on politics and airpower

8/8/2019 On Politics and Airpower

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/on-politics-and-airpower 1/42

S]AVM ]YUAYCFR UC]CAUMG [UJLCMY

Jn [jobybm} ani Abu{jvcu

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OyMjo Euaiocr L ]hbygSnbyci ]yayc} Abu Djumc

Mjo Faur ]nricu [ujlcmy Aitb}ju

Ygc tbcv} cw{uc}}ci bn ygb} amaichbm uc}caumg {a{cu auc ygj}c jd ygcasygju ani ij njy ncmc}}aubor ucdocmy ygc jddbmbao {jobmr ju {j}bybjn jd ygcS.]. Fjtcunhcny/ ygc Ic{auyhcny jd Icdcn}c/ ju anr jd by} afcnmbc}.

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AE]YUAMY

ASYGJU< OyMjo Euaiocr L ]hbyg/ S]AD

YBYOC< Jn [jobybm} ani Abu{jvcu

DJUHAY< ]yuaycfr Uc}caumg [ujlcmy

IAYC< ;2 A{ubo 5;;5 [AFC]< 9= MOA]]BDBMAYBJN< Snmoa}}bdbci

Abu{jvcu aitjmayc} {jbny yj ygc cw{jncnybao bnmuca}c} bn {ucmb}bjn/ }ycaoyg ani {jvcu jd hjicun

abu }r}ych} a} {ujjd {j}bybtc jd a ncv cua bn vaudauc. Rcy }smg moabh} mannjy ec b}joayci dujh

ygc {jobybmao jelcmybtc abu{jvcu soybhaycor }cutc}. Ygb} {a{cu cw{ojuc} ygc aitanyafc} ani

ib}aitanyafc} jd ygc }yuaycfbm ch{ojrhcny jd abu{jvcu dujh a {jobybmao {cu}{cmybtc. Ygc

bngcucny {jobybmao aitanyafc} auc bnyujismci dbu}y aojnf vbyg a }shhaur jd msuucny }yuaycfbm

abu{jvcu ygcjur. Ncwy }jhc jd ygc obhbyaybjn} jd }yuaycfbm abu{jvcu auc cw{ojuci vbyg cwah{oc}.

Dbnaoor/ ygc {jobybmao ch{ojrhcny jd S] }yuaycfbm abu{jvcu b} }shhaub|ci dju camg halju mjndobmy

dujh Vjuoi Vau BB yj @j}jtj yj boos}yuayc gjv {jobybm} ani abu{jvcu bnycuamy ay ygc }yuaycfbm octco.

[jobybm} jdycn iubtc} }yuaycfr/ {oarbnf yj ejyg abu{jvcu&} }yucnfyg} ani vca`nc}}c}. Ygc asygju

mjnmosic} ygay vgboc ygc aitanyafc} jd hjicun S] abu{jvcu ha`c by an jetbjs} mgjbmc dju

amgbctbnf naybjnao jelcmybtc}/ {jobybmao ocaicu} ncci yj ec avauc jd ygc ojnf ycuh mj}y ani

obhbyaybjn} jd ucobanmc jn abu{jvcu a} a }yuaycfbm hcan}.

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YAEOC JD MJNYCNY]AE]YUAMY .................................................................................................................................................. BBB

[UCDAMC ...................................................................................................................................................TBB

JN [JOBYBM] ANI ABU[JVCU .................................................................................................................. 1

YGC [JOBYBMAO [UJHB]C JD ]YUAYCFBM ABU[JVCU..................................................1

A]RHHCYUBM VAUDAUC ANI MJNTCNYBJNAO ICYCUUCNMC ....................................1

[UCMB]C [JOBYBMAO MJNYUJO .........................................................................................5

DCVCU MA]SAOYBC]...........................................................................................................5

IBUCMY AYYAM@ JN YGC CNCHR‒] VBOO .........................................................................=

[JVCU [UJLCMYBJN .........................................................................................................=

]YUAYCFBM DOCWBEBOBYR .................................................................................................... =

BNDJUHAYBJN IJHBNANMC...............................................................................................9

UA[BI TBMYJUR...................................................................................................................9

]SHHAUR.............................................................................................................................9

ABU[JVCU SECU AOOC] ” YGC ABUHAN‒] [CU][CMYBTC...........................................3

ABU[JVCU B] BNGCUCNYOR A ]YUAYCFBM DJUMC.........................................................3

ABU[JVCU B] YAUFCYBNF/ ANI YAUFCYBNF B] BNYCOOBFCNMC ..................................4

ABU ]S[CUBJUBYR B] YGC DBU]Y [UBJUBYR DJU ABU DJUMC] ......................................6

ABU[JVCU B] [UBHAUBOR AN JDDCN]BTC VCA[JN ......................................................6

ABU[JVCU [UJISMC] [GR]BMAO ANI []RMGJOJFBMAO ]GJM@ ER IJHBNAYBNFYGC DJSUYG IBHCN]BJN YBHC.........................................................................................6

ABU[JVCU MAN MJNISMY J[CUAYBJN] AY AOO OCTCO] JD VAU]BHSOYANCJS]OR ..............................................................................................................7

[UCMB]BJN ABU VCA[JN] GATC UCICDBNCI YGC HCANBNF JD HA]] .....................7

ABU[JVCU ]GJSOI EC MJNYUJOOCI ER ABUHCN .......................................................2

YCMGNJOJFR ANI ABU[JVCU AUC BNYCFUAOOR ANI ]RNCUFB]YBMAOORUCOAYCI ..............................................................................................................................2

ABU[JVCU BNMOSIC] NJY JNOR HBOBYAUR A]]CY] ESY UJES]Y MBTBOBANATBAYBJN ..............................................................................................................................2

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]SHHAUR< YGC ABUHAN‒] [CU][CMYBTC ..................................................................... 1;

YGC OBHBY] JD ABU[JVCU..............................................................................................11

YGC YUSC HCA]SUC JD ABU[JVCU..............................................................................11

[JOBYBMAO OBHBY] JN ABU[JVCU................................................................................... 15

ABU[JVCU IC[CNI] S[JN YGC TSONCUAEBOBYR JD YGC CNCHR ..........................1=

AYYAM@BNF AN CNCHR‒] VBOO IC[CNI] JN GB] [JOBYBMAO TSONCUAEBOBYR........13

ABU[JVCU OAM@] [CU]B]YCNMC ..................................................................................13

[JOBYBM] ANI ABU[JVCU BN [UAMYBMC.......................................................................17

VJUOI VAU BB< S] ]YUAYCFBM EJHEBNF.....................................................................17

@JUCA ................................................................................................................................5;

TBCYNAH.............................................................................................................................51

YGC [CU]BAN FSOD VAU.................................................................................................5=

ABU[JVCU JTCU @J]JTJ..............................................................................................59

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[UCDAMC

Ygc hanr {jobybmao {auaijwc} jd }yuaycfbm abu{jvcu gatc aovar} da}mbnayci hc. Vgbocabu{jvcu&} tb}bjn ga} jdycn cwmccici by} }yuaycfbm ucamg/ ygc cw{jncnybao fabn} vc gatc haic bnyaufcybnf ani {ucmb}bjn icobtcur jd vca{jn} har s}gcu a ncv afc jd oc}} mj}yor vaudauc.Snhannci tcgbmoc}/ ic}{byc ygc cygbmao mgaoocnfc ygcr {uc}cny/ jddcu yj ya`c vaudauc ctcn

dsuygcu. Rcy aoo jd ygb} ycmgnjojfr mannjy ec ctaosayci bn b}joaybjn jd ygc {jobybmao bh{amy}. Ygb}{a{cu ha`c} an ayych{y yj eaoanmc ygc moabh} jd abu{jvcu afabn}y by} {jobybmao obhbyaybjn}.Abu{jvcu/ ob`c anr hcan}/ mannjy ec }c{auayci dujh ygc jelcmybtc by }cutc}. Ygcucdjuc anctaosaybjn jd abu{jvcu hs}y ec bn obfgy jd by} bnycuamybjn vbyg {jobybm} ay ygc }yuaycfbm octco.

B vjsoi ob`c yj cw{uc}} ygan`} yj hr dahbor/ {auybmsoauor Hb}} Ob}a dju gcu }s{{juy isubnfygb} cddjuy. Hr aitb}ju/ Mjo Faur ]nricu/ ga} ao}j eccn a fucay dubcni ani }s{{juycu. Ygan`}ao}j yj ygc S] Abu Djumc ani Auhr dju {ujtbibnf ygb} snbqsc j{{juysnbyr yj }{cni a rcau bn ygc}ysir jd gb}yjur/ }yuaycfr ani naybjnao {jobmr.

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JN [JOBYBM] ANI ABU[JVCU

YGC [JOBYBMAO [UJHB]C JD ]YUAYCFBM ABU[JVCU

Ygc {jobybmao jelcmy ” ygc jubfbnao hjybtc dju ygc vau ” vboo ygs} icycuhbnc ejyg ygc

hbobyaur jelcmybtc yj ec ucamgci ani ygc ahjsny jd cddjuy by ucqsbuc}.‘

( Mauo Tjn Moas}cvby|/ Jn Vau/ Mga{ycu 1

Abu{jvcu aitjmayc} auc }yasnmg bn ygcbu icdcn}c jd abu{jvcu a} ygc ncv djuh jd vaudauc.

Ygc icaior mjhebnaybjn jd S] ijhbnanmc bn ucmjnnab}}anmc {oaydjuh}/ }ycaoygr {ucmb}bjn }yub`c

}r}ych} ani ucao ybhc bndjuhaybjn }r}ych} ha`c {j}}beoc ygc ncau(ucao(ybhc yaufcybnf ani aoo(

vcaygcu ic}yusmybjn jd yaufcy} sniucahci jd isubnf ygc Fsod Vau. Ygcr aufsc ygay rcy anjygcu

Uctjosybjn bn Hbobyaur Addabu} 'UHA" ga} jmmsuuci ani ygay ga} ucicdbnci vaudauc bn ygc 51}y

mcnysur. Rcy/ a} Moas}cvby| {jbny} jsy/ by b} ygc {jobybmao jelcmy ygay b} ijhbnany bn anr

mjn}bicuaybjn jd sybobyr. Yj mjn}bicu abu{jvcu‒} bnmucibeoc ycmgnbmao ju hbobyaur amgbctchcny bn

b}joaybjn dujh ygc {jobybmao jelcmybtc b} djjob}gnc}}. Ygc moabh} hs}y ec ctaosayci bn ygc obfgy jd

ygcbu mjnyubesybjn yj ygc jtcuaoo {jobybmao jelcmy ani {jobybmao sybobyr. Abu{jvcu b} ygcucdjuc njygbnf

hjuc ygan a ucoaybtcor ncv hcan} yj amgbctc ygc {jobybmao jelcmybtc. Ygc icmb}bjn yj s}c

abu{jvcu cbygcu aojnc ju bn mjhebnaybjn vbyg jygcu hcan} b} a }yuaycfbm mgjbmc. Vgboc hbobyaur

mjhhanicu} hbfgy ha`c ygb} }yuaycfbm mgjbmc aojnc/ gb}yjur ga} }gjvn s} ygay ygc }yuaycfbm

ch{ojrhcny ani obhbyaybjn jd abu{jvcu b} jdycn haic ay ygc {jobybmao octco. Ygb} }cmybjn

bnyujismc} ygc halju moabh} jd abu{jvcu‒} aitanyafc} dujh a {jobybmao {cu}{cmybtc. Oaycu }cmybjn} vboo {oamc ygc}c moabh} snicu ygc gau}g obfgy jd ucaobyr ani cw{ojuc ygc sn}yayci {jobybmao

obhbyaybjn} jd hjicun abu{jvcu. Ygc dbnao }cmybjn vboo cwahbnc ygc {jobybm} jd abu{jvcu bn ygc

halju mjndobmy} }bnmc Vjuoi Vau BB ani {uc}cny }jhc oc}}jn} vc man iuav dju ygc hjicun djuh

jd vaudauc.

A]RHHCYUBM VAUDAUC ANI MJNTCNYBJNAO ICYCUUCNMC

Ygc mjhebnaybjn jd Ahcubman {ucmb}bjn abu{jvcu ani bndjuhaybjn ijhbnanmc ga} eccn

gaboci a} ygc hjicun djuh jd a}rhhcyubm vaudauc/ octcuafbnf ycmgnjojfbmao }s{cubjubyr yj

amgbctc sn{ucmcicnyci hbobyaur tbmyjur. Ygc ocygao mjhebnaybjn jd }ycaoyg/ {ucmb}bjn }yub`c/

}aycoobyc ani abuejunc ucmjnnab}}anmc {jycnybaoor aoojv} anr dbwci }sudamc yaufcy jn ygc {oancy yj

ec yaufcyci ani ic}yujrci bn a hayycu jd gjsu}. Ygb} snbqscor Ahcubman a}rhhcyur {ujtbic}

}smg a ijhbnany S] aitanyafc ygay by cddcmybtcor }cutc} a} icycuucnmc yj {jycnybao cnchbc} vgj

hbfgy ygucaycn S] bnycuc}y} aeujai. Abu Djumc gb}yjuban Ubmgaui Gaoobjn maoo} abu{jvcu ‟ygc



Vc}ycun vjuoi‒} a}rhhcyubm jdd}cy afabn}y j{{jncny} vgj auc mjh{cooci er ijmyubnao mgjbmc/

cmjnjhbm ncmc}}byr/ ju ygc ucaobybc} jd ycmgnjojfbmao mbumsh}yanmc} yj ucor s{jn joicu ani oc}}

ucoctany djuh} jd vaudauc.‘1

]jhc/ bnmosibnf Fcncuao Esyocu/ djuhcu ]yuaycfbm Abu Mjhhani

mjhhanicu ani Fcncuao Gjuncu/ ygc abu mjhhanicu isubnf ygc Fsod Vau ecobctc ygay ygc S]

aitanyafc a} }j oaufc a} yj {uj{j}c ib}hanyobnf jd S] nsmocau djumc}/ aufsbnf ygay

mjntcnybjnao abu djumc} man mucayc ncau(nsmocau cddcmy} ay oc}} mj}y ani vbyg oc}} {jycnybao dju an

ammbicny.5

[jobybmaoor/ ygc S] ga} eccn aeoc yj octcuafc ygc ygucay jd S] abu{jvcu mucibeor yj

icycu ani ctcn mjcumc djc} bn a taubcyr jd }bysaybjn}. Dju cwah{oc/ ygc ygucay jd abu{jvcu {oarci

a halju ujoc bn mjntbnmbnf Hboj}ctbm yj afucc yj ygc Iaryjn Ammjui}.

[UCMB]C [JOBYBMAO MJNYUJO

Abu{jvcu aitjmayc} }gbtcu ay ygc ygjsfgy jd ibucmy {jobybmao mjnyujo/ vgbmg eubnf} s{ tbtbi

hchjubc} jd [uc}bicny Ljgn}jn }cocmybnf bnibtbisao yaufcy} ani ujsyc} yj ec }yusm` ay gb}‟Ysc}iar osnmgcjn}‘ isubnf ygc Tbcynah vau.

=Nctcuygcoc}}/ ygc }s}mc{ybebobyr jd hjicun

abu{jvcu yj {jobybmao hbmujhanafchcny b} a }bfnbdbmany aitanyafc yj {jobybmao ocaicu}. Abu{jvcu

b} mcnyuaoor {oannci. [jobybmao ocaicu} man mcnyuaoor mjnyujo moa}}c} jd yaufcy} ani ctcn }cocmy

bnibtbisao yaufcy} yabojuci yj obhbyci jelcmybtc}. Bn aiibybjn/ ygc ych{j/ ybhbnf ani {amc jd abu

}yub`c} man ec ybfgyor mjnyujooci yj }s{{juy }yuaycfbm fjao}. Fbtcn }sddbmbcny uc}jsumc}/ jnc man

bnmuca}c ygc bnycn}byr jd abu }yub`c} ay vboo/ ju msy ygch jdd cnybucor ay a hjhcny‒} njybmc. Fujsni

djumc} ij njy {ujtbic ygc }ahc icfucc jd ibucmy mcnyuaob|ci mjnyujo ju ygc aebobyr yj ib}cnfafc

bhhcibaycor jnmc cnfafci. ]bnmc abu{jvcu man ec ucibucmyci ay a hjhcny‒} njybmc ibucmyordujh Va}gbnfyjn/ by b} {j}}beoc yj s}c abu{jvcu bn auca} vgcuc jelcmybtc} auc obhbyci/ ani

hcan} hs}y }bhboauor ec obhbyci. Ygb} aoojv} abu{jvcu yj ec docwbeor a{{obci amuj}} ygc dsoo

}{cmyush jd fcj{jobybmao j{cuaybjn}/ c}{cmbaoor vgcuc {cub{gcuao bnycuc}y} har njy vauuany ygc

ic{ojrhcny jd S] fujsni djumc}.

DCVCU MA]SAOYBC]

Ch{ojrbnf abu{jvcu bngcucnyor {oamc} dcvcu dubcnior djumc} ay ub}` ygan ch{ojrbnf

mjntcnybjnao fujsni djumc}. A oaufc abu j{cuaybjn hbfgy {oamc a dcv gsniuci abuhan ay ub}` ay

anr jnc ybhc/ vgboc ic{ojrbnf a }bnfoc auhr eubfaic {jycnybaoor {oamc} ygjs}ani} ay ub}`. S]

ycmgnjojfbmao ijhbnanmc bn ygc abu dsuygcu ucismc} ygb} ub}`. A} {ujjd/ ejyg ygc @j}jtj ani

bnbybao Adfganb}yanb mah{abfn} auc mbyci }bnmc nj S] abuhan oj}y ygcbu obtc} yj cnchr dbuc. Bn

aiibybjn/ abu{jvcu aitjmayc} ha`c ygc moabh ygay hjicun abu{jvcu uc}soy} bn dcvcu cnchr

mbtboban ma}saoybc} ecmas}c hbobyaur yaufcy} man ec ibucmyor }yusm` vbyg {ucmb}bjn vca{jn} ygay

obhby mjooaycuao iahafc. Bn mjnyua}y/ a mjntcnybjnao fujsni djumc hs}y icdcay bnycutcnbnf cnchr

5



fujsni djumc} ani jmms{r mbtboban ycuubyjubc} yj ic}yujr ygc}c }ahc }yuaycfbm yaufcy}/ {jycnybaoor

ay gbfgcu mj}y yj ygc ojmao mbtboban {j{soamc. Obhbybnf dubcnior ma}saoybc} mocauor obhby} ygc

ijhc}ybm {jobybmao mj}y jd hbobyaur amybjn/ vgboc ucismbnf mjooaycuao iahafc yj ygc cnchr {ujtbic}

{jobybmao aitanyafc} ejyg ay gjhc ani aeujai.

IBUCMY AYYAM@ JN YGC CNCHR‒] VBOO

Cauor abu{jvcu aitjmayc} }smg a} Fbsobj Ijsgcy/ vubybnf bn ygc adycuhayg jd ygc gjuubdbm

Dbu}y Vjuoi Vau/ {uj{j}ci s}bnf ygc ygbui ibhcn}bjn njy yj ayyam` cnchr dbcoici djumc}/ esy yj

er{a}} ygch ani }yub`c ibucmyor ay ygc cnchr‒} vboo.9

Ygc {ujhb}c jd abu{jvcu b} yj atjbi a vau

jd ayyubybjn er }yub`bnf ibucmyor ay ygc cnchr‒} gcauy/ ju habn mcnycu jd fuatbyr. Vgbmg yaufcy}

mjh{ub}c ygc mcnycu jd fuatbyr b} a hayycu jd mjn}bicuaeoc iceayc yj ygb} iar/ ani vboo ec

cw{ojuci hjuc dsoor bn ygb} {a{cu. Nctcuygcoc}}/ abu{jvcu jddcu} an aoycunaybtc yj {uctbjs} djuh}

jd vaudauc er aoojvbnf s} yj }yub`c ay ygc cnchr gjhcoani vbygjsy dbu}y ic}yujrbnf bnycutcnbnfauhbc}. A} Moas}cvby| njyc}/ ‟․ygucc eujai jelcmybtc} vgbmg ecyvccn ygch mjtcu ctcurygbnf.

Ygcr auc ygc hbobyaur {jvcu/ ygc mjsnyur ani ygc vboo jd ygc cnchr.‘3

Abu{jvcu man }yub`c ay aoo

ygucc }bhsoyancjs}or ani bhhcibaycor. Dujh a {jobybmao {cu}{cmybtc/ ygc cnchr‒} vau ha`bnf

ma{aebobyr ani ocaicu}gb{ man ec ibucmyor }yusm` dujh ygc tcur ecfbnnbnf jd ygc vau/ mucaybnf

bhhcibayc ianfcu ani {jobybmao {uc}}suc jn a }yayc‒} ocaicu} yj cujic ygcbu vboo.

[JVCU [UJLCMYBJN

Hjicun abu{jvcu uc{uc}cny} ygc hj}y ua{bi ani ocygao hcan} dju {ujlcmybnf S] {jvcu

fojeaoor. Vgcygcu by b} a E(5 j{cuaybnf ibucmyor dujh Vgbychan ADE bn Hb}}jsub/ ju Yjhagav`

Oani Ayyam` musb}c hb}}boc} ani atbaybjn dujh a mauubcu eayyoc fujs{/ ygc S] snbqscor {j}}c}}c}

ygc aebobyr yj ua{bior {ujlcmy jtcuvgcohbnf abu{jvcu yj anr ucfbjnao mjndobmy. Ygc damy ygay

}se}yanybao oani ju }ca(ea}ci abu{jvcu man ec {ujlcmyci vjuoivbic hjuc ua{bior ygan

mjntcnybjnao fujsni djumc} b} a }bfnbdbmany }yuaycfbm aitanyafc dju ygc Snbyci ]yayc}. Bn aiibybjn

yj ygc icycuucnmc taosc/ ua{bi {jvcu {ujlcmybjn aoojv} obhbyci S] abu djumc} yj docwbeor uc}{jni yj

ictcoj{bnf {jobybmao }bysaybjn}. Ygc aebobyr yj {ujlcmy abu{jvcu fojeaoor b} a snbqsc ma{aebobyr jd

ygc Snbyci ]yayc}/ ani ygcucdjuc {ujtbic} a snbqsc fcj{jobybmao ani }yuaycfbm aitanyafc yj S]

djumc}.

]YUAYCFBM DOCWBEBOBYR

Ygc aebobyr jd abu{jvcu yj ec ucmjndbfsuci dju hanr ibddcucny `bni} jd hb}}bjn} ani ua{bior

{ujlcmyci vjuoivbic {ujtbic} yuchcnijs} }yuaycfbm docwbebobyr. Ygc }ahc mjhhani ani mjnyujo

{oanc ygay b} hjnbyjubnf iusf hb}}bjn} bn ygc Maubeecan jnc iar man ec s}ci a iar ju yvj oaycu

=



yj ibucmy dbfgycu} bn mjheay. Yuan}{juy} man ec s}ci yj gaso {ucmb}bjn vca{jn} yj jnc ojmaybjn

ani gshanbyauban abi yj ygc ncwy. [jobybmaoor ygb} fbtc} ygc [uc}bicny ani ]cmucyaur jd Icdcn}c a

yuchcnijs} hcns jd }yuaycfbm j{ybjn} yj }cocmy dujh ani aoojv} ygc S] yj cnfafc bn a dsoo

}{cmyush jd j{cuaybjn} vjuoivbic yj cnganmc ani {ujycmy S] bnycuc}y}.

BNDJUHAYBJN IJHBNANMC

Abu ani ]{amc ucmjnnab}}anmc {oaydjuh} mucayc a snbqsc vjuoivbic ma{aebobyr yj hjnbyju

ani bnycumc{y cnchr ic{ojrhcny}/ hjtchcny}/ mjhhsnbmaybjn}/ ani a}}c}} bnycny. Bn

aiibybjn/ ygc yuchcnijs} bnycfuaybjn jd ygc}c {oaydjuh} vbyg S] mjhhani ani mjnyujo }r}ych}

ygay ga} ya`cn {oamc }bnmc Ic}cuy ]yjuh njv aoojv ncau ucao(ybhc bicnybdbmaybjn ani yaufcybnf jd

ygc cnchr. Ygc J{cn ]`bc} yucayr aoojv} jtcugcai }r}ych} yj hjnbyju ycuubyjur ygay b}

bnammc}}beoc s}bnf jygcu {oaydjuh}. Dujh a {jobybmao {cu}{cmybtc/ ygc snbqsc bnycoobfcnmc

faygcubnf ma{aebobybc} {ujtbici er S] a}}cy} {ujtbic ejyg a {camcybhc ani vauybhc aitanyafc

er bnmuca}bnf vjuoivbic }bysaybjnao avaucnc}} ani bn hanr ma}c} bnycumc{ybnf ygc hjtchcny}

ani bnycny jd ygc cnchr ecdjuc a mub}b} ictcoj{}. Ygc ucmcny bnycfuaybjn jd }{cmbao j{cuaybjn}

djumc} ani MBA j{cuaybtc} {seobmb|ci bn Adfganb}yan {ujtbic mjh{obhcnyaur bndjuhaybjn yj

cnganmc ygay faygcuci er abu ani }{amc a}}cy}. [jobybmaoor ygb} man {ujtbic a gsfc aitanyafc bn

ncfjybaybjn}/ ani {camcybhc cnfafchcny a} vcoo a} hbobyaur j{cuaybjn}.

UA[BI TBMYJUR

S] abu{jvcu b} an a}rhhcyubm vjuoivbic }yuaycfbmaoor docwbeoc djumc ygay man ayyam` ibucmyor

ay ygc cnchr‒} mcnycu} jd fuatbyr vbyg hbnbhao dubcnior ma}saoybc}. Ygc }sh jd ygc}c cddcmy}/

abuhcn moabh/ b} a hjuc ua{bi tbmyjur ygan b} {j}}beoc s}bnf mjntcnybjnao djumc} aojnc. Vgboc

hj}y ygcjub}y} ib}mjsny ygc bica ygay abu{jvcu }gjsoi ctcu ec s}ci aojnc a} by va} bn @j}jtj/

hanr ecobctc ygay ygc cw{jncnybao fujvyg bn ycmgnbmao ma{aebobyr ani ma{ambyr jd S] abu{jvcu

ucismc} ygc ujoc jd mjntcnybjnao fujsni djumc} bn dsysuc mjndobmy. A{{orbnf abu{jvcu dju }yuaycfbm

jelcmybtc} icmb}btcor dujh ygc jsy}cy jd a mjndobmy vboo uc}soy bn a }gjuy mjndobmy vbyg ucoaybtcor dcv

dubcnior ma}saoybc}. [jobybmaoor/ a }gjuy mjndobmy b} ic}buaeoc ijhc}ybmaoor/ {auybmsoauor bn a

ichjmuamr vgcuc {seobm vboo hs}y ec habnyabnci. ]bhboauor a }gjuy vau b} hjuc ammc{yaeoc bn

ygc bnycunaybjnao aucna vgcuc aoobc} ani mjaobybjn {auyncu} hs}y ec ucyabnci.

]SHHAUR

By b} mocau yj }cc vgr abu{jvcu jddcu} a {jobybmaoor ayyuamybtc aoycunaybtc yj mjntcnybjnao

djumc. Ygc {ujhb}c jd dcv ma}saoybc}/ vjuoivbic hjebobyr/ ua{bi tbmyjur/ {ucmb}c {jobybmao mjnyujo/

ani ygc a}rhhcyubm S] ycmgnjojfbmao aitanyafc a{{cau yj ha`c abu{jvcu ygc vca{jn jd mgjbmc

9



a} vc ecfbn a ncv mcnysur. Jnc hbfgy mjnmosic a} [uc}bicny Ljgn}jn ibi ygay abu{jvcu b} an

avc}jhc vca{jn ygay hs}y ec ybfgyor mjnyujooci oc}y by }{au` Vjuoi Vau BBB. Jnc hbfgy ec oci/

a} }jhc {jobybmao ocaicu} vcuc isubnf ygc @j}jtj mah{abfn/ yj ecobctc ygay abu{jvcu aojnc man

vbn anr mjndobmy. Rcy abu{jvcu ijc} njy mjhc vbygjsy }yubnf} ayyamgci. Bn ygc ncwy yvj }cmybjn}

vc vboo cwahbnc ygc ea}bm ygcjur jd abu{jvcu ani }jhc jd by} obhbyaybjn} bn an ayych{y yj

icycuhbnc }jhc jd ygc }yucnfyg} ani obhby} jd abu{jvcu a{{obmaybjn.

ABU[JVCU SECU AOOC] ” YGC ABUHAN‒] [CU][CMYBTC

Ygc mjoj}}ao hancstcu} jd ygc mjaobybjn auhbc} bn ygc ic}cuy} jd @svaby ani Buaqbn 1221 har bn ucyuj}{cmy a{{cau/ ob`c ygc dbnao mgaufc} jd mataour bn ygcnbncyccnyg/ an anjhaor bn ygc damc jd hjicun dbuc{jvcu.

( Cobjy Mjgcn4

]jhc ecobctc vc gatc cnycuci an cua jd Abu{jvcu Secu Aooc} ” ‟abu{jvcu aejtc aoo .‘

Abu{jvcu aitjmayc} {ujtbic hsmg {ujhb}c yj ygc {jobybmao ocaicu/ esy yj icobtcu jn ygc}c

{ujhb}c} ygcr ao}j ecobctc abu{jvcu hs}y ec ch{ojrci bn a mcuyabn var . By b} njy cnjsfg yj

hcucor }cocmy yaufcy} ani ejhe ygch. Ygc ycnany} jd ygc abuhan {uc}mubec gjv abu{jvcu }gjsoi

ec ch{ojrci/ gjv yaufcy} }gjsoi ec mgj}cn ani vgj }gjsoi ec bn mjnyujo jd acuj}{amc a}}cy}.

Vgboc ygc abuhan‒} ijmyubnc b} mjnmcunci vbyg icyabo} {ubhaubor ay ygc j{cuaybjnao octco/ ygcbu

bh{ochcnyaybjn ga} }yuaycfbm ani fcj{jobybmao bh{obmaybjn}. A} vc vboo }cc bn ygc djsuyg }cmybjn by

b} {ubhaubor ygb} mjndobmy ecyvccn ygc j{cuaybjnao ijmyubnc ani {jobybm} ygay dsco} ygc dbuc ecyvccn

abuhcn ani ygcbu {jobybmao ocaicu}. By b} bh{juyany/ ygcucdjuc/ yj {ujtbic an jtcutbcv jd ygc

dsniahcnyao ycnany} jd abu{jvcu ch{ojrhcny dujh an abuhan‒} {cu}{cmybtc ecdjuc cwahbnbnf

ygc obhbyaybjn} jd }yuaycfbm abu{jvcu ch{ojrhcny. Ygc ycn {uc{j}bybjn} ecojv auc }shhaubc} jd

Hcbobnfcu‒} Ycn [uj{j}bybjn} Ucfauibnf Abu{jvcu/ vgbmg {ujtbic} jnc jd ygc ec}y mjnmb}c

jtcutbcv} jd hjicun abu ijmyubnc.6

ABU[JVCU B] BNGCUCNYOR A ]YUAYCFBM DJUMC

Jnc jd ygc hj}y mjnyujtcu}bao ycnany} jd abu{jvcu b} ygc abuhan‒} ecobcd bn ygc {ubhamr jd

ygc }yuaycfbm/ uaygcu ygan yamybmao ch{ojrhcny jd abu{jvcu. Abuhcn aufsc ygay abu{jvcu/ er

cw{ojbybnf ygc ygbui ibhcn}bjn/ cddcmybtcor mjh{uc}}c} ygc obnc} ecyvccn }yuaycfbm ani yamybmao

j{cuaybjn}. Jnc nj ojnfcu ncci} yj icdcay an bnycutcnbnf auhr yj ayyam` ygc cnchr ma{byao ju

ic}yujr gb} damyjubc}. Jnc man }yub`c ibucmyor ay ygc vboo ani ma{aebobyr yj ha`c vau. Bn ygc

cwyuchc/ abuhcn aufsc ygay }yub`c} afabn}y hj}y yamybmao yaufcy} }smg a} dbcoici cnchr djumc} b}

a va}yc jd abu{jvcu ecmas}c by ibosyc} ygc djms} jn `cr mcnycu} jd fuatbyr. Abu{jvcu }gjsoi ec

3



s}ci yj ayyam` yamybmao yaufcy} jnor yj ygc icfucc ygay ygcr ibucmyor }s{{juy a }yuaycfbm mcnycu jd

fuatbyr.

Bn mjnyua}y/ Moas}cvby| aufsc} ygay ‟․yj jtcumjhc ygc cnchr/ ju ib}auh gbh’maoo by vgay

rjs vboo’hs}y aovar} ec ygc abh jd vaudauc.‘7

Gc dsuygcu }ar} ygay ygc hj}y bh{juyany amy dju

icdcaybnf ygc cnchr b} ‟1. Ic}yusmybjn jd gb} auhr/ bd by b} ay aoo }bfnbdbmany.‘2 Bn Moas}cvby|‒}

ybhc/ ygc cnchr auhr va} ygc mcnycu jd fuatbyr/ ygc icdcay jd vgbmg soybhaycor uc}soyci bn yjyao

tbmyjur. ]joibcu} aufsc/ ygcucdjuc/ ygay abu{jvcu }gjsoi ec s}ci a} anjygcu djuh jd dbuc bn

}s{{juy jd yamybmao djumc} cnfafbnf ygc cnchr auhr. Ygc mjndobmy ecyvccn ygc abuhan‒}

{cu}{cmybtc ani }joibcu‒} {cu}{cmybtc jtcu ygc ahjsny jd abu{jvcu yj ec ictjyci yj yamybmao

tcu}s} }yuaycfbm yaufcy} b} a }jsumc jd mjn}yany ycn}bjn ygay b} ducqscnyor hb}bnycu{ucyci er

{jobybmao ocaicu}gb{.

ABU[JVCU B] YAUFCYBNF/ ANI YAUFCYBNF B] BNYCOOBFCNMCBd abu{jvcu {j}}c}}c} ygc {jycnybao yj ic}yujr anr snesubci yaufcy/ ygc ibochha jd

abu{jvcu ch{ojrhcny ecmjhc} a }bh{oc qsc}ybjn jd vgbmg yaufcy} yj ic}yujr ani bn vgbmg

juicu. ]bnmc abu{jvcu b} dbnbyc/ yaufcy} hs}y ec {ubjubyb|ci ani a}}bfnci yj soybhaycor amgbctc ygc

ic}buci {jobybmao jelcmybtc}/ ani njy yj hcucor vuca` ic}yusmybjn. Ygb} ic{cni} s{jn ammsuayc

ani ybhcor bnycoobfcnmc jd oaufc cnchr }r}ych} a} vcoo a} ygc bnibtbisao yaufcy} vbygbn ygch.

Ejyg ygc bh{juyanmc jd a yaufcy bn ygc }mgchc jd ygc hbobyaur jelcmybtc hs}y ec `njvn a} vcoo a}

by} tsoncuaebobyr yj abu ayyam`. Dbnaoor/ bnycoobfcnmc hs}y ec ataboaeoc yj ammsuaycor fasfc ygc

cddcmy} jd an ayyam` jn ygc vgjoc }r}ych. Vbygjsy ammsuayc bnycoobfcnmc jnc jd ygc djoojvbnf vbooga{{cn< ygc vujnf yaufcy har ec }cocmyci/ ygc yaufcy }yusm` har gatc nj ucoaybjn yj ygc

jelcmybtc} jd ygc mah{abfn/ ju ygc ubfgy yaufcy hbfgy ec }yusm`/ esy iahafc a}}c}}ci bnmjuucmyor/

ocatbnf an j{cuaybjnao cnchr. A} a uc}soy/ ygc S] Abu Djumc ga} bntc}yci gcatbor njy jnor bn

ucmjnnab}}anmc {oaydjuh}/ esy ao}j ygc bndjuhaybjn }r}ych} nccici yj {ujmc}} ani ib}}chbnayc

bnycoobfcnmc yj ygc vaudbfgycu. Vgboc }se}yanybao }yubic} gatc eccn haic bn faygcubnf ani

ib}yubesybnf yaufcybnf bnycoobfcnmc bn ygc oa}y 1; rcau}/ a}}c}}bnf ygc ucao cddcmy} jd abu j{cuaybjn}

bn ycuh} jd cnchr ma{aebobyr ani vboo }yboo uchabn} an auy djuh.

Bn aiibybjn/ ygc ibucmy ybc dujh yamybmao yaufcy} }yusm` yj hccybnf ucao }yuaycfbm jelcmybtc}

man jdycn ec }selcmybtc ani mbumsbyjs}. Ygb} mubybmao ucaob|aybjn ga} oci yj a hjibdbmaybjn jd

Hcbobnfcu‒} {uj{j}bybjn} bn ygc djuh jd Cddcmy} Ea}ci J{cuaybjn} 'CEJ".1;

Cddcmy} Ea}ci

J{cuaybjn} djms} njy jn bnibtbisao yaufcy} esy ygc }yuaycfbm ani j{cuaybjnao cddcmy} ygay ygc

vaudbfgycu vany} yj mucayc. S}bnf }r}ych}(ea}ci bnycoobfcnmc/ jnc ygcn icycuhbnc} ygc ec}y

yaufcy} yj gby bn {auaooco yj mucayc ygc ic}buci cddcmy jn ygc cnybuc }r}ych. Bn hanr ma}c}/ cddcmy}

4



ea}ci j{cuaybjn} auc hjuc cddbmbcny ygan hcucor }cutbmbnf a yaufcy ob}y bn {ubjubyr juicu ecmas}c

aoo yaufcy} bn a fbtcn }r}ych ncci njy ec ic}yujrci yj mucayc a }r}ych(vbic dabosuc.

ABU ]S[CUBJUBYR B] YGC DBU]Y [UBJUBYR DJU ABU DJUMC]

S] Djumc} gatc njy }sddcuci a ma}saoyr yj cnchr ejhebnf }bnmc 123=/

11

ani vbyg ygccwmc{ybjn jd Tbcynah/ S] djumc} gatc cnljrci a ojnf }yubnf jd tbmyjubc} snicu ygc mjtcu jd

dubcnior abu djumc}. ]bnmc abu{jvcu mahc jd afc bn VVBB/ vgjctcu mjnyujooci ygc abu eayyoc vjsoi

ao}j }gjuyor vbn ygc oani ju }ca eayyoc. Ygcuc auc yvj ea}bm bh{cibhcny} yj amgbctbnf mjnyujo jd

ygc abu/ nahcor cnchr abu djumc} ani abu icdcn}c }r}ych}. Yj amgbctc ojmao abu }s{cubjubyr/ ejyg

hs}y ec icdcayci jtcu ygc bnycnici auca jd j{cuaybjn}. Amgbctbnf abu }s{cubjubyr b} ygcucdjuc a

{ucucqsb}byc yj cnfafbnf bn a oaufc(}maoc abu jddcn}btc/ }j abu }s{cubjubyr b} ygc dbu}y {ubjubyr dju

abuhcn. Bd }sddbmbcny djumc} auc ataboaeoc/ jygcu yaufcy} har ec }yusm` bn {auaooco/ esy ygc icdcay

jd cnchr abu djumc} ani abu icdcn}c} b} aovar} {auahjsny bn ygc abuhan‒} hbni.

ABU[JVCU B] [UBHAUBOR AN JDDCN]BTC VCA[JN

Abu{jvcu ysun} jn by} gcai ygc mjnmc{y jd djumc uaybj} ani ygc bngcucny aitanyafc jd ygc

icdcn}btc. Vgboc bn mjntcnybjnao oani vaudauc ygc icdcn}c b} aovar} }ccn a} }yujnfcu djuh jd

vaudauc/ bn ygc abu ygb} b} njy }j. Ygc acuj}{amc }{gcuc b} oaufc ani an ayyam` har ec hjsnyci

ay anr {jbny dujh anr ibucmybjn {jycnybaoor vbyg jnc‒} cnybuc djumc }bhsoyancjs}or. By ecmjhc}

bh{j}}beoc yj icdcni aoo auca} cqsaoor vbygjsy ib}{cu}bnf ani ibosybnf jnc‒} djumc. Icdcnibnf bn

}smg a hanncu vjsoi fbtc ygc cnchr ic(damyj ojmao abu }s{cubjubyr ygujsfg ha}}ci jddcn}btc

djumc}. Bn aiibybjn/ abu{jvcu `njv} nj dujny obnc}/ ygcuc auc nj doan`} yj ysun/ ani ygcuc b} nj

ycuuabn yj mgannco an cnchr‒} djumc} aojnf. Ygc aitanyafc bn abu b} fabnci er ya`bnf ygc

jddcn}btc ani }yub`bnf dbu}y. Ygcucdjuc abu djumc} j{cuayc vbyg nj uc}cutc/ ani auc s}ci

jddcn}btcor yj }yub`c an cnchr‒} mubybmao yaufcy} dujh ygc jsy}cy. Yj ch{ojr abu{jvcu bn icdcn}btc

{j}bybjn} avabybnf an cnchr ayyam` b} a ianfcujs} ani {jycnybaoor dayao hb}ya`c.

ABU[JVCU [UJISMC] [GR]BMAO ANI []RMGJOJFBMAO ]GJM@ ER IJHBNAYBNF YGCDJSUYG IBHCN]BJN YBHC

Ha}}ci abu{jvcu man mucayc icta}yaybnf {gr}bmao ic}yusmybjn jtcu a dabuor eujai yamybmao

auca bn obycuaoor an bn}yany jd ybhc. A }bnfoc E(35 mauurbnf 5;;;oe Ljbny Ibucmy Ayyam` Hsnbybjn}

'LIAH}" man {ucmb}cor ic}yujr jtcu a ij|cn yaufcy} bn a }bnfoc {a}} vbyg nj vaunbnf ani

ocatbnf nj yuamc jygcu ygan a yuabo jd ic}yusmybjn bn by} va`c. [oanc} j{cuaybnf bn ha}} bn a

mjjuibnayci ayyam` man mucayc gatjm jtcu an auca ani ec ybhci vbygbn }cmjni} jd camg jygcu.

Ygc yuchcnijs} {}rmgjojfbmao bh{amy jd ygc}c {ucmb}cor ybhci rcy snvaunci ayyam`} man ec

6



jtcuvgcohbnf. Ygc aebobyr jd abu{jvcu yj j{cuayc vbyg fucay }{cci ani }su{ub}c jtcu ay anr

{jbny ay anr ybhc jtcu ygc eayyocdbcoi man }jhcybhc} }se}ybysyc dju ha}}. Bd djumc man ec

sncw{cmycior a{{obci ay {ucmb}cor ygc ubfgy {oamc ani hjhcny vbyg mjh{ocyc }su{ub}c by man jdycn

jtcuvgcoh an sn{uc{auci djc. A} abu{jvcu ocfcni Ljgn Ejri }abi bn gb} sn{seob}gci esy

vbicor mbumsoayci ygcjur/ ygc fjao b} yj fcy bn}bic an cnchr‒} JJIA 'je}cutc/ jubcny/ icmbic/

amy" ojj{ er je}cutbnf/ icmbibnf ani amybnf da}ycu ygan ygc cnchr man ucamy yj mucayc a mus}gbnf

{}rmgjojfbmao }yuabn jn ygc cnchr hbni. Ygc fjao b} yj jtcumjhc ygc vboo yj dbfgy er ijhbnaybnf

ybhc. Abuhcn vboo ygcucdjuc }cc` yj mucayc an cwyuchcor ua{bi/ gbfg ych{j abu j{cuaybjn ygay

ha}}c} cddcmy} bn ybhc a} vcoo a} }{amc dju hawbhao cuj}bjn jd ygc cnchr‒} vboo.

ABU[JVCU MAN MJNISMY J[CUAYBJN] AY AOO OCTCO] JD VAU ]BHSOYANCJS]OR

Ygc bngcucny docwbebobyr jd abu{jvcu aoojv} by yj ec s}ci dju a taubcyr jd hb}}bjn}

}bhsoyancjs}or bnmosibnf abu }s{cubjubyr/ }yuaycfbm ayyam`/ bnycuibmybjn/ moj}c abu }s{{juy ani hanr

jygcu}. Abu{jvcu man mjnismy ygc}c hb}}bjn} }bhsoyancjs}or amuj}} ygc cnybuc }{cmyush jd a

mjndobmy a} ojnf a} abu }s{cubjubyr b} c}yaeob}gci jtcu ygc j{cuaybnf auca. Abu{jvcu/ snob`c fujsni

djumc}/ ncci njy cnfafc bn a mjsnycudjumc eayyoc a} a {ucucqsb}byc yj }yuaycfbm ayyam`. Ygb}

}bhsoyancjs}/ ju {auaooco ayyam` man mucayc {auaooco cddcmy}/ ocatbnf ygc cnchr vbyg hsoyb{oc

mub}c} yj icao vbyg. Ygc fjao jd {auaooco ayyam` b} yj mucayc }yuaycfbm {auaor}b} vgcucbn an cnchr

damci vbyg }bhsoyancjs} euca`ijvn} ay ygc }yuaycfbm/ j{cuaybjnao ani yamybmao octco oj}c} by}

cddcmybtcnc}} ani mca}c} yj j{cuayc a} a mjgcucny djumc. Fbtcn }sddbmbcny abu{jvcu ani

yaufcybnf maucdsoor ic}bfnci yj mucayc mcuyabn cddcmy}/ by b} ygcjucybmaoor {j}}beoc yj mucayc yjyao

}yuaycfbm {auaor}b}/ cddcmybtcor euca`bnf an cnchr‒} vboo yj dbfgy. Abuhcn vboo }cc` yj

}bhsoyancjs}or }yub`c `cr }yuaycfbm/ j{cuaybjnao ani yamybmao yaufcy} bn ygc gj{c ygay mjhebnci

cddcmy} vboo mucayc }yuaycfbm {auaor}b} bn ygc cnchr.

[UCMB]BJN ABU VCA[JN] GATC UCICDBNCI YGC HCANBNF JD HA]]

Ygc mjnmcnyuaybjn jd djumc ani dbuc} yj euca` ygujsfg an cnchr icdcn}c b} maooci ha}}.

An bngcucny aitanyafc jd abu{jvcu b} by} aebobyr yj mjnmcnyuayc ju ha}} jn tbuysaoor anr {jbny bn

}s{{juy jd j{cuaybjnao ju yamybmao jelcmybtc}. Sndjuysnaycor/ abu{jvcu b} a {ucmbjs} uc}jsumc ani

cauor abu{jvcu ucqsbuci a }se}yanybao nshecu jd abu{oanc} yj ic}yujr a }bnfoc yaufcy vbyg gbfg

{ujeaebobyr ani ammc{yaeoc oj}}c}. Ygc aebobyr yj ha}} va} obhbyci er oam` jd {ucmb}bjn ani

ma{aeoc cnchr icdcn}c}. Dju cwah{oc bn Vjuoi Vau BB/ yj ic}yujr a }bnfoc }haoo gjs}c vbyg

gbfg {ujeaebobyr ucqsbuci a djumc jd 93;; hcibsh ejhecu} ammjsnybnf dju ejyg ygc gbfg oj}} uayc

ani ojv {ucmb}bjn.15

Er Tbcynah ygb} nshecu gai iuj{{ci }bfnbdbmanyor yj a{{ujwbhaycor 23

abumuady. Er ygc ybhc jd Ic}cuy ]yjuh/ a }bnfoc }ycaoyg abumuady mauurbnf yvj ejhe} mjsoi

7



ammsuaycor gby ygc }ahc yaufcy vbyg tcur ojv {ujeaebobyr jd oj}}. ]bnmc Ic}cuy ]yjuh/ ygc LIAH

{ucmb}bjn }aycoobyc fsbici vca{jn ga} {ujobdcuayci yj hanr S] abu{oanc}/ ani njv a }bnfoc

abumuady }smg a} ygc E(5 ani E(35 man amysaoor ic}yujr a ij|cn ju hjuc yaufcy} bn a }bnfoc {a}}.

Ygb} snbqsc aebobyr yj ha}} abu{jvcu vbyg gbfg {ucmb}bjn ay anr {jbny vbyg nj vaunbnf ga}

}se}yanybao }yuaycfbm/ j{cuaybjnao ani yamybmao a{{obmaybjn }bnmc anr yaufcy b} {jycnybaoor gcoi

gj}yafc yj ha}} abu ayyam`.

ABU[JVCU ]GJSOI EC MJNYUJOOCI ER ABUHCN

Abuhcn ecobctc ygay ygc snbqsc mgauamycub}ybm} jd abu{jvcu ani by} ch{ojrhcny hcan ygay

abuhcn }gjsoi mjnyujo by. Ls}y a} ictcoj{bnf {ujdc}}bjnao fujsni ju natao mjhhanicu} ucqsbuc}

5; rcau} ju hjuc jd }{cmbaob|ci yuabnbnf/ ygc ictcoj{hcny jd an abu mjhhanicu b} cqsaoor

ibddbmsoy. Bn aiibybjn/ }bnmc abu{jvcu b} s}ci mcnyuaoor ay ygc j{cuaybjnao ani }yuaycfbm octco/ an abu

mjhhanicu hs}y gatc a eujai {cu}{cmybtc jd abu vca{jn} ani ygcbu ch{ojrhcny. Abuhcn ao}j

ecobctc bn mcnyuaob|ci mjnyujo ani icmcnyuaob|ci cwcmsybjn. Ygc ib}a}ycu jd icmcnyuaob|ci abu

mjnyujo bn Njuyg Adubma bn VVBB aicqsaycor ichjn}yuayci ygb}. Ygjsfg abuhcn har ic{ojr bn

vbnf} ju }qsaiujn}/ ygcr ij njy dbfgy bn vbnf} ju }qsaiujn}/ esy bn ai(gjm {am`afc} yabojuci

bnibtbisaoor dju camg j{cuaybjn ani camg yaufcy. Abu a}}cy} ygay har ec oasnmgci dujh anrvgcuc

bn ygc ygcaycu/ dor yj jueby {jbny} yj ucdsco/ ani yuatco taubci ujsyc} yj {ucmb}cor }yub`c a yaufcy/ aoo

ygc vgboc {ujtbibnf jtcuoa{{bnf }s{{juy dju camg jygcu. Mjjuibnaybjn jd ygb} icobmayc eaoocy b}

ec}y mcnyuaoor {oannci er abuhcn. Abuhcn ygcucdjuc vb}g yj mcnyuaoor {oan ani cwcmsyc aoo abu

j{cuaybjn} bn a fbtcn ygcaycu.

YCMGNJOJFR ANI ABU[JVCU AUC BNYCFUAOOR ANI ]RNCUFB]YBMAOOR UCOAYCI

Abu{jvcu ga} by} ujjy} bn ycmgnjojfr ani ic{cni} hjuc ygan jygcu }cutbmc} jn ygc

}rncufb}ybm ucoaybjn}gb{ ecyvccn ygc yvj. Ycmgnjojfr yj a tcur oaufc icfucc icycuhbnc} ygc

{ucmb}bjn/ cddcmybtcnc}} ani }sutbtaebobyr jd abu {oaydjuh}. Bn ygc cua jd ecrjni tb}sao uanfc

}cn}ju} ani abu vca{jnur ycmgnjojfr‒} bndoscnmc b} {ucchbncny. Mjn}bicubnf ygc bnmuca}c} bn

ycmgnjojfr }bnmc VVBB vbyg ygc bnyujismybjn jd }{amc a}}cy}/ {ucmb}bjn vca{jnur/ }ycaoyg/

hb}}boc}/ by b} bh{j}}beoc yj }c{auayc ygc ictcoj{hcny ju ch{ojrhcny jd abu{jvcu dujh

ycmgnjojfr. Ygc {ucchbncnmc jd ygc S] Abu Djumc b} esboy oaufcor jn }s{cubju ycmgnjojfr/ ani aoo

S] abuhcn gatc an bnycuc}y bn habnyabnbnf ygb} ycmgnjojfbmao cifc.

ABU[JVCU BNMOSIC] NJY JNOR HBOBYAUR A]]CY] ESY UJES]Y MBTBOBAN ATBAYBJN

Abu{jvcu mannjy ec b}joayci yj ygc hbobyaur aojnc. A} Eboor Hbymgcoo }abi bn 1251/

‟Yuan}{juyaybjn b} ygc c}}cnmc jd mbtbob|aybjn.‘1=

A ujes}y hbobyaur abu djumc ucqsbuc} ejyg a ujes}y

2



atbaybjn bnis}yur ani a }yujnf mbtboban atbaybjn cochcny. Ygc}c mucayc ygc ycmgnjojfbmao ani

bnis}yubao ea}c nccici dju {camcybhc ani vauybhc {ujismybjn. Ygcr ao}j }s{{or a mbtbo atbaybjn

doccy yj }s{{or yuabnci {bojy} ani }sufc ma{ambyr yuan}{juy ncmc}}aur dju vau. Ygc S] Mbtbo

Uc}cutc Abu Doccy {ujtbic} 2; {cumcny jd ygc vauybhc {a}}cnfcu ma{aebobyr ani =; {cumcny jd ygc

maufj gasobnf ma{aebobyr.19 Ygc ijhbnanmc jd ygc S] mjhhcumbao acuj}{amc bnis}yur bn nj }haoo

var mjuuc}{jni} ibucmyor yj S] ijhbnanmc bn hbobyaur abu{jvcu. S.]. mbtbo atbaybjn }s{{juyci a

)131E bnis}yur bn 5;;1/ jd vgbmg jnor )=9E vcuc djucbfn ju ijhc}ybm hbobyaur }aoc}.13

Ygc

mbtboban ani hbobyaur auh} jd ygc S] vju` }rncufb}ybmaoor yj cnganmc ygc ycmgnjojfr ani

ma{aebobyr jd jsu abu{jvcu ani abuhcn.

]SHHAUR< YGC ABUHAN‒] [CU][CMYBTC

Hcbobnfcu‒} 1; {uj{j}bybjn} ob}yci aejtc/ hjibdbci vbyg ygc aiibybjn jd Cddcmy} Ea}ci

J{cuaybjn}/ {ujtbic a }shhaur jd msuucny ygjsfgy bn abu{jvcu ygcjur. Abu{jvcu b} mjn}bicucian cwyuchcor {jvcudso vca{jn dju euca`bnf ygc vboo jd ygc cnchr/ esy by hs}y ec s}ci bn a

mcuyabn var. Abu{jvcu hs}y ec s}ci jddcn}btcor/ ani njy icdcn}btcor. Abu{jvcu }gjsoi ec

uc}cutci dju }yuaycfbm {su{j}c} ani njy va}yci jn bnicmb}btc yamybmao amybjn. Abu{jvcu ucobc}

tcur gcatbor jn bnycoobfcnmc ecmas}c vbygjsy by nj mjnncmybjn man ec haic ecyvccn ejhe}

iuj{{ci ani ygc }yuaycfbm jelcmy. Ygc hb}}bjn jd Abu ]s{cubjubyr b} a {ucucqsb}byc yj snuc}yubmyci

abu amybjn. Abu{jvcu mannjy ec ic{ojrci {bcmchcao ju bn an c}maoaybnf hanncu. Yj {ujismc

}gjm` ani ijhbnayc ygc djsuyg ibhcn}bjn jd ybhc/ abu{jvcu hs}y ec s}ci jtcuvgcohbnfor dujh

ygc }yauy jd mjndobmy. ]ojv c}maoaybjn jnor isoo} abu{jvcu‒} }gau{ cifc. Abu{jvcu }gjsoi ayyam`yaufcy} ay aoo octco} jd vau bn {auaooco yj mucayc }yuaycfbm {auaor}b}. Ygc ygjs}ani(djoi {os} fabn bn

}yub`c {ucmb}bjn gatc ucicdbnci vgay by hcan} yj ha}} abu{jvcu/ bn }jhc ma}c} ucqsbubnf jnor a

ganidso jd {oanc} yj mucayc iuahaybm cddcmy}. Abu{jvcu/ ani bnicci yaufcybnf }gjsoi ec

mjnyujooci ani ch{ojrci er abuhcn ygay snicu}yani by} }yucnfyg} ani vca`nc}}c}. Abu{jvcu

ani ycmgnjojfr auc bnyubn}bmaoor ani }rncufb}ybmaoor obn`ci. S] ijhbnanmc bn ygc abu b} a ibucmy

uc}soy jd by} ycmgnjojfbmao aitanyafc. Dbnaoor/ ujes}y mjhhcumbao ani bnis}yubao atbaybjn b} mubybmao

dju a }yujnf Abu Djumc.

Aigcubnf yj ygc}c {uj{j}bybjn} }gjsoi uc}soy bn }smmc}} dju ygc abuhan. Abu ygcjub}y} auc

qsbm` yj {jbny jsy ygay {oamc} vgcuc abu{jvcu daboci yj amgbctc by} jelcmybtc/ }smg a} ygc Ujoobnf

Ygsnicu mah{abfn bn Tbcynah/ auc hauuci er jnc ju hjuc tbjoaybjn} jd ygc}c {uj{j}bybjn}.

Ygcr auc ao}j qsbm` yj {jbny yj ygc {jobybmban/ [uc}bicny Ljgn}jn bn ygb} ma}c/ a} ygc }jsumc jd

dabosuc. A} vc vboo }cc bn ygc mjhbnf anaor}b}/ abu{jvcu ygcjur/ vgboc by ma{ysuc} }jhc jd ygc

bngcucny {bydaoo} bn abu ch{ojrhcny/ ga} }jhc bngcucny a}}sh{ybjn} ygay jdycn fj snvubyycn er

1;



ocaibnf ygcjub}y}. Ncwy vc vboo cwahbnc }jhc jd ygc obhby} bngcucny bn ygc {uamybmao ch{ojrhcny

jd abu{jvcu.

YGC OBHBY] JD ABU[JVCU

Ejhebnf b} jdycn maooci &}yuaycfbm& vgcn vc gby ygc cnchr/ ani &yamybmao& vgcn gcgby} s}/ ani b} jdycn ibddbmsoy yj `njv vgcuc jnc dbnb}gc} ani ygc jygcu ecfbn}.

(Abu Tbmc(Hau}gao L. C. &Ljgnnbc& Ljgn}jn/ UAD

YGC YUSC HCA]SUC JD ABU[JVCU

Abu{jvcu b} jnor cddcmybtc bd by }s{{juy} ygc {jobybmao jelcmybtc} jd ygc }yayc. A} Moas}cvby|

}ar} ‟․ by b} mocau ygay vau }gjsoi nctcu ec ygjsfgy jd a} }jhcygbnf asyjnjhjs} esy aovar} a}

an bn}yushcny jd {jobmr0 jygcuvb}c ygc cnybuc gb}yjur jd vau vjsoi mjnyuaibmy s}.‘14 Abu{jvcu a} a

hcan} mannjy ygcucdjuc ec }c{auayci dujh by} jelcmy. Aoycunaybtcor/ a} Mojidcoycu {sy} by/ ‟․ ygc

}s{uchc yc}y jd ejhebnf‒} cddbmamr b} by} mjnyubesybjn yj ygc naybjn‒} vau abh}.‘16

Ygc

cddcmybtcnc}} jd abu{jvcu b} ygcucdjuc njy hca}suci bn nshecu} jd yaufcy}/ yan`} ju esboibnf}

ic}yujrci. Ctcn ygc Abu Djumc‒} mjnmc{y jd ‟Cddcmy} Ea}ci J{cuaybjn}‘ har hb}} ygc hau` bd ygc

cddcmy} {ujismci auc njy ucoayci yj ygc jelcmy jd ecnibnf cnchr vboo. Mucaybnf ‟]yuaycfbm

[auaor}b}‘ ani fcyybnf bn}bic ygc cnchr‒} JJIA ojj{ har ec bn}sddbmbcny bd by ijc} njy mjh{co

an cnchr yj ij jsu vboo. An abu j{cuaybjn/ vgcygcu ijnc ljbnyor ju aojnc/ man jnor ec hca}suci

bn ycuh} jd by} mjnyubesybjn yj ygc jtcuaoo jelcmybtc. Abu{jvcu hs}y ec ibucmyci ay ygc cnchr‒}

vboo. By} cddcmybtcnc}} man jnor ec ctaosayci er a}}c}}bnf abu{jvcu‒} mjnyubesybjn yj amgbctbnf

ygay jelcmybtc. Ygb} b} ygc {jobybmao taosc jd abu{jvcu ygay vboo djuh ygc ea}b} dju ygc anaor}b} ygay

djoojv}.

Bn ygc }ahc {a}}afc a} ygc qsjyc aejtc/ Moas}cvby| bnyujismc} a }cmjni ani mubybmao

{jbny< ‟Ygc dbu}y/ ygc }s{uchc/ ygc hj}y dau(ucamgbnf amy jd lsifhcny ygay a }yayc}han ani

mjhhanicu gatc yj ha`c b} yj c}yaeob}g er ygay yc}y ygc `bni jd vau jn vgbmg ygcr auc

cheau`bnf0 ncbygcu hb}ya`bnf by dju/ nju yurbnf yj ysun by bnyj/ }jhcygbnf ygay b} aobcn yj by}

naysuc.‘17 Ygb} mjnmc{y vboo ecmjhc mcnyuao yj ygc {jobybmao anaor}b} ygay djoojv}. Vc vboo dbni

ygay abu{jvcu hj}y jdycn ucamgc} by} obhby a} a hcan} vgcn by b} a{{obci yj a yr{c jd vau dju

vgbmg by b} boo }sbyci. Abu{jvcu b} ma{aeoc jd hanr ygbnf}/ esy abu{jvcu aojnc b} nj {anamca. Ls}y

a} bnibtbisao bn}yushcny} jd {jvcu camg gatc obhby} jn ygc fuani }yuaycfbm octco/ abu{jvcu yjj

ga} by} obhby ay ygc }yuaycfbm octco. Abu{jvcu aojnc mannjy amgbctc ctcn hanr hbobyaur jelcmybtc}

11



hsmg oc}} aoo {jobybmao jelcmybtc}. Abu{jvcu hs}y ec ch{ojrci jn ygc fuani }yuaycfbm octco bn

mjhebnaybjn vbyg jygcu djuh} jd hbobyaur/ ib{ojhaybm ani cmjnjhbm {jvcu.

[JOBYBMAO OBHBY] JN ABU[JVCU

Ygc ‟Abu{jvcu Secu Aooc}‘ ijmyubnc {uctbjs}or ib}ms}}ci {jbny} yj a mubybmao obhbyaybjn jd abu{jvcu a} a hcan}. Yj ec s}ci ‟{uj{cuor‘ abu{jvcu hs}y ec ch{ojrci bn mcuyabn var}.

Abu{jvcu hs}y ec ch{ojrci }yuaycfbmaoor afabn}y cnchr mcnycu} jd fuatbyr. By hs}y ec

mjnmcnyuayci bn }{amc ani ybhc yj {ujismc {}rmgjojfbmao a} vcoo a} {gr}bmao }gjm`. Abu{jvcu

}gjsoi njy ec ch{ojrci er fuaisao c}maoaybjn/ esy }gjsoi ec ha}}ci ani s}ci ay aoo octco} jd

vau }bhsoyancjs}or yj {ujismc }yuaycfbm {auaor}b}. Abu{jvcu }gjsoi ec s}ci jddcn}btcor ani njy

icdcn}btcor. Abu{jvcu }gjsoi ec s}ci yj }yub`c ibucmyor ay ygc vboo jd ygc cnchr/ ani Ljgn

Vauicn {jbny} jsy ygay by }gjsoi }yub`c cnchr ocaicu}gb{ ibucmyor bd {j}}beoc.12

Rcy vgay b} ygc

jsymjhc bd {jobybmao jelcmybtc} ij njy }s{{juy ygc bhhcibayc jtcuvgcohbnf }yuaycfbm a{{obmaybjnjd abu{jvcu: A} Moas}cvby| {jbny} jsy/ ‟Vau b} nctcu an b}joayci amy.‘

5;[jobybmao vboo ani ygc

{jobybmao jelcmybtc jdycn vju` yj obhby vau ani mauur by avar dujh ygc cwyuchc} jd ygc bicao ma}c.

Obhbyci vau}/ dju cwah{oc/ auc cwcmsyci yj amgbctc obhbyci jelcmybtc} }gjuy jd yjyao cnchr

ic}yusmybjn. Ygc}c obhby}/ er ygcbu tcur naysuc/ bngbeby ygc a{{obmaybjn jd hbobyaur djumc jdycn bn

ncfaybtc var}. Ctcn vju}c/ bd ygc {jobybmao ocaicu}gb{ dabo} jn ygc fuani }yuaycfbm octco yj

mjuucmyor icycuhbnc ‟ygc naysuc jd ygc vau/‘ ygcr ub}` a{{orbnf cnybucor ygc vujnf hbobyaur hcan}

yj amgbctc ygcbu jelcmybtc}. Nctcu va} ygcuc a ecyycu cwah{oc ygan ygc Ujoobnf Ygsnicu Abu

j{cuaybjn cwcmsyci er ygc Snbyci ]yayc} bn Tbcynah dujh 1243(1247.Mojidcoycu/ bn gb} anaor}b} jd ygc Tbcynah Vau ybyoci Ygc Obhby} jd Abu{jvcu aufsc} ygay

abu{jvcu‒} dabosuc bn Ujoobnf Ygsnicu b} isc bn nj }haoo {auy yj ygc cwmc}}btc s}c jd ‟ncfaybtc‘

jelcmybtc} ju uc}yubmybjn}. Gc maucdsoor icdbnc} ‟{j}bybtc‘ jelcmybtc} a} ‟ygj}c ygay vcuc

jeyabnaeoc er a{{orbnf hbobyaur {jvcu‘ vgboc ‟ncfaybtc‘ jelcmybtc} auc ygj}c jeyabnaeoc jnor er

uc}yubmybnf hbobyaur {jvcu.51

Bn icyaboci anaor}b}/ Mojidcoycu ichjn}yuayc} gjv [uc}bicny

Ljgn}jn‒} ncfaybtc jelcmybtc jd atjbibnf c}maoaybjn vbyg Mgbna ani Us}}ba mjhc} yj

jtcu}gaijv ygc {j}bybtc jelcmybtc jd vbnnbnf ygc vau bn Tbcynah. Ljgn}jn‒} njv ocfcniaur

uc}yubmybjn} bnmosic njy jnor yr{c} jd vca{jn} ani yaufcy}/ esy ao}j }juybc uayc}/ ejhe ojai} anictcn ujsyc} jd a{{ujamg yj bnibtbisao yaufcy}.

55Yaufcy} ncau Ganjb ani Gab{gjnf vcuc yjyaoor

cwmosici ani E(35 }yub`c} vcuc aohj}y yjyaoor obhbyci yj yamybmao abu }s{{juy ay ju ecojv ygc

ichbobyaub|ci |jnc. Ybfgy mjnyujo jn ygc {amc jd ygc j{cuaybjn} uc}soyci bn a tcur fuaisao

c}maoaybjn ygay ujeeci abu{jvcu jd by} {}rmgjojfbmao }gjm`. Ygc ncy uc}soy va} njy }yuaycfbm

{auaor}b} jd ygc cnchr esy a {auaorybm ani bncddcmybtc abu mah{abfn. Abu{jvcu aitjmayc} {jbny

15



qsbyc mjuucmyor ay Ujoobnf Ygsnicu a} a {ubhc cwah{oc jd gjv yj {jobybmaoor a}}suc ygay an abu

mah{abfn vboo dabo. Rcy Ljgn}jn ibi njy bnbybayc ani ybfgyor mjnyujo Ujoobnf Ygsnicu yj a}}suc by}

dabosuc. Uaygcu [uc}bicny Ljgn}jn vcbfgci ygc {jobybmao ub}` jd ygc snuc}yubmyci ejhebnf jd Njuyg

Tbcynah ani a}}c}}ci ygay hbobyaur dabosuc va} {cuga{} hjuc ammc{yaeoc ygan ygc {jycnybao

c}maoaybjn a }s{cu{jvcu mjndujnyaybjn. Bn aiibybjn/ Ljgn}jn dcauci ibtcuybnf {jobybmao ma{byao

avar dujh gb} %Fucay ]jmbcyr% ijhc}ybm {ujfuah. Hbobyaur hcan} vcuc }bh{or }sejuibnayci yj

ygc {jobybmao jelcmybtc.

Ujoobnf Ygsnicu b} er nj hcan} ygc oa}y cwah{oc jd {jobybmao jelcmybtc} bnycudcubnf vbyg ygc

cddcmybtcnc}} jd an abu mah{abfn. Bn ygc 1221 Fsod Vau/ ygjsfg ucoaybtcor dcv obhby} vcuc {oamci

jn abu{jvcu/ jnc }av a {jobybmaoor ibucmyci bhhcibayc gaoy jn ejhebnf aujsni halju Buaqb mbybc}

adycu ygc Dceusaur 1=yg uabi ygay ic}yujrci a mbtboban ejhe }gcoycu.5=

Ygc jelcmybtc yj atjbi

mbtboban ma}saoybc} jsyvcbfgci ygc hbobyaur jelcmybtc jd ejhebnf Eafgiai. Ctcn vgcn ejhebnf

jd yaufcy} ncau mbybc} uc}shci/ camg yaufcy gai yj ec a{{ujtci bn Va}gbnfyjn er {jobybmao

ocaicu}. [jobybmao ocaicu} {sy ctcn hjuc cwyuchc obhby} bn {oamc isubnf ygc @j}jtj mah{abfn.

Yaufcy} gai yj ec a{{ujtci er a ljbny ejaui jd aoo 12 NAYJ naybjn}/ ani a }yuaycfr jd fuaisao

c}maoaybjn uchbnb}mcny jd Ujoobnf Ygsnicu va} s}ci yj }ojvor }yc{ s{ ygc {uc}}suc jn

Hboj}jtbmg. Ejhebnf aujsni suean yaufcy} va} }ctcucor obhbyci isc yj Csuj{can hchjubc} jd

ma{byao} esunbnf isubnf VVBB. Ob`c Ujoobnf Ygsnicu/ ygb} mjh{ocycor cobhbnayci ygc

{}rmgjojfbmao }gjm` cochcny dujh ygc mah{abfn/ }bfnbdbmanyor iuavbnf by jsy. Ob`c ygc Buaqb

mah{abfn/ {jobybmao ocaicu} icycuhbnci ay ygc ybhc ygay ygc ncfaybtc jelcmy jd obhbybnf mbtboban

ma}saoybc} jsyvcbfgci ygc {j}bybtc hbobyaur jelcmy jd vbnnbnf er ejhebnf ncau suean yaufcy}.

ABU[JVCU IC[CNI] S[JN YGC TSONCUAEBOBYR JD YGC CNCHR

Abu{jvcu aojnc mannjy amgbctc aoo jelcmybtc}. Mauo Esboicu bn gb} ejj` Ygc Bmaus}

]rniujhc bnyujismc} a }bh{oc esy taosaeoc mjnmc{y jd abu{jvcu‒} obhbyaybjn}. Gc }yayc}

mjnmb}cor ‟Abu{jvcu man ec ch{ojrci icmb}btcor bn vau vgcn an cnchr‒} c}}cnybao hcan} dju

vafbnf vau auc tsoncuaeoc yj ayyam` dujh ygc abu.‘59

Gb} anaor}b} b} {auy jd gb} mga{ycu cwahbnbnf

abu{jvcu‒} dabosuc bn Tbcynah/ esy ygc awbjh b} snbtcu}aoor a{{obmaeoc. Abu{jvcu b} an bnis}yubao

afc vca{jn. ]yuaycfbm abu{jvcu jubfbnaoor va} djms}ci jn ygc tsoncuaeoc bnis}yur ani mbybc}

mucayci er ygc bnis}yubao uctjosybjn. A} Esboicu {jbny} jsy/ Abu ygcjur gai by} bndanmr bn ygc {j}y

Vjuoi Vau B cua vgcuc ygcjub}y} vcuc }caumgbnf dju an aoycunaybtc dujh ygc icta}yaybnf yucnmg

vaudauc. Cnycubnf Vjuoi Vau BB/ S] abu ygcjub}y} djms}ci jn yuan}{juyaybjn ani bnis}yubao yaufcy}

{ucmb}cor ecmas}c ygc}c vcuc {cumcbtci a} tsoncuaeoc ani }s{{obci ygc naybjn‒} hcan} dju vau.

1=



]ctcuao mjujooaubc} djoojv dujh ygb} tsoncuaebobyr ygcjur. Bnis}yubaob|aybjn/ gjv ca}r by b} yj

yaufcy ygc cnchr/ ani ycuuabn aoo {oar a }bfnbdbmany ujoc bn ygc cddcmybtcnc}} jd abu{jvcu a} a

hcan}. Ygc mcnyuaob|aybjn jd uc}jsumc}/ {j{soaybjn ani bnis}yur ha`c an bnis}yubao }yayc hsmg

hjuc tsoncuaeoc ygan an afuauban }yayc. A }yayc }smg a} Fcuhanr bn Vjuoi Vau BB b} ygcucdjuc

hsmg hjuc tsoncuaeoc yj abu ayyam` ygan an afuauban cnchr }smg a} @juca ju Njuyg Tbcynah.

Ygc ca}c jd yaufcy bicnybdbmaybjn dujh ygc abu b} ao}j mubybmao dju abu{jvcu. A mjntcnybjnao

hcmganb|ci auhr b} hsmg hjuc tsoncuaeoc yj abu ayyam` ygan an snmjntcnybjnao fscubooa auhr.

Tsoncuaebobyr ao}j {oar} a `cr ujoc vgcn vc mjn}bicu ycuuabn. A ib}{cu}ci cnchr bn ibddbmsoy

ycuuabn har ec ncauor bh{j}}beoc yj yaufcy }jocor dujh ygc abu/ vgboc jn j{cn ycuuabn gc har ec

cwyuchcor tsoncuaeoc. Ygc mjujooaubc} ygay man ec icubtci dujh Esboicu‒} tsoncuaebobyr ygcjur auc

ncauor cnioc}}/ esy ygcr aoo djms} jn yvj `cr ma{aebobybc} ucqsbuci dju abu{jvcu< dbu}y/ ygc aebobyr ju

abu{jvcu bicnybdr a yaufcy ani }cmjni ygc aebobyr jd abu{jvcu yj ic}yujr by. Bd ejyg mannjy ec ijnc

ucobaeor/ ygcn abu{jvcu mannjy ec cddcmybtcor ch{ojrci.

A{{orbnf ygb} tsoncuaebobyr ygcjur yj ygc dabosuc jd Tbcynah/ jnc ucaibor auubtc} ay ygc

}cmjni halju mjnmos}bjn ucfauibnf Ujoobnf Ygsnicu. A} bnyujismci ay ygc ecfbnnbnf jd ygb}

}cmybjn/ Moas}cvby| }ar} ygay ygc hj}y dau(ucamgbnf lsifhcny yj ec haic ay ygc jsy}cy jd a

mjndobmy b} ygc naysuc jd ygc vau yj ec djsfgy. Bn ygc Ujoobnf Ygsnicu {cubji jd 1243(1247/ S]

djumc} vcuc cnfafci {ubhaubor bn a fscubooa vau afabn}y a obhbyci nshecu jd Tbcymjnf }s{{juyci

er Njuyg Tbcynah. Njy snybo ygc oaycu Ycy jddcn}btc ibi ygc naysuc jd ygc vau mganfc yj a hjuc

yuaibybjnao mjndobmy bntjotbnf mjntcnybjnao Njuyg Tbcynahc}c djumc}. Ic}{byc ygc damy ygay ygc

Tbcymjnf ucqsbuci hcafcu }s{{obc} ani gai hsoyb{oc ujsyc} yj mjnismy ygcbu fscubooa vau/abu{jvcu va} s}ci bn a yamybmao ani bnycuibmybjn ujoc yj ayych{y yj bnycumc{y ygc}c }s{{obc} ani

ejhe fscubooa djumc}. A mjntcnybjnao abu }yuaycfr va} aij{yci afabn}y an afuauban ani

snmjntcnybjnao cnchr. Ygc cnchr {ujtci oaufcor bntsoncuaeoc yj cbygcu }yuaycfr. By va} njy

{j}}beoc yj bnycuibmy ygc }haoo ahjsny jd ahhsnbybjn ani }s{{obc} ygay }s}yabnci ygc Tbcymjnf.

]bnmc ygc Tbcymjnf vcuc bnib}ybnfsb}gaeoc dujh ygc ojmao {j{soaybjn ani cnfafci bn gby ani usn

yamybm}/ by va} ao}j tcur ibddbmsoy yj cddcmybtcor a{{or yamybmao abu{jvcu bn aoo esy ygc hj}y obhbyci jd

mbumsh}yanmc}. Bn }gjuy/ ygc cnchr ani gb} }s{{or obnc} mjsoi njy ec ucobaeor ojmayci ju

yaufcyci/ }j abu{jvcu va} an bna{{uj{ubayc hcan} dju ygb} }yafc jd ygc vau.Ygc a{{aucny bntsoncuaebobyr jd mcuyabn yaufcy} yj abu{jvcu mjnybnsc} yj {oafsc abu{jvcu

a{{obmaybjn yj ygb} iar. Hjeboc yaufcy} {j}c a {auybmsoauor tcwbnf {ujeoch. Dju cwah{oc bn

Ic}cuy ]yjuh/ ygc ncfaybtc {jobybmao jelcmybtc jd `cc{bnf B}uaco jsy jd ygc vau iujtc vgay

ecmahc ‟ygc fucay }msi gsny/‘ mjn}shbnf 1/94; }yub`c} ani a oaufc {cumcnyafc jd ygc {ucmbjs}

D(13C nbfgy }juybc} a} vcoo a} a nshecu jd ]{cmbao J{cuaybjn} ycah}. Nctcuygcoc}}/ a {j}y vau

19



}sutcr er Ahcubman bnycoobfcnmc mjnmosici ygay ygcuc b} nj {ujjd ‟ygay MCNYMJH }smmccici bn

ic}yujrbnf a }bnfoc ]MSI.‘53

]bhboau dabosuc} jmmsuuci vgcn vc ayych{yci yj s}c abu{jvcu

aojnc yj }yj{ ygc cygnbm mocan}bnf bn @j}jtj. Ic}{byc ygc eso` jd ygc abu cddjuy jubfbnaoor

mjnmcnyuayci jn ]cueban djumc} ic{ojrci bn @j}jtj/ ygc S] va} snaeoc yj }yj{ hjeboc ]cueban

djumc} auhci vbyg }haoo vca{jn} dujh ctbmybnf ani esunbnf ygc gjs}c} jd cygnbm @j}jtau}.

Dujh gbfg aoybysic by va} bh{j}}beoc yj ammsuaycor bicnybdr ani yaufcy hjeboc bndanyur djumc}

amybnf snj{{j}ci afabn}y snauhci mbtboban}. Ygb} {ujmc}}/ maooci Ybhc ]cn}bybtc Yaufcybnf/

ga} bh{ujtci bn ygc abu j{cuaybjn} jtcu Adfganb}yan/ esy jnor vbyg ygc {uc}cnmc jd fujsni djumc}

yj mjndbuh ani hau` yaufcy}.

AYYAM@BNF AN CNCHR‒] VBOO IC[CNI] JN GB] [JOBYBMAO TSONCUAEBOBYR

Cwycnibnf Esboicu‒} ygcjur jn tsoncuaebobyr yj ygc {jobybmao }{gcuc vc mjhc s{ vbyg ygc

bnycuc}ybnf a}}cuybjn ygay Abu{jvcu b} cddcmybtc vgcn an cnchr b} {jobybmaoor tsoncuaeoc dujh ygcabu. Ecmas}c an ayyam` jn ygc cnchr‒} vboo b} a} hsmg {jobybmao a} {gr}bmao/ {gr}bmao tsoncuaebobyr

aojnc b} bn}sddbmbcny. Ygs} Ijsgcy‒} 1251 tb}bjn54

jd dorbnf ecrjni ibucmyor ay ygc cnchr‒} gcauy

yj euca` gb} vboo yj dbfgy ic{cni} gcatbor jn ygc {jobybmao tsoncuaebobyr jd ygc cnchr ucfbhc yj abu

ayyam` a} vcoo a} ygc vboobnfnc}} jd ygc ayyam`cu yj ammc{y mjooaycuao iahafc. Ygb} mjsoi cw{oabn/

bn {auy/ ygc ucoaybtc bntsoncuaebobyr jd ygc Eubyb}g dambnf ygc Fcuhan Eoby| bn 129; a} vcoo a}

}yucnfyg jd ygc La{anc}c ani Fcuhan} bn ygc damc jd eusyao aoobci ejhebnf dujh 1299(1293. Bn

camg ma}c ic}{byc gjuubdbm iahafc yj ejyg mbtboban ani bnis}yubao yaufcy} ygc}c naybjn} njy jnor

{cu}ctcuci esy uchabnci an cddcmybtc dbfgybnf djumc. Mgsumgboo/ Gbyocu ani ygc La{anc}c Ch{jucu hanafci yj ucyabn uc}bobcny {jobybmao }r}ych} ani cddcmybtc mjnyujo ic}{byc ygc }ctcubyr jd abu

ayyam`. Ygcbu {jobybmao }r}ych} vcuc njy {auybmsoauor tsoncuaeoc yj mjntcnybjnao abu ayyam`.

Bd vc ojj` ay ygc ucmcny cwah{oc jd Adfganb}yan/ jnc hbfgy }suhb}c ygay ygc Yaobean

fjtcunhcny va} {jobybmaoor tsoncuaeoc yj S] abu ayyam`. Adycu a ucoaybtcor }gjuy S] abu ani

}{cmbao j{cuaybjn} mah{abfn/ ygc Yaobean fjtcunhcny ani djumc} mjooa{}ci jtcunbfgy. Halju

Yaobean mjhhanicu} ani ygcbu djumc} }vbymgci }bic} bn oaufc nshecu} a} ygcr }av ygc {jobybmao

vbni} ecfbn yj mganfc. Ygjsfg ygc ayyam`bnf mjaobybjn fujsni djumc} {oarci a halju ujoc/ by

a{{cau} dujh bnbybao uc{juy} ygay ygc Yaobean ma{bysoaybjn va} hjuc jd a {jobybmao mjooa{}c ygan a

hbobyaur icdcay. Ygc Yaobean vcuc {jobybmaoor tsoncuaeoc yj S] ayyam`}/ uc}soybnf bn a ucoaybtcor

qsbm` S] tbmyjur.

ABU[JVCU OAM@] [CU]B]YCNMC

Jnc jd ygc yusor bnnjtaybtc }yuaycfbm ygbn`cu} bn ucmcny ybhc} b} Aumgcu Ljnc}. Ljnc}/ a

}mgjoau jd anmbcny vaudauc oaufcor snyuabnci bn hjicun ijmyubnc {sy} djuyg an bnycuc}ybnf }cy jd

13



je}cutaybjn} ea}ci jn ygc eucaiyg jd gb}yjur dujh anmbcny ybhc} yj ygc {uc}cny.56

Ljnc} aufsc}

ygay ygcuc auc djsu dsniahcnyao }yuaycfbc} ygay gatc eccn {su}sci bn aoo vau} ani ygay ygc}c djsu

man ec ibddcucnybayci aojnf yvj awc} 'Yaeoc 1". Dbu}y/ Aumgcu bnyujismc} vgay gc maoo} a ‟uabibnf‘

}yuaycfr/ vgcuc ygc ea}bm jelcmybtc b} njy yj {cuhancnyor jmms{r ygc cnchr ycuubyjur/ esy uaygcu

yj ych{juaubor cnycu cnchr ycuubyjur yj amgbctc jnc‒} jelcmybtc ani ygcn ucysun yj jnc‒} gjhc

vgcn ygc uabi b} mjh{ocyc. Ygc mjsnycu }yuaycfr b} a ‟{cu}b}ycny‘ }yuaycfr vgcuc jnc abh} yj

jmms{r cnchr ycuubyjur ani cbygcu mjnyujo by dju a {su{j}c ju anncw by. Ygc}c yvj }yuaycfbc} djuh

ygc dbu}y awb} bn Ljnc}‒ hayubw/ ani an}vcu ygc ‟gjv‘ jd ygc }yuaycfr. A }yuaycfr har cbygcu ec

uabibnf ju {cu}b}ycny.

[cu}b}ybnf Uabibnf

Mjheay [cu}b}ycny(Mjheay Uabibnf(Mjheay

Ojfb}ybm} [cu}b}ycny(Ojfb}ybm} Uabibnf(Ojfb}ybm}

YAEOC 1< AUMGCU LJNC‒] ]YUAYCFR HAYUBW

Ygc }cmjni awb} bn Ljnc}‒ }yuaycfbm hayubw icycuhbnc} ygc ‟vgay‘ yj ayyam`. Jnc j{ybjn b}

yj cnfafc ibucmyor bn a ‟mjheay‘ }yuaycfr abhci ay ic}yujrbnf ygc cnchr‒} djumc. Ygc }cmjni

j{ybjn b} yj cnfafc bn a ‟ojfb}ybm‘ }yuaycfr ygay b} abhci ay icnrbnf ygc cnchr ygc hcan} dju vau.

Ygc}c mjuuc}{jni }su{ub}bnfor vcoo vbyg Obiioc(Gauy‒} ibucmy ani bnibucmy }yuaycfbc} dujh gb} ejj`

]yuaycfr /57

vbyg ygc ibucmy ecbnf mjheay ani bnibucmy ecbnf ojfb}ybmao. Ygc muj}} jd ygc}c yvj

awc} aoojv} djsu dsniahcnyao fuani }yuaycfbc} a} }gjvn bn yaeoc Yaeoc 1. Dju cwah{oc/

ic}yujrbnf an cnchr auhr ani {cuhancnyor jmms{rbnf by} ma{byao b} a {cu}b}ycny(mjheay

}yuaycfr/ vgboc a fscubooa uabi jn an auh} ic{jy b} a uabibnf(ojfb}ybm} }yuaycfr. Camg }yuaycfr ga}

aitanyafc} ani ib}aitanyafc} ic{cnibnf jn ygc jelcmybtc yj ec ucamgci. [cu}b}ycny

}yuaycfbc}/ dju cwah{oc/ auc }yuaycfbmaoor hjuc icmb}btc esy ao}j fcncuaoor hjuc mj}yor ygan

uabibnf }yuaycfbc}. ]bhboauor/ ibucmy mjheay }yuaycfbc} auc fcncuaoor hjuc mj}yor ygan ojfb}ybm}

}yuaycfbc}. Ljnc} aufsc} ygay gb}yjubc} fucayc}y ma{yabn} {ucdcu ygc bnibucmy ojfb}ybm} }yuaycfbc}

yj mjheay }yuaycfbc} {ubhaubor ecmas}c ygcr ucqsbuc oc}} cddjuy. Ygc }cocmybjn jd }yuaycfr b}

icycuhbnci er ygc }yuaycfbm auy ygay obn`} ygc }yuaycfbm jelcmybtc yj by} hcan}.

Abu{jvcu man cnfafc bn a {jobmr jd uabibnf esy njy {cu}b}ycnmc. Uabibnf ani {cu}b}ycny

}yuaycfbc} camg gatc ygcbu }yucnfyg} ani vca`nc}}c}. Vgboc a uabibnf }yuaycfr }smg a}

14



abu{jvcu man duccor ic}yujr yaufcy} yj ayych{y yj {cu}saic an cnchr yj ya`c a mcuyabn amybjn/ by

mannjy mjnyujo an cnchr‒} dsysuc amybjn. By man {cu}saic an cnchr/ ctcn icmb}btcor mjcumc ju

mjh{co an cnchr esy by mannjy {cuhancnyor a}}suc ygay ygc cnchr vboo njy aoycu gb} mjsu}c bn

ygc dsysuc ju cnfafc afabn bn snic}buaeoc amybjn. Ygc moj}c}y abu{jvcu man mjhc yj a {cu}b}ycny

}yuaycfr b} a }yuaycfr jd ‟abu jmms{aybjn‘ vgcuc jnc ayych{y} yj a{{ujwbhayc {cu}b}ycnmc er a

}cubc} jd uabi}. Ygc obhby} jd a njn({cu}b}ycny }yuaycfr auc ec}y ic}mubeci er Moas}cvby|/ vgj

}yayc}<

‟Bd ygc cnchr b} yj ec mjcumci rjs hs}y {sy gbh bn a }bysaybjn ygay b} ctcn hjucsn{oca}any ygan ygc }amubdbmc rjs maoo jn gbh yj ha`c. Ygc gaui}gb{} jd ygc}bysaybjn hs}y njy ec hcucor yuan}bcny ’ay oca}y njy bn a{{cauanmc. Jygcuvb}cygc cnchr vjsoi njy fbtc bn esy vaby dju ygbnf} yj bh{ujtc.‘

52

Ygc }yuaycfbm ch{ojrhcny jd abu{jvcu b} c}}cnybaoor a uabibnf(ojfb}ybm }yuaycfr. By} abh b}

njy yj ibucmyor ic}yujr cnchr mjheay djumc} esy yj icnr ygc cnchr ygc hcan} yj dbfgy. Ygb}

}yuaycfr yuamc} ubfgy eam` yj ygc ‟bnis}yubao vce‘ ygcjur ictcoj{ci er ygc Abu Mju{} Yamybmao

]mgjjo 'AMY]" bn ygc bnycuvau rcau} ani djoojv} ygujsfg a} an sneuj`cn ygucai yj yjiar‒}

abu{jvcu ijmyubnc.=;

Ygc fjao b} yj mucayc oj}}c} bn bnis}yur/ bndua}yusmysuc ani naybjnao

mjhhani yaufcy} ygay auc }j iahafbnf ygay mjnybnsbnf ygc mjndobmy b} dsyboc. Ygc obhby} jd }smg a

}yuaycfr auc jetbjs}. Dbu}y/ by ijc} njy ic}yujr ygc cnchr‒} mjheay djumc}/ ani ygcucdjuc ygc

cnchr ucyabn} ay oca}y {auy jd gb} ma{aebobyr yj dbfgy. ]cmjni/ a} njyci aejtc by b} njy a

{cu}b}ycny }yuaycfr.

Bnycuc}ybnfor a ‟uabibnf(ojfb}ybm}‘ }yuaycfr dby} {cudcmyor vbyg S] naybjnao }yuaycfr. Dbu}y/ by b}

an ‟cmjnjhr jd djumc‘ a{{ujamg ygay b} hbnbhaob}y bn naysuc. Uabibnf b} bngcucnyor oc}} mj}yor bn

eojji ani yuca}suc ygan {cu}b}ycny }yuaycfbc}/ ani bnibucmy ojfb}ybm }yuaycfbc} auc ao}j oc}} mj}yor

ygan mjheay }yuaycfbc}. S}bnf abu{jvcu ecdjuc cnfafbnf bn jygcu djuh} jd mjheay ygcucdjuc

hbnbhb|c} ygc ub}` dju S] djumc}. Ygb} hbnbhaob}y a{{ujamg ao}j ucismc}/ ygjsfg by ijc} njy

cobhbnayc/ ygc ncci dju a oaufc }yanibnf auhr. Ygc S] ga} gb}yjubmaoor j{{j}ci a oaufc }yanibnf

auhr ejyg jn mjn}ybysybjnao ani cmjnjhbm fujsni}. ]cmjni/ }bnmc S] naybjnao }yuaycfr

ch{ga}b|c} ygc cw{an}bjn jd ichjmuamr ani ducc hau`cy} uaygcu ygan S] ycuubyjur/ a uabibnf

}yuaycfr {uctcny} anr hb}{cumc{ybjn ygay S] djumc} har {cu}b}y. Ygujsfg uabibnf/ ygc S] man

cnfafc an cnchr dju obhbyci jelcmybtc} vgcuc bh{juyany S] bnycuc}y} auc njy ncmc}}aubor ay

}ya`c. Bd a {cu}b}ycny }yuaycfr vcuc s}ci dju ygc}c ojvcu {ubjubyr naybjnao bnycuc}y}/ {seobm

}cnybhcny hbfgy ysun afabn}y amybjn. Abu{jvcu/ ygcucdjuc/ ojvcu} ygc yguc}gjoi jd {abn yj fbtc

{jobybmao ocaicu} hjuc duccijh bn cnfafchcny jtcu}ca}.

16



[JOBYBM] ANI ABU[JVCU BN [UAMYBMC

Vgcn hr eujygcu ani B esboy ygc dbu}y han(mauurbnf dorbnf hamgbnc/ vc ygjsfgyygay vc vcuc bnyujismbnf bnyj ygc vjuoi an bntcnybjn vgbmg vjsoi ha`c dsuygcu vau} {uamybmaoor bh{j}}beoc.

(

Jutbooc Vubfgy/ 1216

Abu{jvcu bn {uamybmc b} a }rnygc}b} jd {jobybmao {ujhb}c/ ygcjur ani gau}g ucaobyr. Dcv

vjsoi aufsc afabn}y abu{jvcu a} a mubybmao auh jd ygc ljbny djumc. Rcy abu{jvcu‒} moabh a} a

}yuaycfbm djumc jd mgjbmc/ ani }jhc abuhcn‒} moabh} jd vgay abu{jvcu man ammjh{ob}g

}yuaycfbmaoor damc a hbwci ucmjui jd ejyg }ysnnbnf }smmc}} ani {ujebnf dabosuc. Ygb} }cmybjn vboo

cw{ojuc bn eubcd ygc halju S] mjndobmy} ani abu }yuaycfbc} bn an ayych{y yj cw{oabn gjv {jobmr ani

abu }yuaycfr mjj{cuayc ani mjoobic bn ygc S] }r}ych.

VJUOI VAU BB< S] ]YUAYCFBM EJHEBNFVgay b} uchau`aeoc aejsy VVBB va} ygc aebobyr jd Auhr Abu Mju{} ocaicu} yj {cu}saic S]

{jobybmao ocaicu} yj cnfafc bn a oaufc(}maoc }yuaycfbm abu mah{abfn ay ygc cw{cn}c jd Auhr

fujsni djumc}. Abu{jvcu vjsoi ec ygc jnor hcan} bn ygc bnbybao {ga}c} jd ygc vau isc yj ygc

ybhc ucqsbuci yj ictcoj{ }sddbmbcny fujsni ani ah{gbebjs} djumc} nccici dju halju oani amybjn

bn Csuj{c. Ygc {oannci muj}} mgannco bnta}bjn/ iseeci j{cuaybjn Ejocuj/ vjsoi ec icoarci

dbu}y yj 129= ani ygcn afabn snybo Lsnc jd 1299 vgboc ygc ha}} jd oanibnf muady ani haycubao

ncmc}}aur dju I(Iar va} esboy s{ bn }jsygcun Cnfoani. Ygb} damyju/ {cuga{} hjuc ygan anr

jygcu/ fatc S] abu djumc} ygc sn{ucmcicnyci j{{juysnbyr yj yc}y ygcbu ygcjur jd iarobfgy {ucmb}bjnejhebnf jtcu Csuj{c.

S] abu{jvcu }yuaycfr a} }yayci bn Abu Vau [oan} Ibtb}bjn”1 'AV[I(1" jd Asfs}y 1291 va}

abhci }qsaucor ay ygc Fcuhan vau(ha`bnf ma{aebobyr/ a ojfb}ybm(uabibnf }yuaycfr. Ygc {ubhaur

jelcmybtc} icdbnci bn ygc jubfbnao {oan vcuc< dbu}y/ ygc ib}us{ybjn jd Fcuhan cocmyubmao {jvcu/

}cmjni ygc ib}us{ybjn jd Fcuhan yuan}{juyaybjn/ ygbui ygc ib}us{ybjn jd ygc Fcuhan jbo ani

{cyujocsh }r}ych/ ani dbnaoor ncsyuaob|aybjn jd ygc Fcuhan Abu Djumc a} a {ucucqsb}byc.=1

Ygc

vubycu} jd ygc {oan ecobctci ygay tbmyjur mjsoi ec amgbctci {ubhaubor ygujsfg an abu jddcn}btc

oa}ybnf 4 hjnyg} adycu }sddbmbcny abu{jvcu va} esboy ani ic{ojrci. A djumc jd 5;6 fujs{}/ ju 11/73= mjheay abumuady mjsoi ec nccici aojnf vbyg =6/;31 yuabnbnf abumuady yj eam` by s{.

=5

Bnmosibnf }s{{juy {cu}jnnco ygb} ahjsnyci yj ncauor 5.1 hboobjn hcn bn ygc Auhr Abu Mju{}

aojnc!

[jobybmao ocaicu} {oamci dcv bd anr uc}yubmybjn} jn abu{jvcu ch{ojrhcny isubnf VVBB. Ygc

fuani }yuaycfbm jelcmybtc jd snmjnibybjnao }suucnicu tbuysaoor cobhbnayci ncfaybtc {jobybmao

17



jelcmybtc}. Cauor ch{ojrhcny jd abu{jvcu afabn}y mbtboban yaufcy} bn Ojnijn ani Ecuobn uc}soyci

bn ygc bnycnybjnao ejhebnf jd mbtboban} er aoo }bic}. Vgboc ygc S] s}c jd iarobfgy {ucmb}bjn

ejhebnf bnbybaoor {ucmosici bnycnybjnao ayyam`} jn mbtboban yaufcy}/ bn Dceusaur jd 1293 Iuc}icn

va} dbucejheci ani }gjuyor adycu aiibybjnao mbybc} bn Fcuhanr ani La{an vcuc bnycnybjnaoor

dbucejheci er ygc S] mucaybnf ma}saoybc} bn ygc gsniuci} jd ygjs}ani}. Ygc jnor }bfnbdbmany

uc}yubmybjn ygay va} aigcuci yj er aoo }bic} va} ygc {ujgbebybjn afabn}y mgchbmao vca{jn}.

Ic}{byc ygc gsfc }maoc jd S] }yuaycfbm ejhebnf bn Csuj{c/ by ibi njy gatc ygc icmb}btc

{jobybmao cddcmy} ygay hanr abu ygcjub}y} cw{cmyci. Ygc cddcmy jd ygc S] ‟bnis}yubao vce‘ ayyam`} b}

}yboo a hayycu jd }jhc ib}{syc. Vgboc ygc S] ]yuaycfbm Ejhebnf ]sutcr mjnmosici ygay aoobci

ejhebnf ibi gatc a halju cddcmy jn Fcuhanr‒} cmjnjhr/ hsmg jd ygay cddcmy mahc oayc bn ygc

vau. Ygb} va} isc yj oam` jd }sddbmbcny abu{jvcu ha}}/ yuabnbnf/ ani {ucmb}bjn bn ygc cauor vau/

a} vcoo a} ygc oam` jd dbfgycu c}mjuy. Bn {auy ygb} va} ao}j a dabosuc jd S] bnycoobfcnmc. S]

{oanncu} a}}shci ygay 1291 Fcuhan bnis}yur va} }yuabnbnf }bfnbdbmanyor snicu ygc ojai jd

fojeao vau. Bn damy/ Fcuhanr‒} vauybhc cmjnjhr va} njy }bfnbdbmanyor hjebob|ci snybo 1299.

Snybo ygay ybhc by va} ucoaybtcor ca}r yj ae}jue ygc obhbyci }maoc ani {ucmb}bjn jd S] }yuaycfbm

ayyam`}. Er ygc ybhc S] abu djumc} ucamgci mubybmao ha}} ani amgbctci abu }s{cubjubyr bn hbi(

1299/ Fcuhanr va} aoucair }sddcubnf dujh halju }yuaycfbm }cyeam`} jn ygc Ca}ycun dujny ani a

euca`jsy er aoobci djumc} bn ygc Vc}y. By ygcucdjuc ecmjhc} ibddbmsoy yj }c{auayc ygc cddcmy} jd S]

}yuaycfbm ejhebnf dujh ygc fcncuao }yuaycfbm mjooa{}c jd ygc Ygbui Ucbmg bn 1299 ani 1293.

Abu{jvcu {oarci a mubybmao ujoc bn ygc Fcuhan icdcay/ esy ibi njy mjh{ocyc ygc lje aojnc.

Bn La{an vc }cc a }bhboau yucni. Vgboc abu{jvcu va} ygc mubybmao yamybmao cochcny bn aoo jd ygc [ambdbm natao mah{abfn}/ La{an }gjvci }bfnbdbmany uc}bobcnmc yj }yuaycfbm ejhebnf. La{an

cnljrci ucoaybtc }cmsubyr snybo Njtchecu jd 1299/ vgcn E(52‒} oasnmgci ygcbu dbu}y uabi dujh ygc

Haubana}.==

Ygc La{anc}c cmjnjhr/ snob`c ygj}c jd Csuj{c/ ucobci gcatbor jn }haoo dahbor

jvnci es}bnc}}c} yj {ujtbic hsmg jd ygcbu vauybhc {ujismybjn. A} a uc}soy ygcuc vcuc dcvcu

oaufc bnis}yubao yaufcy}. Yj ayyam` La{anc}c ‟bnis}yur‘ ygc S] ygcucdjuc cnfafci bn a uaygcu

eusyao {jobmr jd dbucejhebnf La{anc}c mbybc} }yauybnf bn ygc ]{ubnf jd 1293. Ygc uc}soy va} ygc

vanyjn ya`bnf jd mbtboban obdc jn an sn{ucmcicnyci }maoc. Bn yjyao ==;/;;; mbtboban} vcuc ̀ booci

ani 7.3 hboobjn ocdy gjhcoc}}.=9

Ic}{byc uc{cayci uabi}/ vbyg }jhc hjuc iahafbnf ygay ygc

ayjhbm ejhe/ La{an ibi njy ma{bysoayc snybo ayjhbm vca{jn} vcuc amysaoor s}ci ay Gbuj}gbha

ani Nafa}a`b.

Ygb} uc}bobcnmr jd ygc mbtboban {j{soamc yj }yuaycfbm ejheauihcny va} anjygcu }su{ub}c jd

ygc vau. Abu ygcjub}y} }smg a} Ijsgcy ani Yucnmgaui gai ea}ci ygcbu {ujlcmybjn} jd qsbm`

mbtboban }suucnicu jn ygc ha}}btc {anbm ygay }cy bn adycu ygc Fcuhan \c{{cobn uabi} jtcu Cnfoani

12



bn Vjuoi Vau B. Rcy La{an ibi njy }suucnicu yj dbucejhebnf/ nju ibi Fcuhanr daoo yj ygc

mjhebnci ejhecu jddcn}btc. Ejyg vcuc {jobybmaoor uc}bobcny yj }yuaycfbm ejhebnf. Ygc cnchr

}yucnfyg man ec a}mubeci yj ay oca}y yvj damyju}. Dbu}y/ ygc S] va} s}bnf a uabibnf(ojfb}ybm}

}yuaycfr yj amgbctc ygc snobhbyci jelcmybtc jd snmjnibybjnao }suucnicu. Jnc mjsoi aufsc ygay

amgbctbnf snmjnibybjnao }suucnicu ucqsbuci a {cu}b}ycny }yuaycfr. ]cmjni/ a} va} hcnybjnci

cauobcu/ ejyg Fcuhanr ani La{an ucyabnci }yujnf ani ybfgyor mjnyujooci {jobybmao }yusmysuc} yj ygc

ebyycu cni jd ygc vau. Ncbygcu va} {jobybmaoor tsoncuaeoc yj abu ayyam`.

A dbnao {auaijw dujh Vjuoi Vau BB b} ygay jd ygc ayjhbm ejhe. Vgr/ adycu cnisubnf hsoyb{oc

dbucejhe ayyam`} cqsao bn }maoc yj ygc ayjhbm ayyam`} ibi La{an }siicnor }suucnicu yj ayjhbm abu

ayyam`: Ygc [ambdbm ]yuaycfbm Ejhebnf ]sutcr }s{{juy} ygc bica ygay dbucejhebnf va} gatbnf a

}se}yanybao cddcmy. Bn Haumg jd 1293 vgcn dbucejhebnf ecfan/ jnor 12 {cumcny jd ygc {j{soamc

ecobctci La{an mjsoi njy vbn ygc vau. Ls}y {ubju yj }suucnicu bn Asfs}y/ ygay {cumcnyafc gai

ub}cn yj 47 {cumcny ‟jd vgbmg hjuc ygan jnc(gaod jd ygc bnibtbisao} bnycutbcvci mucibyci abu

ayyam`}/ uaygcu ygan ayjhbm uabi}/ a} ygc {ubnmb{ao uca}jn dju ygcbu ecobcd}.‘=3

Ygc }sutcr

mjnmosic} ygay ygc ayjhbm ejhe hcucor ammcocuayci ygc djuygmjhbnf La{anc}c }suucnicu er

}ctcuao hjnyg}/ ctcn ae}cny a S] fujsni bnta}bjn. A}bic dujh dbucejhebnf/ jnc hs}y mjn}bicu

ygc vgjoc jd ygc La{anc}c }yuaycfbm }bysaybjn ay ygc ybhc jd ygc ayjhbm vca{jn}. Er ygc ybhc ygc

oa}y ayjhbm vca{jn va} iuj{{ci/ ygc eso` jd ygc La{anc}c auhr va} yua{{ci bn Mgbna/ ani msy

jdd dujh ygc La{anc}c gjhcoani. Ncauor 53;/;;; La{anc}c yujj{} vcuc yua{{ci bn Hanmgsuba

aojnc dambnf ncau mcuyabn cwybnmybjn ay ygc gani} jd ygc ncvor cnycuci Us}}ban}. S] natao

djumc} }suujsnici ygc La{anc}c b}oani}/ ani ctcn bnycu(b}oani yuaddbm gai cddcmybtcor mjhc yj a

gaoy. Ygc S] cnici ygc vau vbyg jtcu 6; mauubcu} bn ygc [ambdbm yj La{an‒} djsu. A} an b}oani

naybjn vbyg dcv bnibfcnjs} uc}jsumc}/ La{an damci a eoca` dsysuc ygay bnmosici vbic}{ucai

}yautaybjn/ yjyao ic}yusmybjn jd gcu auhbc}/ ani ygc mjnybnsci dbucejhebnf ani ctcnysao bnta}bjn

jd La{an by}cod. Aii yj ygb} ygc ichjn}yuayci {j}}bebobyr jd mjnybnsci ayjhbm ic}yusmybjn ani ygc

}suucnicu jd La{an bn 1293 }cch} oc}} jd a {auaijw.

@JUCA

Snob`c Vjuoi Vau BB/ bn ejyg @juca ani Tbcynah ygc ncfaybtc {jobybmao jelcmybtc jd obhbybnf

ygc }mj{c jd vau {uctcnyci oaufc(}maoc }yuaycfbm s}c jd abu{jvcu. Ygjsfg abu{jvcu {oarci a

halju ujoc bn ejyg mjndobmy}/ by} bh{amy va} {ubhaubor dcoy ay ygc yamybmao uaygcu ygan }yuaycfbm octco.

Bn aiibybjn/ ygc tsoncuaebobyr jd yvj oaufcor afuauban }jmbcybc} yj }yuaycfbm abu ayyam` va} obhbyci.

@juca ani Tbcynah ibi njy gatc ygc oaufc bnis}yubao Ugbnc taoocr ju ta}y mbybc} jd La{an yj

ayyam`. ]yuaycfbm abu{jvcu ygcucdjuc {oarci a }se}bibaur ujoc bn ejyg mjndobmy}.

5;



Bn ygc bnbybao {ga}c jd ygc @jucan Vau/ ygc djms} jd S] abu{jvcu va} aohj}y {sucor yamybmao.

Ataboaeoc abu djumc} vcuc icibmayci }jocor yj }ojvbnf ygc Njuyg @jucan aitanmc ani }s{{juybnf

ygc hcafcu djumc} uchabnbnf ay [s}an. [uc}bicny Yushan/ dcaudso jd iuavbnf ygc Mgbnc}c bnyj

ygc vau/ obhbyci ejyg fujsni ani abu djumc} bn @juca yj ygj}c ncmc}}aur yj uc{co ygc Njuyg

@jucan djumc}. [su}sby jd ygc ncfaybtc jelcmybtc obhbyci ygc ch{ojrhcny jd S] djumc.

Uc}yubmybjn} obdyci bn ]c{ychecu jd 123; adycu ygc }smmc}}dso Bnmgjn bnta}bjn vgcn ygc [uc}bicny

ani ygc SN }s{{juyci ygc ucsnbdbmaybjn jd @juca er djumc. Ygc S] }yusm` ygc }haoo nshecu jd

bh{juyany bnis}yubao yaufcy} bn Njuyg @juca. Er Jmyjecu/ E(52‒} gai ‟{auaor|ci‘ Njuyg @jucan

bnis}yur.=4

Ncfaybtc jelcmybtc} cnycuci afabn bn Njtchecu jd ygay rcau vgcn Mgbna cnycuci ygc

vau. Ygc ]bnj(]jtbcy Icdcn}c [amy dci Yushan‒} dcau} uc}soybnf bn a }yafnayci dujny dju ygc

uchabnicu jd ygc vau. Abu{jvcu mjnybnsci yj }s{{juy yamybmao djumc} ani habnyabn abu }s{cubjubyr/

esy ibi njy cnfafc bn }yuaycfbm amybjn.

Ygc abu }yuaycfr bn @juca man ammsuaycor ec moa}}bdbci a} a uabibnf(mjheay }yuaycfr.

Obhbyci er {jobybmban} dujh ayyam`bnf ygc ojfb}ybm eubifcgcai} Njuyg jd ygc Raos ubtcu/ S] abu djumc

mjsoi jnor bnycuibmy ani ibucmyor ejhe Mgbnc}c ani @jucan mjheay djumc}. Dsuygcu/ }bnmc aoo S]

djumc} vcuc {uctcnyci dujh ijbnf anrygbnf jygcu ygan uc}yjubnf ygc =7yg {auaooco obnc adycu

Mgbna‒} cnyur bnyj ygc vau/ nj {j}bybtc hbobyaur {ujfuc}} mjsoi ec haic. A }yaochayc va} ygc

ec}y {j}}beoc jsymjhc fbtcn ygc ncfaybtc {jobybmao jelcmy. Dbnaoor/ jnc hbfgy njyc ygay abu{jvcu

gai ucoaybtcor dcv ‟}yuaycfbm‘ yaufcy} bn Njuyg @juca. @juca va} {ubhaubor an afuauban }yayc/ ani

njy {auybmsoauor tsoncuaeoc yj S] }yuaycfbm abu{jvcu. ]bnmc Njuyg @juca va} ao}j yjyaobyauban ani

damci vbyg ncau annbgboaybjn ecdjuc Mgbna‒} bnycutcnybjn/ by a{{cau} ygay ygc ucfbhc va}

{jobybmaoor uc}bobcny.

Ygc icmb}bjn yj ganioc ygc Mgbnc}c vbyg `bi fojtc} va} mocauor a {jobybmao icmb}bjn haic

er Yushan. By b} bnycuc}ybnf yj njyc ygc uaibmaoor ibddcucny {jobybmao a{{ujamg jd gb} }smmc}}ju/ ygc

Fcncuao ysunci [uc}bicny Cb}cngjvcu. Cb}cngjvcu mjtcuyor ygucaycnci yj eubnf ygc vau yj

Mgbna ani ctcn bnybhayci ygay nsmocau vca{jn} vcuc a {j}}bebobyr. Ygb} ygucay b} vbicor mucibyci

vbyg eubnfbnf Njuyg @juca yj }bfn a ucosmyany esy oa}ybnf yusmc.

TBCYNAH

Ygc bnycudcucnmc jd {jobybmao ocaicu} bn hbobyaur ch{ojrhcny bn Tbcynah b} ocfcniaur/ ani

ucqsbuc} obyyoc dsuygcu cw{oanaybjn gcuc. Mocauor ygc ncfaybtc jelcmy jd atjbibnf a vau vbyg Mgbna

ju Us}}ba jsyvcbfgci ygc {j}bybtc {jobybmao jelcmy jd vbnnbnf ygc vau bn Tbcynah. Vgay Ljgn}jn

maooci %ygay obyyoc ebymg jd a vau% ecmahc a }rhejo jd ygc obhby} jd Ahcubman hbobyaur {jvcu dju a

51



fcncuaybjn/ ani oci yj a {jobybmao yuan}djuhaybjn bn ygc Snbyci ]yayc} }j oaufc ygay by} dsoo bh{amy

b} }yboo ecbnf ctaosayci.

Dju abu ocaicu}/ [uc}bicny Ljgn}jn&} bnycudcucnmc djuh} a moa}}bm }ysir bn gjv njy yj ij

es}bnc}}. Ljgn}jn a{{ujtci ygc yaufcy} yj ec gby/ gjv jdycn ygcr vjsoi ec gby/ vgay vca{jn}

yj s}c ani bn }jhc ma}c} ctcn ygc ujsyc yj ec s}ci er ygc abu{oanc}. Ygc Ujoobnf Ygsnicu

mah{abfn ic}bfnci yj mjh{co Njuyg Tbcynah yj }yj{ }s{{juybnf Tbcy Mjnf fscubooa} bn ygc

]jsyg/ va} ygc aohj}y ygc anybygc}b} jd ygc }yuaycfbm ejhebnf {ubnmb{oc} cw{oabnci bn }cmybjn 5.

Uaygcu ygan an bnycn}c mah{abfn yj hawbhb|c {jobybmao }gjm`/ Ujoobnf Ygsnicu va} a fuaisayci

mah{abfn yj }ojvor esboi {jobybmao {uc}}suc. Ygc }yuaycfr va} {ubhaubor a uabibnf(mjheay

}yuaycfr/ }bnmc `cr ojfb}ybm yaufcy} aujsni Gab{gjnf ani Ganjb vcuc }{cmbdbmaoor cwmosici dujh

ayyam`. Cnchr tsoncuaebobyr yj abu ayyam` va} qsc}ybjnaeoc/ }bnmc Tbcy Mjnf fscubooa djumc} ani

ojfb}ybm} ujsyc} vcuc vcoo gbiicn vbygbn ygc lsnfoc} ju mbtboban {j{soaybjn mcnycu} ani aohj}y

bh{j}}beoc yj icycmy dujh ygc abu. Hbobyaur ocaicu} ao}j {oarci a ujoc er bndoaybnf moabh} jd cauor

}smmc}} ani ucds}bnf yj aoycu ygc mjsu}c jd an bnmuca}bnfor ean`us{y }yuaycfr. Ljgn}jn/

{jobybmaoor snaeoc yj vbygiuav/ va} ao}j {jobybmaoor snaeoc yj cnfafc dsoor oc}y by %ib}yuamy% ayycnybjn

dujh gb} %Fucay ]jmbcyr% ijhc}ybm {ujfuah. Ygc ncy uc}soy va} a ojy jd ejhe} iuj{{ci yj obyyoc

cddcmy.

Ygc abu vau cnycuci a ncv {ga}c vbyg Obnceam`cu B ani BB snicu [uc}bicny Nbwjn. Ygc}c

cddjuy} gai ygc hsmg hjuc obhbyci abh jd djumbnf Njuyg Tbcynah yj ncfjybayc bn fjji dabyg. Ygc

gsfc E(35 uabi} vcuc }yuaycfbmaoor djms}ci jn Ganjb ani Gab{gjnf/ ani ctcnysaoor djumci Njuyg

Tbcynah yj ncfjybayc ani }bfn an afucchcny. ]yuaycfr }gbdyci yj a uabibnf(ojfb}ybm }yuaycfr/ic}bfnci bn {auy yj hawbhb|c {}rmgjojfbmao bh{amy. ]jhc }av ygb} a} a ucaddbuhaybjn jd

}yuaycfbm abu{jvcu ygcjur ani ucdsyaybjn jd ygc Ujoobnf Ygsnicu a{{ujamg. Jygcu} {jbny jsy/

qsbyc mjuucmyor/ ygay ygc {jobybmao }bysaybjn snicu Nbwjn gai mganfci }bfnbdbmanyor. Ygc S] va}

aoucair snboaycuaoor {soobnf yujj{} jsy bn oaufc nshecu} snicu a {ujfuah jd %Tbcyhbnb|aybjn/% ani

by va} jnor a hayycu jd ybhc ecdjuc ygc S] yujj{ vbygiuavao vjsoi ec mjh{ocyc. Ygc Njuyg

Tbcynahc}c mjuucmyor maomsoayci ygay ygc S] vjsoi njy ucysun yj }atc ]jsyg Tbcynah bn ygc

dsysuc. Bn aiibybjn/ ygc cnchr&} tsoncuaebobyr gai mganfci. Ygc Tbcy Mjnf vcuc nj ojnfcu a

tbaeoc djumc adycu ygc daboci Ycy Jddcn}btc/ ani Njuyg Tbcynah gai ysunci yj by} mjntcnybjnaoauhr yj {uc}} by} ayyam .̀ Ygc}c djumc} vcuc hsmg hjuc }s}mc{ybeoc yj S] abu{jvcu ani a

mjsnycu(ojfb}ybm} }yuaycfr. A mjhebnaybjn jd bnmuca}ci tsoncuaebobyr/ obhbyci S] jelcmybtc}/ ani

ygc jnfjbnf S] fujsni vbygiuavao abici ygc Obnceam`cu B ani BB mah{abfn} bn amgbctbnf ygcbu

{jobybmao jelcmybtc.

55



YGC [CU]BAN FSOD VAU

Ygc [cu}ban Fsod Vau/ a} ygc dbu}y halju {j}y(mjoi(vau mjndobmy/ fatc ygc S] by} dbu}y

j{{juysnbyr yj }ya`c by} {oamc bn ygc ncv vjuoi juicu. By ao}j hau`} a halju ysunbnf {jbny bn S]

abu }yuaycfr ani ijmyubnc. A }bfnbdbmany {jvcu }gbdy gai jmmsuuci vbygbn ygc S] Abu Djumc adycu

Tbcynah. Ygc dbfgycu {bojy} ygay docv bn Tbcynah fuaisaoor uc{oamci ygc }yuaycfbm ejhecu {bojy}

ygay gai oci ygc Abu Djumc }bnmc ygc ]cmjni Vjuoi Vau. Ygb} %gj}yboc ya`cjtcu% a} by b}

}jhcybhc} maooci/ oci yj a yamybmaoor djms}ci Abu Djumc. Ygb} {cuhcayci ygc cnybuc Abu Djumc.

Nsmocau }yuaycfbm bnycumc{yju} vcuc uc{oamci er hsoyb{su{j}c dbfgycu}. A nsmocau(gcatr

}yuaycfbm ijmyubnc va} uc{oamci er ygc auhr oci ijmyubnc jd %Abu(Oani eayyoc.% A} Mauo Esboicu {sy

by %Ygc mjnyubesybjn} jd abu {jvcu yj J{cuaybjn Ic}cuy ]yjuh/ ygc Tbcynah Vau ani @jucan Vau

vcuc ijhbnayci er yamybmao abu {jvcu.%=6

Yj a oaufc icfucc/ ygc mjheay(uabibnf }yuaycfr jd ygc Fsod Vau ucdocmyci ygay a{{ujamg.

Jd ygc =3/;;; }yub`c} dojvn/ 5=/9=; vcuc afabn}y Buaqb fujsni djumc}/ ani anjygcu 4/7;; afabn}y

jygcu Buaqb mjheay djumc}.=7

Ygc {jobybmao }gam`oc} jn abu{jvcu vcuc oaufcor uchjtci. Cwmc{y

dju }jhc obhbyaybjn} ic}bfnci yj hbnbhb|c mbtboban ma}saoybc} ani ha}} mbtboban }sddcubnf/ dcv

uc}yubmybjn} vcuc {oamci jn vca{jn} ju yamybm}. Mjntcnybjnao Buaqb djumc} bn ygc ic}cuy vcuc

cw{j}ci ani tsoncuaeoc yj bicnybdbmaybjn ani abu ayyam`. S] {ucmb}bjn vca{jn}/ }bfnbdbmanyor

cnganmci dujh ygcbu cauor Tbcynah iar}/ {oarci a {ujhbncny ujoc bn ygc ib}hchecuhcny jd Buaqb

hbobyaur djumc}.

Ic}{byc ygc }juybc mjsny}/ abu{jvcu jtcu Ic}cuy ]yjuh va} njy mjh{ocycor djms}ci jn

mjheay djumc}. Bn damy ygc cauor djms} jd abu{jvcu bn ygc vau va} }yuaycfbm yaufcy}. Ygb} }cmjni

halju uctjosybjn va} ygc uctbtao jd }yuaycfbm ejhebnf ygcjur. Bnbybayci er Mjo Ljgn Vauicn jd

ygc S]AD&} Mgcm`hayc {oannbnf mcoo ani {ujobdcuayci er ygc Eoam` Gjoc mcoo bn Uragi/ a

ejhebnf mah{abfn maooci Bn}yany Ygsnicu va} ygc mcnycu{bcmc jd ygc Abu Djumc&} cauor vau

}yuaycfr. Bn a ygujveam` yj ygc djsniaybjn} jd bnis}yubao vce ygcjur jd ygc Abu Mju{} Yamybmao

]mgjjo dujh ecdjuc VVBB/ Vauicn {uj{j}ci mucaybnf }yuaycfbm {auaor}b} bn ygc cnchr er

}bhsoyancjs}or }yub`bnf `cr yaufcy} }smg a} mjhhani ani mjnyujo njic}/ ocaicu}gb{ mcnycu}/

cocmyubmbyr ani jygcu bndua}yusmysuc. Ygc yaufcy jd ygc}c ayyam`} va} }yuaycfbm ani {jobybmao/ ani

ygc abh va} yj ic}yujr ygc cnchr&} vboo yj dbfgy. Vauicn/ ob`c cauobcu ygcjub}y}/ jtcuc}ybhayci

ygc cddcmy} jd gb} mah{abfn er fsauanyccbnf an Buaqb mjooa{}c adycu jnor 1; iar} jd ejhebnf vbyg

abu{jvcu aojnc. Bn {uamybmc/ abu{jvcu mucayci icta}yaybjn jn an sn{ucmcicnyci }maoc/ esy ibi

njy jtcumjhc ]aiiah Gs}}cbn&} {jobybmao vboo. Gc va} {gr}bmaoor esy njy {jobybmaoor tsoncuaeoc.

Nctcuygcoc}}/ hanr jd Vauicn&} uc}suucmyci }yuaycfbm ygcjubc} vjsoi djuh ygc djsniaybjn jd abu

ygcjur dju ygc hjicun Abu Djumc.

5=



Ygc {jobybmao ocfamr jd ygc [cu}ban Fsod Vau b} vjuyg njybnf. Ygjsfg abu{jvcu aojnc ibi

njy djumc Buaq&} vbygiuavao dujh @svaby/ ygc iabor fsn mahcua tbicj} }gjvbnf ygc icaior

ammsuamr ani cddcmybtcnc}} jd hjicun abu{jvcu dbuhor c}yaeob}gci abu{jvcu a} a {jycny vca{jn

bn ygc hbni} jd S] {jobmrha`cu}. Abu{jvcu mjsoi ec s}ci }c{auayc dujh ani bn aitanmc jd

fujsni djumc}. Abu{jvcu man ec ic{ojrci qsbm`or bn icdcn}c jd gjy }{jy}. Hjicun abu{jvcu b}

cwyuchcor {ucmb}c ani ma{aeoc jd vuca b̀nf fucay ic}yusmybjn. Abu{jvcu man ec ch{ojrci vbyg

dcv oj}}c} ani mas}c} dcvcu mbtboban ma}saoybc} ygan jygcu hcan}. Ygc}c oc}}jn}/ vgbmg djuh

ygc hjicun {jobybmao ocfamr jd abu{jvcu/ vcuc aoo dbuhor c}yaeob}gci isubnf Ic}cuy ]yjuh.

ABU[JVCU JTCU @J]JTJ

Bn @j}jtj/ ygc tb}bjn jd hjicun abu{jvcu bnyujismci bn Ic}cuy ]yjuh va} djumci yj damc

by} obhbyaybjn}/ ejyg ay ygc {jobybmao ani hbobyaur octco. Fcncuao Vc}ocr Moau`/ NAYJ mjhhanicu/

va} qsjyci a} }arbnf %Ygb} va} njy/ }yubmyor }{ca`bnf/ a vau.%

=2

@j}jtj va} ygc dbu}y ctcu NAYJ oci j{cuaybjn/ ani }selcmy ygcucdjuc njy yj ygc ojj}c mjaobybjn usoc} jd Ic}cuy ]yjuh/ esy

ygc }yubmy {jobybmao obhby} jd ygc NAYJ mgauycu. Ygc}c {jobybmao obhby} vcuc yj {ujtc a halju

}ysheobnf eojm`/ rcy er mjbnmbicnmc ao}j {oar a halju ujoc bn NAYJ&} }smmc}}.

Ygc hbobyaur }yuaycfr bn @j}jtj va} njy ygay jd Ic}cuy ]yjuh. @j}jtj va} ay by} gcauy a

{jobybmao vau. Fujsni yujj{} vcuc usoci jsy dujh ygc }yauy. Uaygcu ygan aij{y ygc ua{bi icmb}btc

{auaor}b} jd ]cueban ocaicu}gb{/ NAYJ aij{yci a }yuaycfr jd fuaisayci {uc}}suc/ uchbnb}mcny jd

ygc Ujoobnf Ygsnicu mah{abfn jd [uc}bicny Ljgn}jn. Abuhcn lj`bnfor maooci ygc mah{abfn

%Mjn}yany Iub||oc% yj mjnyua}y by vbyg Vauicn&} %Bn}yany Ygsnicu% {oan dujh Ic}cuy ]yjuh. Ygc

uca}jn} vcuc hanr. Dbu}y/ NAYJ ecobctci ]cueban ocaicu Hboj}ctbm vjsoi qsbm`or }yauy yj

ncfjybayc jnmc ejhe} amysaoor }yauyci daoobnf/ }j ygcr obhbyci ygc }mj{c yj obhby iahafc.

]cmjnior/ hanr bn NAYJ gai tbtbi {bmysuc} jd ygc mbybc} jd Csuj{c esunbnf yj ygc fujsni bn

Vjuoi Vau BB ani vanyci yj atjbi ygay {jobybmao {cumc{ybjn bn Ecofuaic. Ygbui/ NAYJ ay by}

c}}cnmc b} a mjn}cn}s} jufanb|aybjn }j anr }yuaycfr gai yj ucdocmy ygc %ojvc}y mjhhjn

icnjhbnayju% jd ygc nbncyccn hchecu naybjn}. Bn hanr ma}c} aoo 12 naybjn} gai yj a{{ujtc `cr

yaufcy}. Ygc }yuaycfr va} ygcucdjuc a uabibnf(mjheay }yuaycfr/ esy jnc hjuc ob`c Tbcynah ygan

Ic}cuy ]yjuh. Vbyg nj fujsni djumc yj ybc ijvn ju bicnybdr cnchr djumc}/ ygc ]cueban} vcuc

aeoc yj ca}bor hjtc }haoo snby} dujh gjs}c yj gjs}c yj mjnybnsc ygcbu mah{abfn afabn}y ygc

oaufcor icdcn}coc}} @j}jtau mbtboban}. Ygc}c }haoo snby} vcuc gaui yj bicnybdr ani yaufcy dujh

ygc abu. Hboj}ctbm/ ucaibnf NAYJ&} }ojv mah{abfn a} a }bfn jd vca`nc}}/ icmbici yj bn}ycai

ammcocuayci gb} {ujmc}} jd cygnbm mocan}bnf bn @j}jtj.

59



Bujnbmaoor/ ygc {jobybmao vca`nc}} jd NAYJ va} ao}j by} }yucnfyg. Ygc jnc {jbny ygay aoo

hchecu naybjn} vcuc aeoc yj afucc s{jn va} ygay ygcr mjsoi njy oj}c ygc vau. Ygc {jobybmao

{ubmc jd gatbnf ygc NAYJ aoobanmc dabo bn by} dbu}y ctcu hbobyaur j{cuaybjn va} gbfgcu ygan anr jd

ygc hchecu naybjn} mjsoi ecau. A }cubc} jd {seobm ucoaybjn ib}a}ycu} }smg a} ygc ammbicnyao

ejhebnf jd ygc Mgbnc}c chea}}r ani ygc ejhebnf jd ucdsfcc mjntjr} }yauyci yj cujic {seobm

}s{{juy dju ygc vau. A} {seobm }s{{juy ceeci/ {jobybmao ocaicu} {uc}}ci dju a qsbm` cni ani ygc

{jobybmao obhby} vcuc ca}ci. Bn oayc Har/ Fcncuao Moau`c va} dbnaoor fbtcn {cuhb}}bjn yj ya`c jsy

ygc {jvcu fubi ani `cr naybjnao mjhhani ani mjnyujo mcnycu}. Ygc }gbdy dujh yamybmao yj

}yuaycfbm yaufcy} va} }ccn a} mubybmao dju vbnnbnf ygc vau. Ygc bnmuca}ci hbobyaur {uc}}suc

mjhebnci vbyg {jobybmao {uc}}suc mjhbnf njv dujh ejyg Us}}ba ani ygc NAYJ mjsnyubc}

soybhaycor djumci Hboj}ctbm yj ncfjybayc a }cyyochcny. Ygc obhbyci jelcmybtc va} amgbctci ani

{camc`cc{bnf djumc} vcuc hjtci bn yj }yaebob|c @j}jtj.

Ygc vau jtcu @j}jtj uchabn} a hbobyaur ani {jobybmao cnbfha. NAYJ&} 12 mjsnyubc} vcny

yj vau vbygjsy SN }anmybjn yj }yj{ a mbtbo vau vbyg dcv bd anr naybjnao bnycuc}y} ay }ya`c. Ygc

eojjioc}} abu{jvcu(jnor NAYJ vbn vjsoi a{{cau yj ec a fucay tbmyjur ejyg dujh a {jobybmao ani

abuhan&} {cu}{cmybtc. Ygjsfg ygc {jobybmao jelcmybtc va} obhbyci/ by va} njy yubtbao. ]cueba bn

cddcmy mcici mjnyujo jd ygc {ujtbnmc jd @j}jtj yj NAYJ djumc}0 hau`bnf ygc dbu}y ybhc bn gb}yjur

ygay abu{jvcu aojnc djumci a }yayc yj fbtc s{ }jhc jd by} }jtcucbfnyr. Vgr ygcn b} ygcuc }j

hsmg {jobybmao ib}mjhdjuy: Dbu}y/ by b} mocau ygay @j}jtj eujsfgy yj obfgy }jhc {jobybmao muam`} bn

ygc NAYJ aoobanmc ani hbobyaur }yusmysuc ygay {jobybmban} vjsoi {ucdcu uchabnci gbiicn. ]cmjni/

ygc abu j{cuaybjn ibi njy cni ygc cygnbm mocan}bnf/ esy bn}ycai ammcocuayci by. Njy snybo{camc`cc{bnf djumc} cnycuci @j}jtj ibi cygnbm mocan}bnf amysaoor cni. Ygbui/ @j}jtj uctcaoci

ygay mjn}cn}s} ea}ci mjaobybjn yaufcybnf man uc}soy bn a uanijh a{{obmaybjn jd abu{jvcu ygay

ijc} njy ncmc}}aubor }s{{juy ygc }yuaycfbm jelcmybtc. Dbnaoor/ @j}jtj uc{uc}cny} a {jobybmj(

hbobyaur cygbmao yguc}gjoi ygay ncbygcu ygc S] nju by} aoobc} vcuc {uc{auci yj icao vbyg. Bd vau man

njv ec djsfgy cnybucor dujh ygc abu s}bnf {cuga{} jnor 1/;;; {bojy} vbygjsy a }bnfoc oj}}/ ygcn

ygc dubcnior {jobybmao mj}y a{{ujamgc} |cuj. By b} vgay Hbmgaco Bfnaybcdd ic}mubec} a} a Tbuysao

Vau . A} gc {sy} by %․vau vbygjsy icayg (( yj jsu }bic (( b} vau ygay mca}c} yj ec ucao yj s}<

tbuysao vau. Bd Vc}ycun naybjn} man ch{ojr tbjocnmc vbyg bh{snbyr/ vboo ygcr njy ec ych{yci yjs}c by hjuc jdycn:%

9;Vboo vc cnycu vau} vc mannjy fcy jsy jd: Vboo ygc ca}c jd ch{ojrbnf

abu{jvcu uc}soy bn ygc jtcucwycn}bjn vc gatc }ccn bn aoo fucay ch{buc} jd ygc anmbcny vjuoi:

Jnor ygc dsysuc vboo ycoo.

53



MJNMOS]BJN

Esy B gatc }ccn ygc }mbcnmc B vju}gb{{ci/ ani ygc abu{oanc B ojtci ic}yujrbnf ygcmbtbob|aybjn B cw{cmyci ygch yj }cutc.

( Mgauoc} A. Obniesufg

Hjicun S] abu{jvcu b} a {jycny ani ocygao {jobybmao vca{jn dju }s{{juybnf S] jelcmybtc}

vjuoivbic. Ygc bngcucny {jobybmao aitanyafc} auc hanr bnmosibnf docwbebobyr/ }{cci/ aebobyr yj

{ujlcmy {jvcu fojeaoor/ dcvcu dubcnior ani mjooaycuao ma}saoybc}/ bndjuhaybjnao ijhbnanmc ani bn

hanr ma}c} a ua{bi tbmyjur. Abu{jvcu ao}j ga} ygc aitanyafc jd jddcubnf a gbfg icfucc jd

{jobybmao mjnyujo. Rcy abu{jvcu b} njy an aoo({su{j}c yjjo. Abuhcn ecobctc abu{jvcu }gjsoi ec

s}ci bn mcuyabn var} yj amgbctc `cr hbobyaur jelcmybtc}/ ani ygcr ao}j ecobctc ygay yj s}c by

jygcuvb}c b} njy jnor va}ycdso esy ao}j mjsnycu{ujismybtc.

Ygc mgaoocnfc jd fuani }yuaycfr b} yj mjnncmy ygc {jobybmao jelcmybtc yj hbobyaur ani jygcu

hcan} vgboc }yboo eaoanmbnf ygc ncci} jd a taubcyr jd jygcu/ jdycn mjndobmybnf {jobybmao jelcmybtc}.

Ygc {jobybmban b} njy a} mjnmcunci vbyg ygc ycmgnjojfr ju ijmyubnc jd vaudauc a} by} mjnyubesybjn

yj ygc fuani }cy jd mjh{cybnf {jobybmao jelcmybtc}. Ygc {jobybmban har ygcucdjuc mgjj}c yj obhby bn

taubjs} var} ygc ch{ojrhcny jd abu{jvcu yj amgbctc jygcu jelcmybtc}. Abu{jvcu/ er by}cod/ ao}j

ga} bngcucny obhbyaybjn}. A} a mucaybjn jd ygc bnis}yubao afc/ abu{jvcu ic{cni} jn ygc

tsoncuaebobyr jd ygc cnchr. Bd ygc cnchr mannjy ec bicnybdbci ani yaufcyci dujh ygc abu/ by b}

ibddbmsoy yj cddcmybtcor ch{ojr abu{jvcu aojnc. ]bhboauor/ ctcn bd an cnchr b} {gr}bmaoor

tsoncuaeoc/ gc har njy ec {jobybmaoor tsoncuaeoc yj abu{jvcu.

A }sutcr jd halju S] abu cnfafchcny} jd ygc 5;yg mcnysur }gjv} ejyg {ujhb}c ani mas}c

dju masybjn. Ygjsfg abu{jvcu {oarci a mubybmao ujoc bn ctcur mjndobmy/ ygc ujoc jd abu{jvcu a{{obci

}yuaycfbmaoor ga} eccn hbwci. Vgcn sndcyycuci dujh halju {jobybmao uc}yuabny/ abu{jvcu ga}

mucayci }jhc }{cmyamsoau hbobyaur uc}soy}/ esy ygc}c gatc njy aovar} yuan}oayci ibucmyor yj

{jobybmao uc}soy}. Ygc {jobybmao tsoncuaebobyr a{{cau} afabn yj ec ay oca}y a} bh{juyany a} {gr}bmao

tsoncuaebobyr. Yuan}oaybnf {gr}bmao tsoncuaebobyr bnyj {jobybmao tsoncuaebobyr dujh ygc abu b} njy an

ca}r ya}`. Dsuygcu/ abu{jvcu a{{cau} ecyycu }sbyci yj amgbctbnf obhbyci {jobybmao jelcmybtc} aojnc

ygan snobhbyci jnc}. Ygb} har gatc yj ij vbyg ygc bngcucny obhbyaybjn} jd a njn({cu}b}ycny

uabibnf }yuaycfr.

Ygc {jobybmao bh{obmaybjn} jd ygc tbuysao vau dujh ygc abu }ccn bn @j}jtj auc ejyg

eucaygya`bnf ani }maur. Hjicun abu{jvcu/ bd {cumcbtci er {jobybmban} a} a ojv mj}y hcan} yj

{jobybmao cni}/ b} uchau`aeor mgca{ bn by} cnyur mj}y. Rcy/ bd ygc oa}y 4; rcau} jd abu{jvcu ga}

yasfgy s} anrygbnf by b} ygay abu{jvcu b} njy an aoo {su{j}c }josybjn. By man amgbctc hanr

jelcmybtc} aojnc/ esy by b} njy ma{aeoc jd amgbctbnf aoo jelcmybtc} aojnc. Ygay b} vgr ygc S]

54



habnyabn} a dsoo }{cmyush eaoanmci hbobyaur djumc. Ygc ub}`/ ygcn/ b} ygay vc har mgca{or cnycu a

%tbuysao vau% ygay ysun} bnyj a hsmg hjuc mj}yor ucao vau.

Dbnaoor/ a} va} mjtcuci cauobcu/ ctcn vgcn abu{jvcu b} cddcmybtc by b} njy {cu}b}ycny.

Ygjsfg by man ec s}ci yj mjh{co an cnchr yj amgbctc a taubcyr jd jelcmybtc}/ by mannjy ij }j jn

a {cu}b}ycny ea}b} snoc}} by b} mjn}yanyor uc(ch{ojrci. Bn camg jd ygc vau} hcnybjnci aejtc

bnmosibnf @j}jtj/ }se}yanybao fujsni djumc} vcuc ucqsbuci yj fauub}jn ygc ucfbjn ani habnyabn

ygc {camc jnmc ygc abu vau cnici. Ygc eujaicu s}c jd abu{jvcu dju cmjnjhr har ygcucdjuc

gatc ygc snbnycnici mjn}cqscnmc jd bnmuca}bnf/ uaygcu ygan icmuca}bnf ygc ujoc jd fujsni

djumc}. Bd ygc S] cnfafc} bn ygc snuc}yubmyci s}c jd %tbuysao vau% yj {ujycmy njn(tbyao bnycuc}y}/

}gc har ec cnfafbnf bn a {jobmr jd jtcu(cwycn}bjn. Ygc}c {jobybmao jelcmy}/ jnmc amgbctci er

hbobyaur djumc/ hs}y ec fauub}jnci. Ygb} vjsoi {sy ygc S] jn a gb}yjubmao {ayg jd jtcu(cwycn}bjn

ani icmobnc }bhboau yj ygay }ccn bn djuhcuor fucay ch{buc} }smg a} Ujhc/ Er|anybsh ani Fucay

Eubyabn.

Ic}{byc abu{jvcu&} obhbyaybjn}/ ygc msuucny S] aitanyafc bn abu{jvcu har bnicci s}gcu a

eubcd {cubji jd %abu{jvcu secu aooc}.% Nctcuygcoc}}/ by b} mocauor bn ygc ec}y bnycuc}y} jd ygc Snbyci

]yayc} yj mucayc a eaoanmci auhci djumc ma{aeoc jd aiiuc}}bnf ygc dsoo }{cmyush jd {jobybmao

jelcmybtc}. Ctcn bn an bicao vjuoi/ ygc S] ycmgnjojfbmao aitanyafc mannjy oa}y djuctcu. Ygc

{ujobdcuaybjn jd ycmgnjojfr ygujsfgjsy gb}yjur ga} }gjvn s} ygay ctcnysaoor jsu cnchbc} vboo

haymg jsu ma{aebobyr. Snybo ygay ga{{cn}/ ygc a{{obmaybjn jd abu{jvcu hs}y {ujmcci aojnf }jsni

{jobybmao obnc}/ vbyg crc} dsoor j{cn yj {jycnybao ojnf ycuh hbobyaur ani {jobybmao {bydaoo}.

Vjui Mjsny 8 11/6=2

56



57



CNINJYC]

1Gaoobjn/ Ubmgaui. %Abu [jvcu ani A}rhhcyubm Ygucay}%/ Abu [jvcu ani Ljbny Djumc}/

'Acuj}{amc Mcnyuc 5;;; Abu [jvcu Mjndcucnmc/ As}yuaoba".

5Hagn`cn/ Ygjha} F. ‟Dambnf Nsmocau ani Mjntcnybjnao Ucaobyr‘/ Jueb} Hafa|bnc/

'Vbnycu 5;;;"0 Ataboaeoc dujh<?gyy{<**vvv.dbniauybmoc}.mjh*mdZ;*h;=43*1Z99*3215;543*{5*auybmoc.lgyho:ycuh8snboaycuao+nsmocau+ib}auhahcny+Esyocu>0 Bnycuncy Ammc}}ci 53 Dce 5;;5.

=Mojidcoycu/ Hau`. Ygc Obhby} jd Abu{jvcu< Ygc Ahcubman Ejhebnf jd Njuyg Tbcynah/ 'Ncv

Rju`/ NR< Ygc Ducc [uc}}/ 1272"/ 15;.

9Hcbobnfcu/ [gboob{ ]. Ygc [ayg} jd Gcatcn< Ygc Ctjosybjn jd Abu{jvcu Ygcjur/ 'Hawvcoo

ADE/ AO< Abu Snbtcu}byr [uc}}/ 1226"/ 2.

3Moas}cvby|/ Mauo Tjn. Jn Vau/ yuan}. Hbmgaco Gjvaui ani [cycu [aucy/ '[ubnmcyjn/ NL<

[ubnmcyjn Snbtcu}byr [uc}}/ 1279"/ 2;.

4Mjgcn/ Cobjy A. ‟A Uctjosybjn bn Vaudauc‘/ Djucbfn Addabu} 63/ nj. 5 'Hau(A{u 1224"/ 99(

93.

6Hcbobnfcu/ [gboob{ ]. 1; [uj{j}bybjn} Ucfauibnf Abu{jvcu/ 'Hawvcoo ADE/ AO< Abu Djumc

Gb}yjur ani Hs}csh} [ujfuah/ ]mgjjo jd Aitanmc Abu{jvcu ]ysibc}".

7Moas}cvby|/ 66.

2Bebi./ 324.

1;Ic{ysoa/ Iatbi A/ ‟Dbubnf dju Cddcmy}‘/ Abu Djumc Hafa|bnc/ 79/ nj. 9/ 'A{ubo 5;;1"< 91(93.

11Gaoobjn/ 1.

15Hcbobnfcu/ 1; [uj{j}bybjn} Ucfauibnf Abu{jvcu/ 9=.

1=Hbymgcoo/ Vboobah. Vbnfci Icdcn}c< Ygc Ictcoj{hcny ani [j}}bebobybc} jd Hjicun Abu

[jvcu Cmjnjhbm ani Hbobyaur/ 'Ncv Rju`/ Ijtcu [seobmaybjn}/ 1277"/ 66.

19Mbtbo Uc}cutc Abu Doccy Damy ]gccy/ Mjhhani ani Fcncuao ]yadd Mjoocfc0 Ataboaeoc dujh

?gyy{<**vvv(mf}m.auhr.hbo*s}ad*AHMZYjjoejj`*MUADIAYA.GYH>0 Bnycuncy Ammc}}ci 1;Haumg 5;;5.

13Na{bcu/ Iatbi A. Acuj}{amc Uc}caumg Mcnycu 5;;1 Rcau(cni Uctbcv ani 5;;5 Djucma}y/

Acuj}{amc Bnis}yubao A}}jmbaybjn0 Ataboaeoc dujh ?gyy{<**vvv.aba(acuj}{amc.juf*}yay}*ruZcnicu*ruZcnicu.mdh>0 Bnycuncy Ammc}}ci 1 Haumg 5;;5.

14Moas}cvby|/ 77.

16Mojidcoycu/ wb.

52

http://www.aia-aerospace.org/stats/yr_ender/yr_ender.cfm






17

Moas}cvby|/ 77.

12Vauicn/ Ljgn/ ‟Ygc Cnchr a} a ]r}ych‘/ Abu{jvcu Ljsunao/ ']{ubnf 1223"0 91(93.

5;Moas}cvby|/ 67.

51Mojidcoycu/ wb.

55Bebi./ 112.

5=Fjuijn/ Hbmgaco U. ani Yuabnju/ Ecunaui C./ Ygc Fcncuao‒} Vau/ 'Ej}yjn/ S]A< Obyyoc

Eujvn ani Mjh{anr/ 1223"/ =54.

59Esboicu/ Mauo G./ Ygc Bmaus} ]rniujhc< Ygc Ujoc jd Abu [jvcu Ygcjur bn ygc Ctjosybjn

ani Dayc jd ygc S] Abu Djumc/ 'Ncv Eusn}vbm`/ S]A< Yuan}amybjn [seob}gcu}/ 1229"/ 51;.

53Fjuijn/ ani Yuabnju/ 596.

54Ijsgcy/ Fsbobj Ygc Mjhhani jd ygc Abu/ '1251".

56Ljnc}/ Aumgcu/ Cochcny} jd Hbobyaur ]yuaycfr< An Gb}yjubmao A{{ujamg·'Vc}y{juy/ MY<

[uacfcu [uc}}/ 1224"/ wt.

57Obiico(Gauy/ E.G. ]yuaycfr/ 'Ncv Rju`< Hcubiban Ejj`}/ 1221".

52Moas}cvby|/ 66.

=;Hcbobnfcu/ Ygc [ayg} jd Gcatcn< Ygc Ctjosybjn jd Abu{jvcu Ygcjur/ 17=.

=1 Gan}coo/ Garvjji ]. Ygc Abu [oan ygay Icdcayci Gbyocu/ 'Hawvcoo ADE/ AO< Abu Snbtcu}byr/126=" 77.

=5Bebi./ 77.

==Mojidcoycu/ 6.

=9Bebi./ 2.

=3Bebi.

=4

Bebi./ 14.=6

Esboicu/ 552.

=7Fjuijn ani Yuabnju/ =1=.

=2Bfnaybcdd/ Hbmgaco/ Tbuysao Vau< @j}jtj ani Ecrjni/ 'Ncv Rju`/ NR< Hcyuj{jobyan Ejj`}/

5;;;"/ =.

=;



9;

Bebi./ 3.

=1



=5



EBEOBJFUA[GR

Esboicu/ Mauo G./ Ygc Bmaus} ]rniujhc< Ygc Ujoc jd Abu [jvcu Ygcjur bn ygc Ctjosybjn ani Daycjd ygc S] Abu Djumc/ 'Ncv Eusn}vbm`/ S]A< Yuan}amybjn [seob}gcu}/ 1229".

Mbtbo Uc}cutc Abu Doccy Damy ]gccy/ Mjhhani ani Fcncuao ]yadd Mjoocfc0 Ataboaeoc dujh

?gyy{<**vvv(mf}m.auhr.hbo*s}ad*AHMZYjjoejj`*MUADIAYA.GYH>0 Bnycuncy Ammc}}ci 1;Haumg 5;;5.

Moas}cvby|/ Mauo Tjn. Jn Vau/ yuan}. Hbmgaco Gjvaui ani [cycu [aucy/ '[ubnmcyjn/ NL<[ubnmcyjn Snbtcu}byr [uc}}/ 1279".

Mojidcoycu/ Hau`. Ygc Obhby} jd Abu{jvcu< Ygc Ahcubman Ejhebnf jd Njuyg Tbcynah/ 'Ncv Rju`/NR< Ygc Ducc [uc}}/ 1272".

Mjgcn/ Cobjy A. ‟A Uctjoybjn bn Vaudauc‘/ Djucbfn Addabu} 63/ nj. 5 'Hau(A{u 1224"/ 99(93.

Ic{ysoa/ Iatbi A/ ‟Dbubnf dju Cddcmy}‘/ Abu Djumc Hafa|bnc/ 79/ nj. 9/ 'A{ubo 5;;1"< 91(93.

Ijsgcy/ Fsbobj Ygc Mjhhani jd ygc Abu/ '1251".

Fjuijn/ Hbmgaco U. ani Yuabnju/ Ecunaui C./ Ygc Fcncuao‒} Vau/ 'Ej}yjn/ S]A< Obyyoc Eujvnani Mjh{anr/ 1223".

Gaoobjn/ Ubmgaui. %Abu [jvcu ani A}rhhcyubm Ygucay}%/ Abu [jvcu ani Ljbny Djumc}/ 'Acuj}{amcMcnyuc 5;;; Abu [jvcu Mjndcucnmc/ As}yuaoba".

Gan}coo/ Garvjji ]. Ygc Abu [oan ygay Icdcayci Gbyocu/ 'Hawvcoo ADE/ AO< Abu Snbtcu}byr/ 126=".

Bfnaybcdd/ Hbmgaco/ Tbuysao Vau< @j}jtj ani Ecrjni/ 'Ncv Rju`/ NR< Hcyuj{jobyan Ejj`}/ 5;;;".

Ljnc}/ Aumgcu/ Cochcny} jd Hbobyaur ]yuaycfr< An Gb}yjubmao A{{ujamg·'Vc}y{juy/ MY< [uacfcu [uc}}/ 1224".

Obiico(Gauy/ E.G. ]yuaycfr/ 'Ncv Rju`< Hcubiban Ejj`}/ 1221".

Hagn`cn/ Ygjha} F. ‟Dambnf Nsmocau ani Mjntcnybjnao Ucaobyr‘/ Jueb} Hafa|bnc/ 'Vbnycu 5;;;"0 Ataboaeoc dujh<?gyy{<**vvv.dbniauybmoc}.mjh*mdZ;*h;=43*1Z99*3215;543*{5*auybmoc.lgyho:ycuh8snboaycuao+nsmocau+ib}auhahcny+Esyocu>0 Bnycuncy Ammc}}ci 53 Dce 5;;5.

Hcbobnfcu/ [gboob{ ]. Ygc [ayg} jd Gcatcn< Ygc Ctjosybjn jd Abu{jvcu Ygcjur/ 'Hawvcoo ADE/ AO<Abu Snbtcu}byr [uc}}/ 1226".

. 1; [uj{j}bybjn} Ucfauibnf Abu{jvcu/ 'Hawvcoo ADE/ AO< Abu Djumc Gb}yjur ani Hs}csh}[ujfuah/ ]mgjjo jd Aitanmc Abu{jvcu ]ysibc}".

Hbymgcoo/ Vboobah. Vbnfci Icdcn}c< Ygc Ictcoj{hcny ani [j}}bebobybc} jd Hjicun Abu [jvcu Cmjnjhbm ani Hbobyaur/ 'Ncv Rju`/ Ijtcu [seobmaybjn}/ 1277".

==



Na{bcu/ Iatbi A. Acuj}{amc Uc}caumg Mcnycu 5;;1 Rcau(cni Uctbcv ani 5;;5 Djucma}y/Acuj}{amc Bnis}yubao A}}jmbaybjn0 Ataboaeoc dujh ?gyy{<**vvv.aba(acuj}{amc.juf*}yay}*ruZcnicu*ruZcnicu.mdh>0 Bnycuncy Ammc}}ci 1 Haumg 5;;5.

Vauicn/ Ljgn/ ‟Ygc Cnchr a} a ]r}ych‘/ Abu{jvcu Ljsunao/ ']{ubnf 1223"< 91(93.





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