one health: an ecological/public health perspective on ......environment but may be continuously...
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One Health: An ecological/public health perspective on industrial food animal production
Ellen K Silbergeld, PhDEnvironmental Health SciencesJohns Hopkins UniversityBloomberg School of Public Health
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Outline of this presentation
• One Health and intensive food animal production –organization and ecology
– Ecological impacts
– Health impacts
• Thinking ecologically– Spatial analyses
– Materials flow
– Micro and macrobiomes
• Critical questions and research
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Ecological impacts of intensive food animal production: surface water degradation, harmful algal blooms, loss of ecosystem services
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High density of industrial agriculture (hogs and fish) in sensitive coastal ecosystems: US and China
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Animals, humans, and food
• Most emerging infectious diseases are zoonotic in origin
• The most intensive and extensive animal:human contacts involve agriculture and human interactions with domesticated animals, not wildlife
• Production methods disrupt shared ecosystems
• Use of antimicrobials in food animal production drive antimicrobial resistance in the microbiome of animals, humans, and ecosystems
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Emerging infectious diseases are largely zoonotic and antibiotic resistant [Jones et al Nature 451: 990,2008]
zoonotic
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The burden of antibiotic resistance 2014
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What are the drivers of antimicrobial resistance
• All antimicrobial use selection for resistance and horizontal gene transfer (Fleming; Lederberg)
• Intensity of antibiotic use resistance
• Inappropriate antibiotic use selects and disseminates resistance
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Inappropriate use: antimicrobial use in animal feeds (FDA 2011)
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The ecological perspective: from genes to the microbiome (Davis et al COM 2011)
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Webs of ABR transfer: on site waste pits and wild birds, Peru (photo C Arriola)
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Building the resistome: resistance genes move from poultry litter into soil
Nandi et al (2004) PNAS 101:7108
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Going beyond bad bugs and good drugs: into the resistome
• Wright: the collection of all the antibiotic resistance genes and their precursors in the microbial community of both pathogenic and non-pathogenic bacteria.
Wright GD (2007) Nat Rev Microbiol 5: 175
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“Genetic exchange communities” (Skippington and Ragan FEMS Micro Reviews 2011
• A collection of organisms that can share genes by HGT
• Not necessarily in close physical proximity
• Cliques and frenemies
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The resistome as cloud computing
Resistomebacteria
Microbiome
resistome
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Antibiotics and antibiotic resistance genes as environmental pollutants (Martinez 2009)
• Antibiotics are mostly short lived in the environment but may be continuously added
• Antibiotic resistance genes are more stable
• AR genes may be “bioaccumulated” by microbiomes and persistent within the microbiome
– The “cost of resistance” can be compensated for
– Maintaining the resistome is prudent in a (human-made) sea of antimicrobial pressures
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It’s not just food: “From farm to populations” –before and after production of consumer products
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Many microbiomes