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Engaging in Argument from Evidence

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Page 1: One Form of Argument… “Argument” in NGSS In science, the production of knowledge is dependent on a process of reasoning from evidence that requires a

Engaging in Argument from

Evidence

Page 3: One Form of Argument… “Argument” in NGSS In science, the production of knowledge is dependent on a process of reasoning from evidence that requires a

“Argument” in NGSS

In science, the production of knowledge is dependent on a process of reasoning from evidence that requires a scientist to justify a claim about the world. In response, other scientists attempt to identify the claim’s weaknesses and limitations to obtain the best possible explanation.

Page 4: One Form of Argument… “Argument” in NGSS In science, the production of knowledge is dependent on a process of reasoning from evidence that requires a

The Role of Argumentation in Science

“…the goal of argumentation in science…is to reach consensus in a collaborative search for the truth. Scientists constantly critique each other’s ideas, defend claims and challenge inferences, propose alternative interpretations, and engage in the back-and-forth debate that moves forward our understanding of the natural world. The process of peer review epitomizes the argumentation at the heart of the scientific process”- Metz, S. (2013, July). Editor's Corner: Let's

Argue. Science Teacher, 80(5), 6.- http://www.nsta.org/store/product_detail.aspx?id

=10.2505/4/tst13_080_05_6

Page 5: One Form of Argument… “Argument” in NGSS In science, the production of knowledge is dependent on a process of reasoning from evidence that requires a

What does it mean for students to engage in argument?

• Defend claims using evidence and reasoning

• Defend models or relationships using evidence

• Defend experimental designs and methods of data analysis

• Critique the claims of others

Page 6: One Form of Argument… “Argument” in NGSS In science, the production of knowledge is dependent on a process of reasoning from evidence that requires a

Supporting Students in Argumentation

1. Provide a framework2. Model and describe the framework3. Allow them many opportunities to

see examples and practice4. Provide them with various scaffolds5. Have them critique each other’s

written arguments6. Let them know why it is important

Page 7: One Form of Argument… “Argument” in NGSS In science, the production of knowledge is dependent on a process of reasoning from evidence that requires a

CER Framework

ClaimEvidence

ReasoningCounter Claim

Rebuttal

Page 9: One Form of Argument… “Argument” in NGSS In science, the production of knowledge is dependent on a process of reasoning from evidence that requires a

CER Framework CLAIM

Your claim is a statement that answers the original question or articulates your belief about the situation being considered.

• The claim is usually one sentence in length.

• It must be accurate, specific, and completely address the question or situation.

Page 10: One Form of Argument… “Argument” in NGSS In science, the production of knowledge is dependent on a process of reasoning from evidence that requires a

CER Framework EVIDENCE

The evidence is the raw and/or analyzed data, or the scientific concepts and/or your prior knowledge, that supports your claim (but no more!)

Evidence must be sufficient and relevant to your claim.

Page 11: One Form of Argument… “Argument” in NGSS In science, the production of knowledge is dependent on a process of reasoning from evidence that requires a

CER Framework

REASONING

Reasoning is the explanation that connects your claim to the evidence that supports it.

Reasoning articulates why the data/scientific concepts/prior experience you chose counts as evidence.

Reasoning should usually be at least a few sentences in length.

Page 12: One Form of Argument… “Argument” in NGSS In science, the production of knowledge is dependent on a process of reasoning from evidence that requires a

Optional…

Counter claim• describes other plausible claims

Rebuttal • provides counter evidence and reasoning

for why the alternative is not appropriate • identifies the flaws in logic or scientific

knowledge that are used within the counter argument.

Page 14: One Form of Argument… “Argument” in NGSS In science, the production of knowledge is dependent on a process of reasoning from evidence that requires a

Argument– Deals with unsettled knowledge – Trying to persuade others – Can have or not have scientific

theory within the reasoning

Explanation– Deals with settled knowledge – To inform others – Must have scientific theory

within the reasoning

Page 15: One Form of Argument… “Argument” in NGSS In science, the production of knowledge is dependent on a process of reasoning from evidence that requires a

Argument Explanation

• Claim• Evidence• Reasoning – may

or may not include a scientific theory

• Counterclaim• Rebuttal

• Claim• Evidence• Reasoning – must

include a scientific theory

Page 17: One Form of Argument… “Argument” in NGSS In science, the production of knowledge is dependent on a process of reasoning from evidence that requires a

Is Dad an alien?(using the CER Format)

Claim: Clearly state your position, based on the evidence.

Evidence: List all of the related observations and that support your claim.

Reasoning: Explain why your evidence proves your claim to be true. (Pretend you are a lawyer.)

Page 18: One Form of Argument… “Argument” in NGSS In science, the production of knowledge is dependent on a process of reasoning from evidence that requires a

Explanation or Argument?

• Are you putting forward an argument or an explanation?

• Is the knowledge that you are constructing correct (“settled knowledge” or “unsettled knowledge”)?

• Are you trying to persuade or explain?

Page 19: One Form of Argument… “Argument” in NGSS In science, the production of knowledge is dependent on a process of reasoning from evidence that requires a

Plan Opportunities to Argue Orally

• Give students permission to disagree – Allow and expect all students to have a voice

• Establish norms for acceptable behavior – Use evidence and reasons to support claims – Don’t allow students to put down other

students’ ideas – Don’t let students talk when someone else

is talking to the class • Help students learn to listen

Page 20: One Form of Argument… “Argument” in NGSS In science, the production of knowledge is dependent on a process of reasoning from evidence that requires a

Supporting Students in Argumentation

1. Provide a framework2. Model and describe the framework3. Allow them many opportunities to

see examples and practice4. Provide them with various scaffolds5. Have them critique each other’s

written arguments6. Let them know why it is important

Page 21: One Form of Argument… “Argument” in NGSS In science, the production of knowledge is dependent on a process of reasoning from evidence that requires a

Writing Scaffolds

Which bird beak is the best adaptation for this environment? Why?

Claim[Write a sentence stating which beak is the best adaptation for this environment.]

Evidence[Provide scientific data to support your claim. The evidence should include the amount of food (marbles, pennies, popsicle sticks & red water) that the beaks ate.]

Reasoning [Explain why your evidence supports your claim. Describe what an adaptation is and why your evidence allowed you to determine the beak was the best adaptation.]

Page 22: One Form of Argument… “Argument” in NGSS In science, the production of knowledge is dependent on a process of reasoning from evidence that requires a

Scaffolds during Discourse

Use various questions to help students clarify:• What evidence do you have? • Why do you agree or disagree? What are your

reasons? What is your evidence? • What could be some other possible claims? Do you

have evidence? • Do you agree with the points being made? Why?

Who has a different opinion? • Why are you using that as evidence and not the

other data? How would your claim change if you used all the data?

• How is that idea related to what was previous discussed? What reasons do you have for saying that?

Page 23: One Form of Argument… “Argument” in NGSS In science, the production of knowledge is dependent on a process of reasoning from evidence that requires a

Supporting Students in Argumentation

1. Provide a framework2. Model and describe the framework3. Allow them many opportunities to

see examples and practice4. Provide them with various scaffolds5. Have them critique each other’s

written arguments6. Let them know why it is important

Page 24: One Form of Argument… “Argument” in NGSS In science, the production of knowledge is dependent on a process of reasoning from evidence that requires a

Importance of Argumentation

Engaging in argumentation• supports students’ understanding of

disciplinary core ideas of science and crosscutting concepts

• are key practices of professional scientists.• is a 21st century skill that can be used

across disciplines and outside of the school setting

• promotes literacy development • allows students to critically examine claims

made in the media

Page 25: One Form of Argument… “Argument” in NGSS In science, the production of knowledge is dependent on a process of reasoning from evidence that requires a

1. Within this practice, what new skills must students become proficient at as they move from the lower grade span to the higher grade span?

2. What questions do you have about the requirements of the standards?

Page 26: One Form of Argument… “Argument” in NGSS In science, the production of knowledge is dependent on a process of reasoning from evidence that requires a

Student Challenges

• Using evidence to support their ideas

– Can rely on their own opinions and/or have difficulty using sufficient evidence

• Explaining why their evidence supports their ideas

– Can have difficulty articulating this link and/or using scientific principles

Page 27: One Form of Argument… “Argument” in NGSS In science, the production of knowledge is dependent on a process of reasoning from evidence that requires a

Student Challenges

• Considering multiple explanations/solutions

– Can focus on one idea

• Revising explanations and solutions based on new evidence or scientific knowledge

• Taking into consideration the

opinions of others

Page 28: One Form of Argument… “Argument” in NGSS In science, the production of knowledge is dependent on a process of reasoning from evidence that requires a