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1000

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3000

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to vacuumpump

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bubble in the rock

impermeable tape

rock sample

impermeablealuminum cylinder

washer

volume Vb

air inlet

volume Va

o

6 cm

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2

100

0

2

4

6

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10−5

A = 0.019 cm50

2

bubble area, cm2 10−5

100

0

5

10

15

bubble area, cm2 10−5

100

0

2

4

6

bubble area, cm2

R = 1.39round

R = 1.37round

R = 2.29round

A = 0.076 cm50

2 A = 0.067 cm50

2

roundness Rround roundness R round roundness Rround

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,+*

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 8010

10

10

10

10

−18

−16

−14

−12

−10

porosity, %

perm

eabi

lity,

m2

42 samples

macropores determinehigh permeability

no macropores, kdue to micropores can be neglected

indicates high kdue to bubblesnot to micropores

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0.2 mm0.4 mm

0.2 mm 0.05 mm

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L w

0.4 mm

A0.4 mm

B

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L ,

0.8 mm

0.4 mm

AB

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2

2.5

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decreasing roundness

sphere

norm

aliz

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L (

10 20 30 40 50 60 70 8010

−15

10−14

10−13

10−12

10−11

10−10

porosity, %

perm

eabi

lity,

m2

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scoriaflow1

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;;x

85

45

50

55

60

65

70

75

80

0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2

poro

sity

, %

r / L

2D discs

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0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.225

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3D Spheres

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0 10 20 30 40 5010

20

30

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50

60

70

poro

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aspect ratio[major axis / minor axis]

sphere

2D ellipses

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2 4 6 8 10 1220

30

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3D ellipsoids

aspect ratio(major axis / minor axis)

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(+(

perm

eabi

lity,

m2

40 50 60 70 8010

−14

10−13

10−12

10−11

10−10

40 50 60 70 8010

−8

10−7

10−6

0.2 0.9 1.7 2.6 3.4 4.3 0.2 1.0 1.9 2.9 3.8 4.8

x 10 -5 2cm x 10

-5 2cm

ScoriaFlow Samples

10 20 30 40 5010

−9

10−8

10−7

10−6

10−5

perm

eabi

lity

/ Ac

porosity, % porosity, %

10 20 30 40 5010

−15

10−14

10−13

10−12

10−11

10−10

a

c

b

d

scoria samplesflow1 samplesflow2 samples

A = A50 cA = A50 c

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(+*

bubbles deformeach other

bubbles coalescebut do not collapse

"impeded aperture widening"

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flow2pre-coa-lescencestage

}increase

• in crystallinity

• of cooling time• of aperture size

increaseof k

bubbledegassing

bubblecollapse

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