omp110030 antenna basics issue1.02
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Antenna Basics
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Foreword
Antenna is the most basic and important equipment in
radio network. The specification and selection of
antenna is very important for network QoS.
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Contents
1. Antenna Fundamentals
2. Antenna Working Principle
3. Antenna Specifications
4. Antenna Selection
5. Electric Downtilt Antenna
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Contents
1. Antenna Fundamentals
2. Antenna Working Principle
3. Antenna Specifications
4. Antenna Selection
5. Electric Downtilt Antenna
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Contents
1. Antenna Fundamentals
1.1 Overview
1.2 Antenna type
1.3 Polarization
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Overview
Lightning
Arrester
Main Feeder7/8
Feeder
Clip
Feeder
Support
Grounding
Point
Antenna Adjustable Support
GSM/CDMA
Panel Antenna
Holding Pole ( 50~114)
BTS
Wall
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Contents
1. Antenna Fundamentals
1.1 Overview
1.2Antenna type
1.3 Polarization
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Antenna Type
Division
standardType
Radiation direction Omni-directional antenna
Directional antenna
Structural feature
Linear antenna
Panel antenna
Cap antenna
Polarization way
Vertical polarization antenna
(unipolarization antenna)
Cross polarization antenna
(dual polarization antenna)
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Antenna Type By Direction
Directional antenna omni antenna
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Antenna Type By Structure
Plate-shape antenna Cap-shape antenna
Whip-shape Paraboloid antenna
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Antenna Type By Polarization
Omni antennaUni-polarization
Directional antenna
Dual polarization
Directional antenna
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Contents
1. Antenna Fundamentals
1.1 Overview
1.2 Antenna type
1.3 Polarization
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Polarization (Cont.)
In electromagnetic wave radiated by antenna, the directionof electric field vector is the direction of antenna
polarization.
Horizontal PolarizationVertical Polarization
+45o Polarization -45o Polarization
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Polarization
Two antenna combined together, transmit and receivetwo independent wave.
+ 45/ - 45Polarization0/ 90Polarization
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Polarization Loss
When polarization direction of transmited wave andreceiving antenna is different, there will be a Polarization
Lossduring receival.
Linear Polarizationwave will take 3dB loss when received
by Circular Polarizationantenna.
Horizontal Polarizationantenna can not receive the
energy from Vertical Polarizationwave.
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Contents
1. Antenna Fundamentals
2. Antenna Working Principle
3. Antenna Specifications
4. Antenna Selection
5. Electric Downtilt Antenna
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Antenna Radiation (Cont.) According to Maxwell
equation,
electromagnetic wave
radiation can be
generated if alternatecurrent is present in the
conductor. The radiation
capability is related to
the length and shape of
the conductor.
A
C
B
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Antenna Radiation (Cont.)
The straight conductor that can generate intensiveradiation is called dipole.
If the length of the two arms of a dipole is 1/4
wavelength, the dipole is called symmetrical dipole
Dipole1/2
1/4
1/4
1/2
Wavelength()
900MHz -> : 166mm
1800MHz -> : 83mm
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Antenna Radiation (Cont.)
Symmetry
Dipole Radiation
Side view
Top view
Concentrat ion
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Antenna Radiation (Cont.)
1mW by one dipole 4mW by array of four dipole
6dB Gain
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Antenna Radiation (Cont.)
By reflection, radiation energy can be concentratedto single direction.
Omni: 4mW Directional: 8mW
Antenna
(Top View)
9dB Gain6dB Gain
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Antenna Radiation
The more the dipole in one
antenna, the more
concentrated the radiated
energy, the higher the
Antenna Gain.
From one dipoleto
nine dipole, Antenna
Gainincrease from 0 to
9dBd.
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Contents
1. Antenna Fundamentals
2. Antenna Working Principle
3. Antenna Specifications
4. Antenna Selection
5. Electric Downtilt Antenna
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Electric Specifications
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Frequency Range (Cont.)
Frequency Rangeis also calledAntennaBandwidth. Antenna works in specific range frequency. The Central
Frequency (fc)have the best performance, deviation offc
deteriorate the performance.
Two definition ofAntenna Bandwidth:3dB deterioration
ofAntenna Gainor VSWRtoo high, typically 1.5. The
later one is commonly used in wireless communication.
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Frequency Range
Central Frequency850MHz is with best performance. Butwithin Bandwidth820MHz-890MHz, VSWR
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Directionality
The Directionalityis the ability of Antenna to radiateelectromagnetic wave in a specific direction.
As to receiving, it is the ability to receive signal from
different direction. Directionalityisrepresented by
Antenna Pattern Diagram. Antenna Pattern Diagramshows the transmitting and
receiving ability of antenna at different direction of space.
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Antenna Pattern (Cont.)
Horizontal pattern
Main Lobe
First Side
Lobe
Back LobeZero Point
Horizontal Half
Power Bandwidth
-3dB
Vertical pattern
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Antenna Pattern (Cont.)
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Antenna Pattern
Parameter Description
Zero Point Filling
When zero depth is -20dB or greater, and the
antenna is high, to ensure the coverage, zero
point filling is needed.
Half Power Lobe Width
Angle included by two direction of 3dB
deterioration than the max transmissiondirection.
Horizontal half power Lobe width and vertical
half Lobe width.
Side Lobe Suppression
Ratio
The ratio of the maximum main lobe power to
the maximum side lobe power.
Front-to-back ratio
The ratio of the maximum main lobe power to
the maximum back lobe power.
Back lobe cause interference.
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Antenna Gain (Cont.)
Antenna Gainis an important antenna index, indicating
the antenna capability (directional antenna) of
concentrating energy into a certain direction.
Isotropic Antenna
Dipole Antenna
Practical Antenna
dBd
dBi
2.15dB
-70dBm-85dBm-87.15dBm
(15)
(17.15)
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Antenna Gain
Relationship betweenAntenna Gain Ga, Horizontal Half
Power Lobe Widthand Vertical Half Power Lobe Width
:
32400log10
aG
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Downtilt Angle (Cont.)
Electric Downtiltand Mechanical Downtilt. Generally, the
former is better, but expensive.
No Downt i l t MechanicalElectr ic
Distor t ion
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Downtilt Angle
Electric Downtiltand Mechanical Downtilt. Genarally, the
former is better, but more expensive.
10oElectr ic 10
oMechanical6
oElectr ic +
4oMechanical
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Others
Parameter
Description
Port Isolation
For the antenna with multiple ports, such as dual
polarization antenna, the isolation between the ports for
both transmission and reception must be greater than 30dB
Power Capacity
The max average power capacity.
For example, a single carrier is 40W, one port input eight
carriers, the total input of the antenna is 320W. Therefore,the power capacity of a single port must be greater than
320W.
Related to environmental temperature, typically tested
under 50 oC.
IM3
Third-order Intermodulation product.
Two TRX use f1 and f2, both input power 43dBm. TheThird-order Intermodulation product is 2f1-f2 and 2f2-f1,
the power of which should be less than, for example, -
150dBc or -107dBm.
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Mechanical Specifications
Input Connector
Type
Working
Temperature
Working Humidity
Wind Load
Size and Weight
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Contents
1. Antenna Fundamentals
2. Antenna Working Principle
3. Antenna Specifications
4. Antenna Selection
5. Electric Downtilt Antenna
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Overview
The antenna selection is very important. The selection
should consider actual conditions, such as coverage
requirement, traffic volume, interference, and QoS.
Antenna selection is closely related to coverage, so the
antenna application can be divided into four types
according to landforms or traffic distribution: Urban area,
Suburban area, Rural area, and Road area.
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Problem in Antenna Selection
Landforms and Antenna Pattern.
Blind under tower.
Large Mechanical Downtilt.
Distortion ->
High Gain Antenna.
Size, Zero Point, Side Lobe
Polarization. Loss.
Interference
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Downtilt Planning (Cont.)
Downtilt Angle decided by Half Power Lobe Width ,
Antenna High Hand Coverage Distance D.
2)arctan(
DH
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Downtilt Planning
Antenna Type Vertical HalfPower Angle
Cellradius
R(m)
AntennaHeight (m)
Downtilt Angle(degree)
65 degrees, 15 dBi 15 250 30 14
65 degrees, 15 dBi 15 250 35 15
65 degrees, 15 dBi 15 250 40 17
65 degrees, 15 dBi 15 500 25 10
65 degrees, 15 dBi 15 500 30 11
65 degrees, 15 dBi 15 500 35 12
65 degrees, 15 dBi 15 500 40 12
65 degrees, 15 dBi 15 800 30 10
65 degrees, 15 dBi 15 1000 30 2
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Urban Area
Sites are very dense in urban areas. The coverage area of each cell should be
as small as possible to reduce interference and enhance frequency reuse.
Parameter Requirement
Horizontal Half Power
Lobe Width:
Should be smaller value, 65typically.
Proper selection can reduce interference
Antenna Gain medium gain
15dBi (900MHz) and 15-18dBi (1800 MHz)
Antenna Polarization Consider the limited space in cities, Dual
Polarization Antenna is prefered.
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Suburban Area
Because the environment is suburban areas are largely different from that
of urban areas, antennas used in suburban areas can be selected according
to the required coverage area.
Parameter Requirement
Horizontal Half Power
Lobe Width:
65 or 90 can be selected
According to actual conditions.
Antenna type Omni antennas are not recommended for
smooth expansion in the future.
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Rural Area
In rural areas, traffic volume is small and base station are sparsely
distributed, so some base stations are required to cover a large area.
Parameter Requirement
Antenna type
Omni Antenna is recommended. If for wide coverage, high gain directional
antenna is required.
Horizontal Half Power
Lobe Width: If directional antenna, 90 is recommended .
Zero Point When high site for wide coverage, zero point
filling is necessary.
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Road Coverage
To cover the areas along railways and highroads, a
directional antenna with narrow beams can be selected.
To cover the highroads and the villages scattered around
the highroads, an omni antenna can be selected.
To cover highroads only, an 8-shaped antenna can be
selected.
To cover the highroads and the towns on one side of the
highroads, the 210antenna can be selected.
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Road Coverage (Cont.)
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Road Coverage
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ReferenceLandform Type Reference
Urban Directional Generally, select low or medium gains and preset electrical tilt
angle.
Suburban Directional Generally, select the antennas with high gain; both electrical
and mechanical tilt antenna are ok.
Plains &
Rural
Directional Generally, select the 90 antennas.
Omni Select the antennas with zero point filling.
Expressways
Directional First select the 8-shaped antennas, it is preferred to have zero
point filling function.
Directional
+ Omni
First consider the 210 antennas, and then consider using the
directional antenna and omni antenna together.
Mountain
Omni Moutain top, first consider the antennas with zero point filling
function, and then consider the antennas with low gain.
Directional Moutain side, first consider the antennas with low gain and
wide vertical beams.
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Contents
1. Antenna Fundamentals
2. Antenna Working Principle
3. Antenna Specifications
4. Antenna Selection
5. Electric Downtilt Antenna
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Contents
5. Electric Downtilt Antenna
1.1 Basics
1.2 Antenna system
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Electric Downtilt Antenna
In Electric Downtilt Antenna, feeding network is used to
adjust amplitude& phase of input signal from different
path, so as to form radiation beam with a certain shape.
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Classification
FET(Fixed Electric Downtilt)
Electric Downtilt is fixed
MET(Mechanical Electric Downtilt)
Electric Downtilt is changed by knoborpulling bar
RET(Remote Electric Downtilt)
Electric Downtilt is changed by OMC.
Add RCU(Remote Control Unit) to MET.
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Contro l cable(DC+ contro l sig nals )
Pul l ing bar
MET and RET
MET
Radome
Pul l ing bar
Radome
RCU
RET
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Contents
5. Electric Downtilt Antenna
1.1 Basics
1.2 RETAntenna system
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RET Antenna System
BTS
RCUSBT
Antenna
OMC
BSC
BT
BTS
RCUSB T
Antenna
BT
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Component
RCU(Remote Control Unit)
motor driving and controlling unit for antenna.
Receive and execute command from BTS, drive the motor
which drives the adjustable phase shifter, so as to change
the downtilt.
SBT(Smart Bias-Tee)
Abstract DC (power source) and controlling command from
feeder.
Provide DC and controlling command for RCU.
BT(Bias-Tee)
Couple DC and controlling command into feeder.
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RCU
Motor
Port 2 to
cascading RCU
Port 1 to
SBT
AntennaAntenna Antenna
BTS
RCUSBT
RCU
Sector 1
RCU
Sector 2 Sector 3
BT
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BT
DC/OOK
RF
OOK
DCRF
Port 1 to feeder/antenna
Port 3 to DATU Board
RF signal DC signal OOK signal
Port 2 to BTS
B ias Tee
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SBT
Smart B ias Tee
RF
signal
DC
signal
OOK
signal
Port 1 to AntennaPort 2 to Feeder
Port 3 to RCU
RS485
signal
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Summary
In this course, we have learned:
Antenna working principles
Important Antenna specifications
Choose correct type of antenna in different situation
Electric Downtilt Antenna
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