on the sieve elements of macrocystis...

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STUDIES ON THE SIEVE ELEMENTS OF MACROCYSTIS INTEGRIFOLIA BORY Mao-Lien Shih B. Sc. Tunghai University 1976 THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF SCIENCE in the Department of Biological Sciences @ Mao-Lien Shih 1982 SIMON FRASER UNIVERSITY April 1982 All rights reserved. This thesis may not be reproduced in whole or in part, by photocopy or other means, without permission of the author.

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Page 1: ON THE SIEVE ELEMENTS OF MACROCYSTIS ...summit.sfu.ca/system/files/iritems1/4010/b12743665.pdfABSTRACT The sieve elements of Macrocystis integrifolia occur characteristically in radial

STUDIES O N THE SIEVE ELEMENTS OF MACROCYSTIS INTEGRIFOLIA BORY

M a o - L i e n S h i h

B. S c . T u n g h a i U n i v e r s i t y 1 9 7 6

THESIS SUBMITTED I N PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF

THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF

MASTER OF SCIENCE

i n t h e D e p a r t m e n t

o f

B i o l o g i c a l S c i e n c e s

@ M a o - L i e n S h i h 1 9 8 2

SIMON FRASER UNIVERSITY

A p r i l 1 9 8 2

A l l r i g h t s r e s e r v e d . T h i s t h e s i s may n o t b e r e p r o d u c e d i n w h o l e o r i n p a r t , by p h o t o c o p y

o r o t h e r m e a n s , w i t h o u t p e r m i s s i o n o f t h e a u t h o r .

Page 2: ON THE SIEVE ELEMENTS OF MACROCYSTIS ...summit.sfu.ca/system/files/iritems1/4010/b12743665.pdfABSTRACT The sieve elements of Macrocystis integrifolia occur characteristically in radial

Approval

Name : Mao-Lien Shih

Degree : Master of Science

T i t l e of Thesis: S tudies on t h e s i e v e elements of Macrocystis

i n t e g r i f o l i a Bory

Examining Commit t e e

Chairman: D r . Robert C. Brooke

- D r . L. M. Sr ivas tava , Senior Supervisor

~r ,/L': D. Druehl i /

m. W. E. Vidaver

Dr'. JL-BisSlputi-a, Professor , Botany, Universi ty of B r i t i s h Columbia

publ ic Examiner

Date approved *I IS , I r a 2

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PARTIAL COPYRIGHT LICENSE

I hereby g r a n t t o Simon Fraser Un ivers iPy t h e r i g h t t o lend

my t h e s i s , p r o j e c t o r extended essay ( t h e t i t l e o f which i s shown below)

t o users o f t h e Simon Fraser U n i v e r s i t y L i b ra r y , and t o make p a r t i a l o r

s i n g l e cop ies o n l y f o r such users o r i n response t o a reques t f rom t h e

l i b r a r y o f any o t h e r u n i v e r s i t y , o r o t h e r educa t iona l i n s t i t u t i o n , on

i t s own beha l f o r f o r one o f i t s users. 1 f u r t h e r agree t h a t permiss ion

f o r m u l t i p l e copy ing o f t h i s work f o r s c h o l a r l y purposes may be granted

by me o r t h e Dean o f Graduate Stud ies. I t i s understood t h a t copy ing

o r p u b l i c a t i o n o f t h i s work f o r f i n a n c i a l g a i n s h a l l n o t be a l lowed

w i t h o u t my w r i t t e n permiss ion.

T it l e o f Thes i s /Pro ject /Extended Essay

Studies on t h e s i e v e elements of Macrocystis i n t e g r i f o l i a Bory

Author: - --

( s i g n a t u r e )

Mao-Lien Shih

( name

( d a t e )

Page 4: ON THE SIEVE ELEMENTS OF MACROCYSTIS ...summit.sfu.ca/system/files/iritems1/4010/b12743665.pdfABSTRACT The sieve elements of Macrocystis integrifolia occur characteristically in radial

ABSTRACT

The s i e v e e l e m e n t s o f M a c r o c y s t i s i n t e g r i f o l i a o c c u r

c h a r a c t e r i s t i c a l l y i n r a d i a l r o w s a t t h e p e r i p h e r y o f t h e

m e d u l l a . T h e n u m b e r o f y o u n g d i f f e r e n t i a t i n g s i e v e e l e m e n t s

s h o w s a p e a k e a r l y i n t h e y e a r , i . e . , J a n u a r y - M a r c h , a n d

d e c l i n e s p r o g r e s s i v e l y t h r o u g h summer a n d f a l l . The

d i f f e r e n t i a t i o n o f s i e v e e l e m e n t s s e e m s t o p r o c e e d e x t r e m e l y

r a p i d l y i n t h e a p i c a l p a r t o f t h e s t i p e , b e c a u s e i n t h e y o u n g e s t

i n t e r n o d e s e x a m i n e d (0 .8 -4 cm l o n g ) t h e r e w e r e a l w a y s some

s t r e t c h e d - o u t , t r u m p e t - s h a p e d , a n d c a l l o s e d n o n f u n c t i o n a l s i e v e

e l e m e n t s . The y o u n g s i e v e e l e m e n t s , w h i c h o r i g i n a t e f r o m t h e

i n n e r m o s t c o r t i c a l c e l l s , a r e r i c h i n c y t o p l a s m a n d v a r i o u s

o r g a n e l l e s , s u c h a s d i c t y o s o m e s , E R , r i b o s o m e s , m i t o c h o n d r i a ,

p l a s t i d s , a n d n u m e r o u s s m a l l v a c u o l e s . M i c r o b o d i e s ,

e l e c t r o n - o p a q u e g l o b u l e s a n d l a m e l l a r b o d i e s a r e a l s o p r e s e n t .

D u r i n g s i e v e e l e m e n t d i f f e r e n t i a t i o n , t h e n u c l e u s i n c r e a s e s

a l m o s t 2 - f o l d i n v o l u m e a n d b e c o m e s h i g h l y l o b e d ; a l s o t h e

n u c l e o l u s i n c r e a s e s i n v o l u m e a n d s h o w s g r a n u l a r a n d v a c u o l a r

a r e a s t y p i c a l o f n u c l e o l i e n g a g e d i n r i b o s o m e p r o d u c t i o n . I n

c o r t i c a l c e l l s , p l a s m o d e s m a t a a r e c o n f i n e d t o t h e p e r i p h e r a l

p r i m a r y p i t f i e l d s o n t h e c r o s s w a l l s ; by c o n t r a s t , n u m e r o u s

p l a s m o d e s m a t a a r e e v e n l y d i s t r i b u t e d o n t h e e n d w a l l s o f y o u n g

s i e v e e l e m e n t s . A s d i f f e r e n t i a t i o n p r o g r e s s e s , t h e d e n s i t y o f

p l a s m o d e s m a t a p e r u n i t a r e a d r o p s ( f r o m 1 0 0 t o 16 /urn2) .

E v e n t u a l l y , t h e d e n s i t y o f t h e s i e v e - p l a t e p o r e s i n m a t u r e s i e v e

2 p l a t e s i s a b o u t 0 .08 -0 .16 /um . H i s t o a u t o r a d i o g r a p h y s h o w s t h a t

i i i

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14c-labeled photoassimilates a r e transported through the mature

sieve elements. Very young sieve elements are not capable of

transporting assimilates, while old, callosed sieve elements

have apparently lost this function. T h e hyphal cells do not

appear to be involved in long-distance transport of '

photoassimilates.

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A C K N O W L E D G E M E N T S

I am g r e a t l y i n d e b t e d t o my s e n i o r s u p e r v i s o r , D r . L. M.

S r i v a s t a v a f o r h i s p a t i e n t g u i d a n c e a n d c o n t i n u o u s s u p p o r t

t h r o u g h my g r a d u a t e s t u d y a t S i m o n F r a s e r U n i v e r s i t y .

I am a l s o g r a t e f u l t o D r s . L. D r u e h l a n d W . V i d a v e r , b o t h

members o f my s u p e r v i s o r y c o m m i t t e e , f o r t h e i r v e r y c o n s t r u c t i v e

commen t s o n t h e c o m p l e t i o n o f t h i s t h e s i s .

My s p e c i a l t h a n k s a r e f o r D r . 3.-Y. F l o c ' h , F a c u l t e d e s

S c i e n c e s , U n i v e r s i t e d e B r e t a g n e O c c i d e n t a l e . W i t h o u t h i s

u n f a i l i n g e n t h u s i a s m , t h e s t u d y on 1 4 c l o c a l i z a t i o n w o u l d n o t

h a v e b e e n p o s s i b l e .

I w o u l d a l s o l i k e t o t h a n k M. S h i v j i , D . T r o t t e r , R . S m i t h

a n d K. L l o y d f o r t h e i r h e l p i n c o l l e c t i n g t h e p l a n t s a n d t h e

s t a f f s o f B a m f i e l d M a r i n e S t a t i o n a n d S imon F r a s e r U n i v e r s i t y

f o r t h e i r a s s i s t a n c e a n d f a c i l i t i e s .

F i n a l l y , I mus t s a y t h e w h o l e t h i n g w o u l d b e i m p o s s i b l e

w i t h o u t e v e r - l a s t i n g e n c o u r a g e m e n t a n d l o v e f r o m my p a r e n t s a n d

my h u s b a n d .

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TABLE O F CONTENTS A p p r o v a l ...................................................... li A b s t r a c t .................................................... i i i A c k n o w l e d g e m e n t s .............................................. v

L i s t o f T a b l e s ............................................ v i i i

L i s t o f F i g u r e s .............................................. ix ....................... L i s t o f A b b r e v i a t i o n s u s e d i n F i g u r e s x i i

A . INTRODUCTION. ............................................... 1

B e MATERIALS AND METHODS ....................me................. 7

I . P l a n t m a t e r i a l f o r t h e s t u d y o f p r o d u c t i o n a n d d e v e l o p m e n t o f s i e v e e l e m e n t s ......................... 7

I1 . L i g h t a n d e l e c t r o n m i c r o s c o p y ......................... 9

111 . 14c f e e d i n g a n d h i s t o a u t o r a d i o g r a p h y ............... 11

C o RESULTS .................................................... 1 3

I . G e n e r a l m o r p h o l o g y a n d a n a t o m y o f M a c r o c y s t i s ......................................... i n t e g r i f o l i a 1 3

I1 . P a t t e r n o f p r o d u c t i o n o f s i e v e e l e m e n t s .............. 2 0

I11 . O r i g i n o f s i e v e e l e m e n t s a n d h y p h a e ................. 2 9

I V . D i f f e r e n t i a t i o n o f s i e v e e l e m e n t s .................... 3 1

IV.1 . C y t o p l a s m i c c h a n g e s ............................ 31

L i g h t m i c r o s c o p i c o b s e r v a t i o n s ....................... 31

O b s e r v a t i o n s w i t h e l e c t r o n m i c r o s c o p e ................ 36

N u c l e u s a n d N u c l e o l u s ............................... 3 9

D i c t y o s o m e s ......................................... 42

E n d o p l a s m i c r e t i c u l u m (ER) a n d r i b o s o m e s ............. 4 5

V a c u o l e s ............................................. 4 7

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Mitochondria ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 8

Plastids ............................................. 4 9

Other organelles ..................................... 51 IV.2 . Development of sieve plates .................... 5 2

Observations with light microscope ................... 5 2

Observations w i t h electron microscope ................ 5 4

V . L o c a l i z a t i o n of 14c-labeled assimilates i n s i e v e elements by histoautoradiography ..................... 5 7

D . D I S C U S S I O N ................................................. 6 5

E . REFERENCES ................................................ 7 9

vii

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LIST OF T A B L E S

.. T a b l e I . M a c r o c y s t i s i n t e g r i f o l i a C o l l e c t i o n da t a . . . . . . . . . . 8

T a b l e 11. D i a m e t e r s o f s t i p e a n d m e d u l l a o f A a n d B p o i n t s f r o m e a c h s a m p l e d M a c r o c y s t i s frond.......................... 21

T a b l e 111. Number o f r a d i a l r o w s o f s i e v e e l e m e n t s i n a g i v e n c r o s s s e c t i o n o f m e d u l l a a t A a n d B of r a n d o m l y s e l e c t e d collections.............................................. 2 3

T a b l e I V . Mean w i d t h s a t c r o s s w a l l s o f i n n e r c o r t i c a l c e l l s ( C ) and d i f f e r e n t s t a g e s o f s i e v e e l e m e n t s (S1 - S 4 ) c o m p a r e d a t two l e v e l s : A vs. B f r o m e a c h c o l l e c t i o n . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26

T a b l e V . Hean l e n g t h s o f d i f f e r e n t s t a g e s o f s i e v e e l e m e n t s (S1 - S4) and i n n e r c o r t i c a l c e l l s (c) f r o m e a c h c o l l e c t i o n i n A a n d B i n t e rnodes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 7

T a b l e V I . D i a m e t e r s o f n u c l e i (N) a n d n u c l e o l i (Nu) i n d i f f e r e n t s t a g e s o f young s i e v e e l e m e n t s ( ~ 1 - S 3 ) a n d i n i n n e r c o r t i c a l c e l l s (C)..................... ............- 3 4

v i i i

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LIST OF F I G U R E S

F i g . 1 . M a c r o c y s t i s i n t e g r i f o l i a p l a n t s h o w i n g t h e g e n e r a l m o r p h o l o g y o f t h e f r o n d a n d t h e s a m p l i n g a r ea s . . . . . . . . . . . 1 4

F i g . 2 . A p i c a l i n t e r n o d e , c r o s s s e c t i o n , s h o w i n g m e r i s t o d e r m , o u t e r c o r t e x a n d i n n e r c o r t e x , a n d medu l l a . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 5

F i g . 3 . A p i c a l i n t e r n o d e , n e a r l y r a d i a l l o n g i t u d i n a l s e c t i o n t h r o u g h A c o r r e s p o n d i n g t o F i g . 2........................ 1 5

F i g . 4 . P a r a d e r m a l t a n g e n t i a l s e c t i o n t h r o u g h t h e f r i n g e o f t h e medulla.................................................. 1 7

F i g . 5 . A c o m p o s i t e o f r a d i a l l o n g i t u d i n a l s e c t i o n s t h r o u g h A s h o w i n g t h e d i f f e r e n t s t a g e s o f s i e v e e l e m e n t differentiation.................................... 1 8

F i g . 6 . C r o s s s e c t i o n t h r o u g h t h e b a s a l p a r t o f t h e s t i p e ( B l . 1 9

F i g . 7 . R a d i a l l o n g i t u d i n a l s e c t i o n t h r o u g h B s h o w i n g m a t u r e s i e v e elements.......................................... 1 9

F i g . 8 . L o n g i t u d i n a l s e c t i o n t h r o u g h B s h o w i n g i m m a t u r e s i e v e elements................................................. 1 9

F i g . 9 . H i s t o g r a m s o f c e l l d e p t h o f s i e v e e l e m e n t s i n r a d i a l r ows a t t h e o u t e r r e g i o n o f t h e m e d u l l a a t A a n d B.. . . . . . 2 4

F i g . 10 . P a t t e r n o f p r o d u c t i o n o f y o u n g s i e v e e l e m e n t s a t A a n d B i n d i f f e r e n t months. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 5

F i g . 1 1 . C r o s s s e c t i o n o f a p o r t i o n o f a m e d u l l a t h r o u g h A. . . 3 2

F i g . 1 2 . S u r f a c e v i e w t h r o u g h a c r o s s w a l l o f a c o r t i c a l c e l l s h o w i n g c i r c u l a r p r i m a r y p i t f i e l d s i n a p e r i p h e r a l r i n g fashion.................................................. 3 2

F i g . 1 3 . C r o s s s e c t i o n o f a p o r t i o n o f a m e d u l l a t h r o u g h B s h o w i n g p a r t s o f t w o m a t u r e s i e v e p l a t e s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 2

F i g . 1 4 . H i g h e r m a g n i f i c a t i o n o f o n e o f t h e m a t u r e s i e v e p l a t e s shown i n F i g . 14......................................... 3 2

F i g . 15. M o n t a g e o f p a r t o f a n S 1 s i e v e e l emen t . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 7

F i g . 1 6 . A n u c l e u s o f a n i n n e r c o r t i c a l c e l l ................ 3 8

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F i g . 1 7 . A n u c l e u s o f a n S 1 s i e v e e lement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 8

F i g . 1 8 . M o n t a g e o f p a r t o f a n S 2 s i e v e e l emen t . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 0

F i g . 1 9 . A s t a c k o f d i c t y o s o m e s h o w i n g a n i n t i m a t e r e l a t i o n s h i p w i t h a n S2 n u c l e u s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 3

F i g . 20 . S u r f a c e p a r a l l e l s e c t i o n t h r o u g h p a r t o f a n S2 n u c l e u s . 4 3

F i g . 2 1 . A h i g h l y l o b e d n u c l e u s i n t h e l a t e S2 s t a g e . I n s e t s h o w i n g a n e n l a r g e d p o r t i o n o f t h e n u c l e o l u s . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 3

F i g . 2 2 . P o r t i o n o f a l o b e d S 3 n u c l e u s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44

F i g . 23 . L o n g i t u d i n a l s e c t i o n o f p a r t o f a n e l o n g a t e d d e g e n e r a t i n g n u c l e u s i n t h e l a t e S 3 s t a g e . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44

F i g . 24 . H i g h m a g n i f i c a t i o n o f p o r t i o n o f t h e n u c l e a r e n v e l o p e i n F i g . 22................................;............ 44

F i g . 25 . P a r t o f a d e g e n e r a t i n g S 3 n u c l e u s s h o w i n g a f e w d i s o r g a n i z e d d i c t y o s o m e l a m e l l a e o u t s i d e t h e n u c l e a r e n v e l o p e . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44

F i g . 26 . S u r f a c e p a r a l l e l s e c t i o n t h r o u g h t h e i n t e r f a c e b e t w e e n t h e p l a s m a l e m m a a n d t h e i n n e r m o s t w a l l l a y e r o f a n S 3 s i e v e element.................................................. 46

F i g . 27 . L o n g i t u d i n a l s e c t i o n o f t w o S 3 s i e v e e l e m e n t s s h o w i n g a f u t u r e p o r e s i te . ' . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46

F i g . 28 . C r o s s s e c t i o n o f a n S 4 s i e v e e l e m e n t s h o w i n g p a r i e t a l c y t o p l a s m i c o r g a n e l l e s a n d s e c o n d a r y c e l l w a l l . . . . . . . . . . . 46

F i g . 29 . L o n g i t u d i n a l s e c t i o n o f t w o S 1 s i e v e e l e m e n t s ....... 5 0 I

F i g . 3 0 . M i t o c h o n d r i a i n a n S 2 s i e v e e l emen t . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 0

F i g . 3 1 . A t y p i c a l l e n s - s h a p e d p l a s t i d i n a n S 1 s i e v e element.................................................. 5 0

F i g . 3 2 . An e l o n g a t e d p l a s t i d i n S3.......................... 5 0

F i g . 33. An e n l a r g e d l a m e l l a r body. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... 5 0

F i g . 3 4 . C r o s s w a l l o f t w o n e i g h b o r i n g i n n e r c o r t i c a l c e l l s . . 5 6

F i g . 3 5 . C r o s s w a l l b e t w e e n t w o S 1 s i e v e e l e m e n t s ............ 56

X

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F i g . 3 6 . C r o s s w a l l b e t w e e n tw,o S 2 s i e v e e l e m e n t s . ,. . . . . . . . . . . 5 6

F i g . 3 7 . L o n g i t u d i n a l s e c t i o n o f c r o s s w a l l o f S 3 s h o w i n g t h r e e f u t u r e p o r e s i tes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 8

F i g . 3 8 . L o n g i t u d i n a l s e c t i o n o f a s i e v e p l a t e o f S4.. . . . . . . . 5 8

F i g . 3 9 . O b l i q u e s e c t i o n t h r o u g h a p i t f i e l d o f a n i n n e r c o r t i c a l c e l l . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 9

F i g . 40 . O b l i q u e s u r f a c e s e c t i o n t h r o u g h a n e n d w a l l o f S2.. . 5 9

F i g . 4 1 . S u r f a c e p a r a l l e l s e c t i o n t h r o u g h a n e n d w a l l o f S3. . 5 9

F i g . 4 2 . S u r f a c e v i e w of a s i e v e p l a t e o f S4. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 9

F i g . 43 . P r o f i l e o f 1 4 c r a d i o a c t i v i t y i n a s t i p e s e g m e n t 2 0 cm a b o v e a n d b e l o w t h e l a b e l e d b l a d e i n a f r o n d o f M a c r o c y s t i s i n t e g r i f o l i a . . . .......................................... 6 0

F i g . 4 4 . G e n e r a l v i e w of t h e s t i p e 3 cm b e l o w t h e 1 4 c - l a b e l e d b l a d e s h o w n i n F i g . 43................................... 6 1

F i g . 45 . H i s t o a u t o r a d i o g r a p h s h o w i n g a p o r t i o n o f a m e d u l l a i n c r o s s secti~n...........................~................ 6 2

F i g . 46 . H i s t o a u t o r a d i o g r a p h s h o w i n g t h e o u t e r r e g i o n o f t h e m e d u l l a i n l o n g i t u d i n a l section.......................... 6 4

F i g . 47 . L o n g i t u d i n a l s e c t i o n t h r o u g h t w o f i l e s o f s i e v e e l e m e n t s s h o w i n g a c r o s s connec t ion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 4

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LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS USED IN FIGURES

C -- c a l l o s e Ch -- c h r o m a t i n m a s s e s CW -- c r o s s w a l l D -- d i c t y o s o m e s ER -- e n d o p l a s m i c r e t i c u l u m F r -- f i b r i l l a r r e g i o n G r -- g r a n u l a r r e g i o n Hy -- h y p h a l c e l l s I C -- i n n e r c o r t e x L b -- l a m e l l a r b o d y M -- m e r i s t o d e r m Mb -- m i c r o b o d y Md -- m e d u l l a M t -- m i t o c h o n d r i a Mu -- m u c i l a g e d u c t s N -- n u c l e u s NE -- n u c l e a r e n v e l o p e Nu -- n u c l e o l u s Ob -- e l e c t r o n - o p a q u e b o d y O C -- o u t e r c o r t e x OS -- o b l i t e r a t e d s i e v e e l e m e n t s P -- p l a s t i d s Pd -- p l a s m o d e s m a t a P 1 -- p la sma lemma PS -- f u t u r e p o r e s i t e s S, SE -- s i e v e e l e m e n t s S1-S3 -- y o u n g , d i f f e r e n t i a t i n g s i e v e e l e m e n t s S4 -- m a t u r e s i e v e e l e m e n t s S p -- s i e v e p l a t e SW -- s e c o n d a r y w a l l V -- v a c u o l e s W -- c e l l w a l l

x i i

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A. INTRODUCTION

A l t h o u g h i t was a l m o s t a c e n t u r y a g o t h a t ' s i e v e t u b e s '

r e s e m b l i n g t h o s e o f l a n d p l a n t s were f o u n d i n M a c r o c y s t i s o f

L a m i n a r i a l e s ( W i l l , 1 8 8 4 ) , i n f o r m a t i o n c o n c e r n i n g t h e i r

o c c u r r e n c e , i n t e r n a l s t r u c t u r e , a n d s e q u e n c e o f d i f f e r e n t i a t i o n

h a s b e e n e i t h e r i n c o m p l e t e o r t o t a l l y l a c k i n g . E a r l i e r

i n v e s t i g a t o r s who f o c u s e d on t h e g e n e r a l m o r p h o l o g y a n d a n a t o m y

o f t h e t h a l l u s o f t h i s g e n u s c o n f i r m e d W i l l ' s f i n d i n g s o f s i e v e

t u b e s o c c u r r i n g a t t h e p e r i p h e r y o f t h e c e n t r a l m e d u l l a a n d

a g r e e d t h a t t h e s e c e l l s a r o s e b y t r a n s f o r m a t i o n o f t h e i n n e r

c o r t i c a l c e l l s ( O l i v e r , 1 8 8 7 ; R o s e n t h a l , 1 8 9 0 ; S y k e s , 1 9 0 8 ;

S m i t h , 1 9 3 9 ) . H o w e v e r , d i f f e r e n t o p i n i o n s w e r e e x p r e s s e d o n

w h e t h e r s i e v e t u b e s c o u l d b e p r o d u c e d i n d e f i n i t e l y f r o m t h e

c o r t i c a l c e l l s o r i f o n l y a l i m i t e d number o f t h e c o r t i c a l c e l l s

w e r e d e s t i n e d t o become s i e v e e l e m e n t s ( W i l l , 1 8 8 4 ; R o s e n t h a l ,

1 8 9 0 ) . I n o t h e r w o r d s , i t i s n o t known f o r e x a m p l e , w h e t h e r

s i e v e t u b e s a r e r e p l e n i s h e d f r o m t i m e t o t i m e o r w h e t h e r t h e y

a r e r e t a i n e d f o r t h e l i f e o f t h e f r o n d o n c e t h e y h a v e b e e n

p r o d u c e d , a s i n some p a l m s ( P a r t h a s a r a t h y a n d T o m l i n s o n , 1 9 6 7 ) .

I n a d d i t i o n t o t h e p e r i m e d u l l a r y s i e v e t u b e s , l o n g s t r a n d s

o f c e l l s , t r u m p e t - s h a p e d a t t h e i r j u n c t i o n s , w e r e f o u n d i n t h e

c e n t e r o f t h e m e d u l l a a n d w e r e c a l l e d ' t r u m p e t h y p h a e ' by O l i v e r

( 1 8 8 7 ) . I n t h e m e a n t i m e , O l i v e r r e g a r d e d t h o s e p e r i m e d u l l a r y

s i e v e e l e m e n t s a s l t r u e s i e v e t u b e s ' a n d s u g g e s t e d t h a t t h e s e

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c e l l s a n d t r u m p e t h y p h a e w e r e o f d i f f e r e n t o r i g i n . S y k e s ( 1 9 0 8 )

l a t e r r e v i e w e d t h e o n t o g e n e t i c d e v e l o p m e n t o f t h e s e c e l l s i n t h e

same s p e c i e s a n d i n d i c a t e d t h a t t h e y w e r e h o m o l o g o u s b u t

d i f f e r e d i n d e g r e e o f d i f f e r e n t i a t i o n . S i e v e t u b e s w e r e a l s o

d e s c r i b e d i n N e r e o c y s t i s ( O l i v e r , 1 8 8 7 ; S m i t h , 1 9 3 9 ) . T r u m p e t

h y p h a e i n L a m i n a r i a s p e c i e s w e r e n o t r e g a r d e d t o b e t h e same a s

t h e s i e v e t u b e s o f M a c r o c y s t i s o r N e r e o c y s t i s ; d i f f e r e n t t e r m s

w e r e u s e d t o d e s c r i b e t h e m , e . g . , p i t h f i l a m e n t ( ~ y k e s , 1 9 0 8 1 ,

t r u m p e t f i l a m e n t ( S m i t h , 1 9 3 9 ) , and s i e v e h y p h a e ( ~ s a u e t a l , -- 1 9 5 3 ; s e e a l s o d i s c u s s i o n by E s a u , 1 9 6 9 ) . More r e c e n t l y , S c h m i t z

a n d S r i v a s t a v a ( 1 9 7 4 b ) showed t h a t L a m i n a r i a h a s s i e v e e l e m e n t s

a s e v i d e n c e d by t h e p r e s e n c e o f s i e v e a r e a s w i t h e v e n l y

d i s t r i b u t e d p o r e s . A s s i e v e h y p h a e , p i t h f i l a m e n t e t c . a r e

a c t u a l l y a l l t h e same t y p e o f c e l l s ( - - t h e s i e v e e l e m e n t s ) ,

S c h m i t z a n d S r i v a s t a v a ( 1 9 7 4 6 ) s u g g e s t e d t h a t t h e t e r m ' s i e v e

e l e m e n t ' b e u s e d , f o r n e i t h e r ' s i e v e c e l l ' n o r ' s i e v e - t u b e

member ' w a s a p p r o p r i a t e ( f o r d e f i n i t i o n s e e E s a u , 1 9 6 5 ) . F o r t h e

same r e a s o n , I s h a l l u s e t h e t e r m ' s i e v e e l e m e n t ' t h r o u g h o u t

t h i s t h e s i s .

The o c c u r r e n c e o f s i e v e e l e m e n t s i n M a c r o c v s t i s i n

c o n j u n c t i o n w i t h t h e h i g h l y d i f f e r e n t i a t e d p l a n t f o r m ( a g e n e r a l

d e s c r i p t i o n o f - M. i n t e g r i f o l i a i s g i v e n i n P a r t C - I ) l e d W i l l e

( 1 8 8 5 ) t o s u g g e s t t h a t t h e s e c e l l s w e r e i n v o l v e d i n c o n d u c t i o n .

A l t h o u g h a h i g h r a t e o f e x u d a t i o n f r o m t h e s t i p e o f - M. p y r i f e r a

was r e c o r d e d ( C r a f t , 1 9 3 9 ) , t h e f i r s t e v i d e n c e , t h o u g h i n d i r e c t ,

o f l o n g - d i s t a n c e t r a n s p o r t o f o r g a n i c s u b s t a n c e s i n t h i s p l a n t

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was p r o v i d e d by S a r g e n t a n d L a n t r i p ( 1 9 5 2 ) . T h e y f o u n d t h a t t h e

i n c r e a s e o f d r y m a t t e r i n y o u n g b l a d e s f a r e x c e e d e d t h e n e t

p r o d u c t i o n o f p h o t o a s s i m i l a t e s by t h e s e b l a d e s ; t h e m a t u r e

b l a d e s , by c o n t r a s t , showed a s u r p l u s o f p h o t o s y n t h a t e s w h i c h

m i g h t b e t r a n s p o r t e d t h r o u g h t h e s t i p e t o t h e y o u n g e r b l a d e s ,

t h u s p r o v i d i n g f o r t h e i r g r o w t h . T h i s i n f e r e n c e was l a t e r

s u b s t a n t i a t e d b y P a r k e r ( 1 9 6 3 , 1 9 6 5 ) w i t h u s e o f 1 4 c . P a r k e r

( 1 9 6 5 ) r e p o r t e d a r e l a t i v e l y h i g h v e l o c i t y o f t r a n s l o c a t i o n o f

1 4 c - l a b e l e d p h o t o a s s i m i l a t e s , u p t o 78 c m l h , f o r - M. p y r i f e r a a n d

f u r t h e r i d e n t i f i e d t h e m a i n t r a n s l o c a t e a s r n a n n i t o l ( P a r k e r ,

1 9 6 6 ) . W i t h t h i s p o w e r f u l t o o l o f r a d i o i s o t o p e s a t h a n d , more

i n v e s t i g a t o r s became i n t e r e s t e d i n t h e p h y s i o l o g i c a l a s p e c t s o f

t r a n s l o c a t i o n i n t h e L a m i n a r i a l e s . L o n g - d i s t a n c e t r a n s p o r t o f

p h o t o a s s i m i l a t e s w a s a l s o s h o w n t o o c c u r i n N e r e o c y s t i s ,

L a m i n a r i a , a n d A l a r i a ( N i c h o l s o n a n d B r i g g s , 1 9 7 2 ; L u n i n g -- e t a l ,

1 9 7 3 ; S c h m i t z a n d S r i v a s t a v a , 1 9 7 5 ) . More r e c e n t l y , a s u r v e y o f

1 3 g e n e r a , 1 4 s p e c i e s i n t o t a l , of L a m i n a r i a l e s s u g g e s t s t h a t

t h e phenomenon o f t r a n s l o c a t i o n i s a g e n e r a l f e a t u r e o f t h e

L a m i n a r i a l e s ( S c h m i t z a n d L o b b a n , 1 9 7 6 ) .

The d i r e c t e v i d e n c e o f s i e v e e l e m e n t s b e i n g i n v o l v e d i n t h e

t r a n s l o c a t i o n o f 1 4 c - l a b e l e d a s s i m i l a t e s was o b t a i n e d by means

o f h i s t o a u t o r a d i o g r a p h y i n - L . h y p e r b o r e a ( S t e i n b i s s a n d S c h m i t z , . *

1 9 7 3 ) . S o o n a f t e r , S c h m i t z a n d S r i v a s t a v a ( 1 9 7 4 b ) p u b l i s h e d a

l u c i d p a p e r o n t h e d i f f e r e n t i a t i o n a n d f i n e s t r u c t u r e o f s i e v e

e l e m e n t s i n - L. g r o e n l a n d i c a . The s i e v e e l e m e n t s i n - L.

g r o e n l a n d i c a p o s s e s s s i e v e a r e a s w i t h r a t h e r s m a l l p o r e s ( c a .

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0 .04 -0 .06 urn i n d i a m e t e r ) on t h e i r e n d w a l l s . H o w e v e r , u n l i k e

s i e v e e l e m e n t s o f h i g h e r p l a n t s ( ~ r i v a s t a v a , 1 9 7 5 ) i n w h i c h t h e

c o m p l e t i o n o f s i e v e e l e m e n t d i f f e r e n t i a t i o n i s a c c o m p a n i e d b y

s e l e c t i v e d e g r a d a t i o n o f t h e p r o t o p l a s t , m o s t o f t h e o r g a n e l l e s

s u c h a s n u c l e u s , e n d o p l a s m i c r e t i c u l u m (ER), r i b o s o m e s , and

d i c t y o s o m e s e t c . a r e r e t a i n e d , t h o u g h m o d i f i e d , and t h e r e a r e

n u m e r o u s s m a l l v a c u o l e s ( S c h m i t z a n d S r i v a s t a v a , 1 9 9 4 b ; S i d e m a n

a n d S c h e i r e r , 1 9 7 7 ) . The f i n e s t r u c t u r e o f s i e v e e l e m e n t s o f

A l a r i a a n d N e r e o c y s t i s h a s a l s o b e e n s t u d i e d by S c h m i t z a n d -

S r i v a s t a v a ( 1 9 7 5 , 1 9 7 6 ) . A h i g h l y v a c u o l a t e d s y s t e m s e e m s t o b e

c h a r a c t e r i s t i c o f t h e s i e v e e l e m e n t s o f a l l t h r e e g e n e r a o f

L a m i n a r i a l e s m e n t i o n e d a b o v e .

L a t e l y , a s e r i e s o f i n v e s t i g a t i o n s o n t h e p h y s i o l o g y of

t r a n s l o c a t i o n h a s b e e n c a r r i e d o u t o n M a c r o c y s t i s s p e c i e s

( ~ o b b a n , 1 9 7 8 a , b , c ; S c h m i t z a n d S r i v a s t a v a , 1 9 7 9 a , b ; 1 9 8 0 ) .

I n b r i e f , t h e p a t t e r n o f t r a n s l o c a t i o n o f p h o t o a s s i m i l a t e s i s

s i m i l a r i n M. p y - r i f e r a a n d - M. i n t e g r i f o l i a . Movement o f 1 4 c

l a b e l s h o w s a s o u r c e - t o - s i n k r e l a t i o n s h i p . T h e d i r e c t i o n o f

movement o f p h o t o a s s i m i l a t e s , a c r o p e t a l , b a s i p e t a l o r

b i d i r e c t i o n a l , i s g e n e r a l l y d e t e r m i n e d b y t h e d i s t a n c e a n d

r e l a t i v e o r i e n t a t i o n b e t w e e n t h e s o u r c e a n d s i n k . I f t h e m a t u r e

f e d b l a d e i s c l o s e r t o t h e f r o n d a p e x , t r a n s p o r t o f 1 4 c l a b e l i s

m o s t l y a c r o p e t a l ; c o n v e r s e l y , i f t h e m a t u r e b l a d e i s c l o s e r t o

t h e h o l d f a s t , t r a n s p o r t i s m o s t l y b a s i p e t a l . T h i s p a t t e r n o f

t r a n s l o c a t i o n c h a n g e s s e a s o n a l l y i n M. i n t e g r i f o l i a b u t s h o w s no - s e a s o n a l i t y i n - M. p y r i f e r a ( L o b b a n , 1 9 7 8 a , b ) . The v e l o c i t y of

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t r a n s l o c a t i o n o f o r g a n i c c a r b o n w a s i n t h e r a n g e o f 3 5 - 7 2 c m l h

f o r - M. i n t e g r i f o l i a ( S c h m i t z a n d S r i v a s t a v a , 1 9 7 9 a ) , w h i c h i s

c o m p a r a b l e t o t h a t f o r - M. p y r i f e r a ( P a r k e r , 1 9 6 5 ) . T h e m a i n

t r a n s l o c a t e s a r e m a n n i t o l a n d a m i n o a c i d s i n a r o u g h l y 1 : 1

r a t i o . T h e s e a u t h o r s a l s o p r o v i d e d a h i s t o a u t o r a d i o g r a p h o f a

c r o s s s e c t i o n o f t h e m e d u l l a o f - M . i n t e g r i f o l i a s h o w i n g t h a t 1 4 c

l a b e l w a s l o c a t e d e x c l u s i v e l y i n t h e m e d u l l a ( S c h m i t z a n d

S r i v a s t a v a , 1 9 7 9 b ) . N e v e r t h e l e s s , i t i s n o t c l e a r w h e t h e r s i e v e

e l e m e n t s a r e t h e p r i n c i p a l o r t h e o n l y c o n d u i t s o f t r a n s l o c a t i o n

o f a s s i m i l a t e s .

The u l t r a s t r u c t u r e o f s i e v e e l e m e n t s o f - M. p y r i f e r a h a s

b e e n s t u d i e d by s e v e r a l a u t h o r s ( P a r k e r a n d P h i l p o t t , 1 9 6 1 ;

Z i e g l e r , 1 9 6 3 ; P a r k e r a n d H u b e r , 1 9 6 5 ) . B e c a u s e o f p o o r f i x a t i o n

i n t h e s e e a r l y s t u d i e s , t h e r e s u l t s a r e h a r d t o i n t e r p r e t a n d

i n c o n c l u s i v e . P a r k e r a n d P h i l p o t t ( 1 9 6 1 ) d e s c r i b e d a s i e v e p l a t e

o f a s i e v e e l e m e n t t r a v e r s e d b y t h i n c y t o p l a s m i c t h r e a d s a b o u t

0 .03 -0 .05 um i n d i a m e t e r . Z i e g l e r ( 1 9 6 3 ) , h o w e v e r , m e a s u r e d

s i e v e - p l a t e p o r e s a b o u t 1 um i n d i a m e t e r , a n d t h o u g h t t h a t t h e

s i e v e p l a t e d e s c r i b e d by P a r k e r a n d P h i l p o t t ( 1 9 6 1 ) m i g h t h a v e

b e e n a p i t f i e l d . P a r k e r a n d H u b e r ( 1 9 6 5 ) s t u d i e d t h e m a t u r e

s i e v e e l e m e n t s i n t h e same s p e c i e s a n d r e c o g n i z e d m i t o c h o n d r i a ,

o c c a s i o n a l d i c t y o s o m e s , a n d p l a s t i d s . N u c l e i w e r e a b s e n t . They

a l s o d e s c r i b e d a v e r y d e n s e s u b s t a n c e o n t h e s i e v e p l a t e s a n d

i n t e r p r e t e d i t a s s l i m e , now r e f e r r e d t o a s P - p r o t e i n ( E s a u a n d

C r o n s h a w , 1 9 6 7 ) . D e s p i t e t h e p a p e r s r e v i e w e d a b o v e , t h e r e i s

s t i l l v e r y l i t t l e p u b l i s h e d i n f o r m a t i o n o n t h e d e v e l o p m e n t a n d

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f i n e s t r u c t u r e o f s i e v e e l e m e n t s i n M a c r o c y s t i s a n d ,

f u r t h e r m o r e , c h a n g e s i n s i e v e e l e m e n t n u c l e a r s t r u c t u r e a n d t h e

p e r f o r a t i o n o f s i e v e p l a t e s a r e t o p i c s o f w h i c h v i r t u a l l y

n o t h i n g i s known.

T h i s t h e s i s a t t e m p t s t o p r o v i d e some i n f o r m a t i o n o n t h e

g r o w t h p a t t e r n o f s i e v e e l e m e n t s , a n d o n t h e d i f f e r e n t i a t i o n a n d

i n t e r n a l s t r u c t u r e o f y o u n g a n d m a t u r e s i e v e e l e m e n t s i n M. - i n t e g r i f o l i a . D u r i n g t h e s t r u c t u r a l s p e c i a l i z a t i o n o f t h e s i e v e

e l e m e n t s , t h e n u c l e a r c h a n g e s a n d t h e p e r f o r a t i o n o f s i e v e

p l a t e s a r e e m p h a s i z e d . F i n a l l y , 14c h i s t o a u t o r a d i o g r a p h y was

u s e d t o d e t e r m i n e w h i c h s i e v e e l e m e n t s a r e i n d e e d i n v o l v e d i n

t r a n s l o c a t i o n a n d a t w h a t s t a g e i n t h e i r d i f f e r e n t i a t i o n t h e y

s t a r t f u n c t i o n i n g .

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B. MATERIALS AND METHODS

I. P l a n t m a t e r i a l f o r t h e s t u d y o f p r o d u c t i o n a n d d e v e l o p m e n t o f

s i e v e e l e m e n t s

P l a n t s o f - M . i n t e g r i f o l i a B o r y w e r e c o l l e c t e d f r o m t h e k e l p

b e d s n e a r B a m f i e l d i n B a r k l e y S o u n d , V a n c o u v e r I s l a n d , B r i t i s h

C o l u m b i a . Y e a r - r o u n d c o l l e c t i o n o n a m o n t h l y b a s i s s t a r t e d i n

May 1 9 7 8 a n d c o n t i n u e d t o M a r c h 1 9 7 9 . S a m p l e c o l l e c t i o n was

s k i p p e d i n O c t o b e r a n d D e c e m b e r o f 1 9 7 8 a n d i n A p r i l o f 1 9 7 9 .

S a m p l i n g s w e r e made a g a i n i n S e p t e m b e r 1 9 7 9 a n d i n J a n u a r y

t h r o u g h M a r c h , 1 9 8 0 . I n May 1 9 8 0 , m o r e M a c r o c y s t i s p l a n t s w e r e

c o l l e c t e d a n d u s e d f o r 1 4 c - f e e d i n g e x p e r i m e n t s .

M o s t l y f r o n d s 300 -400 cm l o n g w e r e s a m p l e d . H o w e v e r , when

t h e d e s i r e d l e n g t h s w e r e n o t a v a i l a b l e a s e . g . , i n w i n t e r m o n t h s

N o v e m b e r - J a n u a r y , f r o n d s u p t o 7 0 0 c m l o n g w e r e u s e d . S o m e t i m e s ,

y o u n g f r o n d s l e s s t h a n 1 0 0 cm l o n g w e r e a l s o c o l l e c t e d . The

d e t a i l s o f t h e m a t e r i a l s c o l l e c t e d a r e l i s t e d i n T a b l e I . I n

a d d i t i o n t o t h e l e n g t h o f a f r o n d , t h e l e n g t h s o f i n d i v i d u a l

i n t e r n o d e s w e r e a l s o r e c o r d e d . F o r t h e s t u d y o f t h e p r o d u c t i o n

of s i e v e e l e m e n t s , t w o e x t r e m e i n t e r n o d e s o f a g i v e n f r o n d ,

i . e . , t h e f i r s t i n t e r n o d e b e l o w t h e a p i c a l s c i m i t a r ( d e s i g n a t e d

a s ' a p i c a l i n t e r n o d e o r A p o i n t ) a n d t h e l o n g e s t i n t e r n o d e ,

u s u a l l y t h e t h i r d o r t h e f o u r t h i n t e r n o d e a b o v e t h e h o l d f a s t

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Tab le I. Macrocys t i s i n t e g r i f o l i a -- C o l l e c t i o n Data.

Fronds were c o l l e c t e d f rom k e l p beds near Bamfield,

Vancouver I s land , B. C . d u r i n g 1978-1980.

C o l l e c t i o n Frond Length In ternode Examined C o l l e c t i o n

Date ( c d Ap ica l (A) Basal (B) S i t e

( l eng th , cm)

1978

May 30

June 29

J u l y 31

Aug. 30

Sep. 29

Nov. 22

1979

Jan. 27

Mar. 3

Mar. 24

Sep. 28

1980

Jan. 13

Feb. 3

S c o t t ' s Bay I I

I I

I I

I I

I I

Grappler I n l e t

A g u i l a r P t .

Grappler I n .

Mar. 10 284 2.0 25.0 A g u i l a r P t .

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( d e s i g n a t e d a s b a s a l i n t e r n o d e o r B p o i n t ) , were t a k e n . T h e

a p i c a l i n t e r n o d e a s w e l l a s t h e y o u n g f r o n d s , a s i s s h o w n l a t e % ,

p r o v e d t o b e e x c e l l e n t m a t e r i a l f o r t h e s t u d y o f t h e d e v e l o p m e n t

o f s i e v e e l e m e n t s ( s e e R e s u l t s ) .

11. L i g h t a n d e l e c t r o n m i c r o s c o p y

S m a l l t i s s u e s a m p l e s o f t h e s t i p e , a t b o t h A a n d B p o i n t s ,

a n d a l s o o f t h e i n t e r m e d i a t e i n t e r n o d e s w e r e f i x e d i n 2%

g l u t a r a l d e h y d e i n a b u f f e r s o l u t i o n o f 1 p a r t 0 . 1 M s o d i u m

c a c o d y l a t e : 3 p a r t s s e a w a t e r ( v : v ) a n d 0 .01% CaC12 ( v : w ) ,

pH 7 . 2 , ( a d a p t e d f r o m S c h m i t z a n d S r i v a s t a v a , 1 9 7 4 b ) f o r t h e

f i r s t 4 h a t 1 1 " C t h e n t h e n e x t 2 0 h a t 4 O C . The m a t e r i a l was

w a s h e d i n t h e s e a w a t e r - b u f f e r , CaC12 m i x t u r e , a n d p o s t f i x e d i n

1% osmium t e t r o x i d e b u f f e r e d i n t h e same m i x t u r e f o r 2 h a t room

t e m p e r a t u r e . I t was t h e n t h o r o u g h l y w a s h e d w i t h 3-4 c h a n g e s o f

s e a w a t e r - b u f f e r , CaC12 m i x t u r e a n d d e h y d r a t e d i n a n a s c e n d i n g

s e r i e s o f e t h a n o l , w i t h 0 . 0 1 % CaC12 a d d e d u p t o t h e 70% e t h a n o l

s t a g e . F u r t h e r d e h y d r a t i o n w a s c a r r i e d o u t w i t h o u t CaC12 a n d

c o m p l e t e d w i t h s e v e r a l c h a n g e s i n p r o p y l e n e o x i d e . The s a m p l e s

w e r e embedded o v e r s e v e r a l d a y s i n S p u r r ' s l o w v i s c o s i t y r e s i n

( S p u r r , 1 9 6 9 ) .

F o r l i g h t m i c r o s c o p y 1 urn s e c t i o n s o f r e s i n - e m b e d d e d

m a t e r i a l , s t a i n e d w i t h t o l u i d i n e b l u e 0 ( ~ e d e r a n d O ' B r i e n ,

1 9 6 8 1 , w e r e u s e d . C a l l o s e w a s s t a i n e d w i t h a n i l i n e b l u e ( J e n s e n ,

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1 9 6 4 ) i n s e c t i o n s o f r e s i n - e m b e d d e d m a t e r i a l . C a l l o s e s t a i n i n g

was a l s o p e r f o r m e d o n t h i n h a n d - c u t s e c t i o n s o f f r e s h o r

g l u t a r a l d e h y d e - f i x e d m a t e r i a l .

To d e t e r m i n e t h e p r o d u c t i o n o f s i e v e e l e m e n t s a t a n y g i v e n

l e v e l , a n i n d i r e c t me thod was u s e d . Young , d i f f e r e n t i a t i n g s i e v e

e l e m e n t s w e r e i d e n t i f i e d b e t w e e n t h e i n n e r m o s t c o r t i c a l c e l l a n d

t h e f i r s t m a t u r e s i e v e e l e m e n t i n t h e m e d u l l a . S i n c e t h e s i e v e

e l e m e n t s g e n e r a l l y o c c u r i n r a d i a l r o w s i n t h e m e d u l l a , t h e

number o f s u c h d i f f e r e n t i a t i n g s i e v e e l e m e n t s i n e a c h r o w w a s

t a k e n a s a n i n d i c a t i o n o f p r o d u c t i o n o f new s i e v e e l e m e n t s . The

c r i t e r i o n f o r d i f f e r e n t i a t i n g s i e v e e l e m e n t s was c e l l s w h i c h

w e r e s t i l l e l o n g a t i n g , and w h i c h h a d a b u n d a n t c y t o p l a s m ,

p r o m i n e n t n u c l e i , a n d r e l a t i v e l y t h i n w a l l s , w i t h o u t t h e m a t u r e ,

p e r f o r a t e d s i e v e p l a t e s i n t h e e n d w a l l s . F i f t y r a d i a l r o w s w e r e

c o u n t e d f o r e a c h s a m p l e p o i n t . T h e r e s u l t s w e r e e x p r e s s e d a s

mean o f t h e 50 c o u n t s ( s e e P a r t C-IT).

F o r e l e c t r o n m i c r o s c o p y , u l t r a t h i n s e c t i o n s ( 6 0 - 9 0 nm) w e r e

c u t on a R e i c h a r t O M U 2 m i c r o t o m e w i t h a d i a m o n d k n i f e , p i c k e d u p

o n u n c o a t e d o r f o r m v a r - c o a t e d g r i d s , s t a i n e d w i t h u r a n y l a c e t a t e

a n d l e a d c i t r a t e a n d e x a m i n e d u n d e r a Z e i s s E M 9 A m i c r o s c o p e a t

60 k v o r a P h i l i p s E M 300G m i c r o s c o p e a t 8 0 kv .

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111. 14c f e e d i n g a n d h i s t o a u t o r a d i o g r a p h y

P l a n t s o f M. i n t e g r i f o l i a w e r e c o l l e c t e d i n May, 1 9 8 0 a s -

d e s c r i b e d p r e v i o u s l y . 1 4 c - f e e d i n g e x p e r i m e n t s were c ~ n d u c t e d

t h e same d a y i n l a r g e t a n k s a t t h e B a m f i e l d M a r i n e S t a t i o n ,

f o l l o w i n g t h e e x p e r i m e n t a l s e t u p d e s c r i b e d by S c h m i t z a n d

S r i v a s t a v a ( 1 9 7 9 a ) . A f u l l y e x p a n d e d b l a d e o f a f r o n d , 3 0 0 t o

4 0 0 cm l o n g , w a s e n c l o s e d i n a t r a n s p a r e n t p l a s t i c b a g w i t h 2 1

o f m i l l i p o r e - f i l t e r e d s e a w a t e r , a n d 2 . 2 m C i o f N ~ ~ ~ ~ c o ~ was

i n j e c t e d i n t o t h e b a g t h r o u g h a s e r u m c a p . The i l l u m i n a t i o n a t

t h e p l a n t s u r f a c e was 8 0 0 f t - c . T h e f e e d i n g p e r i o d was 3 h. A t

t h e e n d o f 1 4 c - f e e d i n g , a 40 cm s e g m e n t o f s t i p e , 20 cm a b o v e

a n d b e l o w t h e f e d b l a d e , w a s s a m p l e d . I t w a s q u i c k l y c u t i n t o 2

mm t h i c k s l i c e s a n d f r o z e n i n l i q u i d F r e o n p r e - c o o l e d w i t h

l i q u i d n i t r o g e n . F o r s u b s e q u e n t p r o c e s s i n g , t h e f r e e z e

s u b s t i t u t i o n m e t h o d o f S t e i n b i s s a n d S c h m i t z ( 1 9 7 3 ) was

f o l l o w e d . F r o z e n p i e c e s o f t i s s u e w e r e t r a n s f e r r e d t o a

p r e c h i l l e d m i x t u r e o f 1 0 0 % a c e t o n e a n d 1 % a c r o l e i n , a n d k e p t i n

t h a t m i x t u r e a t -60 O C f o r 2 d a y s . Two c h a n g e s o f f r e s h c o o l e d

1 0 0 % a c e t o n e were c o n d u c t e d o v e r t h e n e x t 5 d a y s . The

f r e e z e - s u b s t i t u t e d s a m p l e s w e r e b r o u g h t t o room t e m p e r a t u r e ,

embedded i n S p u r r ' s r e s i n a n d c u r e d i n a n o v e n a t 60 O C .

F o r h i s t o a u t o r a d i o g r a p h y , 8 u n s e c t i o n s w e r e o b t a i n e d u s i n g

d r y g l a s s k n i v e s a n d f l a t t e n e d w i t h 70% a c e t o n e o n t o

g e l a t i n - c o a t e d s l i d e s . T h e s e w e r e c o a t e d w i t h Kodak NTB-2

p h o t o e m u l s i o n . E x p o s u r e t i m e w a s d e t e r m i n e d e m p i r i c a l l y a n d 8

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d a y s was f o u n d t o be s u i t a b l e . Kodak D - 1 9 was u s e d f o r

d e v e l o p m e n t .

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C. RESULTS

I . G e n e r a l m o r p h o l o g y a n d a n a t o m y o f M a c r o c y s t i s i n t e g r i f o l i a

A p l a n t o f - M. i n t e g r i f o l i a h a s many f r o n d s o f v a r y i n g

s t a g e s o f g r o w t h w h i c h a r i s e f r o m a common h o l d f a s t ( ~ i g . 1 ) .

E a c h f r o n d i s composed o f a s t e m - l i k e s t i p e , many l e a f - l i k e

b l a d e s e a c h w i t h a s w o l l e n a i r b l a d d e r o r p n e u m a t o c y s t a t i t s

b a s e ( p r o x i m a l e n d ) , a n d a m e r i s t e m a t i c a p e x known a s t h e

s c i m i t a r . The s t i p e i s d i s t i n c t l y p a r t i t i o n e d i n t o n o d e s a n d

i n t e r n o d e s by t h e a t t a c h m e n t o f t h e b l a d e s w h i c h show a

u n i l a t e r a l d i s p o s i t i o n . New b l a d e s c o n t i n u e t o b e f o r m e d b y

s e p a r a t i o n o f new b l a d e t i s s u e s f r o m t h e a p i c a l s c i m i t a r . Among

t h e L a m i n a r i a l e s , p l a n t s o f M a c r o c y s t i s , t h u s , show a u n i q u e

f o r m o f a p i c a l g r o w t h , i n a d d i t i o n t o t h e more common

i n t e r c a l a r y g r o w t h t y p i c a l o f a l l L a m i n a r i a l e s .

The y o u n g e s t p a r t e x a m i n e d i n t h i s s t u d y w a s a l w a y s t h e

f i r s t i n t e r n o d e b e l o w t h e a p i c a l s c i m i t a r . I n t h i s a p i c a l

i n t e r n o d e , t h r e e d i s t i n c t t i s s u e s w e r e a l r e a d y d i f f e r e n t i a t e d ,

n a m e l y , m e r i s t o d e r m , c o r t e x , a n d m e d u l l a ( F i g s . 2 a n d 3 ) . The

b l a d e a n d h o l d f a s t were n o t e x a m i n e d i n t h i s s t u d y ; b u t i t i s

known f r o m t h e l i t e r a t u r e a n d s t u d i e s o n o t h e r L a m i n a r i a l e s t h a t

t h e b a s i c t i s s u e t o p o g r a p h y i s t h e s ame a s t h a t o f t h e s t i p e

e x c e p t t h a t t h e h o l d f a s t d o e s n o t h a v e a w e l l - d i f f e r e n t i a t e d

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F i g . 1 . M a c r o c y s t i s i n t e g r i f o l i a p l a n t showing t h e g e n e r a l morphology o f t h e f r o n d and t h e s a m p l i n g a r e a s : ( A ) , t h e a p i c a l i n t e r n o d e ; ( B ) , t h e l o n g e s t b a s a l i n t e r n o d e .

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spovophyl I

holdf ast

V haptera

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m e d u l l a ( S y k e s , 1 9 0 8 ; S m i t h , 1 9 3 9 ; P a r k e r a n d F u , 1 9 6 5 ) .

The m e r i s t o d e r m i s a r e g i o n o f s e v e r a l c e l l l a y e r s , w h i c h

u n d e r g o r a p i d c e l l d i v i s i o n s . F o r c o n v e n i e n c e o f d e s c r i p t i o n ,

t h e c o r t e x i s d i v i d e d i n t o a n o u t e r a n d a n i n n e r r e g i o n ,

a l t h o u g h t h e r e i s no s h a r p d e m a r c a t i o n b e t w e e n t h e t w o . M u c i l a g e

d u c t s , w i t h s m a l l s e c r e t o r y c e l l s a r r a n g e d i n a r i n g , a r e

l o c a t e d i n t h e p e r i p h e r a l p a r t s o f t h e o u t e r c o r t e x ( F i g s . 2 ,

3 ) . W h e r e a s , c e l l s o f t h e o u t e r c o r t e x s e e m t o d i v i d e i n a l l

p l a n e s , t h o s e o f t h e i n n e r c o r t e x s e e m t o d i v i d e p r e f e r e n t i a l l y

i n t a n g e n t i a l a n d t r a n s v e r s e p l a n e s a n d g i v e r i s e t o v e r t i c a l

f i l e s o f c e l l s w h i c h d i f f e r e n t i a t e a s s i e v e e l e m e n t s ( ~ i g s . 4 ,

5).

The m e d u l l a c o n s i s t s o f t w o t y p e s o f c e l l s , s i e v e e l e m e n t s

a n d h y p h a l c e l l s , embedded i n a n i n t e r c e l l u l a r m a t r i x . I n c r o s s

s e c t i o n s , t h e s i e v e e l e m e n t s o f t e n o c c u r i n r a d i a l r o w s i n t h e

o u t e r r e g i o n o f t h e m e d u l l a ( F i g s . 2 , 6 ) . I n l o n g i t u d i n a l

s e c t i o n s , t h e s e s i e v e e l e m e n t s f o r m v e r t i c a l f i l e s o f c e l l s

b r i d g e d o n l y a t c r o s s c o n n e c t i o n s ( F i g s . 3 , 4 ) . The much

e l o n g a t e d , o l d e r s i e v e e l e m e n t s , some m o r e t h a n 1 mm l o n g ,

t r u m p e t - s h a p e d a t t h e i r c r o s s w a l l s , a r e f o u n d i n t h e c e n t e r o f

t h e m e d u l l a . T h e i r e n d w a l l s , e v e n t h e l u m e n , a r e o f t e n p l u g g e d

w i t h c a l l o s e ( F i g s . 6 , 7 ; 0 s ) . The h y p h a l c e l l s , a n o t h e r

m e d u l l a r y e l e m e n t , f o r m s e r i e s o f c y l i n d r i c a l c e l l s c o n n e c t e d

e n d t o e n d w h i c h a n a s t o m o s e b e t w e e n f i l e s o f s i e v e e l e m e n t s i n

t h e c e n t r a l m e d u l l a .

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Fig. 5. A composite of radial longitudinal sections through A showing the different stages of sieve element differentiation. The sieve elements arise from the innermost cortical cells (Sl), and become progressively elongated (S2-S4). In earlier stages numerous small vacuoles fill the cell, but they seem to disintegrate later. Note particularly the changes in nuclear size and staining in different stages of sieve element differentiation (hollow arrows). Note also the electron-dense globules (arrowheads with white small arrows) in S3 and S4. For definition of S1-S4 see RESULTS C-II............................................. ~ 5 7 0 ; ~ 2 9 0

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F i g . 6 . C r o s s s e c t i o n o f t h e b a s a l i n t e r n o d e ( B p o i n t l o f t h e same f r o n d a s t h a t u s e d f o r F i g . 2 . N o t e t h e e n l a r g e d m e d u l l a a n d s i e v e e l e m e n t s w i t h f a i r l y t h i c k w a l l s . N o t e a l s o c a l l o s e - p l u g g e d s i e v e e l e m e n t s ( e n c i r c l e d a r e a s ) a n d o b l i t e r a t e d s i e v e e l e m e n t s ( a r r o w s ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ~ 9 0

F i g . 7 . R a d i a l l o n g i t u d i n a l s e c t i o n t h r o u g h B , c o r r e s p o n d i n g t o F i g . 6 , s h o w i n g m a t u r e S 4 s i e v e e l e m e n t s . N o t e t h e t h i c k l a t e r a l w a l l s w h i c h i n p l a c e s h a v e b e e n s e c t i o n e d p a r a l l e l t o t h e i r s u r f a c e . A t t h e s e p l a c e s , t h e p r e d o m i n a t i n g t r a n s v e r s e o r i e n t a t i o n o f w a l l f i b r i l s i s e v i d e n t . C a l l o s e i s p r e s e n t i n o l d e r s i e v e e l e m e n t s i n t h e c e n t r a l m e d u l l a . . . x 1 8 0

F i g . 8 . L o n g i t u d i n a l s e c t i o n t h r o u g h B s h o w i n g o n e o f i m m a t u r e s i e v e e l e m e n t s h a v i n g n u c l e i ( a n u c l e u s shown b y a h o l l o w a r r o w ) b u t r e l a t i v e l y t h i c k l a t e r a l w a l l s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . x360

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11. P a t t e r n o f p r o d u c t i o n o f s i e v e e l e m e n t s

M a c r o c y s t i s i n t e g r i f o l i a p l a n t s a r e p e r e n n i a l ; h o w e v e r ,

o n l y t h e h o l d f a s t p e r s i s t s f o r many y e a r s , t h e i n d i v i d u a l f r o n d s

h a v e a l i f e s p a n r a n g i n g f r o m 6 t o 8 m o n t h s ( L o b b a n , 1 9 7 8 d ) .

T a b l e I l i s t s t h e c o l l e c t i o n d a t a f o r a l l s a m p l e s u s e d i n t h i s

s t u d y . T h e s m a l l e s t i n t e r n o d e u s e d m e a s u r e d l e s s t h a n 1 cm, t h e

l o n g e s t o n e , on t h e o t h e r h a n d , was a l m o s t 70 cm l o n g .

N e v e r t h e l e s s , no m a t t e r w h a t t h e l e n g t h s o f t h e i n t e r n o d e s a t A

o r B p o i n t t h e d i a m e t e r s o f t h e m e d u l l a a s w e l l a s t h e s t i p e o f

a l l m a t e r i a l s r e v e a l l i t t l e v a r i a t i o n . F o r i n s t a n c e , t h e mean

d i a m e t e r s o f m e d u l l a a n d s t i p e a r e 0 . 8 - + 0.2 mm a n d 3.1 - + 0.5 mm

a t A p o i n t a n d 1 .6 - + 0.4 mm a n d 5 .8 - + 0 . 8 mm a t B p o i n t ,

r e s p e c t i v e l y ( T a b l e 1 1 ) . M o r e o v e r , t h e i n c r e a s e i n d i a m e t e r o f

t h e m e d u l l a b e t w e e n A p o i n t a n d B p o i n t i s i n c l o s e p r o p o r t i o n

t o t h a t o f t h e s t i p e , t h a t i s , on a n a v e r a g e , b o t h i n c r e a s e

a b o u t 2 t i m e s .

F u r t h e r m o r e , a s t h e s i e v e e l e m e n t s o c c u r c h a r a c t e r i s t i c a l l y

i n r a d i a l r ows i n t h e o u t e r m e d u l l a , t h e q u e s t i o n s a r i s e w h e t h e r

t h e r e i s a n i n c r e a s e i n t h e number o f r a d i a l r o w s a n d / o r t h e

number o f s i e v e e l e m e n t s i n e a c h row i n g o i n g f r o m A t o B p o i n t .

The d a t a show t h a t t h e r e i s o n l y a s m a l l d i f f e r e n c e i n t h e t o t a l

number o f r a d i a l r o w s o f s i e v e e l e m e n t s o b t a i n e d f r o m t h e t w o

p o i n t s ; e g g . 7 3 f o r A p o i n t v s . 76 f o r B p o i n t ( T a b l e I I I ) ,

w h i c h i n d i c a t e s t h a t t h e i n c r e a s e i n t h e d i a m e t e r o f t h e m e d u l l a

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Tab le I I . Diameters o f s t i p e and medul la o f A and B

f rom each sampled Macrocyst is f rond .

C o l l e c t i o n A B d iameter i n mm

Month diameter i n mm

S t i p e Medul la S t i p e Medul la

1978

May

June

Ju 1 y

Aug . Sep.

Nov . 1979

Jan.

Feb.

Mar.

Sep.

1980

Jan.

Feb.

Mar.

Mean 3.1 0.8 5.8 1.6

S.D. 0.5 0.2 0.8 0.4

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i n t h e o l d e r s t i p e i s n o t d e p e n d e n t o n t h e a d d i t i o n o f new rows

o f s i e v e e l e m e n t s .

I n t h i s s t u d y , t h e number o f p e r i m e d u l l a r y s i e v e e l e m e n t s

i n r a d i a l r o w s i s r e f e r r e d t o a s c e l l d e p t h . The c e l l d e p t h o f

t h e s i e v e e l e m e n t s r e m a i n s a p p r o x i m a t e l y t h e same f r o m A t o B

p o i n t ( o r 1 - 2 f i l e s o f s i e v e e l e m e n t s d e e p e r a t A p o i n t ) ( F i g .

9A, B ) , w h i c h s u g g e s t s t h a t t h e r e i s n o i n c r e a s e i n t h e number

o f s i e v e e l e m e n t s i n a r a d i a l r ow; h o w e v e r , t h i s i n t e r p r e t a t i o n

i s s t i l l c o m p l i c a t e d by t h e c o n s i d e r a t i o n t h a t new s i e v e e l e -

m e n t s may c o n t i n u e t o a r i s e f r o m t h e i n n e r c o r t i c a l c e l l s w h i l e

t h e o l d e r o n e s , t o w a r d t h e c e n t e r o f t h e m e d u l l a , become

s t r e t c h e d o u t a n d o b l i t e r a t e d .

By c o m p a r i n g F i g u r e 2 w i t h F i g u r e 6 , i t i s f o u n d t h a t t h e

i n t e r c e l l u l a r s p a c e s b e t w e e n l o n g i t u d i a l f i l e s o f s i e v e e l e m e n t s

i n e a c h r a d i a l row a r e much r e d u c e d a t B p o i n t c o m p a r e d t o t h o s e

a t A p o i n t . I t i s c l e a r l y s e e n t h a t c o n s i d e r a b l e a m o u n t s o f w a l l

m a t e r i a l s h a v e b e e n d e p o s i t e d o n t h e l a t e r a l w a l l s o f s i e v e

e l e m e n t s a t B p o i n t ( F i g s . 6 , 7 ) . F u r t h e r m o r e , t h e a v e r a g e

d i a m e t e r o f t h e s i e v e e l e m e n t s a t B p o i n t i s a l m o s t t w o t i m e s

l a r g e r t h a n t h a t a t A p o i n t ( T a b l e I V ) . T h e s e o b s e r v a t i o n s

s u g g e s t t h a t t h e i n c r e a s e i n d i a m e t e r o f m e d u l l a i s d u e

p r i m a r i l y t o a n i n c r e a s e i n d i a m e t e r o f s i e v e e l e m e n t s a n d i s

n o t d e p e n d e n t o n e i t h e r t h e a d d i t i o n o f new r o w s o f s i e v e

e l e m e n t s o r t h e a d d i t i o n o f new s i e v e e l e m e n t s i n a n y r a d i a l

row.

Two m a i n t y p e s o f s i e v e e l e m e n t s c a n b e d i s t i n g u i s h e d among

2 2

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Table I l l . Number o f r a d i a l rows o f s i e v e elements i n a

g iven x.s. o f medul la a t A and B p o i n t s o f

randomly se lec ted c o l l e c t i o n s . The d iameters

o f s i eve -p la te pores were a l s o recorded.

C o l l e c t i o n No. o f r a d i a l rows s i e v e - p l a t e pores

Month of s i eve elements f rom B p o i n t

A B (d iameter i n um) n=30

Sep. , 1978 7 0 7 4

Nov., 1978 7 5 80

Sep. , 1979 70 70

Feb., 1980 76 8 0

Mar., 1980 73 7 8

Mean

S.D.

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F i g . 9 . His tograms of c e l l d e p t h o f s i e v e e l e m e n t s i n r a d i a l rows ( n = 3 0 ) a t t h e o u t e r r e g i o n o f t h e m e d u l l a a t A and B. V e r t i c a l bar r e p r e s e n t s t w i c e t h e S. D.

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A : Apical

B: Basal

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F i g . 10'. P a t t e r n o f p r o d u c t i o n o f young s i e v e e l e m e n t s a t A and B i n d i f f e r e n t months shown i n b a r h i s t o g r a m . ( n = 5 0 r a d i a l r o w s ) V e r t i c a l b a r r e p r e s e n t s t w i c e t h e S . D .

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A: Apical

- - 4- - I

t - -

i -

- J J A S N F M S F M

4 1 9 7 8 1 $ 4 7 9 -1 < 1 9 8 0 - I

25b

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Table I V . Mean widths at cross walls of inner cortical cells

( c ) and different stages of sieve elements (s1-s4) compared at two levels: A vs. B from each collection.

S1-S3: young, differentiating sieve elements.

S4: mature sieve elements. W20.

Cell Types (width in urn)

Collection C 1 S2 3 4 Month A B A B A B A B A B

1978

May

June

Ju 1 y

Aug . Sep.

Nov . 1979

Jan.

Feb . Mar.

Sep.

1980

Jan.

Feb .

Mean 13 16 10 19 14 26 17 -- 31 45

S . D . 6 6 2 6 5 4 6 -- 8 10

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Table V . Mean leng ths o f d i f f e r e n t stages o f s i e v e elements (sl-S4)

and i nne r c o r t i c a l c e l l s (c) f rom each c o l l e c t i o n a t A and

B in ternodes.

S 1 - S 3 : young, d i f f e r e n t i a t i n g s i eve elements. n=10.

S4: mature s i eve elements. n=5.

C e l l Types ( l e n g t h i n um)

C o l l e c t i o n - Month A B A B A B A B A B

1978

May

June

J u l y

Aug . Sep.

Nov . 1979

Jan.

Feb . Mar.

1980

Jan.

Feb .

Mean 30 64 61 92 114 190 180 295 248 629

S.D. 9 20 18 23 13 74 35 -- 80 221

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t h e p e r i m e d u l l a r y s i e v e e l e m e n t s , n a m e l y , t h e o u t e r l a y e r s o f

d i f f e r e n t i a t i n g e l e m e n t s a n d t h e i n n e r l a y e r s o f d i f f e r e n t i a t e d

e l e m e n t s . A l t h o u g h d i f f e r e n t i a t i o n i s a c o n t i n u o u s p r o c e s s , f o r

c o n v e n i e n c e o f d e s c r i p t i o n , i t i s u s e f u l t o g r o u p s i e v e e l e m e n t s

i n t o d i f f e r e n t s t a g e s . T h i s i s s h o w n i n F i g u r e 5. The o u t e r m o s t

l a y e r o f c e l l s i n t h e m e d u l l a , w h i c h a l r e a d y s h o w s some d i s t i n c t

c y t o p l a s m i c c h a n g e s o v e r t h e i n n e r c o r t i c a l c e l l s , i s t e r m e d t h e

S1 s t a g e . T h e e l o n g a t i n g c e l l s w i t h a b u n d a n t c y t o p l a s m a n d

m a x i m a l l y e x p a n d e d n u c l e i a n d n u c l e o l i a r e i n t h e S 2 s t a g e . When

t h e c y t o p l a s m i c c o n t e n t s o f t h e d e v e l o p i n g s i e v e e l e m e n t s e n t e r

t h e p r o c e s s o f d i s i n t e g r a t i o n , t h i s i s r e f e r r e d t o a s t h e S 3

s t a g e . I n t h e S4 s t a g e , s i e v e e l e m e n t s n o l o n g e r p o s s e s s n u c l e i

a n d h a v e p e r f o r a t e d s i e v e p l a t e s a t t h e i r e n d w a l l s . T h e s e S4

c e l l s , s o l a b e l e d i n F i g u r e s 5 , a n d 7 , a r e c o n s i d e r e d t o b e

d i f f e r e n t i a t e d o r m a t u r e s i e v e e l e m e n t s .

The n u m b e r o f l o n g i t u d i n a l f i l e s o f y o u n g d i f f e r e n t i a t i n g

s i e v e e l e m e n t s f o r d i f f e r e n t m o n t h s o v e r a o n e a n d h a l f y e a r

p e r i o d f o r A a n d B p o i n t s i s p r e s e n t e d i n F i g u r e 10 . A l t h o u g h

t h e d a t a a r e i n c o m p l e t e f o r a n y o n e y e a r , t a k e n t o g e t h e r d a t a

f r o m t h r e e y e a r s i n d i c a t e a g r a d u a l d e c r e a s e i n t h e f i l e s o f

d i f f e r e n t i a t i n g s i e v e e l e m e n t s f r o m s p r i n g t o w i n t e r m o n t h s a t A

p o i n t . T h i s may r e f l e c t t h e a c t i v e g r o w t h o f t h e p l a n t i t s e l f i n

t h e s p r i n g s e a s o n . A l t e r n a t i v e l y i t may i n d i c a t e t h a t a s t h e

y e a r a d v a n c e s m o r e a n d m o r e s i e v e e l e m e n t s become f u l l y

d i f f e r e n t i a t e d . A c o m p a r i s o n o f F i g u r e s 9 a n d 1 0 f u r t h e r

i n d i c a t e s t h a t w h e r e a s m o s t o f t h e p e r i m e d u l l a r y s i e v e e l e m e n t s

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a t A p o i n t a r e u n d e r g o i n g d i f f e r e n t i a t i o n , t h e m a j o r i t y a t B

p o i n t a r e f u l l y d i f f e r e n t i a t e d ( s e e a l s o F i g s . 3 , 7 ) . H o w e v e r , a

number o f d e a d , s t r e t c h e d - o u t s i e v e e l e m e n t s , w h i c h h a d l o s t t h e

c h a r a c t e r i s t i c a r r a n g e m e n t i n r a d i a l r o w s , w e r e f o u n d s c a t t e r e d

i n t h e c e n t r a l m e d u l l a e v e n a t A p o i n t ( F i g . 2 ) . T h i s i m p l i e s

t h a t t h e d e v e l o p m e n t o f s i e v e e l e m e n t s m u s t o c c u r v e r y c l o s e t o

t h e m e r i s t e m a t i c r e g i o n a n d e v e n b e f o r e t h e f i r s t f r e e b l a d e i s

d e t a c h e d f r o m t h e a p i c a l s c i m i t a r a n d t h e f i r s t i n t e r n o d e i s

f o r m e d . -

A l t h o u g h o n e o r t w o l a y e r s o f u n d i f f e r e n t i a t e d s i e v e

e l e m e n t s a r e u s u a l l y p r e s e n t a t B p o i n t , t h e s e s i e v e e l e m e n t s

a p p e a r much e l o n g a t e d a n d show t h i c k w a l l s ( F i g . 8 , S 2 ) . They

s e e m t o h a v e b e e n p r o d u c e d a t a n e a r l i e r t i m e , b u t p r e s u m a b l y

r e m a i n u n d i f f e r e n t i a t e d . S i n c e t h e r e was l i t t l e f l u c t u a t i o n i n

t h e number o f t h e s e u n d i f f e r e n t i a t e d s i e v e e l e m e n t s i n d i f f e r e n t

s e a s o n s ( F i g . ~ O B ) , t h i s may f u r t h e r i n d i c a t e t h a t s i e v e e l e m e n t

d i f f e r e n t i a t i o n i s n o l o n g e r o c c u r r i n g a t B a r e a s .

111. O r i g i n of s i e v e e l e m e n t s a n d h y p h a e

I t i s known t h a t m e r i s t o d e r m a n d c o r t e x u n d e r g o f r e q u e n t

c e l l d i v i s i o n s a n d c o n t r i b u t e t o t h e l o n g i t u d i n a l g r o w t h o f t h e

s t i p e . T h e s e d i v i s i o n s , a s s e e n i n t h e i n n e r c o r t e x , a r e n e a r l y

e x c l u s i v e l y t r a n s v e r s e t o t h e l o n g a x i s o f t h e s t i p e , b u t b e y o n d

a c e r t a i n p o i n t , t h e y s t o p c o m p l e t e l y ( F i g . 4 ) . When t h e s e

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i n n e r m o s t c o r t i c a l c e l l s c e a s e t h e i r t r a n s v e r s e d i v i s i o n s , t h e y

d i f f e r e n t i a t e i n t o m e d u l l a r y e l e m e n t s : s i e v e e l e m e n t s a n d h y p h a l

c e l l s .

The i n n e r m o s t c o r t i c a l c e l l s w h i c h u n d e r g o no f u r t h e r

t r a n s v e r s e d i v i s i o n s a n d w h i c h a p p e a r i n v e r t i c a l f i l e s a l r e a d y

b e g i n t o b e s e p a r a t e d f r o m t h e i n n e r c o r t e x by a m a t r i x o f

i n t e r c e l l u l a r s u b s t a n c e ( F i g s . If, 5 ) . T h e r e s u l t i n g s i e v e

e l e m e n t s , t h e r e f o r e , a l s o o c c u r ' i n v e r t i c a l f i l e s w h i c h a r e

s e p a r a t e d f r o m e a c h o t h e r b y t h e g r o u n d m a t r i x . The d e v e l o p m e n t

o f s i e v e e l e m e n t s p r o c e e d s c e n t r i p e t a l l y f r o m t h e o u t e r m o s t

l a y e r ( o r t h e i n n e r m o s t c o r t i c a l c e l l s ) t o w a r d t h e c e n t e r o f t h e

m e d u l l a . C o n s e q u e n t l y , o n e f i n d s t h e y o u n g e s t s i e v e e l e m e n t s a t

t h e f r i n g e o f t h e m e d u l l a a n d t h e o l d e r e l e m e n t s p r o g r e s s i v e l y

i n w a r d . The o l d e s t , o b l i t e r a t e d s i e v e e l e m e n t s a r e s i t u a t e d i n

t h e c e n t r a l m e d u l l a . The s e p a r a t i o n b e t w e e n v e r t i c a l f i l e s o f

s i e v e e l e m e n t s i s f a r m o r e p r o n o u n c e d a l o n g t h e r a d i a l w a l l s

t h a n t h e t a n g e n t i a l w a l l s . S m a l l o u t g r o w t h s , p a p i l l a e , a r i s e m o s t l y n e a r t h e c r o s s

w a l l s o f y o u n g s i e v e e l e m e n t s a n d f u s e w i t h s i m i l a r o u t g r o w t h s

f r o m t h e a d j a c e n t f i l e s t o f o r m c r o s s c o n n e c t i o n s ( F i g . 4 ) .

P r o t u b e r a n c e s o f t h e i n n e r c o r t i c a l c e l l s p e n e t r a t e

c e n t r i p e t a l l y t h r o u g h t h e i n t e r c e l l u l a r m a t e r i a l t o become t h e

h y p h a l c e l l s ( F i g . l l ) , s o c a l l e d f o r t h e i r r e s e m b l a n c e t o

f u n g a l h y p h a e . They b r a n c h a n d r u n i n a l l d i r e c t i o n s t h r o u g h o u t

t h e m e d u l l a . No c o n n e c t i o n s b e t w e e n s i e v e e l e m e n t s a n d h y p h a l

c e l l s h a v e b e e n s e e n i n t h i s s t u d y . A l t h o u g h s i e v e e l e m e n t s a n d

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h y p h a e s e e m t o b e d e r i v e d f r o m t h e s a m e o r i g i n , t h e y t u r n o u t t o

b e t w o d i s t i n c t a n d i n d e p e n d e n t e n t i t i e s . H y p h a l c e l l s a p p e a r t o

b e s t r u c t u r a l l y f a r l e s s s p e c i a l i z e d t h a n t h e s i e v e e l e m e n t s a n d

t h e i r f u n c t i o n r e m a i n s unknown.

A s i n d i c a t e d p r e v i o u s l y , t h e s u c c e s s i v e s t a g e s o r s e q u e n c e

o f d i f f e r e n t i a t i o n o f t h e s i e v e e l e m e n t s c a n b e f o l l o w e d f r o m

t h e p e r i p h e r a l r e g i o n t o t h e i n t e r i o r o f t h e m e d u l l a ,

p a r t i c u l a r l y , i n t h e a p i c a l p a r t o f t h e s t i p e . T h e r e f o r e , t h e

o b s e r v a t i o n s o n t h e d e v e l o p m e n t o f s i e v e e l e m e n t s r e p o r t e d h e r e

a r e b a s e d o n a s t u d y o f t h e y o u n g , a p i c a l p a r t o f t h e s t i p e .

I V . D i f f e r e n t i a t i o n of s i e v e e l e m e n t s

L i g h t m i c r o s c o p i c o b s e r v a t i o n s

P a r e n c h y m a c e l l s o f t h e c o r t e x h a v e a l a r g e c e n t r a l v a c u o l e

a n d o n l y a t h i n s h e a t h o f c y t o p l a s m a r o u n d t h e c e l l p e r i p h e r y . A

s m a l l n u c l e u s a n d a f e w p l a s t i d s c a n b e s e e n i n t h e p a r i e t a l

c y t o p l a s m . By c o n t r a s t , t h e y o u n g s i e v e e l e m e n t s ( e . g . , S 1 - ~ 2 )

h a v e v e r y d e n s e c y t o p l a s m , n u m e r o u s r e l a t i v e l y s m a l l v a c u o l e s , a

l a r g e number o f p l a s t i d s , a n d a m o r e - o r - l e s s c e n t r a l l y l o c a l i z e d

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F i g . 11 . C r o s s s e c t i o n o f a p o r t i o n o f a m e d u l l a t h r o u g h A . N o t e n u c l e i ( a r r o w h e a d s ) i n d i f f e r e n t i a t i n g s i e v e e l e m e n t s . O l d , o b l i t e r a t e d s i e v e e l e m e n t s a r e p r e s e n t i n t h e c e n t r a l m e d u l l a . P r o t u b e r a n c e s o f i n n e r c o r t i c a l c e l l s a r e t o f o r m h y p h a l c e l l s (Hy) ..................................... x 3 4 0

F i g . 1 2 . S u r f a c e ' v i e w t h r o u g h a c r o s s w a l l o f a c o r t i c a l c e l l s h o w i n g c i r c u l a r p r i m a r y p i t f i e l d s ( a r r o w s ) i n a p e r i p h e r a l r i n g - f a sh ion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . x 4 8 0

F i g . 1 3 . C r o s s s e c t i o n o f a p o r t i o n o f a m e d u l l a t h r o u g h B s h o w i n g p a r t s o f t w o m a t u r e s i e v e p l a t e s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . x 3 4 0

F i g . 1 4 . E n l a r g e d s i e v e p l a t e o f o n e o f t h e t w o p l a t e s i n F i g . 1 3 . C y t o p l a s m i c s t r a n d s ( a r r o w s ) c a n b e s e e n i n t h e p o r e canals........................................... ~ 7 6 0

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n u c l e u s w i t h a p r o m i n e n t n u c l e o l u s ( F i g . 5 ) . I n a d d i t i o n , t h e s e

c e l l s may r e a c h more t h a n t e n t i m e s t h e i r o r i g i n a l l e n g t h ( T a b l e

V). S u b s e q u e n t l y , t h e y o u n g s i e v e e l e m e n t s u n d e r g o m o d i f i c a t i o n s

i n t w o i m p o r t a n t r e s p e c t s b e f o r e b e c o m i n g t h e c h a n n e l s o f

t r a n s l o c a t i o n . One i s t h e d e g r a d a t i o n o f t h e c y t o p l a s m a n d some

o f i t s o r g a n e l l e s ; t h e o t h e r i s t h e p e r f o r a t i o n o f t h e s i e v e

p l a t e . The l a t t e r t o p i c w i l l b e d e a l t w i t h i n P a r t C-IV-2. T h e

s e q u e n t i a l d e v e l o p m e n t o f t h e s i e v e e l e m e n t s i s d i s p l a y e d

r e m a r k a b l y w e l l i n l o n g i t u d i n a l s e c t i o n s o f a y o u n g s t i p e ( F i g .

5).

A t t h e v e r y b e g i n n i n g , t h e p u t a t i v e s i e v e e l e m e n t n o l o n g e r

h a s a s i n g l e c e n t r a l v a c u o l e b u t s e v e r a l s m a l l e r v a c u o l e s

s e p a r a t e d by c y t o p l a s m i c s t r a n d s , a n d a n e x p a n d i n g n u c l e u s w i t h

a c o n s p i c u o u s n u c l e o l u s ( ~ i g s . 4 , 5 ) . A s t h e y o u n g s i e v e e l e m e n t

o f 5 2 c o n t i n u e s t o e l o n g a t e , t h e a m o u n t o f c y t o p l a s m i n c r e a s e s

a s d o t h e number o f p l a s t i d s a n d s m a l l v a c u o l e s . B o t h t h e

n u c l e u s a n d t h e n u l e o l u s i n c r e a s e i n v o l u m e a l m o s t t w o - f o l d o v e r

t h e p r e v i o u s s t a g e ( T a b l e V I ) . T h e n u c l e u s a n d t h e n u c l e o l u s

a l s o show v e r y s t r o n g a f f i n i t y t o t h e b a s i c d y e t o l u i d i n e b l u e .

The s y n t h e s i s o f t h e c e l l u l a r c o n t e n t s seems t o r e a c h a p e a k i n

s t a g e S2 f o l l o w e d by b r e a k d o w n o f t h e c y t o p l a s m . I n t h e

f o l l o w i n g s t a g e ( S 3 ) t h e d e n s e c y t o p l a s m i s r e p l a c e d by a

v a c u o l a r s y s t e m w i t h a p a r i e t a l c y t o p l a s m . The n u c l e u s now

a p p e a r s d i f f u s e a n d l o s e s i t s s t a i n a b i l i t y ; h o w e v e r , t h e

n u c l e o l u s s t i l l s t a n d s o u t a s a d i s c r e t e b o d y b u t s o m e w h a t

r e d u c e d i n s i z e . P l a s t i d s a l s o become o b s c u r e a n d c a n n o l o n g e r

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Table V I . Diameters o f n u c l e i (N) and n u c l e o l i (Nu) i n d i f -

f e r e n t stages o f young s i e v e elements ( S -S ) and 1 3

i n i nne r c o r t i c a l c e l l s ( c ) . These measurements

were made under the l i g h t microscope i n s e r i a l sec-

t i o n s . Care was taken t o ensure t h a t whole ( o r

n e a r l y whole) n u c l e i were measured. n=10.

C e l l Types (d iameter i n um)

C o l l e c t i o n C 1 S2

Month N Nu N Nu N Nu N s3

Nu

Sep. , 1978 4.4 1.0 5.9 2.0 6.2 2.5 7.0 2.0

Jan. , 1980 4.7 1.6 4.7 2.0 6.4 2.3 7.2 2.0

Jan., 1980 4.6 1.0 5.7 1.8 6.4 2.7 7.8 2.3

Feb., 1980 4.7 1.2 5.0 1.7 6.5 2.3 8.1 2.6

Mean 4.6 1.2 5.3 1.9 6.4 2.5 7.5 2.2

S.D. 0.1 0.3 0.6 0.2 0.1 0.2 0.5 0.3

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b e c l e a r l y i d e n t i f i e d . N o n e t h e l e s s , t h e l o n g i t u d i n a l e l o n g a t i o n

a n d l a t e r a l e x p a n s i o n o f t h e d i f f e r e n t i a t i n g s i e v e e l e m e n t s

c o n t i n u e s ( T a b l e s I V Y V). The c o n s i d e r a b l e i n c r e a s e i n t h e w a l l

t h i c k n e s s , e s p e c i a l l y , of t h e l a t e r a l w a l l s i s a l s o a c o n t i n u o u s

p r o c e s s . I t i s a t t h i s S 3 s t a g e t h a t c h a n g e s i n t h e e n d w a l l s

b e g i n ( s e e P a r t C-IV-2) .

A s t h e a b o v e phenomena p r o g r e s s , t h e c y t o p l a s m b e c o m e s v e r y

t h i n a n d s h o w s l i t t l e a f f i n i t y t o v a r i o u s s t a i n s , V a r i o u s s i z e s

o f d e n s e g l o b u l e s ( 1 - 2 um i n d i a m e t e r ) a r e p r e s e n t h e r e a n d

t h e r e , p a r t i c u l a r l y i n t h e p a r i e t a l c y t o p l a s m o f more

d i f f e r e n t i a t e d e l e m e n t s ( F i g . 5 , S 3 a n d S 4 ) . The n u c l e u s i s now

g r e a t l y d e f o r m e d a n d s e e m s t o l o s e i t s n u c l e o p l a s m c o m p l e t e l y '

( F i g s . 5 , 1 1 ) . A s m a l l c o m p a c t n u c l e o l u s s t i l l e x i s t s i n t h e

n u c l e u s . T h e f u t u r e p o r e s i t e s w i t h c y t o p l a s m i c s t r a n d s p a s s i n g

t h r o u g h t h e m c a n b e i d e n t i f i e d i n t h e c r o s s w a l l s u n d e r t h e

p h a s e - c o n t r a s t m i c r o s c o p e . The d y n a m i c c h a n g e s i n t h e y o u n g

s i e v e e l e m e n t s l e a d t o t h e f o r m a t i o n o f m a t u r e s i e v e e l e m e n t s

w h i c h a r e f u n c t i o n a l l y s p e c i a l i z e d f o r l o n g i t u d i n a l t r a n s p o r t o f

p h o t o a s s i m i l a t e s , a s i s d e m o n s t r a t e d l a t e r i n P a r t C-V.

The l o s s o f t h e n u c l e u s i s u s u a l l y a c c o m p a n i e d by t h e

p e r f o r a t i o n o f t h e s i e v e p l a t e . I t w a s n o t e d p r e v i o u s l y t h a t t h e

d i f f e r e n t i a t i o n o f s i e v e e l e m e n t s p r o c e e d s c e n t r i p e t a l l y . The

m a t u r a t i o n o f t h e s i e v e p l a t e s o c c u r s i n t h e same m a n n e r . My

o b s e r v a t i o n s i n d i c a t e t h a t m o s t m a t u r e s i e v e e l e m e n t s o f S4 o f

M e i n t e g r i f o l i a a r e e n u c l e a t e ; h o w e v e r , r e m n a n t s o f n u c l e i h a v e -.

b e e n s e e n i n some e a r l y f o r m e d b u t o b l i t e r a t i n g e l e m e n t s .

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I n r e l a t i v e l y young p a r t s o f t h e s t i p e , t h e m a t u r e s i e v e

e l e m e n t s r e t a i n t h e v a c u o l a r s y s t e m . B u t i n t h e o l d e r p a r t s of

t h e s t i p e ( e . g . B p o i n t ) t h e l u m e n o f a m a t u r e s i e v e e l e m e n t i s

d e v o i d o f d i s c e r n i b l e v a c u o l e s a n d t h e r e i s o n l y a t h i n s h e a t h

o f p a r i e t a l c y t o p l a s m ( F i g s . 7 , 8 ; S 4 ) .

C a l l o s e i s n o t d e t e c t e d i n S 1 t h r o u g h S4 b y a n i l i n e b l u e

s t a i n i n g . T h e o l d s i e v e e l e m e n t s ( F i g . 7 , l a b e l e d a s 0 s ) i n t h e

more c e n t r a l p a r t s o f t h e m e d u l l a , h o w e v e r , o f t e n h a v e m a s s i v e

c a l l o s e p l u g s a t t h e i r e n d w a l l s ; s o m e t i m e s t h e l u m i n a a l s o a r e

l i n e d w i t h c a l l o s e . S i n c e t h e s e o l d s i e v e e l e m e n t s i n t h e c e n t e r

o f t h e m e d u l l a c e a s e d g r o w i n g l o n g a g o , t h e y a r e s u b j e c t t o

p a s s i v e l o n g i t u d i n a l s t r e t c h i n g w i t h t h e a x i a l g r o w t h o f t h e

o r g a n a n d t h u s become much e l o n g a t e d . A l t h o u g h t h e s e o l d s i e v e

e l e m e n t s o f t e n show c l u m p s o f m a t e r i a l , t h e y h a v e n o

r e c o g n i z a b l e o r g a n e l l e s , e. g . , n u c l e u s o r p l a s t i d s .

O b s e r v a t i o n s w i t h e l e c t r o n m i c r o s c o p e

The p r o t o p l a s m o f t h e y o u n g s i e v e e l e m e n t ( S l ) i s r i c h i n

v a r i o u s o r g a n e l l e s , n a m e l y , r i b o s o m e s , e n d o p l a s m i c r e t i c u l u m

(ER), d i c t y o s o m e s , m i t o c h o n d r i a , p l a s t i d s a n d v a c u o l e s ( F i g s .

1 5 , 17). N u c l e i a n d n u c l e o l i a r e e s p e c i a l l y p r o m i n e n t i n t h e s e

y o u n g e l e m e n t s . D u r i n g d i f f e r e n t i a t i o n , c h a n g e s o c c u r i n n e a r l y

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F i g . 1 6 . A n u c l e u s o f a n i n n e r c o r t i c a l c e l l s h o w s a n a n g u l a r s h a p e p r o b a b l y b e c a u s e i t i s p r e s s e d b e t w e e n t h e l a r g e c e n t r a l v a c u o l e a n d t h e w a l l . N o t e t h e c h r o m a t i n m a s s e s ( C h ) i n t h e n u c l e o p l a s m a n d n u c l e a r p o r e s ( a r r o w s ) . ~ 2 4 , 0 0 0

F i g . 1 7 . A n u c l e u s o f a n S 1 s i e v e e l e m e n t s h o w s a h i g h l y h o m o g e n e o u s n u c l e o p l a s m w i t h a c o n s p i c u o u s n u c l e o l u s . N o t e t h e s p a t i a l r e l a t i o n s h i p b e t w e e n d i c t y o s o m e s ( a r r o w s ) a n d t h e n u c l e u s . N o t e a l s o many m i t o c h o n d r i a a l o n g t h e c r o s s w a l l . P l a s t i d s a n d m i c r o b o d i e s a r e common. E R m e m b r a n e s a r e s t u d d e d w i t h r i b o s o m e s . N u m e r o u s p l a s m o d e s m a t a a r e p r e s e n t i n t h e c r o s s wal l . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ~ 1 0 , 2 0 0

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- a l l t h e o r g a n e l l e s a n d membrane s y s t e m s . The v a c u o l a r membrane

o r t o n o p l a s t p e r s i s t s f o r a l o n g t i m e , b u t e v e n t u a l l y s e e m s t o

b r e a k down i n t h e m a t u r e , f u n c t i o n i n g s i e v e e l e m e n t . The l e a s t

c h a n g e d s t r u c t u r e s a r e m i t o c h o n d r i a , p l a s t i d s , a n d p l a s m a l e m m a .

A m o r e - d e t a i l e d d e s c r i p t i o n o f t h e c h a n g e s i n v a r i o u s o r g a n e l l e s

i n t h e c o u r s e o f s i e v e e l e m e n t d i f f e r e n t i a t i o n f o l l o w s .

N u c l e u s a n d N u c l e o l u s

The n u c l e i o f t h e y o u n g s i e v e e l e m e n t s h a v e a p r o m i n e n t

n u c l e o l u s a n d a d i s t i n c t d o u b l e n u c l e a r e n v e l o p e i n t e r r u p t e d b y

n u c l e a r p o r e s ( F i g s . 1 7 , 1 8 ) . A c o n s p i c u o u s f e a t u r e o f t h e s e

n u c l e i i s t h e h i g h l y h o m o g e n e o u s n u c l e o p l a s m w h i c h h a s a

f i b r i l l a r c o n s i s t e n c y a n d n u m e r o u s p a r t i c l e s , p r e s u m a b l y , of

r i b o n u c l e o p r o t e i n . The S2 n u c l e o l u s s h o w s t w o d i s t i n g u i s h a b l e

z o n e s : t h e f i b r i l l a r z o n e , t h e g r a n u l a r z o n e ( F i g . 2 1 ) . The

f i b r i l l a r z o n e s e e m s t o f o r m t h e c e n t r a l c o r e o f t h e n u c l e o l u s

a n d i s i n f i l t r a t e d by s m a l l e l e c t r o n - l i g h t a r e a s ( v a c u o l a r

a r e a s ) r e s e m b l i n g t h e l i g h t e r a r e a s o f t h e n u c l e o p l a s m . The

g r a n u l a r z o n e c o n s i s t i n g o f g r a n u l e s 2 2 nm i n d i a m e t e r , m a k e s u p

t h e p e r i p h e r a l r e g i o n o f t h e n u c l e o l u s ( F i g . 2 1 , ~ n s e t ) .

Compared w i t h t h o s e o f t h e y o u n g s i e v e e l e m e n t s , t h e n u c l e i o f

t h e c o r t i c a l c e l l s ( F i g . 1 6 ) r e v e a l s i g n i f i c a n t d i f f e r e n c e s

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s u g g e s t i n g t h e m e t a b o l i c d i f f e r e n c e s b e t w e e n t h e t w o c e l l t y p e s .

F i r s t , t h e r e i s a much h i g h e r l e v e l o f c h r o m a t i n c l u m p i n g i n t h e

n u c l e o p l a s m o f t h e c o r t i c a l n u c l e i . S e c o n d , t h e n u c l e i a n d

n u c l e o l i o f t h e c o r t i c a l c e l l s a r e much l e s s c o n s p i c u o u s t h a n

t h o s e o f S 1 ; a l s o t h e p r o p o r t i o n o f g r a n u l a r r e g i o n t o f i b r i l l a r

r e g i o n i n t h e n u c l e o l u s i s g r e a t e r i n S 1 t h a n . i n c o r t i c a l c e l l s .

B e c a u s e t h e r e i s a s i n g l e c e n t r a l v a c u o l e i n t h e c o r t i c a l c e l l s ,

t h e n u c l e u s a n d t h e o t h e r c e l l o r g a n e l l e s a p p e a r p u s h e d i n t o t h e

l i m i t e d s p a c e b e t w e e n t h e t o n o p l a s t a n d p l a s m a l e m m a a n d o f t e n

show a n a n g u l a r s h a p e r a t h e r t h a n t h e u s u a l c i r c u l a r s h a p e .

Howeve r , t h e n u c l e i o f S 1 a r e more o r l e s s r o u n d , c e n t r a l l y

l o c a t e d a n d a r e l a r g e r t h a n t h o s e o f c o r t i c a l c e l l s ( T a b l e V I ) .

I n S 2 s t a g e , w h i l e t h e c y t o p l a s m i c c o n t e n t s c o n t i n u e t o

p r o l i f e r a t e , b o t h t h e n u c l e u s a n d t h e n u c l e o l u s a p p e a r t o

a c h i e v e t h e i r p e a k d e v e l o p m e n t ( F i g . 2 1 ) . T h e s h a p e o f t h e

n u c l e u s i s more o r l e s s c i r c u l a r a t t h e b e g i n n i n g o f S2 s t a g e ,

b u t i t b e c o m e s h i g h l y l o b e d a n d e l o n g a t e d l a t e r ( F i g s . 1 8 , 2 1 ) .

I n a d d i t i o n , many a g g r e g a t e s , p r e s u m a b l y c o n d e n s e d c h r o m a t i n ,

a r , e f o u n d i n t h e n u c l e o p l a s m . T h e s e phenomena become m o r e

p r o n o u n c e d i n t h e n u c l e u s o f S 3 ( F i g . 2 2 ) . T h e m o s t s t r i k i n g

c h a n g e , h o w e v e r , o c c u r s i n t h e n u c l e o l u s w h i c h s e e m s t o l o s e i t s

s u b s t r u c t u r e c o m p l e t e l y a n d a p p e a r s a s a much r e d u c e d , c o m p a c t

body ( F i g . 2 2 ) . When some d i s c e r n i b l e c h a n g e s o c c u r o n t h e c r o s s

w a l l s o f S 3 ( s e e P a r t C - IV-2 ) , t h e n u c l e u s , i f p r e s e n t , s h o w s

e v e r y s i g n o f b e i n g n o n f u n c t i o n a l ( F i g . 2 3 ) . A l t h o u g h t h e s e

d e g e n e r a t i n g n u c l e i c a n s t i l l b e d i s t i n g u i s h e d u n e q u i v o c a l l y by

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t h e e n c l o s i n g n u c l e a r e n v e l o p e a n d a p p a r e n t l y n o r m a l s t r u c t u r e

o f n u c l e a r p o r e s ( F i g . 24), t h e n u c l e o p l a s m a p p e a r s d e v o i d o f

s t r u c t u r e e x c e p t f o r o c c a s i o n a l f l o c c u l e n t r e s i d u e s . The

n u c l e o l u s a s a d e n s e , a m o r p h o u s s p h e r i c a l body i s s t i l l r e t a i n e d

i n t h e n u c l e u s a t t h e e a r l y S 3 s t a g e , b u t i t - d i s a p p e a r s

e v e n t u a l l y .

D i c t y o s o m e s

T h e r e a r e o n l y a few d i c t y o s o m e s i n c o r t i c a l c e l l s , b u t a t

t h e i n c e p t i o n o f t h e s i e v e e l e m e n t s , t h e y a p p e a r i n i n c r e a s i n g

n u m b e r s a n d a r e s e e n p r e d o m i n a n t l y a r o u n d t h e n u c l e u s ( F i g s . 1 7 ,

1 9 ) . E a c h d i c t y o s o m e c o n s i s t s o f a s t a c k o f 3 t o 8 c i s t e r n a e

w i t h t h e f o r m i n g f a c e f a c i n g t h e n u c l e u s a n d t h e m a t u r e i n g f a c e

t o w a r d s t h e c y t o p l a s m . S m a l l t r a n s i t i o n v e s i c l e s a r e o f t e n s e e n

b e t w e e n t h e n u c l e u s a n d t h e d i c t y o s o m e s ( F i g . 1 9 ) ; t h e y may

c o n t r i b u t e t o t h e c i s t e r n a e o n t h e f o r m i n g f a c e o f t h e

d i c t y o s o m e by f u s i n g t o g e t h e r . The o u t e r m o s t c i s t e r n a e a t t h e

m a t u r e s i d e o f t h e d i c t y o s o m e s become i n f l a t e d a n d a r e

e v e n t u a l l y p i n c h e d o f f o r r e l e a s e d a s d i s c r e t e v e s i c l e s ( F i g -

20). Many l a r g e a n d s m a l l v e s i c l e s a r o u n d t h e d i c t y o s o m e a r e

b e l i e v e d t o b e d e r i v e d f r o m b l e b b i n g o f f t h e e d g e s o f d i c t y o s o m e

l a m e l l a e . A c c o m p a n y i n g t h e c y t o p l a s m i c c h a n g e s , t h e c e l l w a l l s ,

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F i g . 1 9 . S m a l l v e s i c l e s p r e s e n t b e t w e e n n u c l e a r e n v e l o p e ( s e e a r r o w s ) a n d t h e f o r m i n g f a c e o f t h e d i c t y o s o m e a r e n o t s e e n e l s e w h e r e o u t s i d e t h e n u c l e u s . T h e s e v e s i c l e s s e e m t o b e p r o d u c e d f r o m t h e o u t e r membrane o f t h e n u c l e a r e n v e l o p e . . . . ~ 4 0 , 0 0 0

F i g . 2 0 . . S u r f a c e p a r a l l e l s e c t i o n t h r o u g h a n S 2 n u c l e u s . A l a r g e number o f h y p e r t r o p h i c d i c t y o s o m e s i s l o c a t e d a r o u n d t h e n u c l e u s . N o t e a l s o many v e s i c l e s w h i c h a r e a p p a r e n t l y d e r i v e d f r o m t h e i n f l a t e d e d g e s o f t h e d i c t y o s o m e l a m e l l a e . . ~ 2 4 , 0 0 0

F i g . 2 1 . A h i g h l y l o b e d n u c l e u s i n t h e l a t e S2 s t a g e . The n u c l e = l u s e x p a n d s t c a l m c s t t w i c e t h e s i z e z s t h a t i n p r e v i o u s S1 s t a g e , h a v i n g s m a l l v a c u o l a r a r e a s . .... ~ 2 4 , 0 0 0 I n s e t i s a n e n l a r g e d p o r t i o n o f t h e n u c l e o l u s ( o u t l i n e d by a b l a c k l i n e ) s h o w i n g f i b r i l l a r p a t c h e s a n d g r a n u l e s ( c a . 22 nm i n d i ame te r ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ~ 4 0 , 0 0 0

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p a r t i c u l a r l y t h e l a t e r a l w a l l s , of d e v e l o p i n g s i e v e e l e m e n t s

a c q u i r e c o n s i d e r a b l e t h i c k n e s s ( ~ i g . 1 8 ) . A l t h o u g h s t a c k s o f

d i c t y o s o m e l a m e l l a e a r e r a r e l y f o u n d a l o n g t h e p l a s m a l e m m a ,

t h e r e a r e n u m e r o u s s m o o t h - s u r f a c e d v e s i c l e s , w h i c h c o u l d b e

d e r i v e d f r o m t h e s m o o t h ER o r d i c t y o s o m e s , w h i c h show i n t i m a t e

r e l a t i o n s h i p w i t h t h e p l a s m a membrane ( F i g s . 2 6 , 2 7 ) .

S e q u e n t i a l l y , * w i t h t h e m a t u r a t i o n o f t h e s i e v e e l e m e n t s , t h e

d i c t y o s o m e s show f e w e r l a m e l l a e , a p p e a r t o b e d e g r a d e d ( F i g . 2 5 )

and d i s a p p e a r e n t i r e l y .

E n d o p l a s m i c r e t i c u l u m (ER) a n d r i b o s o m e s --

T h e r e i s a n i n c r e a s e i n b o t h ER a n d r i b o s o m e s i n t h e

c y t o p l a s m f r o m S1 t o S 2 . S e g m e n t s o f ER l a m e l l a e s t u d d e d w i t h

r i b o s o m e s , r o u g h o r g r a n u l a r E R , a r e common ( F i g . 1 7 ) . H o w e v e r ,

a l a r g e p r o p o r t i o n o f t h e r i b o s o m e s e x i s t f r e e l y i n t h e

c y t o p l a s m o f t h e y o u n g s i e v e e l e m e n t s .

S m o o t h E R i s a l s o a b u n d a n t i n t ' h e c y t o p l a s m , p a r t i c u l a r l y

n e a r t h e p l a sma lemma. E v e n i n t h e c o r t i c a l c e l l s , t h e s m o o t h ER

s h o w s t h i s r e l a t i o n s h i p , e s p e c i a l l y , a t t h e p r i m a r y p i t f i e l h s

( F i g . 3 4 ) . The same a s s o c i a t i o n i s u b i q u i t o u s f o r t h e y o u n g ,

d e v e l o p i n g s i e v e p l a t e s ( F i g s . 2 9 , 3 5 ) . A s t h e p h e n o m e n o n o f

p e r f o r a t i o n o f t h e s i e v e p l a t e commences i n t h e S 3 s t a g e ,

4 5

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F i g . 2 6 . S u r f a c e p a r a l l e l s e c t i o n t h r o u g h t h e i n t e r f a c e b e t w e e n t h e p l a s m a l e m m a a n d t h e i n n e r m o s t w a l l l a y e r o f S 3 , Numerous s m o o t h E R c i s t e r n a e l i e a l o n g t h e p l a sma lemma w h i c h a l s o a p p e a r s h i g h l y c o n v o l u t e d . N o t e s e v e r a l d e n s e p a t c h e s ( a r r o w s ) w h i c h s e e m t o b e made u p o f w a l l f i b r i l s i n c o r p o r a t i n g t o t h e e x i s t i n g c e l l w a l l . . . . . . . . . , . . . ~ 1 5 , 0 0 0

F i g . 2 7 , ' ~ o n ~ i t u d i n ' a l s e c t i o n o f t w o S 3 s i e v e e l e m e n t s s h o w i n g a f u t u r e p o r e s i t e (PS). S m o o t h E R a n d s m a l l v e s i c l e s a r e n o t o n l y a b u n d a n t a l o n g t h e c r o s s w a l l b u t a l s o a l o n g t h e s i d e w a l l s ( a r rows ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ~ 1 0 , 0 0 0

F i g . 2 8 . C r o s s s e c t i o n o f a m a t u r e S 4 s i e v e e l e m e n t s h o w i n g , p a r i e t a l c y t o p l a s m i c o r g a n e l l e s a n d s e c o n d a r y w a l l . . x15,OSlQ

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E R - l i k e s t r u c t u r e s s eem t o a p p e a r i n t h e p o r e c a n a l s ( F i g . 3 6 ) .

When t h e s i e v e p l a t e s become p e r f o r a t e d ( a t t h e S4 s t a g e ) , t h e

s m o o t h ER c i s t e r n a e l i n i n g t h e c r o s s w a l l s a p p e a r d i s o r g a n i z e d

a n d d i s a p p e a r e v e n t u a l l y ; a t t h e s ame t i m e m o s t o f t h e c y t o p l a s m

o f t h e s e s i e v e e l e m e n t s , i n c l u d i n g r i b o s o m e s a n d r o u g h ER, i s

a l s o l o s t . N e v e r t h e l e s s , a l a r g e n u m b e r o f s m o o t h E R - l i k e

m e m b r a n e s a n d p r o b a b l y E R - d e r i v e d v e s i c l e s w h i c h o c c u r

c h a r a c t e r i s t i c a l l y a l o n g t h e s i d e w a l l s o f t h e d e v e l o p i n g s i e v e

e l e m e n t s p e r s i s t s i n t h e m a t u r e s i e v e e l e m e n t s ( S 4 ) ( F i g . 2 8 ) -

V a c u o l e s

One o f t h e m o s t e x c e p t i o n a l f e a t u r e s o f t h e d e v e l o p i n g

s i e v e e l e m e n t i s t h e h i g h l y v a c u o l a t e d p r o t o p l a s m . U n l i k e t h e

c o r t i c a l c e l l w h i c h h a s a s i n g l e , l a r g e , c e n t r a l v a c u o l e , t h e r e

a r e many r e l a t i v e l y s m a l l v a c u o l e s e v e n l y d i s t r i b u t e d i n t h e

y o u n g s i e v e e l e m e n t s ( F i g s . 1 5 , 18) . T h e o r i g i n o f t h e s e

v a c u o l e s i s n o t c l e a r . I t i s p o s s i b l e t h a t t h e o r i g i n a l s i n g l e

v a c u o l e b r e a k s down t o g i v e r i s e t o t h e s m a l l e r v a c u o l e s , b u t

t h a t d o e s n o t s e e m t o b e t h e o n l y s o u r c e , f o r t h e c e l l v o l u m e o f

t h e e l o n g a t i n g s i e v e e l e m e n t i n c r e a s e s more t h a n 150 t imes t h a t

o f t h e o r i g i n a l e l e m e n t .

E a c h v a c u o l e i s b o u n d e d by a s i n g l e u n i t membrane , o r

47

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t o n o p l a s t . G e n e r a l l y , t h e v a c u o l e s a p p e a r f r e e f r o m a n y

i n c l u s i o n s ( F i g s . 1 5 , 1 8 ) . I n t h e S 3 s t a g e , when m o s t o f t h e

c y t o p l a s m i s l o s t , t h e v a c u o l e s a p p e a r t i g h t l y p a c k e d i n t h e

c e l l l u m e n ( ~ i g . 2 3 ) . The t o n o p l a s t s e e m s t o b r e a k down

e v e n t u a l l y i n S 4 s i e v e e l e m e n t s ( F i g s . 2 8 , 3 8 ) .

M i t o c h o n d r i a

M i t o c h o n d r i a show v e r y f e w s t r u c t u r a l c h a n g e s d u r i n g t h e

d i f f e r e n t i a t i o n o f s i e v e e l e m e n t s a n d a r e p r e s e n t i n t h e m a t u r e ,

f u n c t i o n a l e l e m e n t s . They v a r y f r o m s p h e r i c a l t o c y l i n d r i c a l i n

f o r m , a n d a r e a b o u t 0 .4-1 .3 um i n d i a m e t e r . E l e c t r o n - l i g h t

a r e a s , w h i c h s e e m t o b e i n t e r c o n n e c t e d , w i t h i n t h e m i t o c h o n d r i a l

m a t r i x h a r b o r some r a d i a t i n g f i n e t h r e a d s p r e s u m a b l y D N A f i b e r s

( F i g . 3 0 ) . O t h e r c o m p o n e n t s o f m i t o c h o n d r i a , e . g . , m i t o c h o n d r i a l

r i b o s o m e s , a n d s m a l l o s m i o p h i l i c g l o b u l e s a r e a l s o common i n t h e

m a t r i x .

A s t h e d i f f e r e n t i a t i o n o f s i e v e e l e m e n t p r o g r e s s e s ,

m i t o c h o n d r i a r e t a i n t h e i r u s u a l s h a p e a n d b a s i c s t r u c t u r e s , b u t

s eem t o show l e s s g r o u n d m a t r i x a n d a s m a l l e r number o f c r i s t a e

( F i g . 2 8 ) . Most m i t o c h o n d r i a s e e m t o b e l o c a t e d a r o u n d t h e c e l l

p e r i p h e r y , t h o u g h some a r e a l s o p r e s e n t i n t h e more c e n t r a l p a r t

o f t h e c e l l . P a r t i c u l a r l y n o t i c e a b l e i s t h e a s s o c i a t i o n o f

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m i t o c h o n d r i a w i t h t h e y o u n g d e v e l o p i n g s i e v e p l a t e s ( ~ i g s . 3 5 ,

3 6 ) . When t h e s i e v e p l a t e s a r e m a t u r e d , m i t o c h o n d r i a a r e

o c c a s i o n a l l y s e e n i n t h e v i c i n i t y o f t h e p l a t e s , b u t t h e y a r e

o f t e n f o u n d a l o n g t h e s i d e w a l l s ( F i g . 2 8 ) .

P l a s t i d s

I n g e n e r a 1 , p l a s t i d s a r e l e n s - s h a p e d , o r e l l i p s o i d

s t r u c t u r e s ( F i g . 3 1 ) a b o u t 3 .4 X 1 .2 um, b u t may become

e l o n g a t e d a n d r o d - s h a p e d d u r i n g t h e i n t e r m e d i a t e s t a g e s ( e . g . ,

i n t h e S 3 s t a g e ; F i g . 3 2 ) . I n t h e m a t u r e s i e v e e l e m e n t , p l a s t i d s

become s m a l l e r i n s i z e a n d a p p e a r f e w e r i n number . P l a s t i d s a r e

a l s o e n c l o s e d by a d o u b l e membrane e n v e l o p e ; i n a d d i t i o n , t h e y

a r e s u r r o u n d e d by a n E R membrane ( F i g s . 3 1 , 3 2 ) . The t h y l a k o i d

l a m e l l a e a r e s t a c k e d i n g r o u p s o f 3 a n d f o r m u n i t s w h i c h r u n

p a r a l l e l t o e a c h o t h e r a l o n g t h e l o n g a x i s o f t h e o r g a n e l l e , b u t

t h e s e p a r a l l e l t h y l a k o i d u n i t s may b r a n c h a n d b e i n t e r c o n n e c t e d .

The p l a s t i d s t r o m a i s r a t h e r d e n s e i n t h e y o u n g s i e v e e l e m e n t

a n d c o n t a i n s many r i b o s o m e - l i k e p a r t i c l e s a n d some o s m i o p h i l i c

d r o p l e t s ( ~ i g s . 3 1 , 3 2 ) . Many e l e c t r o n d e n s e b o d i e s , somewha t

d e n s e r t h a n t h o s e i n t h e m a t r i x , s e e m t o e x u d e o u t a n d p r o b a b l y

a r e r e l e a s e d f r o m t h e o u t e r membrane o f t h e p l a s t i d s . W h e t h e r

t h e s e c o n t r i b u t e t o t h e e l e c t r o n - o p a q u e b o d i e s ( F i g . 3 0 , ~ b ) ,

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F i g . 29 . L o n g i t u d i n a l s e c t i o n o f t w o a d j a c e n t s i e v e e l e m e n t s i n t h e l a t e S 1 s t a g e s h o w i n g p l a s m o d e s m a t a i n the c r o s s w a l l . M i c r o b o d i e s a r e u s u a l l y f o u n d a l o n g t h e c r o s s w a l l o f y o u n g s i e v e e l e m e n t s . N o t e a l s o t h e s m o o t h ER ( a r r o w h e a d s ) a n d mitochondria.................................,,..... ~ 2 4 , 0 0 0

F i g . 3 0 . M i t o c h o n d r i a show e l e c t r o n - l i g h t a r e a s w h i c h h a r b o r f i n e t h r e a d s p r e s u m b a b l y D N A f i b r i l s ( a r r o w s ) , S m a l l o s m i o p h i l i c g l o b u l e s ( a r r o w h e a d s w i t h w h i t e sm:all a r r o w s ) a r e common i n t h e i r m a t r i x . An e l e c t r o n - o p a q u e b o d y (Ob) w i t h o u t a s u r r o u n d i n g membrane i s p r e s e n t . . . . , , . . . . . ~ 2 4 , 0 0 0

F i g . 3 1 . A t y p i c a l l e n s - s h a p e d p l a s t i d o f S 1 s i e v e e l e m e n t s h o w s a d e n s e s t r o m a , r i b o s o m a l p a r t i c l e s a n d e l e c t r o n - d e n s e d r o p l e t s , T h y l a k c i d b a i i 2 s a r e u s u a l l y i n s t a c k o f 3 l a m e l l a e . A t e a c h e n d of t h e l o n g a x i s o f t h e ? l a s t i d t h e r e a r e e l e c t r o n - l i g h t a r e a s p o s s e s s i n g DNA- thread.^. N o t e t h e s u r r o u n d i n g E R membrane a n d t h e o s m i o p h i l i c a g ; . g r e g a t e s a t t h e p e r i p h e r y of t h e p l a s t i d ........................ ~ 2 7 , 0 0 0

F i g . 3 2 . An e l o n g a t e d p l a s t i d i n S 3 . N o t e t h a t i n a d d i t i o n t o t h e p l a s t i d e n v e l o p e t h e p l a s t i d i s f u t h e r s u r - r o u n d e d by a ' E R membrane , s o c a l l e d p l a s t i d ER membrane . . . . - . . . . . ~ 1 6 , 0 0 0

F i g . 3 3 . An e n l a r g e d l a m e l l a r b o d y s h o w i n g c o n c e n t r i c membranes . ~ 1 6 , 0 0 0

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s e e n i n o l d e r s t a g e s o f s i e v e e l e m e n t d e v e l o p m e n t , i s n o t c l e a r .

E l e c t r o n - l i g h t r e g i o n s a t o r a r o u n d t h e e d g e s o f t h e p l a s t i d

show f i n e f i b r i l l a r s t r u c t u r e s w h i c h a r e b e l i e v e d t o b e D N A

( ~ i g s . 3 1 , 3 2 ) .

O t h e r o r g a n e l l e s

M i c r o b o d i e s o c c u r i n t h e d i f f e r e n t i a t i n g s i e v e e l e m e n t s a n d

j u d g i n g f r o m i s o l a t e d s e c t i o n s t h e y a r e l e s s f r e q u e n t t h a n

m i t o c h o n d r i a a n d p l a s t i d s . T h e y a r e s m a l l e r t h a n m i t o c h o n d r i a

a n d a r e e n c l o s e d by a s i n g l e u n i t membrane . The i n t e r n a l m a t r i x

o f t h e m i c r o b o d y i s f a i r l y d e n s e a n d s h o w s a g r a n u l a r t e x t u r e

( F i g . 2 9 ) . M i c r o b o d i e s h a v e b e e n s e e n m o s t l y i n a s s o c i a t i o n w i t h

t h e y o u n g , d e v e l o p i n g s i e v e p l a t e s , s e l d o m i n o t h e r l o ' c a t i o n s .

They d i s a p p e a r i n t h e f u l l y m a t u r e s i e v e e l e m e n t s .

T h e r e a r e a l s o o t h e r s t r u c t u r e s o f unknown o r i g i n a n d

n a t u r e w h i c h s e e m t o o c c u r m o r e o f t e n i n t h e l a t e r t h a n e a r l i e r

s t a g e s o f s i e v e e l e m e n t d i f f e r e n t i a t i o n . T h e s e a r e

e l e c t r o n - o p a q u e b o d i e s a n d c o n c e n t r i c m y e l i n - l i k e l a m e l l a r

b o d i e s ( F i g . 3 0 , Ob a n d F i g . 3 3 , L b ) . T h e f o r m e r , w h i c h i s a i s o

r e p o r t e d i n t h e s i e v e e l e m e n t o f some o t h e r b r o w n a l g a e ( S c h m i t z

a n d S r i v a s t a v a , 1 9 7 4 b ) i s n o t d e l i m i t e d b y a membrane . The

l a m e l l a r body s h o w s v a r y i n g n u m b e r s o f c o n c e n t r i c r i n g s o f

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l a m e l l a e s u r r o u n d i n g a c e n t r a l c o r e . M o r e o v e r , s m a l l s p e c k l e s

s e e m t o b e d i s p e r s e d r a n d o m l y o n t h e l a m e l l a r membranes ( F i g -

33 ) .

IV-2. D e v e l o p m e n t o f s i e v e p l a t e s -

O b s e r v a t i o n s w i t h l i g h t m i c r o s c o p e

W h i l e t h e r e i s a n i n c r e a s e i n t h e a m o u n t o f c y t o p l a s m

a c c o m p a n y i n g t h e e n l a r g e m e n t o f y o u n g s i e v e e l e m e n t s i n S1 a n d

S 2 , t h e r e i s a l s o a n i n c r e a s e i n s y n t h e s i s o f w a l l m a t e r i a l .

T h i s i s r e f l e c t e d f i r s t by a n i n c r e a s e i n a r e a o f t h e e n d w a l l ,

n e c e s s a r y b e c a u s e o f a n i n c r e a s e i n c e l l w i d t h , a n d s e c o n d by a

g e n e r a l i n c r e a s e i n t h e t h i c k n e s s o f t h e e n d w a l l . A n o t h e r

n o t i c e a b l e phenomenon i s t h a t t h e c i r c u l a r p r i m a r y p i t f i e l d s

a r r a n g e d i n a r i n g a t t h e p h e r i p h e r y o f t h e c r o s s w a l l s o f t h e

c o r t i c a l c e l l s ( F i g . 12) a r e n o l o n g e r f o u n d f r o m S1 o n w a r d -

P o r e s i t e s o n t h e c r o s s w a l l s b e g i n t o become d e t e c t a b l e a t

S3 s t a g e , when n u c l e i i n t h e s e c e l l s h a v e a l r e a d y s t a r t e d t o

u n d e r g o t h e i r r e v e r s i b l e d i s o r g a n i z a t i o n ( s e e P a r t C-IV-1). T h i n

t h r e a d s of c y t o p l a s m t h a t c o n n e c t t h e t w o s u p e r i m p o s e d s i e v e

e l e m e n t s c a n b e s e e n r u n n i n g t h r o u g h t h e s e p r e s u m a b l e p o r e a r e a s

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( F i g . 5 , S 3 ) . T h e s e f u t u r e s i e v e - p l a t e p o r e s w h i c h c a n b e

m e a s u r e d a r e on t h e a v e r a g e 0 .05 urn i n d i a m e t e r . U n l i k e w h a t h a s

b e e n r e p o r t e d f o r some h i g h e r v a s c u l a r p l a n t s , c a l l o s e was n e v e r

d e t e c t e d a t t h e s e d e v e l o p i n g p o r e s i t e s by a n i l i n e b l u e

s t a i n i n g . I n t h e f o l l o w i n g S4 s t a g e , d i f f e r e n t d e g r e e s o f

p e r f o r a t i o n o f t h e s i e v e p l a t e s a r e f o u n d ( ~ i g s . 5 , 1 3 ) . I t h a s

b e e n m e n t i o n e d e a r l i e r t h a t d i f f e r e n t i a t i o n o f s i e v e e l e m e n t s

p r o c e e d s r a p i d l y i n t h e v e r y y o u n g p a r t o f a s t i p e , t h e e a r l y

f o r m e d s i e v e e l e m e n t s u s u a l l y h a v e s m a l l e r s i e v e p o r e s (Ave.

d i a m e t e r 0 . 4 5 um) w h i c h become p l u g g e d w i t h c a l l o s e . I n t h e

l a t e r f o r m e d s i e v e e l e m e n t s , h o w e v e r , p o r e s a r e i n t h e r a n g e o f

0 .6 - 4.5 um i n d i a m e t e r .

M a t u r e s i e v e e l e m e n t s o f - M . i n t e g r i f o l i a h a v e s i m p l e s i e v e

p l a t e s w i t h r e l a t i v e l y l a r g e p o r e s o n t h e i r e n d w a l l s ( F i g s . 1 3 ,

1 4 ) . A r e a s o f e n d w a l l b e t w e e n t h e p o r e s c o n t i n u e t o i n c r e a s e i n

t h i c k n e s s , b u t t h e y n e v e r r e a c h t h e s a m e d e g r e e o f t h i c k n e s s

t h a t t h e l a t e r a l w a l l s do. A l t h o u g h a p o s i t i v e c a l l o s e r e a c t i o n

was n e v e r o b t a i n e d i n y o u n g a n d m a t u r e s i e v e e l e m e n t s , h e a v y

d e p o s i t i o n o f c a l l o s e was r e a d i l y f o u n d a t s i e v e p l a t e s a n d

s o m e t i m e s i n c e l l l u m i n a o f o l d s i e v e e l e m e n t s i n t h e c e n t r a l

m e d u l l a , p a r t i c u l a r l y o f o l d s t i p e s ( F i g s . 6 , 7 ) .

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O b s e r v a t i o n s w i t h e l e c t r o n m i c r o s c o p e

Some c h a r a c t e r i s t i c f e a t u r e s o f t h e y o u n g s i e v e p l a t e s , o r

f u t u r e s i e v e p l a t e s , a r e r e c o g n i z a b l e a s e a r l y a s i n s t a g e S 1 .

F i g u r e 3 5 , a l o n g i t u d i n a l s e c t i o n o f t w o S 1 s i e v e e l e m e n t s ,

shows t h a t t h e c r o s s w a l l i s i n t e r r u p t e d by n u m e r o u s

p l a s m o d e s m a t a . The p l a s m o d e s m a t a a r e e v e n l y d i s p e r s e d t h r o u g h o u t

t h e c r o s s w a l l a n d a r e n o l o n g e r c o n f i n e d t o t h e p r i m a r y p i t

f i e l d s , t y p i c a l o f c o r t i c a l c e l l s ( F i g . 3 4 ) . C o n s e q u e n t l y , t h e s e

p l a s m o d e s m a t a m u s t b e f o r m e d d e n o v o a t t h e t i m e when i n n e r m o s t -- c o r t i c a l c e l l s a r e c o m m i t t e d t o d i f f e r e n t i a t e i n t o s i e v e

e l e m e n t s . A p l a s m o d e s m a o f S 1 h a s t h e same s t r u c t u r e a s t h a t o f

t h e c o r t i c a l c e l l : a c a n a l l i n e d w i t h p l a s m a l e m m a , w h i c h i s

c o n t i n u o u s b e t w e e n t w o n e i g h b o r i n g c e l l s , a n d a c e n t r a l t u b u l e

( c f . F i g . 39 a n d F i g . 4 0 ) . S e g m e n t s o f s m o o t h E R c i s t e r n a e a r e

s e e n l i n i n g a g a i n s t t h e p l a s m a l e m m a o n b o t h s i d e s o f t h e e n d

w a l l , b u t n o c l e a r c o n n e c t i o n s b e t w e e n E R c i s t e r n a e a n d

p l a s m o d e s m a t a w e r e s e e n i n S 1 .

A s d i f f e r e n t i a t i o n p r o c e e d s , a n d t h e r e i s a p r o l i f e r a t i o n

o f t h e c y t o p l a s m , t h e c e n t r a l t u b u l e s o f t h e p l a s m o d e s m a t a i n S2

s e e m t o show d e n s e r c o n t e n t s , b u t no s u b c e l l u l a r s t r u c t u r e c a n

b e i d e n t i f i e d i n them. The s i z e o f t h e p l a s m o d e s m a t a ( c a . 0.05

um i n d i a m e t e r ) a l s o r e m a i n s t h e same a s t h a t i n t h e p r e v i o u s

s t a g e ( F i g s . 3 5 , 3 6 ) . H o w e v e r , s e v e r a l f e a t u r e s o f t h e y o u n g

s i e v e p l a t e s a r e n o t e w o r t h y . F i r s t , t h e membrane s y s t e m s ,

e s p e c i a l l y , E R c i s t e r n a e a n d s m a l l v e s i c l e s a r e p r o f u s e a n d s h o w

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i n t i m a t e a s s o c i a t i o n w i t h p l a s m a l e m m a n o t o n l y o n e n d w a l l s b u t

a l s o a l o n g t h e l a t e r a l w a l l s ( ~ i g s . 2 6 , 2 7 ) . The p o s s i b l e

o r i g i n s a n d r o l e s o f t h e s e membrane s y s t e m s , c o n t r i b u t i n g t o t h e

g r o w t h o f c e l l w a l l s , o f t h e v e s i c l e s h a v e b e e n c o n s i d e r e d i n

P a r t C-IV-2. S e c o n d l y , i n a g i v e n s e c t i o n , i t i s a l w a y s f o u n d

t h a t a g o o d many o f m i t o c h o n d r i a a r r a y a l o n g b o t h s i d e s o f t h e

c r o s s w a l l ( F i g . 3 6 ) . C o m p a r i n g t h e s u r f a c e v i e w s o f t h e c r o s s

w a l l s o f S 2 ( F i g . 4 0 ) and . c o r t i c a l c e l l ( F i g . 3 9 ) , i t i s c l e a r

t h a t l o o s e n i n g , a n d p o s s i b l y some r e o r i e n t a t i o n o f p r i m a r y w a l l

m a t e r i a l m u s t h a v e o c c u r r e d a n d p r o b a b l y new w a l l m a t e r i a l was

c o n c o m i t a n t l y a d d e d o n . W a l l f i b r i l s a r o u n d t h e p l a s m o d e s m a t a

h a v e a c o n c e n t r i c o r i e n t a t i o n . F u r t h e r m o r e , t h e d e n s i t y o f t h e

p l a s m o d e s m a t a d r o p s s h a r p l y f r o m a b o u t 1 0 0 / u m 2 i n t h e p i t f i e l d s

o f c o r t i c a l c e l l s t o 16 /um2 i n t h e c r o s s w a l l ' o f S 2 . T h e

d e v e l o p i n g s i e v e p l a t e c o n t i n u e s t o i n c r e a s e i n w a l l t h i c k n e s s

i n t h e f o l l o w i n g s t a g e s ( f r o m 0 .2 um i n S 1 t o 0 .8 um i n S 3 ) .

S i m u l t a n e o u s l y w i t h t h e s e c h a n g e s i n t h e e n d w a l l , t h e l a t e r a l

w a l l s a l s o c o n t i n u e t o i n c r e a s e i n t h i c k n e s s . I n t h e s e l a t e r a l

w a l l s , m i c r o f i b r i l s o f t h e i n n e r m o s t r e g i o n , c l o s e s t t o t h e

p l a s m a l e m m a , show a p r e f e r r e d h o r i z o n t a l o r i e n t q t i o n ( F i g s . 18 ,

The a u t o p h a g i c d i s s o l u t i o n o f c y t o p l a s m ( P a r t C-IV-2) a n d

p e r f o r a t i o n o f f u t u r e s i e v e p l a t e s s e e m t o t a k e p l a c e

s i m u l t a n e o u s l y a n d f o l l o w t h e p e a k o f p r o t o p l a s m i c s y n t h e s i s .

The s i e v e - p l a t e p o r e c a n a l s i n S 3 a r e a p p r o x i m a t e l y 4 t i m e s

w i d e r t h a n t h o s e i n S2 a n d a r e t r a v e r s e d by t h i c k c y t o p l a s m i c

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F i g . 3 4 . C r o s s w a l l o f t w o n e i g h b o r i n g i n n e r c o r t i c a l c e l l s s h o w i n g t h r e e p r i m a r y p i t f i e l d s ( a r r o w s ) . N o t e a t h i n s h e a t h o f p a r i e t a l c y t o p l a s m a n d a l a r g e c e n t r a l v a c u o l e . . . . . x 1 0 , 2 0 0

F i g . 35. C r o s s w a l l % e t w e e n t w o S 1 s i e v e e l e m e n t s . P l a s m o d e s m a t a a r e n o l o n g e r c o n f i n e d t o t h e p r i m a r y p i t f i e l d . C y t o p l a s m o f t h e c o n t i g u o u s c e l l s i s c o n n e c t e d t h r o u g h the t u b u l e s o f t h e p l a s m o d e s m a t a . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..................... ~ 2 4 , 0 0 0

F i g . 36 . L o n g i t u d i n a l s e c t i o n o f t w o a d j a c e n t S2 s i e v e e l e m e n t s , w i t h many p l a s m o d e s m a t a t r a v e r s i n g t h e c r o s s w a l l . N o t e t h e a s s o c i a t i o n o f s m o o t h E R a n d m i t o c h o n d r i a w i t h t h e c r o s s wall................................................. ~ 1 0 ~ 2 0 0

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s t r a n d s w h i c h s e e m t o c o n t a i n E R m e m b r a n e s ( F i g s . 3 7 , 4 1 ) . T h e r e

a r e a l s o v a r i o u s s i z e s o f e l e c t r o n - d e n s e g l o b u l e s i n a n d a t t h e

o r i f i c e o f t h e p o r e c a n a l s . T h e i r s i g n i f i c a n c e i n r e l a t i o n t o

t h e t h e p e r f o r a t i o n o f s i e v e p l a t e i s unknown.

I n t h e n e x t S4 s t a g e , p e r f o r a t e d s i e v e p l a t e s a r e f o u n d .

S e c t i o n s o f t h e m a t u r e s i e v e p l a t e s o f S4 o f t e n r e v e a l r u p t u r e d

v a c u o l e s a n d b r o k e n s e g m e n t s o f p l a s m a l e m m a a r o u n d t h e

s i e v e - p l a t e p o r e s ( F i g s . 3 8 , 4 2 ) . T h e s e a r e p r o b a b l y f i x a t i o n

a r t e f a c t s w h i c h a r i s e b e c a u s e t h e m e m b r a n e s a r e now more

f r a g i l e .

V. L o c a l i z a t i o n o f 1 4 c - l a b e l e d a s s i m i l a t e s i n s i e v e e l e m e n t s by

h i s t o a u t o r a d i o g r a p h y

I n t h e 1 4 c f e e d i n g e x p e r i m e n t , t h e s o u r c e b l a d e was 1 1 0 cm

b e l o w t h e a p i c a l s c i m i t a r . The p r o f i l e o f r a d i o a c t i v i t y r e v e a l e d

t h a t t h e t r a n s l o c a t i o n o f 1 4 c l a b e l w a s b o t h a c r o p e t a l a n d

b a s i p e t a l a n d t h a t t h e downward movement was p r e f e r r e d ( F i g .

4 3 ) . F o r h i s t o a u t o r a d i o g r a p h y , t h e f i r s t 3 cm s e g m e n t s o f t h e ,

s t i p e b e l o w t h e s o u r c e b l a d e , w h i c h s h o w e d t h e h i g h e s t

r a d i o a c t i v i t y , was s t u d i e d i n d e t a i l .

The h i s t o a u t o r a d i o g r a p h s show t h a t t h e l a b e l i s c o n f i n e d t o

c e r t a i n l o n g i t u d i n a l f i l e s o f s i e v e e l e m e n t s a t t h e p e r i p h e r y o f

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F i g . 3 7 . L o n g i t u d i n a l s e c t i o n o f c r o s s w a l l of S 3 showin-g t h r e e f u t u r e p o r e s i t e s . N o t e E R l i k e t u b u l e s ' ( a r r o w s ) t r a v e r s i n g t h e p o r e c a n a l s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ~ 3 0 , 0 0 0

F i g . 3 8 . L o n g i t u d i n a l s e c t i o n o f a s i e v e p l a t e of S 4 s h o w i n g l a r g e , open s i e v e p o r e s . Membrane f r a g m e n t s i n t h e p o r e c a n a l s may be a f i x a t i o n a r t i f a c t . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ~ 6 , 6 0 0

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F i g . 3 9 . O b l i q u e s e c t i o n t h r o u g h a p i t f i e l d o f a n i n n e r c o r t i c a l c e l l . E a c h p l a s m o d e s m a i s l i n e d w i t h p l a s m a l e m m a . N o t e t h e ER t u b u l e s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ~ 7 1 , 5 0 0

F i g . 40 . O b l i q u e s u r f a c e - p a r a l l e l s e c t i o n t h r o u g h a n e n d w a l l o f S2 . T h e p l a s m o d e s m a t a a r e n o d i f f e r e n t f r o m t h o s e i n t h e p i t f i e l d o f c o r t i c a l c e l l s e x c e p t t h e d e n s i t y p e r u n i t a r e a d r o p s d r a s t i c a l l y i n t h e f o r m e r ( f r o m 1 0 0 t o 16 / u m 2 ) . N o t e t h e l o o s e n e d w a l l fibrils... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ~ 7 0 , 0 0 0

F i g . 4 1 . S u r f a c e p a r a l l e l s e c t i o n t h r o u g h a n end w a l l o f S 3 . N o t e t h e r a g g e d o u t l i n e s o f t h e f u t u r e s i e v e p o r e s a n d h i g h l y c o n v o l u t e d p l a s m a l e m m a ; a l s o , t h e c i r c u l a r orientaticn o f wall f i b r i l s a r o u n d t h e f u t u r e p o r e s , ~ 2 0 , 0 0 0

F i g . 42 . S u r f a c e v i e w o f a s i e v e p l a t e o f S4 . N o t e t h e c i r c u l a r o r i e n t a t i o n o f w a l l f i b r i l s s u r r o u n d i n g t h e p o r e s . . . . ~ 5 , 0 0 0

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F i g . 4 3 . , P r o f i l e o f 1 4 c r a d i o a c t i v i t y i n a s t i p e s e g m e n t 2 0 cm a b o v e a n d b e l o w t h e l a b e l e d b l a d e i n a f r o n d o f M. i n t e g r i f o l i a . 2 .2 m C i o f ~ a ~ ~ ~ ~ 0 ~ w a s s u p p l i e d t o d e s i g n a t e d b l a d e f o r 3 h. F o l l o w i n g t h a t , 2 mm t h i c k s l i c e s o f t h e s t i p e w e r e q u i c k l y c u t , f r o z e n i n d r y i c e , f r e e z e - d r i e d , w e i g h e d , a n d c o r n b u s t e d i n a P a c k a r d o x i d i z e r . The e v a p o r a t e d I 4 c o 2 w a s t r a p p e d by 2 - p h e n y l e t h y l a m i n e (Koch-Light-~aboratories L t d . , B u c k s . , E n g . ) . R a d i o a c t i v i t y was c o u n t e d i n a Beckman s c i n t i l l a t i o n c o u n t e r a n d c o n v e r t e d f o r dpm.

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F i g . 4 4 . G e n e r a l v i e w o f t h e s t i p e 3 cm b e l o w t h e 14c l a b e l e d b l a d e shown i n F i g . 4 3 . The arrow i n d i c a t e s t h e p o s i t i o n o f t h e f e d b l a d e . R a d i o a c t i v i t y o n l y a p p e a r s i n t h o s e s i e v e e l e m e n t s t h a t w e r e b e n e a t h t h e f e d b l a d e . The a r e a o u t l i n e d by a b l a c k l i n e i s shown i n F i g . 45. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . x35

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F i g . 4 5 . ist to auto radiograph s h o w s s i l v e r g r a i n s w h i c h c o n c e n t r a t e d a b o v e c e r t a i n p e r i p h e r a l s i e v e e l e m e n t s i n t h e m e d u l l a i n t h i s c r o s s s e c t i o n . The l i n e p a s s i n g t h r o u g h o n e r a d i a l row of s i e v e e l e m e n t s i n d i c a t e s t h e s e c t i o n p l a n e c o m p a r a b l e t o t h a t of F i g . 4 6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . x 1 6 5

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t h e m e d u l l a ( F i g s . 4 4 , 4 5 ) . T h e s e l o n g i t u d i n a l f i l e s c o r r e s p o n d

t o t h e s ame s i d e o f s t i p e o n w h i c h t h e f e d b l a d e w a s l o c a t e d

( ~ i g . 4 4 ) . T h i s p a t t e r n o f r a d i o a c t i v i t y i n t h e t r a n s l o c a t i n g

r e g i o n b e l o w t h e s o u r c e b l a d e i n d i c a t e s t h a t o n l y s p e c i f i c s i e v e

e l e m e n t s a r e i n v o l v e d i n t r a n s l o c a t i o n o f a s s i m i l a t e s f r o m

s p e c i f i c s o u r c e b l a d e s . T h e r e a r e n o a p p r e c i a b l e s i l v e r g r a i n s

a b o v e b a c k g r o u n d i n t h e c o r t e x , i n t h e c e l l l a y e r s o f t h e

m e d u l l a i n c l u d i n g t h e y o u n g e s t f i l e ( I i n F i g . 4 6 ) o f s i e v e

e l e m e n t s , i n t h e o l d e s t s i e v e e l e m e n t s i n t h e c e n t r a l p a r t o f

t h e m e d u l l a , o r i n t h e h y p h a l c e l l s .

The s i e v e e l e m e n t s t h a t show a p p r e c i a b l e a m o u n t s o f l a b e l

c o r r e s p o n d t o w h a t I h a v e e a r l i e r d e s c r i b e d a s s i e v e e l e m e n t s i n

s t a g e S4 ( F i g . 5 ) . A s a r u l e , s i e v e e l e m e n t s i n f i l e I1 show

l e s s e r l a b e l t h a n t h o s e i n f i l e 111, a n d t h e maximum l a b e l i s

s e e n i n t h e f i l e I V ( F i g . 4 6 ) . S u c h a d i s t r i b u t i o n o f l a b e l

s e e m s t o i n d i c a t e a c o r r e l a t i o n b e t w e e n t h e s t a g e s o f

d i f f e r e n t i a t i o n o f s i e v e e l e m e n t s , a n d t h e i r c a p a c i t y f o r

t r a n s p o r t o f p h o t o a s s i m i l a t e s . C r o s s c o n n e c t i o n s b e t w e e n m a t u r e

s i e v e e l e m e n t s a l s o show a p p r e c i a b l e 1 4 c l a b e l ( ~ i g . 4 7 ) w h i c h

s u g g e s t s t h a t a l a t e r a l movement o f a s s i m i l a t e s f r o m o n e s i e v e

e l e m e n t t o a n o t h e r i s a l s o o p e r a t i v e .

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D. DISCUSSION

I t i s g e n e r a l l y r e c o g n i z e d f r o m t h e e a r l i e s t s t u d i e s ( W i l l ,

1 8 8 4 ; R o s e n t h a l , 1 8 9 0 ; S y k e s , 1 9 0 8 ) t h a t i n L a m i n a r i a l e s , t h e

m e d u l l a r y e l e m e n t s , i n c l u d i n g s i e v e e l e m e n t s a n d h y p h a e , a r e

d e r i v e d f r o m t h e i n n e r c o r t e x . H o w e v e r , t h e d e t a i l s o n t h e mode

o f i n i t i a t i o n o f t h e s e e l e m e n t s a n d t h e i r f i n e s t r u c t u r e h a v e

become a v a i l a b l e i n t h e ' s p e c i e s o f - L . g r o e n l a n d i c a o n l y r e c e n t l y

( S c h m i t z a n d S r i v a s t a v a , 1 9 7 4 b ) . A c c o r d i n g t o S c h m i t z a n d

S r i v a s t a v a ( 1 ' 9 7 4 b ) t h e i n n e r m o s t c o r t i c a l c e l l s c e a s e t h e i r

t r a n s v e r s e d i v i s i o n s a n d t h e i r l o n g i t u d i n a l f i l e s become

s e p a r a t e d f r o m e a c h o t h e r b y a m a t r i x o f i n t e r c e l l u l a r s u b s t a n c e

a s a p r e l u d e t o t h e i r t r a n s f o r m a t i o n i n t o s i e v e e l e m e n t s . I t i s

c o n f i r m e d i n t h i s s t u d y t h a t t h e s a m e mode o f d e r i v a t i o n o f t h e

s i e v e e l e m e n t s a s w e l l a s t h e h y p h a l c e l l s i s f o l l o w e d i n - M.

i n t e g r i f o l i a ( P a r t C-111) .

P l a n t s o f M a c r o c y s t i s h a v e a l i f e s p a n r a n g i n g f r o m 4 t o 8

y e a r s ( ~ o r t h , 1 9 7 1 ; L o b b a n , 1 9 7 8 d ) , h o w e v e r , i n d i v i d u a l f r o n d s

a r e r e p l e n i s h e d a n n u a l l y . L o b b a n ( 1 9 7 8 ~ ) r e c o r d e d s t i p e

e l o n g a t i o n r a t e s f o r - M. i n t e g r i f o l i a f r o m 20 mm/day i n F e b r u a r y

t o a maximum o f a b o u t 4 0 mmlday i n May, t h e n f a l l i n g i n O c t o b e r

a n d November. A s shown i n t h e p r e s e n t s t u d y , t h e p r o d u c t i o n o f

s i e v e e l e m e n t s i n t h e a p i c a l p a r t o f t h e s t i p e , h o w e v e r , s h o w s a

p e a k i n the e a r l y g r o w i n g s e a s o n , i . e . , F e b r u a r y - M a r c h , t h e n

d e c l i n e s a s t h e y e a r a d v a n c e s , a n d b e c o m e s q u i e s c e n t i n November

Page 101: ON THE SIEVE ELEMENTS OF MACROCYSTIS ...summit.sfu.ca/system/files/iritems1/4010/b12743665.pdfABSTRACT The sieve elements of Macrocystis integrifolia occur characteristically in radial

( s e e F i g . 1 0 ) . F i g u r e 1 0 B r e v e a l s t h a t t h e r e a r e c o n s i s t e n t l y

1-2 f i l e s o f u n d i f f e r e n t i a t e d s i e v e e l e m e n t s i n t h e b a s a l

i n t e r n o d e o f t h e s t i p e (B p o i n t ) i n d i f f e r e n t m o n t h s . A s n o t e d

i n P a r t C-11, t h e s e u n d i f f e r e n t i a t e d s i e v e e l e m e n t s d o n o t

a p p e a r t o h a v e b e e n n e w l y f o r m e d . R a t h e r t h e y s e e m t o h a v e b e e n

l a i d down p r e v i o u s l y a n d i t i s p o s s i b l e t h a t t h e y a r e h e l d i n

t h i s s t a t e p o s s i b l y a s a r e s e r v e a g a i n s t i n j u r y .

I n r e s p e c t t o w h e t h e r t h e new s i e v e e l e m e n t s w o u l d b e

p r o d u c e d t h r o u g h o u t t h e l i f e s p a n o f t h e M a c r o c y s t i s f r o n d o r

n o t , two p o i n t s o f v i e w h a v e b e e n r a i s e d . W i l l ( 1 8 8 4 ) e x p r e s s e d

t h e v i e w t h a t s i e v e e l e m e n t s o f M a c r o c y s t i s w e r e t r a n s f o r m e d

f r o m i n n e r c o r t i c a l c e l l s c o n t i n u a l l y , w h i c h c o n s t a n t l y r e p l a c e d

t h e e x i s t i n g s i e v e e l e m e n t s i n t h e m e d u l l a . By c o n t r a s t ,

R o s e n t h a l ( 1 8 9 0 ) p r o p o s e d t h a t t h e r e w a s o n l y a l i m i t e d number -

o f i n n e r c o r t i c a l c e l l s t h a t m i g h t d i f f e r e n t i a t e i n t o s i e v e

e l e m e n t s a n d t h a t t h e e n l a r g e m e n t o f t h e m e d u l l a i n t h e o l d e r

s t i p e w a s m a i n l y d u e t o t h e e x p a n s i o n o f t h e p e r i p h e r a l s i e v e

e l e m e n t s a n d t h e i n t e r t w i n i n g h y p h a l c e l l s . T h i s s t u d y i n d i c a t e s

t h a t ( 1 ) t h e t o t a l number o f r a d i a l r o w s o f s i e v e e l e m e n t s i n

t h e m e d u l l a a n d t h e p o s s i b l e t o t a l n u m b e r o f l o n g i t u d i n a l f i l e s

o f s i e v e e l e m e n t s i n r a d i a l r o w s show o n l y a s m a l l o r n e g l i g i b l e

d i f f e r e n c e b e t w e e n A p o i n t a n d B p o i n t ( P a r t C - 1 1 , T a b l e 1111,

a n d ( 2 ) t h e d i a m e t e r s o f s i e v e e l e m e n t s i n B p o i n t a r e a b o u t 2

t i m e s l a r g e r t h a n t h o s e i n A p o i n t ( T a b l e I V ) . T h e s e d a t a seem

t o . f a v o r R o s e n t h a l ' s p r o p o s a l t h a t t h e p r o d u c t i o n o f new s i e v e

e l e m e n t s i s n o t a c o n t i n u o u s p r o c e s s . H o w e v e r , i t i s p o s s i b l e

Page 102: ON THE SIEVE ELEMENTS OF MACROCYSTIS ...summit.sfu.ca/system/files/iritems1/4010/b12743665.pdfABSTRACT The sieve elements of Macrocystis integrifolia occur characteristically in radial

t h a t n o t a l l t h e s i e v e e l e m e n t s p r o d u c e d i n t h e l i f e s p a n o f t h e

f r o n d may be t r a c e a b l e by c o u n t i n g t h e n u m b e r o f s i e v e e l e m e n t

i n r a d i a l r o w s a c r o s s t h e m e d u l l a . N o n e t h e l e s s , i t d o e s s e e m

t h a t e i t h e r t h e i n i t i a t i o n o f s i e v e e l e m e n t s f r o m t h e i n n e r

c o r t i c a l c e l l s i s w i t h h e l d c o m p l e t e l y f r o m A p o i n t o n w a r d s , o r

a t m o s t i t p r o c e e d s e x t r e m e l y s l o w l y . I t i s p o s s i b l e t h a t a l l

t h e i n n e r c o r t i c a l c e l l s may s t i l l h a k e t h e p o t e n t i a l t o become

s i e v e e l e m e n t s b u t t h a t p o t e n t i a l i s s u b j e c t t o c o n t r o l by

i n t e r n a l f a c t o r s , s u c h a s h o r m o n e s .

The i n n e r m o s t c o r t i c a l c e l l s w h i c h c a n a l r e a d y b e

d i s t i n g u i s h e d a s p u t a t i v e s i e v e e l e m e n t s i n s t a g e S 1 d i f f e r f r o m

t h e r e s t o f t h e c o r t e x i n s e v e r a l ways . F i r s t l y , t h e y o c c u r i n

l o n g i t u d i n a l f i l e s a n d t h e s e f i l e s a r e s e p a r a t e d f r o m e a c h o t h e r

a n d f r o m t h e i n n e r c o r t e x by i n t e r c e l l u l a r s u b s t a n c e s . S e c o n d l y ,

t h e y become c y l i n d r i c a l h a v i n g a l o n g a x i s p a r a l l e l t o t h e a x i s

o f t h e s t i p e , w h e r e a s t h e c o r t i c a l c e l l s a r e more o r l e s s

i s o d i a m e t r i c ( T a b l e s I V a n d V). T h i r d l y , s e v e r a l t o many

v a c u o l e s r a t h e r t h a n a s i n g l e v a c u o l e t y p i c a l o f t h e c o r t i c a l

c e l l s a r e p r e s e n t i n S 1 . F o u r t h l y , t h e d i a m e t e r o f t h e S 1

n u c l e u s i s a b o u t t h e same o r s l i g h t l y l a r g e r t h a n t h a t o f t h e

c o r t i c a l c e l l able V I ) , b u t t h e f o r m e r s t a i n s more d e e p l y w i t h

t o l u i d i n e b l u e 0 s u g g e s t i n g t h a t t h e D N A c o n t e n t may b e h i g h e r

i n t h e f o r m e r . U n d e r t h e e l e c t r o n m i c r o s c o p e , t h e n u c l e u s o f t h e

c o r t i c a l c e l l s h o w s a h i g h e r d e g r e e o f c h r o m a t i n c o n d e n s a t i o n

a n d a l e s s e l a b o r a t e d n u c l e o l u s t h a n t h e n u c l e u s o f a n S 1 s i e v e

e l e m e n t ( c f . F i g s . 1 6 a n d 1 7 ) . T h i s a l s o s u g g e s t s t h e l a t t e r i s

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i n a m o r e a c t i v e s t a g e o f s y n t h e s i s ( L a f o n t a i n e , 1 9 7 4 ; R o s e ,

1 9 7 4 ) w h i c h c o r r e l a t e s w i t h a n e n o r m o u s i n c r e a s e o f c e l l u l a r

c o n t e n t s i n t h e d e v e l o p i n g s i e v e e l e m e n t s .

The y o u n g s i e v e e l e m e n t s o f M. i n t e g r i f o l i a show b a s i c a l l y

t h e same c o m p l e m e n t o f c y t o p l a s m i c o r g a n e l l e s a n d membrane

s y s t e m s a s t h o s e o f o t h e r L a m i n a r i a l e s ( S c h m i t z a n d S r i v a s t a v a ,

i 9 7 4 b , 1 9 7 5 , 1 9 7 6 ; S i d e m a n a n d S c h e i r e r , 1 9 7 7 ) . T h e r e a r e

n u m e r o u s v a c u o l e s , r i b o s o m e s , E R m e m b r a n e s , d i c t y o s o m e s ,

m i t o c h o n d r i a , p l a s t i d s , a n d a c o n s p i c u o u s n u c l e u s a n d n u c l e o l u s .

Bu t a f t e r t h e s y n t h e s i s o f t h e p r o t o p l a s t r e a c h e s i t s p e a k i n S2

s i e v e e l e m e n t s , i n M. i n t e g r i f o l i a t h e r e i s a s e l e c t i v e - d e g e n e r a t i o n o f t h e c y t o p l a s m a n d i t s o r g a n e l l e s , a f e a t u r e n o t

s e e n i n t h e o t h e r L a m i n a r i a l e s i n v e s t i g a t e d s o f a r a n d s i m i l a r

t o t h e d e g e n e r a t i o n o f p r o t o p l a s m i c c o n s t i t u e n t s t y p i c a l o f t h e

s i e v e e l e m e n t s i n h i g h e r v a s c u l a r p l a n t s . I n t h e f o l l o w i n g , t h e

c h a n g e s i n i n d i v i d u a l o r g a n e l l e s a n d membrane s y s t e m s a r e

d i s c u s s e d s e p a r a t e l y .

I n M . i n t e g r i f o l i a , b o t h n u c l e i a n d n u c l e o l i i n c r e a s e - d r a m a t i c a l l y i n vo lume ( T a b l e V I ) a n d s t a i n a b i l i t y by t o l u i d i n e

b l u e 0 f r o m t h e S 1 t o S2 s t a g e . Q u a n t i t a t i v e m e a s u r e m e n t s o f D N A

a n d R N A w e r e n o t c a r r i e d o u t i n t h i s s t u d y . H o w e v e r , i t h a s b e e n

r e p o r t e d t h a t i n d i f f e r e n t i a t i n g t r a c h e a r y e l e m e n t s t h e r e may b e

a 2 - , 4 - , o r e v e n 8 - f o l d i n c r e a s e i n t h e c o n t e n t o f n u c l e a r D N A

a n d h i s t o n e s ( P h i l l i p s a n d T o r r e y , 1 9 7 3 ; L a i a n d S r i v a s t a v a ,

1 9 7 6 ; Dodds a n d P h i l i p s , 1 9 7 7 ; s e e a l s o T u r g e o n , 1 9 7 5 ) .

C o r r e l a t e d f i n e s t r u c t u r a l s t u d i e s h a v e r e v e a l e d t h a t DNA- leve l

Page 104: ON THE SIEVE ELEMENTS OF MACROCYSTIS ...summit.sfu.ca/system/files/iritems1/4010/b12743665.pdfABSTRACT The sieve elements of Macrocystis integrifolia occur characteristically in radial

c h a n g e s a r e a c c o m p a n i e d by a s e v e r a l - f o l d i n c r e a s e i n t h e

n u c l e a r a n d n u c l e o l a r v o l u m e ( L a i a n d S r i v a s t a v a , 1 9 7 6 ) , w h i c h

i s c o m p a r a b l e t o t h e n u c l e a r c h a n g e s o b s e r v e d i n t h e d e v e l o p i n g

s i e v e e l e m e n t s o f M. i n t e g r i f o l i a . S i n c e i n t e r m e d i a t e s t a g e s o f

s i e v e e l e m e n t d i f f e r e n t i a t i o n c a n b e f o u n d i n t h e a p i c a l p a r t o f

t h e M a c r o c y s t i s s t i p e , t h i s w o u l d b e g o o d m a t e r i a l f o r s t u d y i n g

t h e n u c l e a r D N A a n d R N A c h a n g e s c o r r e s p o n d i n g t o t h e s t r u c t u r a l

s p e c i a l i z a t i o n d u r i n g s i e v e e l e m e n t d i f f e r e n t i a t i o n .

The n u c l e o l i o f 5 2 s i e v e e l e m e n t s show g r a n u l a r , f i b r i l l a r ,

a n d v a c u o l a r z o n e s u n d e r t h e e l e c t r o n m i c r o s c o p e , t y p i c a l o f

t h o s e e n g a g e d i n r i b o s o m a l R N A s y n t h e s i s . I n t h e l a t e r S2 s t a g e ,

c h r o m a t i n c l u m p i n g s a p p e a r i n t h e n u c l e o p l a s m o f a h i g h l y l o b e d

n u c l e u s a n d t h e n u c l e o l u s b e c o m e s a c o m p a c t b o d y w i t h o u t a n y

d i s c e r n i b l e f i n e s t r u c t u r e , i n d i c a t i n g a n i n a c t i v e s t a t e . A t t h e

s u b s e q u e n t S 3 s t a g e , t h e n u c l e a r e n v e l o p e i s s t i l l i n t a c t b u t

t h e n u c l e o p l a s m i s a l m o s t e m p t y l o o k i n g , e x c e p t f o r some

f l o c c u l e n t r e s i d u e s , w h i c h r e s e m b l e s t h e phenomenon o f

c h r o m a t o l y s i s known f r o m h i g h e r p l a n t s ( S r i v a s t a v a , 1 9 7 5 ; E v e r t ,

1 9 7 7 ) .

A n a u t o r a d i o g r a p h i c s t u d y o n t h e i n c o r p o r a t i o n o f t r i t i a t e d

t h y m i d i n e i n t h e n u c l e i o f d i f f e r e n t i a t i n g s i e v e e l e m e n t s o f

P i s u m s a t i v u m ( Z e e a n d C h a m b e r s , 1 9 6 9 ) h a s s h o w n t h a t a s t h e

n u c l e i d e g e n e r a t e d d u r i n g m a t u r a t i o n o f t h e s i e v e - t u b e member s ,

t h e n u m b e r o f t r a c e r g r a i n s p r e s e n t i n t h e n u c l e i d e c r e a s e d .

C o n c o m i t a n t l y , c y t o p l a s m i c l a b e l t e n d e d t o i n c r e a s e , i n d i c a t i n g

t h a t t h e c h r o m a t i n m a t e r i a l i n t h e n u c l e u s w a s u n d e r g o i n g

Page 105: ON THE SIEVE ELEMENTS OF MACROCYSTIS ...summit.sfu.ca/system/files/iritems1/4010/b12743665.pdfABSTRACT The sieve elements of Macrocystis integrifolia occur characteristically in radial

d i s s o l u t i o n a n d t h a t t h e c h r o m a t i n b r e a k d o w n p r o d u c t s were

c o n t i n u a l l y m i g r a t i n g f r o m t h e n u c l e u s t o t h e c y t o p l a s m . T h e

i n c o r p o r a t i o n o f t r i t i a t e d u r i d i n e , a n R N A p r e c u r s o r , w a s a l s o

a f f e c t e d d u r i n g t h e s i e v e e l e m e n t d i f f e r e n t i a t i o n i n P. s a t i v u m . - L a b e l f i r s t d i s a p p e a r e d f r o m t h e n u c l e o l u s , t h e n d e c r e a s e d o r

d i s a p p e a r e d a l t o g e t h e r i n t h e n u c l e u s , i n d i c a t i n g t h a t RNA

s y n t h e s i s w i t h i n t h e n u c l e u s h a d c e a s e d when t h e s i e v e e l e m e n t

g r a d u a l l y m a t u r e d .

The a p p e a r a n c e o f a n a u t o l y s e d n u c l e u s a n d t h e s h r i n k a g e o f

t h e n u c l e o l u s i n M a c r o c y s t i s s i e v e e l e m e n t a t S 3 s t a g e t h u s

g i v e s e v e r y s i g n o f a n o n f u n c t i o n a l n u c l e u s . No n u c l e a r r e m n a n t s

a r e d i s c e r n i b l e i n t h e m a t u r e s i e v e e l e m e n t s ( ~ 4 ) . Among o t h e r

c y t o p l a s m i c o r g a n e l l e s , d i c t y o s o m e s , ER, p l a s t i d s a n d

m i t o c h o n d r i a show some u n u s u a l f e a t u r e s w h i c h w i l l b e d i s c u s s e d

b e l o w .

D i c t y o s o m e s show a p e r i n u c l e a t e r e l a t i o n s h i p w i t h t h e

n u c l e u s i n t h e y o u n g s i e v e e l e m e n t s o f M. i n t e g r i f o l i a , a s a l s o

i n o t h e r L a m i n a r i a l e s ( S c h m i t z a n d S r i v a s t a v a , 1 9 7 4 b ; 1 9 7 6 ) .

T h i s k i n d o f r e l a t i o n s h i p h a s a l s o b e e n n o t e d f o r o t h e r t y p e s o f

c e l l s i n v a r i o u s b r o w n a l g a e ( B o u c k , 1 9 6 5 ) . I t h a s b e e n

s u g g e s t e d t h a t i n some a l g a l c e l l s s m a l l v e s i c l e s p r o d u c e d by

b u d d i n g o f t h e n u c l e a r e n v e l o p e , o r o f E R c o u l d b e t h e s o u r c e o f

l a m e l l a t i o n of d i c t y o s o r n e s r rove et &, 1 9 6 8 ; M o r r e a n d

M o l l e n h a u e r , 1 9 7 4 ; F i g . 2 0 ) . I t h a s b e e n d e m o n s t r a t e d t h a t t h e

d i c t y o s o m e i s m a i n l y i n v o l v e d i n t h e s y n t h e s i s a n d d e p o s i t i o n o f

new w a l l m a t e r i a l s i n p l a n t c e l l s ( N o r t h c o t e a n d P i c k e t t - H e a p s ,

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1 9 6 6 ; E v a n s - e t - 9 a 1 1 9 7 3 ; K i e r m a y e r a n d D o b b e r s t e i n , 1 9 7 3 ) . One

o f t h e m o s t c h a r a c t e r i s t i c f e a t u r e s o f M a c r o c y s t i s s i e v e

e l e m e n t s i s t h a t t h e y a c q u i r e v e r y t h i c k w a l l s d u r i n g

d i f f e r e n t i a t i o n . P a r k e r a n d H u b e r ( 1 9 6 5 ) m e a s u r e d 5-10 urn t h i c k

l a t e r a l w a l l s i n t h e m a t u r e s i e v e e l e m e n t s o f & p y r i f e r a . The

c r o s s w a l l s o f t h e o l d e r s i e v e e l e m e n t s ( c a . 0 .4-0 .6 urn t h i c k )

a r e a p p r o x i m a t e l y 8 t i m e s t h i c k e r t h a n t h o s e o f t h e y o u n g e r o n e s

( c a . 0 .05 -0 .08 urn) i n - L. g r o e n l a n d i c a ( S c h m i t z a n d S r i v a s t a v a ,

1 9 7 4 b ) . I n my m a t e r i a l a l s o ; t h e s i e v e e l e m e n t w a l l s , e . g . , t h e

e n d w a l l s , i n c r e a s e f r o m 0.2 urn t h i c k i n S l t o a b o u t 3 urn i n 5 4 .

T h e s e f i g u r e s i n d i c a t e t h a t s y n t h e s i s a n d d e p o s i t i o n o f w a l l

m a t e r i a l s a r e a c t i v e p r o c e s s e s d u r i n g s i e v e e l e m e n t

d i f f e r e n t i a t i o n . D i c t y o s o m e s a r e a b u n d a n t a n d h i g h l y i n f l a t e d i n

d i f f e r e n t i a t i n g s i e v e e l e m e n t s o f - M. i n t e g r i f o l i a a n d i t i s

p o s s i b l e t h a t t h e y p l a y a n i m p o r t a n t r o l e i n s y n t h e s i s a n d / o r

d e p o s i t i o n o f w a l l m a t e r i a l s t o t h e w a l l s o f t h e d e v e l o p i n g

s i e v e e l e m e n t s .

S e g m e n t s o f s m o o t h E R a s s o c i a t e d c l o s e l y w i t h t h e

d e v e l o p i n g s i e v e p l a t e s a r e n o t e d u b i q u i t o u s l y i n y o u n g s i e v e

e l e m e n t s o f L a m i n a r i a l e s . The i n t i m a t e a s s o c i a t i o n o f ER w i t h

t h e d e v e l o p i n g s i e v e p l a t e s h a s a l s o b e e n r e p o r t e d i n h i g h e r

p l a n t s ( E s a u - e t e, 1 9 6 2 ; S i n g h a n d S r i v a s t a v a , 1 9 7 2 ) . T h e

i n i t i a t i o n o f s i e v e - a r e a p o r e s g e n e r a l l y s t a r t s w i t h t h e

d e p o s i t i o n o f t h e c a l l o s e p l a t e l e t s a t t h e f u t u r e p o r e s i t e s i n

h i g h e r v a s c u l a r p l a n t s ( E s a u - e t -9 a 1 1 9 6 2 ; N o r t h c o t e a n d W o o d i n g ,

1 9 6 6 ) . A p p a r e n t l y , t w o e v e n t s , i . e. t h e s y n t h e s i s o f c a l l o s e a n d

7 1

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l a t e r t h e d e g r a d a t i o n o f c a l l o s e a n d t h e w a l l m a t e r i a l s a r e

i n v o l v e d i n t h e f o r m a t i o n o f t h e s i e v e a r e a s i n h i g h e r p l a n t s .

N o n e t h e l e s s , c a l l o s e h a s n e v e r b e e n d e t e c t e d i n t h e d e v e l o p i n g

p o r e s i t e s o f y o u n g s i e v e e l e m e n t s i n L a m i n a r i a l e s . T h e r o l e o f

t h e c a l l o s e p l a t e l e t s e e m s l i k e l y t o p r e v e n t o r i n h i b i t t h e

d e p o s i t i o n o f w a l l f i b r i l s a t t h e f u t u r e p o r e s i t e s ( E v e r t et

a 1 1 9 6 6 ; P a r t h a s a r a t h y , 1 9 7 4 ) , w h i l e some w o r k e r s h a v e -9

s u g g e s t e d t h a t t h e E R c i s t e r n a e a p p l i e d t o t h e p o r e s i t e s may

p l a y a s i m i l a r r o l e ( E s a u , 1 9 6 9 ) . A s b o t h a c i d p h o s p h a t a s e a n d

ATPase a c t i v i t y h a v e b e e n l o c a l i z e d i n ER membranes i n t h e s i e v e

t u b e s ( B e n t w o o d a n d C r o n s h a w , 1 9 7 6 ; G i l d e r a n d C r o n s h a w , 1 9 7 3

a n d 1 9 7 4 ) , i t i s s u g g e s t e d t h a t ER may be a n i m p o r t a n t s o u r c e o f

e n z y m e s i n v o l v e d i n f o r m a t i o n o f c a l l o s e a n d p r o b a b l y i n

p e r f o r a t i o n o f t h e s i e v e p l a t e s . ER f r a g m e n t s a r e n o t s e e n a t

p e r f o r a t e d s i e v e p l a t e s , b u t n u m e r o u s h i g h l y f l a t t e n e d a n d

c o n v o l u t e d s m o o t h E R membranes l i n e t h e l a t e r a l w a l l s i n t h e

m a t u r e s i e v e e l e m e n t s o f M, i n t e g r i f o l i a , w h i c h s o m e w h a t

r e s e m b l e s t h e s o - c a l l e d s i e v e - e l e m e n t E R i n h i g h e r p l a n t s ( B o u c k

a n d C r o n s h a w , 1 9 6 5 ; S r i v a s t a v a a n d O ' B r i e n , 1 9 6 6 ; W a l s h a n d

E v e r t , 1 9 7 5 ) . Whether t h e r e i s a n y s i g n i f i c a n c e o f t h i s s p a t i a l

d i s t r i b u t i o n o f ER membranes t o t h e f u n c t i o n o f m a t u r e s i e v e

e l e m e n t s i s n o t known.

The s t r u c t u r e o f p l a s t i d s i s i n many w a y s s i m i l a r i n t h e

y o u n g s i e v e e l e m e n t s o f d i f f e r e n t a l g a l s p e c i e s , s o i s t h e

s t r u c t u r e o f m i t o c h o n d r i a . D N A f i b r i l s a r e b e l i e v e d t o b e

p r e s e n t i n b o t h o r g a n e l l e s ( B i s a l p u t r a a n d B i s a l p u t r a , 1 9 6 7 ) .

72

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S i n c e t h e r e a p p e a r s t o b e many m o r e p l a s t i d s a n d m i t o c h o n d r i a i n

t h e y o u n g s i e v e e l e m e n t t h a n i n t h e c o r t i c a l c e l l , t h e s e

o r g a n e l l e s p r e s u m a b l y u n d e r g o s e l f - m u l t i p l i c a t i o n . M i t o c h o n d r i a

a r e p a r t i c u l a r l y a b u n d a n t i n t h e y o u n g s i e v e e l e m e n t s o f M. - i n t e g r i f o l i a a n d a n u n u s u a l a s s o c i a t i o n w i t h t h e d e v e l o p i n g

s i e v e p l a t e s i s n o t e w o r t h y ( F i g s . 3 6 , 3 7 ) . T h i s may i n d i c a t e

t h a t t h e f o r m a t i o n o f t h e s i e v e - p l a t e p o r e s i s a n

e n e r g y - r e q u i r i n g p r o c e s s .

P l a s t i d s may u n d e r g o c e r t a i n m o d i f i c a t i o n s a n d become

r i n g - s h a p e d , o r c u p - s h a p e d , a n d t h e g r o u n d m a t r i x o f b o t h

p l a s t i d s a n d m i t o c h o n d r i a may l o s e i t s d e n s i t y a n d a p p e a r

v a c u o l a t e d i n t h e o l d e r s i e v e e l e m e n t s o f L a m i n a r i a ( S c h m i t z a n d

S r i v a s t a v a , 1 9 7 4 b ) . T h e i r o u t e r m e m b r a n e s a l s o may become h i g h l y

v e s i c u l a t e d . P l a s t i d s a n d m i t o c h o n d r i a i n S 4 s i e v e e l e m e n t s o f

M. i n t e g r i f o l i a r e t a i n t h e i r n o r m a l s h a p e , w h i l e t h e i r g r o u n d - m a t r i x become l e s s e l e c t r o n - d e n s e a n d t h e r e a r e f e w e r c r i s t a e i n

t h e l a t t e r . No p y r e n o i d s a r e a s s o c i a t e d w i t h s i e v e e l e m e n t

p l a s t i d s o f a l l L a m i n a r i a l e s s t u d i e d s o f a r .

S c h m i t z a n d S r i v a s t a v a ( 1 9 7 4 b ) o b s e r v e d t w o t y p e s o f

v a c u o l e s i n g r o e n l a n d i c a , i . e . , t y p e I v a c u o l e w h i c h i s

e n c l o s e d b y t h e t o n o p l a s t a n d i s f r e e o f a n y i n c l u s i o n s ; and

t y p e I1 v a c u o l e w h i c h h a s d e n s e s u b s t a n c e s d e p o s i t e d a l o n g t h e

i n n e r s u r f a c e o f t h e t o n o p l a s t . I n s i e v e e l e m e n t s o f - M.

i n t e g r i f o l i a , o n l y t y p e I v a c u o l e s were f o u n d . V a c u o l e s a r e

r e t a i n e d i n m a t u r e s i e v e e l e m e n t s o f L a m i n a r i a , A l a r i a , and

N e r e o c y s t i s , b u t s e e m t o d i s a p p e a r i n m a t u r e s i e v e e l e m e n t s o f

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M. i n t e g r i f o l i a . O r g a n e l l e s s u c h a s l a m e l l a r b o d i e s s e e m t o - o c c u r m o r e o f t e n i n m a t u r e t h a n i n y o u n g s i e v e e l e m e n t s o f M. - i n t e g r i f o l i a . T h e y h a v e b e e n o b s e r v e d i n v a r i o u s b r o w n a l g a l

c e l l s by d i f f e r e n t a u t h o r s ( B o u r n e a n d C o l e , 1 9 6 8 ; M c C u l l y ,

1 9 6 8 ) ; h o w e v e r , t h e i r n a t u r e a n d f u n c t i o n r e m a i n unknown.

P - p r o t e i n w h i c h o c c u r s i n t h e s i e v e - t u b e members o f many

d i c o t y l e d o n s ( s e e r e v i e w by C r o n s h a w , 1 9 7 4 ) i s n o t s e e n i n t h e

s i e v e e l e m e n t s o f M. i n t e g r i f o l i a , n o r i s i t r e p o r t e d i n o t h e r - L a m i n a r i a l e s ( S c h m i t z and S r i v a s t a v a , 1 9 7 4 b , 1 9 7 5 , 1 9 7 6 ; S i d e m a n

a n d S c h e i r e r , 1 9 7 7 ) . What P a r k e r a n d H u b e r ( 1 9 6 5 ) i n t e r p r e t e d a s

P - p r o t e i n l o o k s more l i k e a n a r t i f a c t c a u s e d by i n a d e q u a t e

f i x a t i o n t h a n t h e r e a l s t r u c t u r e .

B a s e d 'on t h e f a c t t h a t t h e n u m b e r o f p o r e s i n t h e m a t u r e

s i e v e p l a t e s w a s much l a r g e r t h a n t h e n u m b e r o f p o t e n t i a l p o r e

s i t e s i n t h e c r o s s w a l l s o f t h e y o u n g s i e v e e l e m e n t s o f

g r o e n l a n d i - c a , S c h m i t z a n d S r i v a s t a v a ( 1 9 7 4 b ) p o s t u l a t e d t h a t t h e

s i e v e p o r e s w e r e f o r m e d d e n o v o by e n z y m a t i c d i s s o l u t i o n o f -- s e l e c t e d r e g i o n s i n t h e c r o s s w a l l , r a t h e r t h a n by e n l a r g e m e n t

o f t h e p o r e s i t e s d e l i m i t e d by t h e p r i m a r y p i t f i e l d s . H o w e v e r ,

t h e c r o s s w a l l s o f S1 s i e v e e l e m e n t s o f M. i n t e g r i f o l i a w e r e - t r a v e r s e d by n u m e r o u s p l a s m o d e s m a t a w h i c h w e r e n o l o n g e r

c o n f i n e d t o t h e p r i m a r y p i t f i e l d s , t y p i c a l o f c o r t i c a l c e l l s

( ~ i g s . 1 2 , 3 4 ; B i s a l p u t r a , 1 9 6 6 ; M a r c h a n t , 1 9 7 6 ) . A c c o r d i n g l y ,

t h e r e d i s t r i b u t i o n o f t h e p l a s m o d e s m a t a o r t h e f o r m a t i o n o f t h e

new p l a s m o d e s m a t a m u s t h a v e o c c u r r e d a t t h e i n i t i a t i o n o f s i e v e

e l e m e n t d i f f e r e n t i a t i o n . The p l a s m o d e s m a t a o n t h e c r o s s w a l l s o f

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S I s eem t o b e t h e f u t u r e p o r e s i t e s ( ~ i g s . 3 5 , 4 0 ) . A s t h e

d i f f e r e n t i a t i o n p r o g r e s s e s , t h e s i e v e - e l e m e n t c e l l n o t o n l y

e l o n g a t e s b u t a l s o ' i n c r e a s e s i t s d i a m e t e r . A l t h o u g h i t i s

n a t u r a l t h a t t h e d e n s i t y o f t h e p l a s m o d e s m a t a p e r u n i t a r e a

d r o p s ( 1 0 0 - 1 6 /umL) a s t h e d i a m e t e r o f t h e c r o s s q a l l o f t h e

s i e v e e l e m e n t ( S l - S 3 ) i n c r e a s e s , t h e r e a r e f e w e r s i e v e p o r e s i n

t h e m a t u r e s i e v e p l a t e s o f S4 s i e v e e l e m e n t s ( c a . 0.08-0.,16 /um 2

1. I t s e e m s l i k e l y t h a t t h e f u s i o n o f s e v e r a l p l a s m o d e s m a t a

r e s u l t i n g f r o m t h e d i s s o l u t i o n o f t h e w a l l m a t e r i a l s may h a v e

t a k e n p l a c e d u r i n g t h e f o r m a t i o n o f t h e s i e v e p l a t e s .

The phenomenon o f p e r f o r a t i o n o f s i e v e p l a t e i s s e e n o n l y

when t h e a u t o p h a g i c p r o c e s s o f t h e c y t o p l a s m h a s b e g u n . I t i s

p l a u s i b l e t h a t t h e r e q u i r e d h y d r o l y t i c e n z y m e s f o r d i g e s t i n g t h e

c e l l w a l l a r e r e l e a s e d o r a r e a v a i l a b l e a t t h a t t i m e . The s i e v e

p o r e c a n a l s i n t h e m a t u r e s i e v e e l e m e n t s o f L a m i n a r i a a n d

N e r e o c y s t i s a r e s t i l l t r a v e r s e d by c y t o p l a s m i c s t r a n d s , b u t i n

t h e s i e v e e l e m e n t s o f M. i n t e g r i f o l i a t h e y a r e a p p a r e n t l y o p e n

a n d a l m o s t f r e e d f r o m a n y s u b s t a n c e s ( F i g . 3 7 ; S c h m i t z , 1 9 7 6 ,

h i s F i g . 1 3 b ) .

The s i z e o f t h e s i e v e p o r e s m e a s u r e d v a r i e s i n d i f f e r - e n t

s p e c i e s o f L a m i n a r i a l e s . The s m a l l e s t p o r e s i z e r e c o r d e d s o f a r

i s i n L a m i n a r i a , r a n g i n g b e t w e e n 0.04-0.09 urn i n d i a m e t e r

( S c h m i t z a n d S r i v a s t a v a , 1 9 7 4 b ; S i d e m a n a n d S c h e i r e r , 1 9 7 7 ) .

W h i l e M a c r o c y s t i s s p e c i e s h a v e t h e m o s t s p e c i a l i z e d s i e v e

e l e m e n t s w i t h s i e v e - p l a t e p o r e s , 0 .6-6 .0 um i n d i a m e t e r ( P a r k e r

a n d H u b e r , 1 9 6 5 ; S c h m i t z , 1 9 7 6 ; a n d p r e s e n t s t u d y ) ; A l a r i a a n d

Page 111: ON THE SIEVE ELEMENTS OF MACROCYSTIS ...summit.sfu.ca/system/files/iritems1/4010/b12743665.pdfABSTRACT The sieve elements of Macrocystis integrifolia occur characteristically in radial

Nereocystis, with sieve pores 0.11-0.4 um in diameter (Schmitz

and Srivastava, 1975; 1976), are ranked between Laminaria and

Macrocystis. In conjunction with the differentiation of the

sieve element, the large sieve-plate pores and their efficient

system of translocation of assimilates, Macrocystis is probably

one of the most evolutionally advanced plants among all the

Laminariales.

It has been shown in this study that the mature sieve

elements are the pathway of 14c-labeled photoassimilates in M. - integrifolia. Very young sieve elements in stage S1 are not

capable of long-distance transport of photoassimilates as

evidenced by the absence of silver grains in them (Fig. 46).

However, sieve elements in file 11, 111, and IV (Fig. 46) which

correspond to the mature sieve elements in stage S4 (Fig. 5 ) are

conducting.14c label was not seen either in the very old sieve

elements often occluded by the callose in the central medulla or

in the anastomosing hyphal cells. The old sieve elements

apparently had lost their function. Hyphal cells, on the

contrary, have not seemed to be involved in translocation at all

(see also Steinbiss and Schmitz, 1973).

A very interesting point is that only specific sieve

elements beneath (and probably above) the source blade are

involved in transporting the assimilates from the blade (see

also Schmitz and Srivastava, 1979b; their Fig. 5 ) . Such a

relationship has also been demonstrated in sugar beet (Joy,

1964). Sieve elements of - M. integrifolia which occur in long

Page 112: ON THE SIEVE ELEMENTS OF MACROCYSTIS ...summit.sfu.ca/system/files/iritems1/4010/b12743665.pdfABSTRACT The sieve elements of Macrocystis integrifolia occur characteristically in radial

f i l e s , h o w e v e r , may f o r m a t h r e e - d i m e n s i o n a l s y s t e m by means o f

c r o s s c o n n e c t i o n s . T h e r e i s c o n s i d e r a b l e l a b e l s e e n a t c r o s s

c o n n e c t i o n s ( F i g . 47), t h e r e f o r e , i t i s c o n j e c t u r e d t h a t g i v e n a

l o n g e r t i m e t r a c e r g r a i n s w i l l a p p e a r i n m o r e f i l e s o f s i e v e

e l e m e n t s a t i n c r e a s i n g d i s t a n c e s f r o m t h e s o u r c e b l a d e .

I t h a s b e e n shown t h a t t h e s i e v e e l e m e n t s o f M. - i n t e g r i f o l i a c o n t a i n a v e r y h i g h a m o u n t o f ATP ( u p t o 1200

u g / m l ) ( S c h m i t z a n d S r i v a s t a v a , 1 9 7 4 a ) w h i c h i n t h e p r e s e n t

s t u d y c a n b e c o r r e l a t e d t o t h e p r e s e n c e o f many m i t o c h o n d r i a i n

t h e m a t u r e s i e v e e l e m e n t s . M i t o c h o n d r i a a r e a l s o f o u n d i n m a t u r e

s i e v e e l e m e n t s o f o t h e r L a m i n a r i a l e s . T h i s may i n d i c a t e t h a t t h e

t r a n s l o c a t i o n o f a s s i m i l a t e s t h r o u g h t h e m a t u r e s i e v e e l e m e n t s

r e q u i r e s a c o n s i d e r a b l e a m o u n t o f ATP. U n l i k e s i e v e e l e m e n t s i n

h i g h e r v a s c u l a r p l a n t s , s i e v e e l e m e n t s o f L a m i n a r i a l e s a r e n o t

a s s o c i a t e d w i t h c o m p a n i o n c e l l s o r o t h e r s p e c i a l i z e d p a r e n c h y m a

c e l l s . The h i g h a m o u n t o f ATP f o u n d i n s i e v e e l e m e n t s o f

M a c r o c y s t i s ( S c h m i t z a n d S r i v a s t a v a , 1 9 7 4 a ) may r e f l e c t a

m e t a b o l i c a l l y i n d e p e n d e n t s y s t e m w i t h i n t h e s e c e l l s . R e c e n t l y ,

S c h m i t z a n d S r i v a s t a v a ( 1 9 8 0 ) h a v e s u g g e s t e d t h a t t h e

o s m o t i c a l l y - d r i v e n p r e s s u r e - f l o w m e c h a n i s m i s o p e r a t i v e i n

M a c r o c y s t i s . T h e y showed t h a t t r i t i a t e d w a t e r ( T H O ) moved w i t h

t h e o r g a n i c p h o t o a s s i m i l a t e s t h r o u g h t h e t r a n s l o c a t i o n p a t h w a y

f r o m s o u r c e ( m a t u r e b l a d e s ) t o s i n k ( g r o w i n g r e g i o n s ) . A l t h o u g h

s t r i c t l y s p e a k i n g , t h e p r e s s u r e f l o w m e c h a n i s m d o e s n o t r e q u i r e

m e t a b o l i c e n e r g y , l o a d i n g a n d u n l o a d i n g a g a i n s t t h e g r a d i e n t o f

t h e s o l u t i o n a l o n g t h e t r a n s l o c a t i o n p a t h w a y mus t b e

Page 113: ON THE SIEVE ELEMENTS OF MACROCYSTIS ...summit.sfu.ca/system/files/iritems1/4010/b12743665.pdfABSTRACT The sieve elements of Macrocystis integrifolia occur characteristically in radial

energy-consuming processes. The present study shows that the

conducting sieve elements of M. integrifolia indeed have large - open pores at the sieve plates and empty-looking central lumina,

both important prerequisites for the bulk flow of solutions

(crafts and Crisp, 1 9 7 1 ) . However, while the sieve elements of

Macrocystis represent the most specialized translocation system

among Laminariales, the same mechanism of translocation of

assimilates may not be operative in the more primitive system,

e.g., of Laminaria.

Page 114: ON THE SIEVE ELEMENTS OF MACROCYSTIS ...summit.sfu.ca/system/files/iritems1/4010/b12743665.pdfABSTRACT The sieve elements of Macrocystis integrifolia occur characteristically in radial

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