ (2e/h)Vo, 2e/h = 0.4836 GHz/V

V0 from V to mV, f falls into the microwave, mm, sub-mm/THz bands

Generate rf signal of variable frequency controlled by a voltage;

Detect an incoming rf signal;

Measure and detect voltage with extremely high precision.

• Advantages of SC active devices:

extremely low noise,

low power consumption (nWs),

high freq and wide band operation

(due to high-energy gap).

-2.5

-2.0

-1.5

-1.0

-0.5

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5-2 -1 0 1 2

-1T -500G 0 500G 1T

0

10

20

30

V (mV)

no CB

1 CB

2 CB

3 CB

THz blocked

I (m

A)

spectrum

Hilb

ert

Spectr

um

(a.u

.)

Frequency (Hz)

Recent development in uW and THz Devices


44

High-Tc Superconducting Detectors for THz Imaging

Ring-slot & log-periodic antennae- coupled HTS Josephson detectors.

1m


45

More images taken at 78-80 K


46

Several junctions


47

Development of an array HTS detectors

10 antenna-coupled detector array with a 6mm silicon lens

I

B

J J

x1000 A D C

P C

INA103

THz

Detector

I

B

J J

x1000 A D C

INA103

THz

Detector

DC SCHEME

Schematic of the multi-channel biasing and read-out electronics


48

Cryogen-free HTS JJ detector-based THz imager

At 60 K At 77K

THz image of chocolate bar in paper wrapper: Resolution improves with decreasing temp due to improved HTS JJ detector sensitivity and SNR (signal-to-noise ratio) - advantage of using cryocooler: adjustable temp for optimising junction parameters and image quality


49

Future goals

• HTS JJ detector arrays under development• improve image resolution and reduce scanning time

• Pursue applications of the technology – imaging of skin cancer

• THz spectroscopy


50

LOTS of junctions


51

Josephson Junction Arrays – CSIRO Technology

Step-edge junction

1 µm

In-house design, fabrication and characterisationStable operating on PT cryocooler. 1000 junctions operational.

Photograph and SEM micrograph of 2-µm wide step-edge series junction array.

• 50x20 (1000) junction arrays demonstrate expected performance (May 2014)

• Fabricated 8 samples of 50 series junctions with junction widths of 2, 3, and 4 m from two film batches.

• Achieved a 100% yield of working JJs of the 8 array samples

• Stable operation of the array device on a commercial two-stage PT cryocooler.


52


53


54


55

Sensitivity and Noise

• SQUID Arrays offer sensitivities at quiet environment levels

1.E-11 V/m

1.E-10 V/m

1.E-9 V/m

1.E-8 V/m

1.E-7 V/m

1.E-6 V/m

1.E-5 V/m

1.E-4 V/m

1.E-3 V/m

1E+4 Hz 1E+5 Hz 1E+6 Hz 1E+7 Hz 1E+8 Hz 1E+9 Hz 1E+10 Hz 1E+11 Hz

Eq

uiv

ale

nt

Ele

ctr

ic F

ield

No

ise (

EN)

A: Atm noise (>0.5%) B: Atm noise (>99.5%)

D: Galactic noise b: Galactic noise

C: Man-made, quiet E: median business area

e: Sky noise (0°) e: Sky noise (90°)

f: 2.7° K Black Body Resolve 3.6 m Ø Loop

QFS HF coil AS-140 DF antenna

HF cube cm² SQUID array


56

SQUID Arrays will offer Superior:

• Sensitivity: 26 to 40+ dB improvement

• Useable Bandwidth: 6 decades vs. 2~3

1.E-11 V/m

1.E-10 V/m

1.E-9 V/m

1.E-8 V/m

1.E-7 V/m

1.E-6 V/m

1.E-5 V/m

1.E-4 V/m

1.E-3 V/m

1E+4 Hz 1E+5 Hz 1E+6 Hz 1E+7 Hz 1E+8 Hz 1E+9 Hz 1E+10 Hz 1E+11 Hz

Eq

uiv

ale

nt

Ele

ctr

ic F

ield

No

ise (

EN)

A: Atm noise (>0.5%) B: Atm noise (>99.5%)

D: Galactic noise b: Galactic noise

C: Man-made, quiet E: median business area

e: Sky noise (0°) e: Sky noise (90°)

f: 2.7° K Black Body Resolve 3.6 m Ø Loop

QFS HF coil AS-140 DF antenna

HF cube cm² SQUID array


57

58

Two element SQIF Interferometer

Phase Detection and/or Angle of Arrival (AOA)

Use tactical 77 K cryocooler

SWaP: < 5 lbs, < 100 W

Cryocooler

compressor

compressor

can be remote from cold head

2.4"

1 cm × 1 cm

SQIF chips (2 chip sets)

Platform

Skin

Cold Head

Cryo Enclosure

Radome: RF

Transparent, Thermally

Insulating

(U) Modular Open Systems

Architecture (MOSA)

Incident

Radiation

(SOI)

to Data Acq. System

Distributed: Controlled Unclassified Information://REL to AUS/US under DEA N-09-AUS-5817


58


59

The wicked problems!

• Reproducibility

• Device yield

• Unshielded operation

• Cost

• Noise

• Performance

• Ic spread

• Formation of a clean single grain boundary

All need to be solved if HTS Josephson junction devices are to be mass market


60

So far…….

• Reproducibility - ok

• Device yield – 100%

• Unshielded operation – possible with the correct RF shielding

• Cost - coming down

• Noise - improving

• Performance – always want better!

• Ic spread – a major focus – 18%

• Formation of a clean single grain boundary - revisiting


61


62

Conclusions

• Make HTS devices• Low noise

• Broad band

• High TRL full systems

• Have been used for many applications

• Excellent THz and mm wave frequencies

• 100% yield• Different quality

• CSIRO Design Rules and Foundry

• Device price is coming down

• Next steps to improve Ic variation across the chip

• Compact coolers – close to “black box” use


63


64

one hts josephson junction an array of applications: has ......one hts josephson junction ......

Documents