omicron test universe - advanced protection...

Advanced ProtectionP A C K A G E User Manual

OMICRON Test Universe

2

Article Number VESD4003 - Manual Version: APROT.AE.9© OMICRON electronics 2007. All rights reserved.

This manual is a publication of OMICRON electronics GmbH.

All rights including translation reserved. Reproduction of any kind, e.g., photocopying, microfilming or storage in electronic data processing systems, requires the explicit consent of OMICRON electronics. Reprinting, wholly or in part, is not permitted.

This manual represents the technical status at the time of writing. The product information, specifications, and all technical data contained within this manual are not contractually binding. OMICRON electronics reserves the right to make changes at any time to the technology and/or configuration without prior announcement.

We have done our best to ensure that the material found in this publication is both useful and accurate. However, please be aware that errors may exist in this publication, and that neither the authors nor OMICRON electronics are to be held liable for statements and declarations given in this manual or in the use to which it may be put. The user is responsible for every application described in this manual and its results. OMICRON electronics explicitly exonerates itself from all liability for mistakes in this manual.

OMICRON electronics translates this manual from its source language English into a number of other languages. Any translation of this manual is done for local requirements, and in the event of a dispute between the English and any non-English versions, the English version of this manual shall govern.

Table of Contents

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Table of Contents

1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9

1.1 Preface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .10

1.2 Scope of Advanced Protection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .11

2 Advanced TransPlay . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .13

2.1 The Advanced TransPlay Views . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .142.1.1 Detail View . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .152.1.2 Time Signal View . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .172.1.3 Measurement View. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .192.1.4 Report View . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .20

2.2 Example: Distance Relay with a Transient Playback . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .212.2.1 Wiring Between Protection Relay and CMC. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .222.2.2 Starting Advanced TransPlay from the OCC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .222.2.3 Setting up the Test Object . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .222.2.4 Configuring the Hardware. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .232.2.5 Defining the Test. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .232.2.6 Running the Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .272.2.7 Defining the Test Report Format . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .27

3 Advanced Distance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .29

3.1 Advanced Distance Features . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .293.1.1 Shot, Search and Check Test Modes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .293.1.2 Relative Test Definitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .323.1.3 Constant Source Impedance Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .323.1.4 Load Current. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .323.1.5 Testing Multiple Fault Loops in one Test Module . . . . . . . . . . . .323.1.6 User Interface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .33


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3.2 Advanced Distance Example: Testing Reaches and Trip Times. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .343.2.1 Wiring Between Protection Relay and CMC. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .363.2.2 Starting Advanced Distance from the OCC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .373.2.3 Setting up the Test Object . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .373.2.4 Configuring the Hardware. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .443.2.5 Defining the Test. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .443.2.6 Running the Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .513.2.7 Defining the Test Report Format . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .513.2.8 View Options. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .52

3.3 CB Configuration Example with Advanced Distance Module . . . . . . . . .553.3.1 Wiring Between Relay and CMC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .563.3.2 Starting the OMICRON Control Center. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .563.3.3 Setting up the Test Object . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .563.3.4 Configuring the Hardware. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .563.3.5 Inserting the CB Configuration Module. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .573.3.6 Inserting an Advanced Distance Module . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .593.3.7 Viewing the results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .60

4 Advanced Differential . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .61

4.1 Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .624.1.1 The Diff Configuration Module . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .634.1.2 The Diff Operating Characteristic Module. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .634.1.3 The Diff Trip Time Module . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .644.1.4 The Diff Harmonic Restraint Module. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .64

4.2 Advanced Differential Example . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .654.2.1 What should be tested? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .664.2.2 Wiring Between Relay and CMC/CMA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .684.2.3 Starting Diff Harmonic Restraint from the OCC . . . . . . . . . . . . .694.2.4 Setting up the Test Object . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .69

Table of Contents

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4.2.5 Configuring the Hardware. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .834.2.6 Testing the Relay or Protection System Configuration . . . . . . . .834.2.7 Testing the Operating Characteristic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .884.2.8 Testing the Trip Time Characteristic. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1024.2.9 Testing Harmonic Restraint . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .106

5 Synchronizer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .115

5.1 Application: Connecting a Generator to the Grid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .116

5.2 Example: ELIN SYN3000 Digital Synchronizing Relay . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1165.2.1 Emulation with CMC Test Set. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1185.2.2 Starting Synchronizer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1195.2.3 Setting up the Test Object . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1195.2.4 Configuring the Hardware. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1225.2.5 Verifying the Wiring Between the Relay and the CMC . . . . . . .1245.2.6 Defining the Synchronizer Time Settings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1245.2.7 The Function Test. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1265.2.8 The Adjustment Test. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1335.2.9 Creating an OCC Test Document. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .139

6 Annunciation Checker. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .141

6.1 Example: Annunciation Checker with a Digital Distance Protection Relay 7SA631 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1466.1.1 Test Task . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1466.1.2 Preparing the Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1476.1.3 Defining the Test Object . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1486.1.4 Specifying the Hardware Configuration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1546.1.5 Defining the test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1546.1.6 Running the Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1636.1.7 Functional Scope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .166


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7 Transient Ground Fault . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .173

7.1 Example: Ground Fault Relay . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1737.1.1 Emulation with CMC Test Set. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1757.1.2 Starting Transient Ground Fault . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1757.1.3 Setting up the Test Object . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1767.1.4 Configuring the Hardware. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1767.1.5 Verifying the Wiring Between Relay and CMC . . . . . . . . . . . . .1777.1.6 Defining the Test. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1777.1.7 Running the Test and Viewing the Time Signal . . . . . . . . . . . .1827.1.8 Defining the Measurement Settings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1837.1.9 Defining the Test Report. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .184

8 VI-Starting. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .185

8.1 About VI Characteristic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .186

8.2 Testing Method of VI Starting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .186

8.3 Example: Using VI Starting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1888.3.1 Setting Up the Test Object . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1888.3.2 Preparing the Hardware . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1908.3.3 Automatic Testing of the Characteristic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1908.3.4 A Search Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .192

9 Single Phase Testing and Output of Fault Quantities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .193

9.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .193

9.2 Electromechanical Relays and the Single-Phase Fault Model . . . . . . .193

9.3 Output of the Fault Quantities for Testing Distance Protection . . . . . . .194

9.4 Settings in the Hardware Configuration for using the Single-Phase Fault Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .196

9.5 Output of the Fault Quantities for Testing Overcurrent Protection . . . .198

9.6 Single-Phase Current Source and Three-Phase Voltage Source . . . . .199

9.7 Single-Phase Current Source and Single-Phase Voltage Source. . . . .200

Table of Contents

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File Name Extensions within OMICRON Test Universe . . . . . . . . . . . . . .201

Contact Information / Technical Support . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .205

Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .207


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9

Introduction

1 IntroductionThe OMICRON Test Universe Advanced Protection manual is an add-on manual to the OMICRON Test Universe Protection manual. It describes all components of the Advanced Protection Package that are not already documented for the Protection Package. It includes general information about the additional test modules as well as one or more specific test examples using those test modules.

Together with the Protection Package software, Advanced Protection Package provides full-range functionality to define and perform comprehensive tests of any protective relay according to the manufacturer’s guidelines or actual relay settings and usage. In addition, it provides more advanced test modules to test more complex and difficult protection relays.

Detailed information about the individual test modules is found in their module-specific online help systems. You are encouraged to use this reference first whenever you have a question or need further explanation about a specific topic. Start the online help by clicking the H E L P T O P I C S . . . command on the H E L P pull-down menu of the individual test module or tool.

If this does not meet your needs, please fax or e-mail your question(s) to us or contact us directly by phone (refer to section ”Contact Information / Technical Support”").

For detailed information about the OMICRON Control Center (OCC), please refer to the manual The Concept. The PDF file can be found at OMICRON Test Universe installation path\Doc. You find a direct hyperlink to this manual in the online help topic "User Manuals of OMICRON Test Universe". In addition, the online help also provides detailed information about Control Center under the table of contents entry --- OMICRON Control Center ---.

Full scope of Advanced Protection = +

Protectionmanual

Advanced Protection manual

ProtectionP A C K A G E

Version 2.2TEST UNIVERSE

Advanced ProtectionP A C K A G E

Version 2.2TEST UNIVERSE


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1.1 PrefaceWe assume that you understand and are comfortable using the Windows™ operating system1. Please take time to become familiar with your computer's operating system before using OMICRON Test Universe.

This manual uses the following conventions:

MouseClick Press and release the primary mouse button. The primary

mouse button is the button you use most often. For most people, this is the left mouse button.

Right-click Press and release the secondary mouse button. The secondary button is the button you use least often. For most people, this is the right button.

Double-click Press and release the primary mouse button twice.

Drag Move the mouse while you hold down the primary mouse button.

Release Remove your finger from a mouse button.

Scroll Scroll bars along the right and bottom sides of a window can be used to move the contents up and down and left and right within the window. To use a scrollbar, either click and hold one of the arrow buttons at either end of the bar, or drag the scroll bar slider.

1. Windows is a US registered trademark of Microsoft Corporation.

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Introduction

1.2 Scope of Advanced ProtectionIn addition to the test modules and tools described in the Protection Package software, the Advanced Protection Package software consists of the following test modules:

Test modules

Advanced TransPlay Universal tool to import, edit, and output transient data to a test object.

The transient data files were created from real or simulated fault occurrences beforehand and are available as a data file in either COMTRADE, PL4 or TRF format.

The main application area is the reproduction of real fault occurrences. The fault occurrences recorded with the integrated fault recorder of the protection device are transmitted to a PC and stored in a corresponding file format.

Advanced Distance Advanced Distance is used to efficiently define test documents, execute them, automate them, and report the results.

It provides the same features as offered in the Distance module plus advanced functionality:

• Additional testing modes: Search and Check test

• Impedance setting as percentages of zone reaches ("relative" impedance)

• Efficient and flexible testing in several fault loops.

Synchronizer Tests synchronizing relays.

It tests 3-phase-to-3-phase, 3-phase-to-1-phase, and 1-phase-to-1-phase operations for connecting two power systems together, such as a generator to the power grid.

VI Starting Tests the voltage-dependent overcurrent starting function (VI starting function).


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Advanced Differential

The Advanced Differential software is a set of 4 test modules which provide a complete testing solution for differential schemes having up to 3 winding transformers and up to 9 injected currents. Automatic calculation of the test currents avoids time consuming and error-prone manual calculations.

These test modules are also suitable for testing other differential relay functions such as an overcurrent backup-protection function or an overload function integrated into the relay.

This module is covered in more detail in section 4 ”Advanced Differential” on page 61.

• Diff Configuration

• Diff Operating Characteristic

• Diff Trip Time

• Diff Harmonic Restraint

Transient Ground Fault

Tests ground fault protection relays.

Ground Fault provides the appropriate network configuration to perform a simulation of a ground fault. The simulation can be directly output from a CMC test system as currents, voltages, and binary signals. The behavior of the test object can be measured and displayed, and can be reported in a test document.

Annunciation Checker

Verifies the wiring and the assignment of status messages when commissioning a substation.

CB Configuration The test set CMC 256 offers a CB simulation that emulates the action of the auxiliary contacts (52a / 52b) of a circuit breaker during tripping and closing.

CB Configuration configures the circuit breaker (CB) simulation state machine in the CMC firmware. This module automatically maps the routed binary input and output signals to the simulation inputs and outputs of the state machine.

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Advanced TransPlay

2 Advanced TransPlayAdvanced TransPlay is used to import, edit and output transient data to a test object. These transient data were created from real or simulated fault occurrences beforehand and are available as a data file.

The main application field is seen in the reproduction of real fault occurrences. The fault occurrences recorded with the integrated fault recorder of the protection device are transmitted to a PC and stored in a corresponding file format.

Of course, this data may also originate from another source than a fault recorder as long as is is available in a compatible file format.

The following file formats used to import transient signals are supported:

• Comtrade format with the following files:

- CFG: COMTRADE configuration file for the description of the failure report channels (signal names, sample frequency etc.)

- DAT: COMTRADE file with the sample values of the failure report channels.

- HDR: "Header file", that contains any data-related text that is not used by the software.

• L4 format with a PL4 file

• TRF format with a TRF file

A detailed description about the supported file formats can be found in the Advanced TransPlay online help under the table of contents entry "File Formats and Size".

Using this data, a protection device can be optimally tested and adjusted under real operation conditions.

Advanced TransPlay is also a suitable tool for testing protection devices (e.g., with simulated data) during the process of development.

The data output is started either via an external trigger (e.g., GPS), via binary inputs, by pressing a key or immediately after pressing the S T A R T / C O N T I N U E button.

Afterwards, the reaction of the test object is compared with given nominal values or binary signals (reaction saved in the data record or user-defined) and assessed in the test report.


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2.1 The Advanced TransPlay ViewsThe Advanced TransPlay test module provides four different views:

Detail View

Time Signal View

Measurement View

Report View

All settings necessary for the test are made in the Detail View. In the Detail View the transient analog signals are routed individually to the analog CMC output channels, the binary signals are interconnected and the trigger conditions are defined.

The Time Signal View is active after loading (importing) a data record. This view displays the transient current and voltage signals and the binary signals, if available.

It is now possible using Advanced TransPlay to edit this data record and to adapt it for the planned test. Any time sections can be repeated (e.g. to extend the prefault time), state transitions can be marked, and new binary signals can be inserted.

The nominal values for the time measurements are defined in the Measurement View. During the test, each measurement condition is analyzed for the observance of the tolerances and assessed with "Passed" or "Failed".

The test results are displayed in the Report View. The contents of the Report View can be either defined by the user or standard default settings can be used.

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Advanced TransPlay

2.1.1 Detail ViewThe Detail View consists of the tabs Analog Out, Binary Out, Trigger, and General. With these tabs, it is possible to view and edit the parameters which are necessary for the test.

Which fields in the tabs are active and which names are assigned to these fields depends on the settings previously made in the hardware configuration. If, for instance, only one generator group is assigned in the hardware configuration only this generator group will be available. The designation is the name that is assigned for this group in the hardware configuration.

Analog OutputsThe Analog Outputs tab contains a table for setting the output magnitudes of the available generators.

This table has five columns: Signal, Channel, Scale, Minimum, and Maximum. Each line corresponds to one used analog output.

After loading a data file, the table is filled with the information stored in the data record. The signals are routed to the analog outputs of the CMC on the basis of the signal names. This assignment can be changed at any time. The Scale column can be used to increase or decrease the voltage and current values that are to be output. The result of the scaling is displayed in the Minimum and Maximum fields.

Binary OutputsThe Binary Outputs tab shows the available binary outputs (as defined in the hardware configuration) and what is interconnected with the binary signals.

TriggerThe Trigger tab defines the start conditions for the output of the transient signals.


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Four trigger conditions are available:

No Trigger: The output of data is started immediately after the S T A R T / C O N T I N U E button is pressed (or the corresponding option is selected on the T E S T menu).

Binary Trigger Condition: The output is put on hold until the binary inputs of the hardware meet the logical conditions defined in the lower half of the tab.

Key Pressed: With this option it is waited until the user presses a key.

External Trigger: It is waited for an external trigger event via the connector on the CMC's CMExif board (e.g. from a CMGPS synchronization unit).

When test repetitions are performed, the trigger condition is only valid for the first test.

The output of the transient data is started for the repetitions after the pause time between the repetitions is elapsed. (These settings are made at V I E W | D E T A I L V I E W in the General tab).

Figure 2-1:Validity of trigger conditions

General TabThe General tab contains specifications for the entire test, such as the number of test repetitions and the time between the individual test repetitions. Additionally, the sampling rate can be specified with which the transient signals are output.

Test 1 Test 2 Test 3

Test start

Trigger Time= 0 for "No Trigger"

> 0 for all other trigger conditions

Time between repetitions

Time between repetitions

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Advanced TransPlay

2.1.2 Time Signal ViewThe transient signals are displayed in the Time Signal View. Three different display modes are available:

Original: Displays only the played back data record. Here data markers for the repeated output of time ranges or for the restriction of the time range to be output (start and end) can be defined or edited.

Expanded: Displays the transient signals as they are to be output, taking into consideration the repetitions and restrictions defined in the original mode. In addition it is possible to define binary signals (for the output to the test object or as a nominal signal for comparison purposes) and state markers.

Test Results: Displays the analog and binary signals output during the test and the recorded binary inputs.This mode is only available after the test is carried out.

Two cursor sliders are available in all views to determine the values at certain time positions and to determine time differences. The measurement values are displayed in the cursor data window.

Context menus allow

• zooming individual time ranges and the optimized display of the signals in the diagram (concerning X and Y axis)

• magnifying the display of the diagrams (100% to 400%)

• editing the properties of the signals and data markers and removing the self-defined binary signals, state markers, and data markers.

Cursor SliderThe sliders act as anchor points for the measuring cursors. In addition they are used to move the cursor horizontally along the time axis. This is done either by using the cursor arrow keys of the PC keyboard or by clicking and dragging with the mouse to the position of your choice.

If you prefer to use the cursor arrow keys on your PC keyboard, use the <Tab> key or <Shift> + <Tab> to switch between the cursor sliders.


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Cursor Data TableThe Cursor Data table is now located within the Time Signal View dialog box. The table displays the position of the two cursors in the Time column in the Time Signal View. It is possible to change the cursor position by entering a time. In the Signal column, an analog signal can be assigned to each cursor. The momentary value of the selected signal is displayed in the Value column. If the signals assigned to the two cursors are of the same physical quantity (e.g. two voltages) then the difference is shown in the third line.

Figure 2-2:Cursor Data table

Voltage / Current Output SignalA diagram is displayed for each of the available voltage and current generator groups to represent the voltage/current output signals as a time function. A different line format is used for each signal of one generator group. The assignment between line type and generator output is displayed at the bottom of the diagrams. The representation of the signals (line type, color, width and marking) can be changed by the user.

Binary Output and Input SignalsThe binary signals are represented with the designations assigned in the hardware configuration or when defining the signals. The binary state 0 is represented by a thin line and the binary state 1 is represented by a stylized rectangle.

Data MarkersIn the Original mode repetition type data markers can be defined and displayed. The data markers are represented by vertical lines in the diagram and with their names in the state diagram. The representation of the lines can be individually defined by the user.

State MarkersState markers are defined in the Expanded mode. As with the data markers, they are depicted by vertical lines and their names.

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Advanced TransPlay

2.1.3 Measurement ViewAny number of time measurement conditions can be defined in the Measurement View. To do this, two tables are offered. In the upper table, individual moments (state markers and edge changes) can be specified as assessment criterion (Table 2-1).

Table 2-1:Terms in the measurement table

Terms in the measurement tableName User-defined name for the identification of the time

measurement condition.Ignore before An event which has to occur before the "Start" and "Stop"

events. With this, the time measurement range is limited. All events until the end of the specified state will be ignored for the measurement. If the field remains empty the time measurement starts immediately when the start condition is fulfilled.

Start The event which starts the time measurement. The start condition is selected from a drop-down list of options.

Stop The event which stops the time measurement. The stop condition is selected from a drop-down list of options.

Tnom Nominal time interval for the defined measurement condition (in seconds).

Tdev- Permitted negative deviation from the nominal time (in seconds).

Tdev+ Permitted positive deviation from the nominal time (in seconds).

Tact Measured time interval between the start and the stop condition. If the cell is empty, either the start condition or the stop condition did not occur.

The start conditions and the stop conditions are scanned simultaneously. This means that possibly the stop condition occurred before the start condition. In this case the time measurement value is negative.

Tdev The measured deviation of Tact in relation to Tnom (this value can be either positive or negative).

Assessment "Passed" (green +), "Failed" (red x), or "Not assessed" (grey o). The assessment is based on the comparison between actual deviation and permitted deviation.


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In the second table, binary signals are used for time comparison (Table 2-2).

If the start condition and the stop condition are the same a measurement of 0 s is recorded. It is not searched for a second appearance of a condition, i.e. the time between the first and the second 0 -> 1 transition of a binary signal is not measurable; the first 0 -> 1 transition fulfills both measurement conditions. In order to measure such a condition the cursor measurement function in the Time Signal View can be used.

Table 2-2:Additional terms in the measurement table 2

The tables are expanded in accordance to the number of measurement repetitions, i.e. all measurement results are displayed. The first column in the table in which the measurement conditions are numbered obtains an additional number enclosed in brackets. This specifies the number of the measurement to detect which result belongs to which measurement.

2.1.4 Report ViewThe Report View depicts the test results in the form of a report for later printing. All settings made in the test object, in the hardware configuration, and in the test module can be displayed as well as all the results of the test. The selection of the contents is made on the menu P A R A M E T E R S | R E P O R T .

Additional terms in the measurement table 2Signal Binary signal which is to be played back in order to be

compared with the reference signal. Here, all the binary signals which are set in the HCC dialog are available.

Reference signal

Binary signal from the data record or self-defined signal which serves as a reference for the comparison with the signal to be played back.

Tact Here the measured time for the edge change of the played back signal is entered. The edge change time with the maximum deviation in relation to the reference signal is entered for binary signals with several edge changes.

Tdev The (greatest) measured deviation of Tact in relation to Tnom (this value can be either positive or negative).

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Advanced TransPlay

2.2 Example: Distance Relay with a Transient PlaybackSample files:

• AdvTransPlay-Transient_Playback.tra

• AdvTransPlay-Transient_Playback.occ

• Comtrade Example.cfg

• Comtrade Example.dat

Stored at: ...OMICRON Test Universe installation path\Test Library\Samples\SW Manual Examples\Advanced Protection

TaskA distance relay is to be tested with a transient "play back" test. The test file is in COMTRADE format (Comtrade Example.cfg) and was created from a fault recording. The prefault time should be extended to at least one second. Also a measurement condition for the trip signal of the relay should be defined.

The COMTRADE file format is an internationally accepted standard for transient data exchange (COMTRADE = COMmon TRAnsient Data Exchange). This standard was formulated by the IEEE. Ref.: IEEE C37.111-1999: "IEEE Standard Common Format for Transient Data Exchange (Comtrade) for Power Systems".

SolutionThe OMICRON Test Universe offers a dedicated test module Advanced TransPlay to "play back" any transient fault recording or simulation. This is the only module that can fulfill the above task completely.

Assuming that this transient "play back" test is to become part of a complete automatic test for a distance relay, this test module will be embedded into a test document for the OMICRON Control Center.

If this test is a once-off test, the Advanced TransPlay module could also be used in a stand-alone configuration, i.e. without the Control Center.


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2.2.1 Wiring Between Protection Relay and CMC

1. Connection of the CMC to the parallel port of the PC for data exchange: Output of the data for simulation, loading of the binary signals.

2. Connection of the analog outputs of the CMC to the transducer inputs of the test object in order to read out the simulated currents and voltages.

3. Connection of the binary outputs and transistor outputs of the CMC to the binary inputs of the test object to read out binary signals to the test object.

4. Connection of the binary inputs of the CMC to the binary outputs of the test object to load the binary signals of the test object (therefore the reactions to the output data).

2.2.2 Starting Advanced TransPlay from the OCCStart the OMICRON Control Center from the Start Page by clicking O P E N E M P T Y D O C U M E N T . Insert Advanced TransPlay into the OCC document by selecting the menu item I N S E R T | T E S T M O D U L E . . . | O M I C R O N A D V A N C E D T R A N S P L A Y .

2.2.3 Setting up the Test ObjectFor configuration of your relay under test, the correspondingly named software function Test Object is used. Open Test Object either by using the pull-down menu item P A R A M E T E R S | T E S T O B J E C T or by clicking the "Test Object" button in the toolbar. In Test Object browse, access and edit the test object parameters.

A detailed description of Test Object and the closely related subject "XRIO" can be found in section 3 ”Setting up the Test Object” of the "Concept" manual, or in the online help under the --- Test Object --- entry of the table of contents.

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Advanced TransPlay

2.2.4 Configuring the HardwareConfigure the hardware according to the wiring described in section 2.2.1 ”Wiring Between Protection Relay and CMC”.

A detailed description of the Hardware Configuration can be found in the "Concept" manual’s section 4 ”Setting Up the Test Hardware”, or in the online help under the --- Hardware Configuration --- entry of the table of contents.

2.2.5 Defining the Test

Step 1: Importing the COMTRADE file1. Select F I L E | I M P O R T .

2. Select the COMTRADE file to import, Comtrade Example.cfg in this case.

Maximize the "Time Signal View" window to obtain a full view of the signal to be played back.

Figure 2-3:Time Signal View


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Step 2: Extending the prefault time1. Zoom the prefault portion of the signal to show about three cycles of data.

To zoom the signal, first enable the zoom function (right mouse click anywhere in the Time Signal View and select Z O O M ). The cursor changes to a magnifying glass to indicate the activated zoom function. A zoom window can be defined with a left mouse click and dragging a window open. The width of the window defines the limits to which the graph is zoomed.

To "zoom out" to the original signal, right mouse click and select O P T I M I Z E .

2. Mark exactly one cycle of data.

Two markers are available. They can be positioned by dragging the yellow or blue mark on the horizontal marker bar (1).

Position the markers at the zero crossings of one phase voltage, e.g. V A-N.

Position the second marker one sample before the zero crossing. This prevents two consecutive samples with a zero value when this cycle of data is repeated. Note that "Delta t" in the cursor window shows 19.9 ms and not 20 ms.

Figure 2-4:Zoomed signal with one cycle of data marked

3. Select E D I T | I N S E R T R E P E T I T I O N to repeat this portion of the signal.

4. In the Data Markers dialog box, set the name to "Extended Prefault".

1

25

Advanced TransPlay

5. Specify 50 repetitions.

Note that the value for "Time" and "Duration" is automatically entered from the present position of the markers.

Figure 2-5:Defining the signal to be repeated

6. Click O K .

7. Select "expanded" as display mode (1).Figure 2-6:Complete signal with prefault extended

8. Unzoom (Optimize) to view the complete signal.

1


26

Step 3: Defining a measurement conditionTo time the trip signal accurately, it is important to define the exact moment of fault inception. This is done by manually defining a state marker at the moment of fault inception.

1. Zoom into the time around fault inception.

2. Position one of the markers directly on the moment of fault inception.

3. Select E D I T | I N S E R T S T A T E M A R K E R .

4. Define the name "Fault Inception".

5. Click O K .Figure 2-7:Defining a state marker

6. Activate the M E A S U R E M E N T V I E W by clicking its icon.

7. Define the parameters of the trip signal to be measured:

Name = Trip; Start at "Fault Inception"; Stop at "Trip 0>1"

Tnom = 60 ms; Tdev- = 20 ms; Tdev+=50 ms.

This function enables the definition of any signal to be measured: From, To, the nominal trip time and the deviation in the negative and positive direction. The actual measured "trip" time, actual deviation and the assessment will be shown after a test has been performed.

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Advanced TransPlay

2.2.6 Running the TestA test is only possible, if no results are present. If necessary, clear the results by clicking the C L E A R toolbar icon or selecting T E S T | C L E A R .

To start the test, click the S T A R T / C O N T I N U E T E S T T O O L B A R icon or select T E S T | S T A R T / C O N T I N U E .

This downloads the transient file to the CMC and reproduces the voltage and current signals exactly as shown.

The trip signal measurement together with an assessment will be shown in the Measurement View.

2.2.7 Defining the Test Report FormatSelect P A R A M E T E R S | R E P O R T . A dialog box appears where you can define the scope of the report.

A detailed description about defining test reports can be found in the "Concept" manual’s section 5.2 ”Test Reports”, or in the online help under the --- Test Reports --- entry of the table of contents.

Select V I E W | R E P O R T to display the test report.

Note that if the signal has been zoomed, it will also be shown in this zoomed state in the Report View.


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29

Advanced Distance

3 Advanced DistanceAdvanced Distance is used for comprehensive element evaluations in different automatic testing modes (Shot, Search, Check) in the Z-plane with graphical characteristic display. Allows standard test templates with relative test points to test any distance relay’s setting.

3.1 Advanced Distance FeaturesAdvanced Distance provides advanced functionality in addition to the base functionality of Distance:

• Search and Check tests

• Test settings relative to zone reaches and line angle ("relative shots")

• Testing multiple fault loops

3.1.1 Shot, Search and Check Test ModesShot TestAt a Shot test, test points in the test point table are automatically processed.

Figure 3-1:Advanced Distance - Shot Test


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Search TestAt a Search Test, zone reaches are determined automatically. Zone transitions are searched along search lines specified in the impedance plane, using an optimized algorithm. It is possible to define a series of search lines in a single step. All defined search lines are stored in a table for automatic processing.

Figure 3-2:Advanced Distance - Search Test

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Advanced Distance

Check TestAt a Check Test, test points are automatically set at the tolerance boundaries of zones. The setup is done with test lines (check lines) similar to a Search Test, but test points are only set at the intersections of the check lines with the zone tolerances. The Check test is an efficient overall test of the relay with minimum testing time. This gives a quick verification of whether the specifications are met, particularly for routine tests.

Figure 3-3:Advanced Distance - Check Test

Adding test points and test lines to the tables is possible in a variety of ways. Parameters can be precisely defined by numerical inputs, or specified by pointing to certain locations in the characteristic diagram. A magnetic cursor supports the choosing of useful values. Mouse commands, context menus and keyboard shortcuts facilitate data input.

A test in Advanced Distance can have any combination of Shot, Search, or Check tests. At test execution, the whole test settings are processed sequentially.

This versatile system offers a wide range of testing possibilities. Using this, it is easy to comply with testing philosophies and regulations.


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3.1.2 Relative Test DefinitionsA revolutionary feature is that the test settings can be made relative to the characteristic of the distance relay. Test points are not entered in absolute R, X, Z, or angle values, but are instead referred to zone reaches and the line angle. The relative settings can be applied to reaches and to angles, either combined or individually.

Test points defined relative to zone reaches (e.g. 90 % of zone 1, 110 % of zone 1, 90 % of zone 2, ...) have the magnitude of the impedance automatically adjusted to the actual values defined in the test object data.

Test points and test (search/check) lines defined relative to the line angle are twisted according to the setting of the line angle in the XRIO test object file.

With this feature, re-usable test templates that adopt themselves to the actual relay settings can be created.

3.1.3 Constant Source Impedance ModelIn addition to the constant test current and constant test voltage models from Distance, Advanced Distance provides the constant source impedance test model which is useful in special cases where parameters such as SIR (Source Impedance Ratio) are important.

3.1.4 Load CurrentTo verify special behavior of certain relays which occurs only when a prefault (load) current is present (e.g. accelerated tripping performance), a load current can be superimposed.

3.1.5 Testing Multiple Fault Loops in one Test ModuleAdvanced Distance provides special support by performing the tests for multiple fault loops within one test module. For all test modes (shot, search, check) multiple tabs are provided with a separate test point table for every fault type. For every fault type, individual test settings can be made, but for the common case of equal settings in related fault types, there are functions to make the same settings in multiple fault types simultaneously.

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Advanced Distance

3.1.6 User InterfaceThe user interface can be configured individually, using the following elements:

Test ViewThis view holds the test point tables for the Shot, Search, and Check tests and the impedance plane. Test definitions are made in this view. During and after the test execution, this view displays the results numerically in the tables and graphically in the impedance plane.

Z/t DiagramThis view shows the graded trip time curve over the impedance along a certain line. The actual line is determined by pointing in the impedance plane or by a selection in one of the test tables. It is also possible to define test points and view the assessments in the diagram.

Vector DiagramThe vector diagram shows the phasors of the voltages and currents, both for the phase quantities and the sequence components. The corresponding numerical values are displayed in the attached table.

Time Signal ViewThe voltages, currents, and binary signals after a completed shot are shown in this view. This is useful to perform more detailed investigations (e.g., time measurements using cursors).


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3.2 Advanced Distance Example: Testing Reaches and Trip TimesSample files:

• AdvDist-7SA511.occ

• Siemens 7SA511 Distance Relay.rio


TaskA Siemens 7SA511 distance relay is to be tested. The automatic test should:

• Perform a Shot Test at 50% in Zone 1 as well as 75% in Zone 2 and 3 on the line angle for all fault loops.

• Verify the reaches on the line angle to be within the tolerance limits for all zones and for all fault loops.

• Determine the exact reach of the relay on the reactive and resistive axis for all zones for an A-N and a B-C fault.

The Siemens 7SA511distance relay has several settings that are given.

• General Settings:

– Inom: 1 A

– Vnom: 110 V (L-L)

– fnom: 0 Hz

– Line angle: 60°

– Re/Rl: 0.9

– Xe/Xl: 0.9

– Potential Transformers are connected on busbar

– Current Transformer starpoint is on line side

ThoWol00

Typewritten Text

=> For an updated working example, please see "Example_Distance_Distance_ENU.pdf"

ThoWol00

Typewritten Text

ThoWol00

Typewritten Text

ThoWol00

Typewritten Text

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Advanced Distance

• Tripping Zone Settings:

• Starting Zone Settings:

– X+A: 12 Ω

– X - A: 2.5 Ω

– RA1= RA2: 6 Ω

– RAe: 12 Ω

– t4 = t5: 3.0s

SolutionThe OMICRON Test Universe offers a dedicated test module - Advanced Distance - for testing the impedance measurement function of distance relays. This module models the transmission line protected by a distance relay. It is recommended that this module be used to test the distance function. A manual test of this function is possible, but can prove to be very laborious and time consuming.

Individual fault shots can be placed anywhere in the impedance plane with the single shot. The Check Test places shots at the impedance tolerance limits of each zone to verify that the reach is within the tolerance limits. The exact reach can be determined with the Search Test.

Because an automatic test should be carried out, use the OMICRON Control Center so that the test can then be integrated with the tests for all the auxiliary functions of a distance relay (e.g., Fusefail [or LOP], Manual Close [or SOTF], Auto-reclose, Powerswing detection, etc.)

The Advanced Distance module could also be used stand-alone.

Setting Zone 1 Zone 2 Zone 3X 2.50 Ω 5.00 Ω 10.00 ΩR 1.25 Ω 2.50 Ω 5.00 ΩRe 2.50 Ω 5.00 Ω 10.00 Ωtrip time inst. 400 ms 1.0 s


36

3.2.1 Wiring Between Protection Relay and CMC1. Connect the voltage inputs of the relay to the corresponding voltage

outputs of the CMC.

2. Connect the current inputs of the relay to the corresponding current outputs of the CMC. Ensure that the current "outputs" of the relay, i.e., the output side of the current transformers, are connected together in a starpoint.

3. Connect the trip signal of the relay to Binary Input 1 of the CMC.

4. Because the Siemens relay has a starting zone, connect the start signal to binary input 2 of the CMC.

Figure 3-4:CMC 256 test set, front view

Connect to current inputs of the

protection relay

Connect the relays’ trip contact to Binary Input 1 and the start signal to Binary Input 2.

Connect to voltage inputs of the

protection relay

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Advanced Distance

3.2.2 Starting Advanced Distance from the OCCStart the OMICRON Control Center from the Start Page by clicking O P E N E M P T Y D O C U M E N T . Insert Advanced Distance into the OCC document by selecting the pull-down menu item I N S E R T | T E S T M O D U L E . . . | O M I C R O N A D V A N C E D D I S T A N C E .

3.2.3 Setting up the Test ObjectFor configuration of your relay under test, the correspondingly named software function Test Object is used. Open Test Object on the pull-down menu item P A R A M E T E R S | T E S T O B J E C T . Alternatively, click the Test Object icon in the toolbar. In Test Object browse, access and edit the test object parameters.


Step 1: Define the distance protection parametersFigure 3-5 shows the Distance Protection Parameters pages that are started by double-clicking "Distance" in the Test Object tree.

The following steps 2 - 4 will guide you through the individual pages.


38

Step 2: Define the system settingsFigure 3-5:System Settings page in the Distance Protection Parameters dialog box

1. Enter the Line angle (figure 3-5, no. 1).

2. Select the PTs to be connected on the busbar (2).

3. Select the CT starpoint to be connected on the line side (3).

4. Enter suitable tolerances for both time and impedance (4).

The larger of the absolute or relative values entered is used for the assessment.

Typical values for the time and impedance tolerance for a numerical relay are 5% for the relative impedance and 10% for the relative time tolerance. The absolute impedance tolerance should be set to 50 mΩ and the absolute time tolerance should be set to 2.5 cycles either way, i.e. 50 ms.

5. Set the grounding factor mode to "RN/RL and XN/XL" and enter the values for RN/RL and XN/XL (5).

The numerical distance relays from Siemens use this entry mode. The distance relays from General Electric (GE) use X0/X1. All other relays use the common k-factor which is the ratio of ground fault reach/phase fault reach.

1

2

5

6

78

3

4

39

Advanced Distance

The option "Separate Arc resistance" (6) is of relevance to the relays, which measure the component of line impedance separately to the component of arc resistance, which is a pure resistance to the left or right of the line angle. The arc resistance component is treated as a pure resistance. It is not compensated by the k factor for a ground fault. Presently the quadrilateral ground fault characteristic of the Schweitzer SEL 321 and all characteristics of the Alstom EPAC relay use this type of algorithm. Please refer to the On-line help for more details on this subject.

6. The option "Impedance correction 1A/Inom" (7) is of relevance only when testing 5A rated relays. Some manufacturers compensate the impedance measured for the nominal current of the CT. In this case, the option must be selected and the impedance is calculated from Z = V / I / Inom. In most cases the impedance is calculated from Z = V / I, in which case this option is not selected.

7. "Impedance in primary values" (8): The values entered are converted internally to secondary values using the PT and CT ratios entered in the device settings.


40

Step 3: Defining the zone settingsFigure 3-6:Zone Settings page in the Distance Protection Parameters dialog box

1. Click N E W to define the first zone.

2. Click E D I T to open the Characteristic Editor dialog box (figure 3-7).

41

Advanced Distance

Figure 3-7:Characteristic Editor for the test object parameters

3. Click the predefined shape for quadrilateral characteristics (fig. 3-7, 1).

4. Enter the settings for the first line element. The directional line in the fourth quadrant: R = X = 0Ω; angle = -45°.

The line element selected is highlighted in the graphic.

Line elements are defined by an angle from the horizontal plus any point in the R/X plane through which the line passes. This point can either be entered in Cartesian or polar co-ordinates.

5. Enter the second line element, which is the resistive blinder:

R = 1.25 Ω; X = 0 Ω; Angle = 90°.

Note: Always enter the line elements in a counter-clockwise fashion around the characteristic. Tip: draw the expected characteristic on paper before entering it into the software.

6. Enter the third line element, which is the reactive blinder:

R = 0 Ω; X = 2.5 Ω; Angle = 0°.

7. Enter the fourth line element, which is the resistive blinder in the third quadrant: R = -1.25Ω; X = 0Ω; Angle = 90°.

8. Click O K .

1


42

Figure 3-8:Zone Settings page in the Distance Protection Parameters dialog box.The zone settings for the first zone and the tripping zones are entered

9. Copy this zone five times:

- Select the zone by clicking the row selection button (most left-hand column, figure 3-8, 1).

- Right click anywhere in the table and Select C O P Y .

- Right click again and select A P P E N D C O P I E D Z O N E S .

10.Define the zone and fault loop for Zone 1 L-L:

- Define the "Fault loop" of the first zone to "L-L" (2).

When clicking the field, a drop-down menu appears from which "L-L" can be selected.

- Define the "Zone" name for the first zone to "Z1" (3) by clicking the field and using the drop-down menu.

11.Repeat for Z1 L-N, Z2 L-L, Z2 L-N, Z3 L-L, and Z3 L-N.

12.For each zone:

- Edit the R and X settings for the second, third, and fourth line element (Repeat steps 5 to 7).

- Specify the relevant trip time for each zone (4).

3 21

4

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Advanced Distance

13.Enter the starting zone by adding a "New" zone:

- Select "Type" to "Starting".

- Define "Fault loop" to "L-L".

- Define "Zone" to "ZS1".

- Define a trip time of 3s.

14.Edit characteristic:

- Line 1: R = 0 Ω; X = -2.5 Ω; Angle = 0°.

- Line 2: R = 6 Ω; X = 0 Ω; Angle = 90°.

- Line 3: R = 0 Ω; X = 12 Ω; Angle = 0°.

- Line 4: R = -6 Ω; X = 0 Ω; Angle = 90°.

15.Copy this zone and amend settings for the L-N element:

- Fault loop = "L-N".

- Zone = "ZS1"

- Line 2: R = 12 Ω; X = 0 Ω; Angle = 90°.

- Line 4: R = -12 Ω; X = 0 Ω; Angle = 90°.Figure 3-9:Standard page for the zone settings.All zone settings entered


44

3.2.4 Configuring the HardwareSpecify the hardware configuration according to the wiring described in section 3.2.1 ”Wiring Between Protection Relay and CMC”.


3.2.5 Defining the TestStep 1: Inserting an Advanced Distance test module into the test document Position the cursor in the test document where the Advanced Distance test module is to be inserted (e.g. between hardware configuration and the test conclusion).

1. Click the A D V A N C E D D I S T A N C E icon in the test modules tool bar or

2. select I N S E R T | T E S T M O D U L E and then "OMICRON Advanced Distance".

Step 2: Defining the trigger conditions1. Click the Trigger tab in the Advanced Distance Test View.

2. Ensure that the trigger condition for the "Trip" signal is set to "1".Note, that only the binary inputs as selected in the hardware configuration are enabled.

Note: When testing the relay with a single pole tripping scheme, the phase selective tripping signals for each phase (i.e. Trip A, Trip B and Trip C) have to be monitored. In this case ensure that the trigger condition for each trip signal is set to "1" and that the trigger logic is set to "OR".

Figure 3-10:Defining the trigger conditions

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Advanced Distance

Step 3: Defining the test settingsFigure 3-11:Test settings page

1. Specify the test model "Constant test current" with a test current of 2A. Please refer to the online help for more detailed information on the test models available.

2. Specify the fault inception mode as "random" with "DC-Offset" cleared. Again refer to the online help for more detailed information on this function.

3. Specify the test times:

- Prefault = 0.5 s

- Max. fault time = 4 sEnsure that the maximum fault time is set longer than the slowest tripping element of the relay.

- Postfault = 0.1 sThis setting might have to be increased for electromechanical relays, to allow the relay to reset properly and to cool down.

3

2

1


46

Step 4: Defining a Shot Test1. Click the Shot Test tab in the Advanced Distance Test View.

Single fault shots can be entered in one of the following ways:

- Numerically as absolute impedance.

a) Enter the impedance either in polar (|Z| and phi) or in rectangular (R and X) format.

b) Click A D D to add the shot to the list of test points of the selected fault type or A D D T O . . . to add the shot to a selection of fault types.

- (or) Numerically and relative to a zone reach.a) De-select the "Absolute" selection box.

b) Select the zone relative to which the impedance should be specified, e.g. Z1.

c) Enter the percentage of zone reach required, e.g. 90%.

d) Click A D D or A D D T O . . . .

- (or) Graphically in the impedance plane.a) Point with the mouse at the required impedance.

b) Press <Ctrl> and click with the left mouse button (or right click and select A D D S H O T ) to add this shot to the list of test points.

c) Press <Shift> and click with the left mouse button (or right click and select E X E C U T E S H O T ) to immediately execute a single shot.

2. Specify the angle of the line (60°) for Phi.

3. De-select "Absolute".

4. Select Z 1 on the "Zone" drop-down menu.

5. Specify the relative impedance required (50%).

6. Click A D D T O . . . .

7. Select "All".

8. Click O K .

Note: The color of the fault tabs at the bottom of the test point table indicate that test points have been added to each fault loop, thus all are shaded dark gray.

9. Repeat for 75% of zone 2 and 3.

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Advanced Distance

The column width of the test point table can be adjusted by dragging the split bar in the column header.

Figure 3-12:Shot Test View

o


48

Step 5: Defining a Check Test1. Click the Check Test tab in the Advanced Distance Test View.

A check line consists of the origin point, a test angle, and the length of a test line. This can be defined in one of the following ways:

– Numerically as absolute impedance.a) Enter the impedance of the origin point either in polar (|Z| and phi) or

in rectangular (R and X) format.

b) Enter the test angle.

c) Enter the length of the test line in Ω. The length of the test line can also be specified relative to a zone reach by de-selecting the "Absolute" option, e.g., 120% of the starter zone.

d) Click A D D or A D D T O . . . .

– (or) Graphically in the impedance plane.a) Point at the impedance for the origin point.

b) To add a test line to the test list, press <Ctrl>, press the left mouse button, and drag a test line at the required angle and length.

c) To execute a single Check Test, press <Shift> and the left mouse button and drag a test line at the required angle and length. The test starts as soon as the left mouse button is released.

2. Enter 0 Ω for the origin point.

3. Enter 90° for the check line angle.

4. De-select "Absolute".

5. Select 120% of the "ZS1" zone.

6. Click A D D T O . . . .

7. Select "All".

8. Click O K .

9. Repeat for a check line angle of 0°.

Note: The program automatically places shots at both the lower and upper reach tolerance limit. If these two shots are OK, the Check Test is passed, because it can be assumed that the reach is somewhere within the tolerance limits.

A sequence of test lines at uniform test angle steps, e.g. from 0° to 90° at 30° step can be specified by clicking the S E Q U E N C E . . . . button.

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Advanced Distance

Figure 3-13:Check Test View

Step 6: Defining a Search Test1. Click the Search Test tab in the Advanced Distance Test View.

Defining test lines for a Search Test is conducted in exactly the same way as for a Check Test. The only difference lies in the way the actual test is performed and the results presented. In a Search Test, the software searches for the exact border between two zones by applying a modified bisection algorithm starting from the theoretical reach and moving outwards.

2. Enter 0 Ω for the origin point.

3. Enter the angle of the line (60°) as the search line angle.

4. Clear "Absolute".

5. Select 120% of the "ZS1" zone.

6. Click A D D T O . . . .

7. Select "A-N" and "B-C".

8. Click O K .

9. Click the Settings tab.


50

10.Check the settings for the "Search resolution".

The search resolution is the accuracy to which a reach is to be determined. It is entered either as a relative value or as an absolute value. The test is terminated as soon as two neighboring test points in different zones are separated by less than either of these two settings.

Note: This test executes a significant number of test shots to a relay. This might strain the relay unneccessarily, especially in case of an electromechanical relay. Be careful and do not specify too many search lines!

Figure 3-14:Search Test View

51

Advanced Distance

3.2.6 Running the TestA test is only possible, if no results are present. If necessary, clear the results by clicking the toolbar icon or select T E S T | C L E A R .

Select T E S T | S T A R T / C O N T I N U E or click the repective toolbar icon.

The test can also be run from the Control Center by clicking the start icon in the OCC or selecting T E S T | S T A R T .

This executes all shot, check, and Search Tests specified consecutively.

The test results are shown in terms of the actual trip time ("tact" column) and an assessment. The assessment states whether the test was within the specified tolerance limits ("Status" column).

3.2.7 Defining the Test Report FormatSelect P A R A M E T E R S | R E P O R T . A dialog box appears where you can define the scope of the report.




52

3.2.8 View OptionsIn addition to the impedance plane (or R/X view) in the Test View, the following views are available in Advanced Distance:

Z/t diagramIn this view, the trip time is plotted vs. impedance for any specified test line. The stepped time grading characteristic of the relay can clearly be seen. The impedance and time tolerance bands can also be identified.

Tests can be executed from this view graphically in the same way as for a Shot Test.

Figure 3-15:Z/t diagram

53

Advanced Distance

VI monitor (natural phase quantities)This view displays the calculated and injected phase voltages and currents for a specified test point. This view is "read only". The displayed values cannot be edited.

Figure 3-16:V/I monitor (natural)

VI monitor (symmetrical components)This view displays the symmetrical components for the A phase voltage and current for the specified test point. This view is also "read only".

Figure 3-17:V/I monitor (symmetrical)


54

Time Signal ViewThis view displays the voltage and current quantities plotted vs. time.

This option is only available after a test has been executed.

The time signal display can be zoomed and signals / diagrams shown can be switched off via the properties sheet (right click anywhere in the Time Signal View window). For more details on these options, please refer to the example of the Advanced TransPlay module.


55

Advanced Distance

3.3 CB Configuration Example with Advanced Distance Module

TaskA Distance relay requires the circuit breaker status to perform correctly.

SolutionThe test set CMC 256 offers a CB simulation, which emulates the action of the auxiliary contacts (52a / 52b) of a circuit breaker during tripping and closing.

The test Module CB Configuration is used to set up the parameters and the mode of operation for this CB simulation. Its intended use is for protection testing, whre certain relays need feedback from a CB for proper operation of the protection function.

The Advanced Distance test module serves to test the impedance measurement function of distance relays. This module models the transmission line protected by a distance relay. It is recommended that this module be used to test the distance function. A manual test of this function is possible, but can prove to be very laborious and time consuming.

Individual fault shots can be placed anywhere in the impedance plane with the single shot. The check test places shots at the impedance tolerance limits of each zone to verify that the reach is within the tolerance limits. The exact reach can be determined with the search test.

Because an automatic test should be carried out, use the OMICRON Control Center so that the test can then be integrated with the tests for all the auxiliary functions of a distance relay (e.g., Fusefail [or LOP], Manual Close [or SOTF], Auto-reclose, Powerswing detection, etc.).

The Advanced Distance module could also be used stand-alone.


56

3.3.1 Wiring Between Relay and CMC1. Connect the voltage inputs of the relay to the corresponding voltage outputs

of the CMC.

2. Connect the current inputs of the relay to the corresponding current outputs of the CMC. Ensure that the current "outputs" of the relay, i.e. the output side of the current transformers, are connected together in a starpoint.

3. Connect the trip signal of the relay to binary input 1 and the close signal from the Close Control Switch on the protection panel to binary input 2 of the CMC.

3.3.2 Starting the OMICRON Control CenterStart the OMICRON Control Center from the Start Page by clicking O P E N E M P T Y D O C U M E N T .

3.3.3 Setting up the Test ObjectFor configuration of your relay under test, the correspondingly named software function Test Object is used. Open Test Object with the pull-down menu item I N S E R T | T E S T O B J E C T . Alternatively, click the Test Object toolbar icon. In Test Object browse, access and edit the test object parameters.


Import an existing RIO or XRIO file by selecting F I L E | I M P O R T , or add the test object function "Distance" and define the distance protection-specific parameters as described in detail in ”Step 1: Define the distance protection parameters” on page 37 of this manual.

3.3.4 Configuring the HardwareSpecify the hardware configuration according to the wiring described in section 3.3.1 ”Wiring Between Relay and CMC”.


57

Advanced Distance

3.3.5 Inserting the CB Configuration Module1. Click the C B C O N F I G U R A T I O N icon in the test modules tool bar or

2. select I N S E R T | T E S T M O D U L E and then select "OMICRON CB Configuration".

Defining the binary inputs and outputs for the CB simulation1. Select P A R A M E T E R S | H A R D W A R E C O N F I G U R A T I O N in the CB

Configuration Module.

2. For the CB Configuration a ’Trip’ and ’Close CMD’ must be assigned to the binary inputs. For this example the ’Trip’ will be connected to the distance relay trip output and the ’Close CMD’ to the close control switch of the protection panel - Figure 3-19.

3. The binary outputs must also be confederated to provide the distance relay with the CB status - Figure 3-20.

Figure 3-19:Binary Inputs

Figure 3-20:Binary Outputs


58

Defining the CB condition1. Click the "Test View".

2. Select the "Initial State" of the circuit breaker (CB). If selected "Closed" the CB will be simulated closed via the Binary outputs configured as soon as the module is executed and the same with the "Open" selection.

3. Select "Simulation Active".

4. The CB can be set to return to the "Initial State" after a set period, this is helpful when a "Close CMD" is not available.

5. To edit the "Trip" and "Close" time delay period, select P A R A M E T E R S | T E S T O B J E C T , click "CB Simulation" and edit the times in the fields displayed. For more information refer to the online help.

6. The module can now be closed by selecting F I L E | E X I T & R E T U R N T O * . O C C .

Figure 3-21:CB Configuration Test View

59

Advanced Distance

3.3.6 Inserting an Advanced Distance Module1. Click the A D V A N C E D D I S T A N C E icon in the test modules tool bar,

or

2. select I N S E R T | T E S T M O D U L E and then select OMICRON Advanced Distance.

3. Add a shot as described in section ”Step 4: Defining a Shot Test” on page 46 of this manual.

4. Close the module and return to the Control Center document.

5. Run the complete test procedure by selecting the "Test All" button. The CB Configuration test module will set the CB simulation.

6. Then perform the shot test as defined in the Advance Distance module.Figure 3-22:OCC Document


60

3.3.7 Viewing the results1. Select the Signal View in the Advance Distance Module.

2. By using the cursors the change of circuit breaker status can be determined. The breaker opened after the trip was received from the distance relay, Figure 3-23 (1), and closed again after the Close CMD was received, Figure 3-23 (2).

Figure 3-23:Signal View

1 2

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4 Advanced DifferentialThe Advanced Differential software is a family of test modules for testing differential protection relays. Specific test modules were developed to test specific features of a differential relay: Diff Configuration, Diff Operating Characteristic, Diff Trip Time and the Diff Harmonic Restraint.

The Advanced Differential modules are typically used from within the OMICRON Control Center (OCC). The test modules are embedded as objects into the OCC test document.

The OCC test document allows multiple modules to be controlled together with sequential testing of the chosen protective functions. For example, all common settings for a specific device can be controlled globally and do not have to be entered for each successive test module.

The OCC test document provides the tests results and format of the data to be contained in the test report. This allows creation of a customized report that includes the test data, graphics, text fields and text editing by the user.

Once the test document is complete, the OCC will run the embedded tests and automatically include the results in the report.

The test document provides two functions:

• the test specifications or protocol, and

• the report format.

All test data is captured and maintained so the report format can be easily changed, saved, and reused at any time, thus making summary reports and detailed reports available from the same document.

Relay


62

4.1 OverviewAll differential modules have a similar user interface and can be easily understood as soon as one of the modules has been learned. All differential modules use the same dialog for setting the parameters of the protection device, the protected object, and other relevant system settings. The settings data is managed globally and made available to each of the test modules.

The test modules differ from each other by the types of characteristics that are tested with the particular module.

• Configuration

• Operating Characteristic

• Trip Time Characteristic

• Harmonic Restraint

The Advanced Differential test modules with multi-functional relaysIt is possible to use the Advanced Differential test modules also with multi-functional relays that, apart from a differential protection feature, provide, for example, over-voltage, under-voltage or under-frequency protection.

In order to prevent such a protection feature from detecting a fault and tripping, the Advanced Protection test modules are capable of not only feeding currents to the relay but also a set of healthy voltages. For this, optional analog outputs are available. The voltages are applied to these analog outputs during prefault and fault time and are then switched off. During postfault time, no voltages are output.

Whether or not voltages are output and, if so, which phase's parameter is to be applied to the voltages can be selected in the respective test module. The test module then applies a balanced set of nominal voltages with nominal frequency to the analog outputs.

63


4.1.1 The Diff Configuration ModuleThe other differential modules mainly test for faults within the protected zone. The Diff Configuration test module tests the ideal normal behavior. The protected object settings and the zero sequence elimination are tested with faults outside the protected zone. The entire differential protection design can be tested for conventional differential systems.

The Diff Configuration module mainly serves for commissioning differential protection systems or for finding a configuration or wiring fault. All wiring problems which are located within the protection rack (including interposing transformers) can be detected with this module. This also works for the configuration of digital relays or their differential connections.

Diff Configuration tests:

• Secondary wiring and interposing transformers (electromechanical and electronic-design relays)

• Correct parameter setting of digital relays (specification of protected object)

• Zero-sequence elimination at ground-fault "outside" the protected zone.

4.1.2 The Diff Operating Characteristic ModuleThe Diff Operating Characteristic test module is for verifying the operating characteristic of the differential relay and testing the relay's ability to differentiate between faults within the protected zone and faults outside the protected zone.

This test module offers two testing possibilities:

Shot Test a test with specific shots in the Idiff / Ibias plane, to verify the tolerances defined by the manufacturer.

Search Test a test for the exact determination of the characteristic shape and its tolerances.

The currents to be injected into the relay are calculated on the basis of a ldiff / Ibias pair in the ldiff / lbias plane, where the relay settings or relay manufacturer specifies the operating characteristic curve.

Afterwards, currents corresponding to different operating conditions, such as CT saturation, magnetizing currents, winding ratio mismatch due to tap-changer position, etc., are injected and the correct reaction of the relay, either trip or no trip, is tested.


64

4.1.3 The Diff Trip Time ModuleThe Diff Trip Time Characteristic test module checks whether the trip times (speed) of the differential protection are within the specified tolerance bands.

This test module measures trip time along testing lines in the operating characteristic plane. The test can be executed for all possible fault-loops. For many relays, a prefault load current exists, requiring application of a prefault current for a specified time.

This test module offers the possibility to automatically determinate the trip time for any set Idiff / Ibias value pair using the protection device tolerances (for every Idiff value, the corresponding Ibias value is found by the software automatically using the test line.)

4.1.4 The Diff Harmonic Restraint ModuleThe Diff Harmonic Restraint test module verifies the correct operation of the harmonic restraint function in the protective relay. The specific harmonic can be selected along with its magnitude in percent, relative to the magnitude of the nominal current. These may be applied per phase or three-phase to the Primary or HV winding. Both Search and Shot Tests are possible.

Testing is performed as a Shot Test at specified points or as Search Tests in order to determine the actual harmonic restraint characteristic.

The behavior of the relay (trip or stabilize) gives the basis for assessment.

Because a wide variety of harmonics may be superimposed to the fundamental current, this module is perfectly suited for checking the inrush blocking function as well as the saturation blocking. The initial phase shift between fundamental and harmonics can be varied for simulating different inrush processes.

65


4.2 Advanced Differential ExampleSample file:

AdvDiff_SEL587.occ


TaskA tester has the task to perform a secondary test during commissioning of the transformer differential protection SEL 587 in the substation Center of the Power Supply XYZ Corporation. This is the main protection for the transformer working in bay = T01, as shown in the figure below.

The CMC 156 test set and the CMA 156 six-phase current amplifier are available as test equipment.

For our example, a typical delta-wye power transformer will be considered. This protected object defines our testing task when the protection relay and its settings are applied. Care must be taken in the test setup due to the individual relay manufacturer’s setting parameters. These details make for a successful test.

The grounding of the current transformer is in the protected object direction.

The transformer starpoint of the 13.8 kV side is grounded with a compensating coil.

Relay


66

The complete testing of the secondary of the transformer differential protection is described in this example and uses all available differential test modules and a newly created test document for the OMICRON Control Center. To perform this test in the real world, minor modifications to this procedure are required, but the principle techniques remain valid.

4.2.1 What should be tested?When secondary commissioning testing, the following functions of the transformer differential protection are required to be tested.

Substation-specific relay or protection system configurationThe correct setting of the protection device with regard to the Protected Object, as well as the correct design of the differential protection circuit (interposing transformer connection, transformation ratios, and wiring) are essential for the correct functioning of the transformer differential protection.

Of equal importance is the protection system behavior for ground faults outside the protected zone. The proper handling of the zero-sequence current by the relay should be verified based on the actual grounding of the protected object.

Use the Diff Configuration test module.

Operating Characteristic ParametersThe relay operating characteristic is a function of the differential current and the biasing current. The use of differential current alone is insufficient to ensure correct operation, considering the inherent differential currents that are present under normal operating conditions (figure 4-1).

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Figure 4-1: Background to the shape of the operating characteristic.

The operating characteristic which is to be set in the differential relay must lie above the operational differential sum characteristic.

The measured range switching has to be taken into consideration appropriately for the test.

Use the Diff Operating Characteristic test module.

Trip timesThe testing and documentation of the trip times of the differential protection working as the main protection on the transformer is necessary under all circumstances.

Use the Diff Trip Time Characteristic test module.

Tripping range

Blocking range

0

1

2

3

0 2 4 6 8 I_Bias / I_N

I_Diff / I_N

M agnet izat ionLoad tap changerInterposing transformerDif f_sumcharacteristic


68

Inrush-restraint and stabilization against over-excitationTransformer inrush may produce up to the 10 times the transformer nominal current, depending on power class, transformer construction type (core form and core sheet), as well as starting torque and remnant flux amplitudes. Because this inrush current is only present on one side of the transformer, the Idiff/Ibias value working point is within the tripping area. Blocking of the tripping of the differential protection is necessary for this operating condition. An analysis of this inrush current will show harmonic currents, where the 2nd harmonic is the dominating one (see figure 4-2).

Figure 4-2:Recorded inrush event from a numeric protection relay

Use the Diff Harmonic Restraint test module.

4.2.2 Wiring Between Relay and CMC/CMA1. The current outputs of the CMC 156 (3 x 12.5A), which are used for the

primary currents, are attached to terminals 101, 103, and 106.

2. The current outputs of the CMA 156 (3 x 25A), which are used for the secondary currents, are attached to terminals 107, 109, and 111.

3. The turn-off command of the relay is attached to binary input 1 of the CMC 156.

A/L1

0

B/L2

0

C/L3

0

7UT512

Seminar 2

Transf.Protection

Test Dude

Anytown

110KV 2windings Y

Nyn0 25MVA 12.2

Final values

1.000 V3.200 A

50 200 350 500

69


4.2.3 Starting Diff Harmonic Restraint from the OCCStart the OMICRON Control Center from the Start Page by clicking O P E N E M P T Y D O C U M E N T . Insert Diff Harmonic Restraint into the OCC document by selecting the menu item I N S E R T | T E S T M O D U L E . . . | O M I C R O N D I F F HA R M O N I C R E S T R A I N T .

4.2.4 Setting up the Test ObjectFor configuration of your relay under test, the correspondingly named software function Test Object is used. Open Test Object with the pull-down menu item P A R A M E T E R S | T E S T O B J E C T . Alternatively, click the Test Object toolbar icon. In Test Object browse through, access and edit the test object parameters.

A detailed description of Test Object and the closely related subject "XRIO" can be found in the "Concept" manual’s section 3 ”Setting up the Test Object”.

In this example we want to import the test object parameters from a file.

Step 1: Inserting a test object and defining the device settings1. In the OCC, select I N S E R T | T E S T O B J E C T to open the dialog box for the

test object-specific data.

2. In Test Object, select F I L E | I M P O R T and import the file Schweitzer SEL 587_Getting Results Example.rio. This loads the parameters for the protection device.

This .rio file is stored in ...OMICRON Test Universe installation path\Test Library\Test Objects_XRIO\Schweitzer.

3. Check/specify the device settings.

4. Check/define the differential protection parameters as described in the following steps 2 to 6.


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Step 2: Defining the settings for the protected objectFigure 4-3 shows the standard page for the protected object in the Differential Protection Parameters dialog box.

In this example, the protected object is a transformer.

Make sure that the parameters for the primary and the secondary windings are correctly entered. In this case, the starpoint grounding of the primary is "no" while it is "yes" for the secondary, as shown in figure 4-3.

Figure 4-3:Protected Object page in the Differential Protection Parameters dialog box.

The name of the windings can be changed to provide a more meaningful designation.

The starpoint grounding is important for the current distribution for a single pole grounding error (figure 4-4).

The Vector Group setting is for the phase correction of the line currents through the Protected Object. This data usually comes from the boiler plate information. However, it may have a different terminology from what is used here.

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Table 4-1:Vector group terminology

The selection of the single-phase fault type in a test module does not mean that a ground current (zero-sequence current) is simulated correctly. Indeed, the parameter Starpoint Grounding is critical here. This means that a zero-sequence current can only flow in a winding if the starpoint is effectively grounded to

• the selected fault side for the Diff Configuration module

• the reference side of the Diff Operating Characteristic or the Diff Trip Time module.

Figure 4-4:Single pole error and current distribution with a grounded starpoint.

Test with zero-sequence current.

Figure 4-5:Single pole error and current distribution with a non-grounded starpoint.

Test without zero-sequence current.

In the second case, it is assumed that the zero sequence current comes from the other side, meaning that the circuit is grounded at the other point.

Object Type Setting Phasor ReferenceHV LV HV LV HV LVD 0° Y 0° D Y0 0° 0°D 0° Y 30° D Y1 0° 30° lagD 0° Y330° D Y 11 0° 30° lead


72

Step 3: Defining the settings for the current transformersFigure 4-6 shows the standard page for the CT in the Differential Protection Parameters dialog box.

In this example, the current transformers (CT) scale the transformer current down to a level suitable for the relay.

Figure 4-6:CT (current transformer) page in the Differential Protection Parameters dialog box

When the option for "Use Ground Current Measurement Inputs" is selected, the zero sequence current for each winding is simulated on the configured current output.

Enter the nominal values of the ground current transformer, if these are connected to the relay, the zero sequence current is measured from the differential relay, and the zero sequence current is used in the calculation.

Note: One transformer starpoint has to be grounded in order to check the box for the ground current measurement input.

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Step 4: Defining the settings for the protection deviceFigure 4-7 shows the Protection Device page of the Differential Protection Parameters dialog box. Enter the appropriate settings based on figure 4-7.

The following table contains the settings required for the differential protection device.

Table 4-2:Parameters for the protection device

Parameter Value DescriptionIdiff> 0.30 IN Idiff minimum pick-up

valueIdiff>> 3.0 IN Idiff instantaneous pick-up

value1st segment of characteristic element

Idiff = Idiff> operating characteristic

2nd segment of characteristic element

Idiff / Ibias = 25%

Knee-point = 2.0 Ibias

operating characteristic

3rd segment of characteristic element

Idiff / Ibias = 50% operating characteristic

Reference winding Winding 1 of the protection device (here HV side)

Reference winding for Idiff / Ibias calculation

Standardize using Protected Object Nominal Current

Reference value for calculating test quantities

Zero Sequence Elimination

IL - I0 Method for zero sequence elimination


74

Figure 4-7:Protection Device page of the Differential Protection Parameters dialog box

Reference winding:

The currents measured by differential relays are different in their absolute value and phase under normal operation and cannot be used directly for the calculation of the Idiff and Ibias values.

Therefore, the protection relay has to define a reference winding to normalize the currents to the same phase shift and eliminate the zero-sequence current. In order to be able to test the operating characteristic this reference has to be defined to the test module.

In principle, it makes no difference which side of the transformer is defined as the reference side, but the current distribution in the single phases and their absolute values and phase shifts are different for each reference winding depending on the vector group for single-phase and two-phase faults.

List box for the Ibias calculation of the protection device

Reference Winding is the winding used for the test current reference calculation of Idiff and Ibias pairs. This is for testing the operating characteristic and the trip time characteristic; the fault will always be placed on this side.

Maximum duration of test currents being output, if the differential relay does not trip. Delay Time is the time between two automatic test steps or shots.

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Figure 4-8:Measured currents with nominal operation

Ibias Calculation:

The Ibias quantity - sometimes referred to as the stabilizing or restraint quantity - is used to compare against the Idiff quantity for the tripping decision. The calculation method for this quantity Ibias has to be determined from the relay manufacturer and cannot be set arbitrarily. Knowing this setting is of critical importance for the test of the operating characteristic.

Note: Presently, only relays can be tested that calculate the Ibias and Idiff values from currents which are zero-sequence and vector group compensated.

Table 4-3:Calculation methods for the biasing quantities

Method ManufacturerSiemens K1 = 1,

GEC, SEL K1 = 2

AEG K1 = 2

AEG three-winding K1 = 3

conventional relays K1 = 1GE Multilin SR 745 K2 = 1

K1 = 2, three-winding K1 = 3

Ip Is+( )K1

---------------------------

Ip Is+( )K1

---------------------

Ip Is+ K2×( )K1

-----------------------------------------


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Standardize Using:

The absolute value (standardization) of the currents to be compared takes place at the protected object nominal current or the current transformer nominal current of the most powerful winding (depending on the relay manufacturer).

Note: These parameters are essential and have to be determined from the relay manufacturer if they are not known. Arbitrary specification leads to undefined results.

Figure 4-9:Measured currents for nominal operation of a delta winding transformer.

Numerical relays directly measure the phase currents; zero-sequence elimination, absolute value, and vector group compensation are computationally performed in the relay.

Transformer model:The transformer model represents the simulation of the ideal response of the transformer. This means, that vector group, ratio and current transformer data are taken into account for the calculation of the test quantities. At the moment, the test can only be run for relays that work phase-selective and with symmetrical bias windings.

"No Transformer Model" means that these parameters are not used. The test then corresponds to the traditional test of conventional relays after the interposing transformers.

InomInterposingTransformerInomTransformer

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------

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Figure 4-10:Connection of the test devices to a conventional differential relay with symmetrical bias winding and test with deactivated transformer model

Zero Sequence Elimination:

For transformers with a delta-wye grounded winding configuration (whether the delta is a power winding or phantom winding), a zero-sequence current will flow in the grounded winding for a single-phase fault. Because this zero sequence current does not flow in the delta winding, the currents into the protective relay have to be compensated or corrected for the unbalance caused by the phase angle displacement across the transformer. The phase angle correction can be accomplished by interposing auxiliary current transformers (traditional method) or physical jumpers within the relay (some E/M and static relays) or computationally by the relay (most digital relays). The method used for zero sequence elimination is critical to the test. Therefore, it is necessary to select the type of Zero Sequence Elimination used.

The following describes the essential aspects of this setting.

IL-I0 (Computational Zero Sequence Elimination)


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Figure 4-11:Zero-sequence elimination IL-I0, reference side = primary side (HV)In the primary winding flows a zero-sequence current.

The secondary side, which is feeding in here, is zero-sequence current free, because the delta winding eliminates it.

Calculation method in the relay:

Phase current

Zero-sequence current:

From this, the following calculated phase currents I ´L are obtained for the differential values:

primary (HV):

secondary (LV):

Relay

I'L IL I0–=

I0IL1 IL2 IL3+ +( )

3--------------------------------------------=

ILP300

--> I'LP3 1–0 1–0 1–

21–1–

== =

ILS2–

11

--> I'LS2– 0–

1 0–1 0–

2–11

= = =

Idiff I'LP I'LS+000

= =

Istab I'LP I'LS+422

= =

79


Note: Because of the selected type of zero-sequence elimination, the relay now detects a biasing quantity in all 3 phases and gets less sensitive by the factor 3/2 for the operating characteristic test.

YD interposing transformer:

(Zero Sequence Elimination by a Delta Winding). A delta winding represents a short-circuit to zero-sequence current. This means, if such a winding is present, no zero-sequence current will flow at the in-feed side for a single-phase fault at the grounded side. The following figure shows that the interposing transformer circuit with the delta winding performs the zero-sequence elimination. For conventional relays, these interposing transformers are present as hardware; for different numerical relays, they are simulated by the software. This information needs to be taken from the relay documentation or has to be determined from the manufacturer.

Figure 4-12:Zero Sequence Elimination by YD interposing transformers, reference side = secondary side (LV)

Conventional relays are connected at the zero-sequence system free side, various numerical relays also calculate the differential and biasing currents with reference to this side. (See dotted rectangle in figure.)

Entering the characteristic is done with lines, which have to be derived from the relay parameters.


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Step 5: Defining the characteristic linesFigure 4-13 shows the standard page for characteristic definition in the Differential Protection Parameters dialog box.

Figure 4-13:Characteristic Definition page in the Differential Protection Parameters dialog box.

The initial data is taken from the general relay parameters.

1. Start with the second line, because the lines Idiff = Idiff> = 0.30 (first line) and Idiff = Idiff>> 3.00 (last line) are automatically added.

The second line has Idiff / Ibias = slope1 = 25% to the intersection with the third line. The knee-point is Ibias = 2.0.

Table 4-4:Calculation of the end point of the 2nd line (intersection with the third line):

Idiff2 = 0.25Ibias2Idiff2 = 0.25 x 2.0-> Idiff2 = 0.50

2. Click the A D D button to get this data into the table of defined lines.

Start point End pointIdiff = 0 Idiff2 = 0.5

Ibias = 0 Ibias2 = 2.0

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3. Enter the 3rd line Idiff / Ibias = slope 2 = 50%. The line needs to be defined to the intersection of line Idiff>> = 3.0.

Table 4-5:Calculation of the end point of the 3rd line (the intersection with Idiff >>).

Idiff3 - Idiff2 / Ibias3 - Ibias2 = 0.5

3.0 - 0.5 / Ibias3 - 2.0 = 0.5

2.5 = 0.5 Ibias3 - 1.0

3.5 = 0.5 Ibias3

Ibias3 = 7.0

4. Click the A D D button to get this data into the table of defined lines.

The characteristic definition should look similar to what is presented in figure 4-14.

Figure 4-14:Characteristic Definition page of the Differential Protection Parameters dialog box with two lines defined

Start point End pointIdiff2 = 0.50 Idiff3 =3.0

Ibias2 = 2.0 Ibias3 = 7.0


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Step 6: Defining the parameters for the harmonic restraintFigure 4-15 shows the standard page for the harmonic settings in the Differential Protection Parameters dialog box.

Entering the harmonic restraint settings is done directly as a percentage of the target harmonic. Multiple harmonics may be selected and set with their individual settings and tolerances.

Figure 4-15:Harmonic settings in the Differential Protection Parameters dialog box.

Harmonic selection and setting

Allowed Tolerances

Idiff data is automatically provided

Ixf / Idiff = f(Idiff)

Graphic is updated when the "Add" button is pressed.

1. Enter the harmonic settings as listed in table 4-6.Table 4-6:Harmonic restraint parameters

2. Click the A D D button to get this data into the image for the harmonic settings. The Idiff data are automatically provided from the Protection Device settings.

Parameter Setting #1 Setting #2Harmonic 2nd 5thRestraint 15% 25%Tol Relative 5% 5%Tol Absolute 1% 1%Time Delay 0.00s 0.00s

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4.2.5 Configuring the HardwareConfigure the hardware according to the wiring described in section 4.2.2 ”Wiring Between Relay and CMC/CMA”.

A detailed description of Hardware Configuration can be found in the "Concept" manual’s section 4 ”Setting Up the Test Hardware”.

4.2.6 Testing the Relay or Protection System ConfigurationThis test is aimed at verifying the correct settings of the digital relay or the differential protection wiring scheme, including the interposing transformers for conventional systems as they relate to the actual protected object and to the zero sequence elimination.

The test module Diff Configuration allows simulation of the ideal response of the protected object (transformer), in order to check the correct settings and the zero sequence elimination with faults outside the protected zone. The entire differential protection design can be tested this way for conventional differential systems. Testing should take place with single-phase faults at the grounded winding(s) for a transformer with a grounded starpoint(s), in order to test the correct handling of the zero sequence currents.

Test the correct setting of the differential protection with an external A-N fault on the low voltage side with a test current of 1.0 In and 1.5 In (protected object). In this special case, check the differential current, which has to be zero. Enter the test title "Diff Configuration Test", the test results with title, test points and the measuring values Idiff and Ibias in tabular form for the documentation of the performed tests into the test document.


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Step 1: Embedding the test module into the test document1. Position the cursor in the test document after the hardware configuration

object.

2. Select I N S E R T | T E S T M O D U L E or click the toolbar icon.

3. In the appearing dialog box, select "OMICRON Diff Configuration" and click O K to start the test module (refer to figure 4-16).

Figure 4-16:Diff Configuration Test View

Step 2: Defining the test reportSelect P A R A M E T E R S | R E P O R T . A dialog box appears where you can define the scope of the report.

A detailed description about defining test reports can be found in the "Concept" manual’s section 5.2 ”Test Reports”.


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Step 3: Entering the test data1. In the Diff Configuration test module, select the General tab of the

OMICRON Diff Configuration Test View (refer to figure 4-17).

2. Place the fault to the LV side of the transformer and enter the test time as 60 s. The test time should not be too small in order to allow time to capture the measured currents from the protection device display or to measure them directly for conventional relays.

Figure 4-17:Specifying the fault location and the test time in the General tab.

For three-winding transformers, the third winding can have a load current in addition to the wanted external fault, providing currents on all three windings at the same time.

3. Select the Test Data tab of the OMICRON Diff Configuration Test View.

4. Check the fault type A-N (L1-E) and enter the test current, Itest = 1.0I/In.

5. The test current Itest refers to the faulted phase current of the LV side with its reference calculated from the HV winding. In this example case it corresponds to a phase A line current on the LV side with Itest = 1048 A.

6. Click A D D to enter Itest to the list of test points and then repeat this step to enter Itest = 1.5 I/In, as shown in figure 4-18.


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Figure 4-18:Test data input in the Diff Configuration module

Step 4: Run the test1. Select the Test tab in the Diff Configuration Test View.

2. Start the test by selecting T E S T | S T A R T / C O N T I N U E .Figure 4-19:Input of the measured values of Idiff / Ibias forthe documentation of the configuration test

3. Check Idiff and Ibias and enter the Idiff / Ibias measured values in the corresponding fields. These are read from the relay’s communication program or display.

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4. If the measured quantities correspond to your expectations, the test can be finished by clicking P A S S E D .

Because of the delta winding, no zero sequence current is passed through the transformer. The high voltage side current distribution A-C (L1-L3) corresponds to the A-N (L1-E) fault at the LV side so that in the B (L2) and C (L3) phases of the LV side, we measure no biasing current.

5. In addition to the Test View, you can switch to Report View or Vector View using the menu or by clicking their button.

Figure 4-20:Vector View of the test currents

6. With this the first test is finished. Close the application and return to the OCC.


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4.2.7 Testing the Operating CharacteristicThis test verifies the operating characteristic function and settings of the differential protection. This is accomplished by the proper calculation of the Idiff / Ibias pairs resulting in the appropriate test currents for all fault loops.

The test module Diff Operating Characteristic has three test methods:

Shot Test: A test allowing specific shots in the Idiff / Ibias plane, to verify the tolerances defined by the manufacturer.

Search Test: A test for the exact determination of the characteristic shape and its tolerances.

Static Output: A test for the Idiff / Ibias pairs in terms of the actual test currents for an internal fault with numerical or vector diagram entry of vector magnitude and angle input.

Test the operating characteristic of the differential protection using the Shot Test with the B-C (L2-L3) and A-N (L1-E) fault types, the static output test, and the Search Test with the ABC (L1-L2-L3) fault type.

Insert the test modules in the OCC test document and define the test points and report format. This should effectively verify and document the Differential Operating Characteristic for each fault loop within the tolerances previously specified for the protection device.

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Step 1: Embedding the test module into the test document1. Position the cursor in the test document after the Diff Configuration object.

2. Select I N S E R T | T E S T M O D U L E and then "OMICRON Operating Characteristic", or click the appropriate toolbar icon.

Figure 4-21:Diff Operating Characteristic Test View, General tab





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Step 3: Entering the general test parameters1. Select the General tab of the Diff Operating Characteristic test module.

2. Select or verify that the options "Ignore Nominal Characteristic for Search Test" and "Prefault / Apply" are NOT selected now.

3. Enter a value of 0.5 s for the prefault time and 0.5 In for the prefault current.

Test MethodIn relays where the exact characteristic is not known, it can be determined by the search function. If a nominal characteristic has been entered, it would be ignored for this purpose.

PrefaultThe inclusion of a prefault state can be necessary under certain conditions (such as, when the differential protection function is enabled only after energizing the transformer or for verifying proper operation under conditions of magnetizing inrush for a short time). Care should be taken when applying these settings.

Figure 4-22:General tab of the Diff Operating Characteristic module

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A fault for the operating characteristic test is simulated in the protected zone based on the reference winding with Idiff / Ibias pairs. From this, test currents are applied to the selected winding pairs: one in-feed is the network on the reference winding itself; the other in-feed is the network on the second winding or a selectable one for a three-winding transformer. Therefore, for a three-winding transformer, one winding has zero current. The different Idiff / Ibias calculated currents are generated by the change in the network in-feed parameters.

Step 4: Using the Shot TestThe Shot Test is used to verify that the operating characteristic is within a specified tolerance. The number of test points can be determined by the test engineer, and can thus be limited to a minimum. The marked tests points in the Idiff / Ibias plane are tested for tripping or not tripping the relay. It would be logical to test every characteristic point with two shots, one at the positive tolerance and another at the negative.

The tolerance band is created from right angles of the corner points from the positive and negative tolerance of the differential current and the stabilizing bias current. The defined expected characteristic line is shown with the tolerance band.

Testing B-C (L2-L3) fault with the Shot Test

Use the Shot Test for the fault type B-C (L2-L3).

1. Click the Shot tab in the Diff Operating Characteristic module.

2. Select the fault type B-C (L2-L3) and enter the test points for the B-C Shot Test.

The first point is: Idiff = 0.25; Ibias = 0.5. Enter these values and click A D D .

In a similar manner, enter all of the data points provided in table 4-7.Table 4-7:Shot test data points for B-C (L2-L3).

Idiff Ibias0.25 0.500.40 1.000.40 2.000.75 2.251.00 3.252.00 4.752.50 6.253.00 6.75


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3. Start the test by selecting T E S T | S T A R T / C O N T I N U E .

4. Change to the Report View.

Test the error types B-N (L2-E) and C-N (L3-E) in a similar manner.

Note: The test should be copied in the OCC test document before changing the settings of the copies to the new fault types. Before a new test can be run, the old results have to be cleared.

Figure 4-23:Shot Test tab of the Diff Operating Characteristic module

Figure 4-24:Results of the B-C (L2-L3) fault test for the test document

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When switching the error type, the type of zero sequence current elimination can sometimes lead to changes in the characteristic line. This is because of the different current distributions of the individual lines (refer to section ”Step 4: Defining the settings for the protection device” on page 73").

The line selective operation for protective devices: the relay trips whenever the Idiff and Ibias pairs of the three phases lie in the trip range. Figure 4-25 shows how the characteristic line shifts if the individual phases have different current quantities.

Figure 4-25:Shifting of the trip characteristic line (simultaneous test on two different points in the Diff-Bias plane, in particular by single pole ground faults)

For example, mark a test point on the characteristic boundary at the second line segment in the stabilizing (biasing) region. Reference the defined test point to the size of the phase current. The other value pairs will lie in the trigger region. This effect is automatically compensated for and the shape of the changed characteristic line displayed.

Testing A-N (L1-E) fault with the Shot Test

Use the Shot Test for the fault type A-N (L1-E) by copying the last instance of the test module. In this manner, the general parameters remain the same.

1. Single-click the last embedded test module (Diff Operating Characteristic module) within the test document.

2. (Optional) Select E D I T | O B J E C T > O P E N / P R O P E R T I E S . . . and the View tab.

3. (Optional) Change the settings to display it as an icon and press O K .

4. Select E D I T | C O P Y to copy the test module.

5. On a new line in the test document, select E D I T | P A S T E to insert this copy of the test module.

6. Start the OMICRON Diff Operating Characteristic test module.

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

0 5 10 15 20Ibias

Idiff

Ibias = 6Idiff = 1,75

Ibias = 12Idiff = 3,5


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7. Clear the results of the last test using T E S T | C L E A R .

8. Select the Shot tab in the Diff Operating Characteristic module.

9. In a similar manner, enter all of the data points provided in table 4-8. The asterisk (*) in the table indicates that it has changed from the value from table 4-7.

Table 4-8:Shot test data points for A-N (L1-E).

10.Run the test using T E S T | S T A R T / C O N T I N U E .

11.Change to the Report View.Figure 4-26:Results of the A-N (L1-E) fault test for the test document

bc

Idiff Ibias0.25 0.500.40 1.000.40 2.000.75 *2.751.00 *4.252.00 *5.752.50 *7.253.00 *7.75

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Step 5: Using the static output testUnder certain circumstances it can be useful to know what the Idiff / Ibias pairs mean in terms of the actual test currents for an internal fault. It might be necessary to output currents for longer periods of time. The currents do not correspond to errors that lie outside of the protection range, but rather to differential current that is not zero. The OMICRON Diff Configuration module is not suitable for this test. Moreover, the test quantity output is limited in time in the Diff/Bias characteristic field by the setting for the maximum test time.

For this particular test, the static output feature is available with vector magnitude and angle input as well as a vector diagram. The current test point from the Diff/Bias plane is used. The test point and fault type selected in the Shot tab will be automatically be used if the Static Output Test View is activated.

Note: The test equipment is not reset by the trip signal of the protection device. Possible high current overloads of the protection device may occur.

Copying the test module within the test document

The static output test of the Diff Operating Characteristic test module can be inserted quickly into the test document by copying the last instance of the test module. This way, the general parameters remain the same.

1. Single-click the last embedded test module (Diff Operating Characteristic module) within the test document.








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Testing the static output

Test the relay with a 3-pole error A-B-C (L1-L2-L3).

1. Select T E S T | S T A T I C O U T P U T . . . to open the Static Output dialog box.

2. Set Idiff to 0.5 I/In and set Ibias to 2.0 I/In.

3. Select fault type A-B-C and the actual test currents for the knee-point setting are displayed.

4. Click O N / O F F to activate / de-activate the outputs to the protection device.

5. Click C L O S E to exit. Close the Diff Operating Characteristic module and return to the OCC document.

Figure 4-27:Static Output dialog box of the Diff Operating Characteristic module

Calculated test currents to be output according to the set Idiff / Ibias values and the selected fault type

Vector diagram of the currents

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Figure 4-28:OMICRON Diff Operating Characteristic test module inserted into a test document


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Step 6: Using the Search Test The Search Test is used for the exact determination of the operating characteristic shape and its tolerances. When testing conventional or analog electronic relays with non-linear characteristic shapes, this method for determination of the operating characteristic is advantageous.

The number of test points is automatically determined by the algorithm from the specified resolution and the tolerance. The tolerance band is constructed by rectangles, which result from the positive/negative tolerance of the differential and biasing currents. The tolerance band is displayed for a set nominal characteristic.

Copying the test module within the test document

The Search Test of the Diff Operating Characteristic test module can be inserted quickly into the test document by copying the last instance of the test module. In this manner, the general parameters remain the same.

1. Click the last embedded test module (Diff Operating Characteristic module) within the test document.







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Configuring the Search Test

1. Select the Search tab in the OMICRON Diff Operating Characteristic test module.

2. You may enter each search line manually by entering a value for Ibias and then clicking the A D D button. The test point is displayed by a vertical line. The algorithm searches along this vertical line for the active trip value.

If you choose this method of data entry, add test points from 0.5 to 7.5 with a step size of 1.0. This should produce eight test lines.

Note: If the A D D button is disabled, you need to first remove the test points from the Shot Test.

3. A quicker method of data entry is provided by clicking the A D D S W E E P button.

Enter 0.5 as start value and 7.5 as end value.

Then enter 1.0 as the step size and click A D D T O T A B L E . All eight test lines are now entered in the test table.

4. Now make sure the fault type is selected as ABC (L1-L2-L3).Figure 4-29:Input of the Search Test points for the Diff Operating Characteristic test

Numeric input of the test line

Adding or removing test points to/from

the list

Marked test lines in the graphic control


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Running the Seach Test

1. Run the Search Test by selecting T E S T | S T A R T / C O N T I N U E on the pull-down menu.

Figure 4-30:Search Test results of the Diff Operating Characteristic test

2. Select V I E W | R E P O R T V I E W on the pull-down menu.

3. Test the error types B-N (L2-E) and C-N (L3-E) in a similar manner.

Note: The test should be copied in the OCC test document before changing the settings of the copies to the new fault types. Before a new test can be run, the old results have to be cleared.

Idiff nominal and actual values

Assessment of the test results:+ = Passedx = Failed

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Figure 4-31:Test document containing three different OMICRON Diff Operating Characteristic tests


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4.2.8 Testing the Trip Time CharacteristicThe Diff Trip Time test module is designed to measure the trip time of a differential relay. It uniquely shows, especially for conventional relays, the relationship t = f(Idiff). The primary results of the test are the trip times of the differential protection.

The OMICRON Diff Trip Time test module performs this test with current injection based on the calculated Idiff / Ibias values in the operating region corresponding to a slope of 1.

Measure the trip times of the differential protection for a three-phase fault A-B-C at Idiff = 0.5 I/In to Idiff = 3.0 I/In in 6 steps, under the condition Idiff = Ibias (test line slope = 1).

Step 1: Embedding the test module into the test document1. Position the cursor in the test document after the Diff Operating

Characteristic object.

2. Select I N S E R T | T E S T M O D U L E and then "OMICRON Diff Trip Time", or click the appropriate toolbar icon.




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Step 3: Entering the test data1. Open the Diff Trip Time test module and select the General tab.

Figure 4-32:General tab for trip time test parameters with the diagram showing the test lines according to the set slope (Idiff/Ibias)

2. Enter a prefault current 0.5 I/IN for 500 ms.

3. Select the Test tab and enter the test points from the task.Figure 4-33:Test points entered in the Diff Trip Time Test tab.

For this test, only two selectable winding test quantities are output: For a three-winding transformer the test PRIMARY-SECONDARY or PRIMARY-TERTIARY can be selected.


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Step 4: Running the test1. Click the S T A R T button to start the test.

Figure 4-34:Test results of the Diff Trip Time characteristic test

2. Exit the Diff Trip Time test module and return to the OCC and the test document.

Assessment of the test results:+ = Passedx = Failed

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Figure 4-35: Report View of the specified Diff Trip Time characteristic test


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4.2.9 Testing Harmonic RestraintThis test is designed to determine the ability of the differential protection to block tripping under transformer energizing in-rush conditions or possibly other system conditions. Test currents are injected on the Primary (HV) winding only.

The OMICRON Diff Harmonic Restraint test module has two test methods:

Shot Test A test allowing specific shots in the Ixf/Idiff plane, to verify the tolerances defined by the manufacturer.

Search Test A test for the exact determination of the characteristic shape and its tolerances.

Determine the harmonic restraint threshold of the SEL 587 differential protection 2nd and 5th harmonic settings for a three phase A-B-C (L1-L2-L3) fault type. The sweep tests should be performed from Idiff = 0.4 I/In to Idiff = 2.9 I/Ini in 6 steps. Customize a report form "Diff_Rest" to display the test module, test settings, and all test results into the test document.

Step 1: Embedding the test module into the test document1. Position the cursor in the test document after the Diff Trip Time object.

2. Select I N S E R T | T E S T M O D U L E and then "OMICRON Diff Harmonic Restraint", or click the appropriate toolbar icon.




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Step 3: Entering the general test parameters1. Select the General tab of the OMICRON Diff Harmonic Restraint test

module.

2. It is possible to define a postfault time for verification of the trip blocking during testing whereby the super-imposed harmonic is removed and the relay should trip. Make sure the postfault time exceeds the block delay reset time.

Figure 4-36:General tab of the Diff Harmonic Restraint module The setting for the postfault timeis used to control

the trigger after the disappearance of the harmonic element.

To use this feature, select "Apply" and enter a postfault time value.


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Step 4: Entering Search Test parametersThe search function can be used to obtain the exact harmonic value of diff currents with differing sizes. A search is only possible when a vertical intersection point exists.

1. Select the Search Test tab of the OMICRON Diff Harmonic Restraint test module.

2. Define a test line at Idff = 0.4 In in order to find the exact threshold value for the inrush blocking (2nd harmonic). The phase shift of the harmonic from the fundamental should be set to -120°.

3. Select the fault type as A-B-C (L1-L2-L3) and the harmonic as being the 2nd.Figure 4-37:Search Test data entry, Diff Harmonic Restraint module.

Define search lines by clicking "Add Sweep..."

4. Start the search harmonic test.

5. Close the test module to return to the OCC.

6. Select the test module and E D I T | C O P Y to copy the test module for the 5th harmonic.


8. Double-click this copy to start the Diff Harmonic Restraint test module.


10.Select the fault type as A-B-C (L1-L2-L3) and the harmonic as being the 5.

11.Start the search harmonic test.

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12.Close the test module to return to the OCC.Figure 4-38: Search Test mode in the Diff Harmonic Restraint test module.

The marked test line is Idiff = 1 In along with the threshold is searched.

The expected threshold value is 15%.

Results of the search mode.

13.Select the test module and E D I T | C O P Y to copy the test module for a Shot Test.

14.On a new line in the test document, select E D I T | P A S T E to insert this copy of the test module.

15.Double-click this copy to start the Harmonic Restraint test module.

16.Clear the results of the last test using T E S T | C L E A R in order to perform the Shot Test.


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Step 5: Entering Shot Test parameters1. Select the Shot tab of the OMICRON Diff Harmonic Restraint test module.

2. Define the first test point at Idiff = 1.0 In and Ixf-Idiff = 14.25%. The phase shift of the harmonic from the fundamental should be set to -120° (negative).

3. Enter the rest of the test points on either side of the vertical line.Figure 4-39:Shot Test mode in the Diff Harmonic Restraint test module

4. Start the shot harmonic test.

The tolerance band for the threshold value for the inrush stabilizati.on (2nd harmonic) and for testing of the marked points

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Figure 4-40:Results of the Harmonic Restraint Search Test are displayed next to the test points

5. Close the OMICRON Diff Harmonic Restraint test module. This returns you to the OCC and the test document.


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Figure 4-41:Report View of the specified test of the Diff Harmonic Restraint module

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Step 6: Automatic TestingThe test document contains all of the test modules and their associated parameters for performing a test on the differential relay. The entire test procedure can be repeated in whole or in part by using the test features of the OMICRON Control Center.

1. Select V I E W | L I S T V I E W to see all of the modules that are embedded in the test document.

Figure 4-42:List View of the modules that were embedded in the test document

This view shows an overview of the specified tests. It does not show all of the tests that were defined for the Advanced Differential example.

The status of each test is given as well as the names of the reports used.

2. Before the entire test plan can be executed from the test document, any existing test results in the individual test reports need to be cleared. To do so, use the T E S T | C L E A R A L L pull-down menu item. Moreover, the test equipment can be checked before running the overall test.


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Synchronizer

5 SynchronizerSynchronizing relays are used to assist:

• connecting a generator to the network or power grid

• reestablishing the connection between two parts of the network

• manually closing of breakers and

• performing a synchronism check.

Synchronizing relays are designed to measure two voltages with respect to phase angle, frequency, and magnitude to safeguard against the interconnection of two unsynchronized systems.

Figure 5-1:Typical tests for a synchronizing relay

Synchronizing relays are also used in switching operations to link two parts of a system which are already synchronously connected via other paths in the system.

CLOSE ENABLE


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5.1 Application: Connecting a Generator to the GridWhen connecting a generator to the network, the synchronizing relay has to control starting up the generator and switching it onto the network at the right point in time.

The relay commonly used for this duty gives a three-fold check:

1. phase angle difference,

2. voltage difference and

3. frequency difference.

The relay sends a close signal to the breaker when all of the values fall within the set limits and maintain these values for a user-defined period of time. If any of the conditions are not met, some synchronizing relays use adjustment commands which are sent to the valve actuators of the generators in an attempt to achieve the proper conditions. In other cases where the conditions are not met, the relay provides a fault signal.

5.2 Example: ELIN SYN3000 Digital Synchronizing RelaySample files:

• SYN3000_function.snc

• SYN3000_adjustment.snc

• SYN3000-CMC256.ohc

• SYN3000.rio


Figure 5-2 shows a simple wiring diagram of how the ELIN SYN3000 Digital Synchronizing relay might be employed to connect a generator to the power grid. In this particular example, only one phase of the network power grid is used as the reference. The reference phase is compared to a phase of the generator.

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Synchronizer

Figure 5-2:Example of connecting a generator to the power grid

The SYN3000 relay for this example is running in the mode for Generator to Bus Bar or Power Line.

Table 5-1:SYN3000 Relay Settings

Relay SettingsSYS1: Maximum Synchronization V1max = 110 V

SYS1: Minimum Synchronization V1min = 90 V

Max. Diff. Volt inductive +dVmax = 6 V

Max. Diff. Volt capacitive -dVmax = 5 V

Max. Diff. Frequency High +dfmax = 0.25 Hz

Max. Diff. Frequency Low -dfmax = 0.25 Hz

Max. Permissible Phase Angle PHImax = 3°

CB Dead Time Compensation tCB-comp = 100 ms

Voltage adaption kv2 = 200 ms


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5.2.1 Emulation with CMC Test SetIn order to test the SYN3000 relay, the CMC test equipment needs to emulate the environment where the relay is used. We will employ a CMC 256, although a CMC 156 would also be sufficient.

Figure 5-3:Simulation of connecting a generator to the power grid using the CMC 256

• One of the three CMC 256 voltage outputs represents the voltage phase of the network power grid, a second one the voltage phase of the generator.

• Binary Output 1 is used for the SEL1 (Start and Release) control signal of the relay, telling it when to attempt synchronization and when to stop.

• Four of the CMC 256 binary inputs (inputs 1-4) monitor the adjustment control signals from the relay to the generator for increasing/decreasing the voltage or frequency of the generator.

• A fifth CMC 256 binary input (input 5) monitors the circuit breaker (CB) close command from the relay.

• The CMC 256 also provides an Auxiliary DC voltage which can be used to power the relay.

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Synchronizer

Note: Figure 5-3 does not show the computer or laptop that is connected to the CMC 256 and runs the Synchronizer test module. Make sure that this is also attached to the CMC 256 while wiring the relay.

5.2.2 Starting SynchronizerStart Synchronizer in stand-alone mode from the OMICRON Start Page by clicking S Y N C H R O N I Z E R .

5.2.3 Setting up the Test ObjectFor configuration of your relay under test, the correspondingly named software function Test Object is used. Open Test Object with the pull-down menu item P A R A M E T E R S | T E S T O B J E C T . Alternatively, click the Test Object icon in the toolbar. In Test Object browse, access and edit the test object parameters.


1. Enter the device settings for the ELIN SYN3000 relay as shown in table 5-2. Table 5-2:Test object device settings for the SYN3000

2. Enter the system parameters for the ELIN SYN3000 relay as shown in figure 5-4 and table 5-3. Figure 5-4 shows the standard page for the system parameters.

Device SettingsName SYN3000Manufacturer VA TECH ELINDevice type Digital SynchronizerSerial/model number 920212Number of phases: 3f nom 50 HzV nom 100 V (L-L)


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Figure 5-4:Standard page for the system parameters in the test object parameters dialog

Table 5-3:Data for the test object system parameters

3. Enter the parameters for the synchronizing window for the ELIN SYN3000 relay as shown in figure 5-5 and table 5-4. Figure 5-5 shows the standard page for the synchronizing window.

Synchronizing ParametersSystem 1

Rotation sense A-B-CConnected voltages A-B

System 2Rotation sense A-B-CConnected voltages A-B

SettingsCB Closing Time (from Test Object block "CB Configuration")

100.0 ms

Transformer group Phase shift 0.00°Start/Release Continuous

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Synchronizer

Figure 5-5:Standard page for the synchronizing window in the test object parameters dialog

Table 5-4:Data for the test object synchronizing window

Synchronizing Window|Δ f max | 30 mHzΔ V> 6 VΔ Phi (Δϕ) 3 ° Δ f< -250 mHzΔ f> 250 mHz|Δ f min| 30 mHzΔ V< -5 VPhi tolerances: Relative 3 %Absolute 0.6° f tolerances: Relative 3 %Absolute 3 mHzV tolerances: Relative 3 %Absolute 60 mVMin Sync Time: Time 1.25 sMin Sync Time: Tolerance 5 %


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5.2.4 Configuring the HardwareConfigure the hardware according to the wiring described in section 5.2.1 ”Emulation with CMC Test Set”.


1. Click the H A R D W A R E C O N F I G U R A T I O N icon or select P A R A M E T E R S | H A R D W A R E C O N F I G U R A T I O N .

2. In the General tab select the connected CMC test set and set the voltages to "3 x 300 Vrms". The current outputs are "not used".

3. On the Analog Outputs tab (figure 5-6):

• Assign "S1 V L1-L2" for the system 1 A-B phase voltage and "S2 V L1-L2" for the respective system 2 A-B phase voltage.

• The connection terminal on the relay can be specified in the third column.

• Assign the crosses in the column for "S1 V L1-L2" and "S2 V L1-L2" to specify which outputs of the CMC 256 are connected to which terminal of the relay.

Figure 5-6:Analog Outputs tab of hardware configuration

4. On the Binary / Analog Inputs tab (figure 5-7):

• Define the displayed names for the voltage signals. Assign "V<", "V>", "f<", "f>", and "Close Cmd" for the signals coming from the relay.


• Assign the crosses in the column for "V<", "V>", "f<", "f>", and "Close Cmd" to specify which outputs of the CMC 256 are connected to which terminals of the relay.

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Synchronizer

Figure 5-7:Binary / Analog Inputs tab of the hardware configuration

5. On the Binary Outputs tab (figure 5-8) configure output 1 for the SEL1 control signal of the relay.

Figure 5-8:Binary Outputs tab of the hardware configuration


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5.2.5 Verifying the Wiring Between the Relay and the CMCAt this point in time, it is prudent to check the physical wiring one more time to make sure that it corresponds to section 5.2.1 ”Emulation with CMC Test Set” on page 118. In any event, the physical wiring should be in agreement with the hardware configuration.

1. Verify that the voltage inputs of the relay are connected to the corresponding voltage outputs of the CMC according to our configuration shown in 5-6. Ensure that the voltage "inputs" of the relay are properly grounded according to their configuration.

2. Verify that the binary control signals of the relay are connected to the appropriate binary inputs of the CMC according to our configuration shown in 5-7.

3. Verify that the start signal of the relay is connected to the appropriate binary output of the CMC according to our configuration shown in 5-8.

5.2.6 Defining the Synchronizer Time Settings1. Select the Settings tab in the Synchronizer Test View.

Figure 5-9:Settings tab for Synchronizer

2. Enter appropriate values for the SYN3000 relay for the pre-synchronization time, the post-synchronization time, the maximum synchronization time, and the delay time between test points.

The minimum post-synchronization time is defaulted to the CB closing time, which was configured as part of the test object.

Table 5-5:Time settings Time Parameters

Pre-sync 1.000 sPost-sync 100.0 msMax-sync 60.00 sDelay 200.0 ms

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The values entered in the Settings tab determine how long it will take to test a single test point. If synchronization is achieved between the two systems, the total test time for a test point is:

Synchronized: Delay time (if not the first test point)

+ the pre-synchronization time

+ the synchronization time

+ the post-synchronization time

= total test time

During a test when synchronization is achieved, the synchronization time will be less than the maximum synchronization time. The minimum post-synchronization time should be equal to or larger than the CB closing time. The CMC does not output any voltages during the delay time.

If synchronization is not achieved, the total test time for a test point is:

Not Synchronized: Delay time (if not the first test point)

+ the pre-synchronization time

+ the max-synchronization time

= total test time


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5.2.7 The Function TestThe intent of the Function tab is to exercise the circuit breaker (CB) closing functionality of synchronizing relays. You can use individual test points or a table of test points.

Depending on the synchronization conditions defined in the test object and the values of a test point, the Synchronizer test module calculates the expected behavior (nominal response) of the synchronizing relay for this specific test point. If the measured behavior of the relay meets the expected nominal response, the test point is assessed as "passed". If it does not meet this nominal response, the test point is assessed as "failed".

The test points are output by the CMC test set for specific periods of time. The output times are specified in the Settings tab.

The synchronization conditions are defined in the Synchronizing Window tab of the test object (P A R A M E T E R S | T E S T O B J E C T , "Synchronizer" block) as a voltage versus frequency test area, the so-called "synchronizing window". When a test point lies inside of this window, Synchronizer expects the CB close command of the relay to occur within the maximum synchronization time. When a test point lies outside of this window, Synchronizer expects the CB close command not to occur during the maximum synchronization time. For a detailed description, please refer to "Calculation of the nominal response in the Function tab" in the Test Universe Online Help for Synchronizer.

Some synchronizing relays only release the CB close command if the synchronization conditions are met for a certain time. This minimum synchronization time can be defined in the Synchronizing Window tab of the test object. If a minimum synchronization time has been defined, this is also considered for the calculation of the expected nominal response of the relay. For a detailed description, please refer to "Calculation of the nominal response in the Function tab" in the Test Universe Online Help for Synchronizer.

If the time to reach synchronization is very long:If Δf of a test point is 0 and ΔPhi is 180°, the time required to reach synchronization (i.e. to reduce ΔPhi) is infinite. Consequently, it is impossible to reach synchronization during the maximum synchronization time. If Δf is very small and ΔPhi is very high (towards 180°), the time required to reach synchronization depends on the actual values of Δf and ΔPhi. In this case it is as well necessary to consider the Δf and ΔPhi tolerances set in the test object. For a detailed description, please refer to "Calculation of the nominal response in the Function tab" in the Test Universe Online Help for Synchronizer.

There are three primary ways to get test points into the table.

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1. Enter the information into the respective text boxes for ΔV, Δf, ΔPhi (Δϕ), or V, f, Phi (ϕ), or a combination of the two.

• ΔV, Δf, ΔPhi (Δϕ): Represent the difference between the System 1 reference value and the System 2 test point.

• V, f, Phi (ϕ): Represent actual values to be output for the System 2.

• Relative: Means that the test points are stored in the test document as a percentage relative to the synchronizing window.

Once the information for a test point is acceptable, click the A D D button.

2. Position the mouse pointer in the synchronization graph (to the right). Right-click at a point to obtain a context menu. One of the items allows you to add that test point to the test table.

3. <Ctrl> + left-click adds a point to the table immediately.

The test table has a context sensitive menu that is accessible with a right mouse click. An important feature is being able to show or hide columns to help control how much information is displayed to the person testing.

The synchronization graph also has a context sensitive menu that is accessible with a right mouse click. It allows you to select points for the test table, test points directly, and to zoom in the various areas. It can also be used to display grid lines to aid in test point selection.

T E S T A T Displays the voltage and frequency parameters of the selected test points.

A D D T E S T P O I N T The specified point is added to the test table.

Z O O M I N Permits a given area of the dV / df plane to be enlarged for more refined selection of test points.

Z O O M O U T Permits a given area to be viewed in context with neighboring areas of the dV / df plane. This is mostly used to obtain an overview of the dV / df plane.

Z O O M M O D E Changes the mode for zooming.

Z O O M A L L Permits the entire dV / df plane to be viewed. It zooms out on the chart and includes all defined test points.

S H O W G R I D Displays the markings for the dV axis and the df axis of the dV / df plane.


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Step 1: Defining the FunctionTest1. Select the Function tab in the Synchronizer Test View.

2. Add test points to the test table using the Q U I C K T E S T button.

The Q U I C K T E S T button places test points at the positive and negative tolerance values of the upper and lower ΔV and Δf positions, for a total of eight.

3. Remove the four test points from upper and lower ΔV position (where Δf = 0), because the SYN3000 relay requires a frequency deviation to work properly.

Test points can be removed individually or as a group by highlighting them and clicking the R E M O V E button. Use <Ctrl> + left-click to select multiple test points. All test points for a test can be removed with the R E M O V E A L L button.

4. Add eight other test points on either side of the Δf = 0 boundary. Place some of them within the synchronization window and some outside, as shown in the figures 5-10 and 5-11.

"Relative" checkbox:

If this option is selected, the test points are stored as a percentage relative to the synchronizing window. The checkbox toggles between relative and absolute and applies to each individual test point and not to the whole table.

Figure 5-10:Test points for the Function tab in Synchronizer

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Figure 5-11:Synchronization graph for FunctionTest in Synchronizer


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Step 2: Running the FunctionTest1. Once an adequate number of test points have been defined, you can run

through them in sequence. Select the P L A Y button.

2. The test points are output by the CMC test equipment for specific periods of time as specified in the Settings tab (refer to section 5.2.6).

Figure 5-12:Test points and their assessment in the Function tab after running the test

After outputting the appropriate voltages for a test point, the test point is assessed as either passing (green "+") or failing (red "x"). The assessment is based on the expectations for the test point. Some points are expected to achieve synchronization (Nominal Response: Sync) while some are not (Nominal Response: No Sync).

For example, test points within the synchronizing window should achieve synchronization in the specified period of time if the relay is working properly. Likewise, test points outside of the synchronizing window are expected to exceed the maximum synchronization time without achieving synchronization. If these expectations hold true after outputting the appropriate voltage to the relay, the test point passes.

In addition to the assessment in the test table, test points are assessed as either passing (green "+") or failing (red "x") in the graph. Again, the assessment is based on the expectation.

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Figure 5-13:Test points assessed as passed in the graph of the Function tab

3. Verify that the Synchronoscope is displayed by selecting V I E W | S Y N C H R O N O S C O P E .

4. When you highlight individual test points from the test table, the synchronoscope shows the ΔPhi (Δϕ) at two different points in time: when the CB Close command was issued and when the CB actually closed.

The ΔPhi (Δϕ) refers to the phase angle difference between the reference system and the test system.

In this manner, you obtain a visual image of the phase difference between system 1 and system 2 when the CB close command is issued (blue arrow) and finally executed (red arrow).

Figure 5-14:Synchronoscope for an individual test point


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The reference frequency can be set to either system 1 or system 2 and defaults to system 1. To change the reference system, use the context menu in the synchronoscope (right-click).

When system 1 is the reference and f1>f2 for subsynchronous operation, the arrow for the phase difference rotates clockwise. When system 1 is the reference and f1<f2 for above synchronous operation, the arrow for the phase difference rotates counter-clockwise.

The synchronoscope can be detached from the status bar and placed as a toolbar anywhere on your desktop. To do so, click and hold the left mouse button on the small arrow in the upper left-hand corner of the synchronoscope. While still holding the mouse button down, drag the synchronoscope until it detaches from the borders of Synchronizer and becomes its own toolbar. If you single click the small arrow in the upper left-hand corner, the synchronoscope can be expanded to fill the entire status bar, or contracted back down to a smaller size.




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5.2.8 The Adjustment TestThe intent of the Adjustment tab is to exercise the actuator commands issued from the synchronizing relay to the generator that control the voltage level and frequency. You can use individual test points or a table of test points.

The Synchronizing Window tab of the test object (P A R A M E T E R S | T E S T O B J E C T , "Synchronizer" block) defines the voltage versus frequency test area and their respective tolerances, the so-called "synchronization window".

When a test point lies outside of the outer tolerance border of this window and the relay is told to start:

1. The relay issues the appropriate commands (V>, V<, f>, f<) to bring the generator (system 2) into synchronization with the reference network (system 1).

2. The Synchronizer test module detects these binary signals and changes the voltage outputs for system 2 based on the defined generator model. The ΔV/t and Δf/t values of the generator model define how the CMC varies the system 2 outputs.

3. The synchronizing relay should issue its control signals until the system 2 output has been brought within the synchronizing window.

4 a) If so, the relay can issue the CB close command and the Synchronizer software enters the post-synchronization mode.

b) If no CB close command is received within the maximum synchronization time, the Synchronizer software issues the Release command.

5. The Synchronizer test module evaluates the time (t sync) elapsed between the Start command and the CB close command. It is important for the test point pass/fail assessment to know the voltage, frequency, and phase angle:

- when the Start command is issued to the relay,

- when the relay issues the CB close command,

- when the CB actually closes.


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When a test point lies inside of the synchronization window and the relay is told to start:

1. The Synchronizer test module verifies that extraneous commands (V>, V<, f>, f<) are issued.

2 a) Because the test point is within the synchronizing window, the relay can issue the CB close command and the Synchronizer test module enters the post-synchronization mode.

b) If the CB command is not received within the maximum synchronization time, the Synchronizer test module issues the Release command.

3. The Synchronizer test module evaluates the time (t sync) elapsed between the Start command and the CB close command. It is important for the test point pass/fail assessment to know the voltage, frequency, and phase angle:

- when the Start command is issued to the relay.

- when the relay issues the CB close command.

- when the CB actually closes.

The test points are output by the CMC test equipment for specific periods of time. The output times are specified in the Settings tab (refer to section 5.2.6).

In the Signal View you can view the exact behavior of the binary signals for a specific test point.

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Step 1: Defining the Adjustment TestNote: If you have previously defined a FunctionTest (refer to section 5.2.7) and you want to enable an Adjustment Test, you must

• either delete the test points defined on the Function tab (and, if available, the test results)

• or open a new test (F I L E | N E W ) and define the test object parameters and the hardware configuration again (refer to sections 5.2.3 and 5.2.4).

1. Select the Adjustment tab in the Synchronizer Test View.

2. Add test points to the test table. Only four points are going to be defined here to demonstrate this.

Place two of them within the synchronization window near the synchronization window boundaries and two outside, as shown in figure 5-15 and figure 5-16.

The three primary ways to get test points into the table.

• Enter the information into the respective text boxes for ΔV, Δf, ΔPhi (Δϕ), or V, f, Phi (ϕ), or a combination of the two. Once the information for a test point is acceptable, click the A D D button.

• Position the mouse in the synchronization graph (to the right). Right-click at a point to obtain a context menu. One of the items allows you to add that test point to the test table.

• <Ctrl> + left-click adds a point to the table immediately.Figure 5-15:Adjustment tab with test points


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Figure 5-16:Synchronization graph for the test points

Step 2: Running the Adjustment Test1. Once an adequate number of test points have been defined, you can run

through them in sequence. Select the P L A Y button.

2. The test points are output by the CMC test equipment for specific periods of time. The output times are specified in the Settings tab, refer to section 5.2.6.

Figure 5-17:Test points assessed in the Adjustment tab

In addition to the assessment in the test table, test points are assessed as either passing (green "+") or failing (red "x") in the graph. Again, the assessment is based on the expectation.

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Figure 5-18:Synchronization graph showing the movement of the test points to within the synchronization window

The synchronization graph contains useful graphical information about what happened to the test points. In particular, it shows how the test points were moved before synchronization was achieved.

The test points that were outside of the synchronization window resulted in the relay issuing the appropriate commands to raise or lower the voltage and to increase or decrease the frequency. These commands were interpreted by the Generator Mode of Synchronizer to control the physical output quantities of system 2.

When the synchronizing relay is working properly, the test points are moved into the synchronizing window until synchronization happens.

If synchronization happens within maximum synchronization time, the test point passes. Otherwise, it fails.

When an individual test point is highlighted in the test table, its corresponding starting and ending points are highlighted in the synchronization graph along with the adjustment control migration path.

3. Verify that the Synchronoscope is displayed by selecting V I E W | S Y N C H R O N O S C O P E . Highlight individual test points from the test table so that the synchronoscope shows the ΔPhi (Δϕ) at two different points in time: when the CB Close command was issued and when the CB actually closed.


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Figure 5-19:Synchronoscope for an individual test point




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5.2.9 Creating an OCC Test DocumentIf previously saved, the two test files for the SYN3000 relay (e.g. SYN3000_function.snc and SYN3000_adjustment.snc) can be embedded in a Control Center (OCC) document in order to create an automated test document that performs both the FunctionTest and the Adjustment Test.

To create an OCC document:

1. Start the Control Center either with an empty document or a template.

2. Click the T E S T O B J E C T toolbar icon or select I N S E R T | T E S T O B J E C T to open the dialog for the test object specific data and specify the parameters for your relay under test.

3. Click the H A R D W A R E C O N F I G U R A T I O N toolbar icon or select I N S E R T | H A R D W A R E C O N F I G U R A T I O N to open the dialog for the hardware configuration and specify the hardware configuration as described in section 5.2.4.

4. Select I N S E R T | T E S T M O D U L E . . . to open the dialog for the Synchronizer test objects.

IMPORTANT: Select "Create From File" in this dialog box.

Browse to the directory where the test files (e.g. SYN3000_function.snc and SYN3000_adjustment.snc) are stored and select one of them.

5. S E L E C T I N S E R T | T E S T M O D U L E . . . again. Select "Create From File" in this dialog box. Browse to the directory where the test files (e.g. SYN3000_function.snc and SYN3000_adjustment.snc) are stored and select the other file.

6. At this point, you have a basic, no-frills OCC test document that can run both the FunctionTest and the Adjustment Test. You can provide further customization to this OCC test document.


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6 Annunciation CheckerToday's protection relays are able to emit hundreds of different signals and measured values. Especially during station commissioning it is necessary to check the correct assignment of signals and measured values to the different locations. Annunciation Checker enables the user to generate the signals and to check their correct appearance at the respective locations. It is possible to prepare the signals in a test document and to adapt them to the actual substation equipment even during testing.

Figure 6-1:Annunciation Checker, overview

Annunciation Checker provides 5 different views:

• Protocol View not shown in figure 6-1

• Test View

• Detail View

• Vector Diagram View

• Impedance Plane View

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Report ViewThe Report View shows the test results. Using the report settings the appearance of the elements contained in the report can be customized to meet the user's needs.

Test ViewThis dialog is used to enter the signals and locations, set the LEDs and expected states and display the assessment results.

The test module is able to generate up to 9 locations and 200 signals. Moreover, the course of the test can be viewed in the status display.

Figure 6-2:Test View

Add signals

Add locations

Status display

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Detail ViewThis view is used for the following:

• To predetermine the type of signal to be output at the analog outputs of the CMC.

The following three selections are available:

Shot Signal output is limited by time or stopped by trigger condition. Duration and prefault current are adjustable.

Steady state Continuous signal output.

no output No signal output. It is only possible to define instructions and pop-up messages.

• To set the magnitude, phase angle and frequency of the analog CMC outputs required to generate the message.

For this purpose, 9 different set modes are available for selection:

1. Direct (Line-Neutral)Input of line-neutral voltages, currents and frequencies.

2. Line-LineInput of line-line voltages, currents and frequencies.

3. Symmetrical ComponentsInput of positive, negative and zero sequence voltages and currents.

4. PowersInput of real and reactive powers and line-neutral voltages.

5. Fault ValuesInput of fault voltage and fault current.

6. Z-I const.Input of the fault type and the fault impedances at constant test current.

7. Z-V const.Input of the fault type and the fault impedances at constant test voltage.

8. Z%-I const.Input of the fault type and the fault impedances in percent of the tripping zones at constant test current.

9. Z%-V const.Input of the fault type and the fault impedances in percent of the tripping zones at constant test voltage.


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• Definition of instructions to be observed when checking the message.

• Definition of pop-up messages used to point out specific steps.

• Additional output of information about the binary outputs.Figure 6-3:Detail View

Selection of signal type

Input of shot parameters

Selection of fault mode

Definition of instruction

Definition of pop-up message

Selection of binary outputs

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Vector Diagram ViewThe set current and voltage behavior is displayed as a vector diagram.

Impedance Plane ViewThe impedance values for the generation of the impedance fault modes can be taken directly from this view. To do so, select an impedance value using the left mouse button. The selected impedance is then automatically entered into the fault table.

Figure 6-4:Impedance Plane View


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6.1 Example: Annunciation Checker with a Digital Distance Protection Relay 7SA631Sample file:

• Distance7SA631.annuch


6.1.1 Test TaskIn substation Center, operated by Energy Supply XX Inc., the SIEMENS distance protection relay 7SA631 is used as main protection for the cable connected to feeder =E01. As part of commissioning all signals and measured values are to be checked at the different annunciation locations. The test set CMC 156 is available as test instrument.

Figure 6-5:Protected object Center

=E01

-Q1 -Q2

Distance protection relay 7SA631 -T1

-Q8 -T05

100 / 1A

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Figure 6-6:Annunciation locations

The following explanation describes the commissioning test for feeder =E01 of a multifunctional relay using the Annunciation Checker test module with a test document created in the OMICRON Control Center. Although your specific application will require some modification, the general procedure still stays the same.

Commissioning testing of a protection relay requires the following:

- All messages and measured values transmitted from the protection device to the various annunciation locations.

- All locations where the messages and measured values are displayed.

- The test settings required to generate the corresponding messages and measured values.

6.1.2 Preparing the TestBelow, the creation of a complete test document in the OMICRON Control Center is described. The functionality of both the used Annunciation Checker test module and the entire system is explained. For specific information please refer to the online help.

Prior to the actual test, the following main steps have to be performed:

1. Setting the document layout (outside), refer to chapter "OMICRON Control Center" in the software manual "The Concept".

2. Entering the relay and test object parameters, refer to chapter 6.1.3.

3. Configuring the test set hardware, refer to chapter 6.1.4.

4. Configuring the test module, refer to chapter 6.1.5.

Protection relay Terminal strip X20 Local control System control room

Annunciation locations


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6.1.3 Defining the Test ObjectDefinition of the relay under test is performed using the Test Object software function. Open Test Object by selecting the menu item P A R A M E T E R S | T E S T O B J E C T or by clicking with the left mouse button on the Test Object item in the toolbar. In Test Object the test object parameters can be accessed and edited.


There are two general methods to make the relay parameters available for the test system:

1. Defining the test object data in the test document (global declaration).

2. Defining the test object data in each single test module using P A R A M E T E R S | T E S T O B J E C T .

The first method should be used if several tests are performed for one test object using different test modules. The test object is then automatically available for all subsequent test modules.

Insert a test object and specify the distance protection parameters. Nominal values of the relay: In= 1A, Vn = 100V.

- Position the cursor to the beginning of the test document.

- Select the menu item I N S E R T | T E S T O B J E C T .

Step 1: Definition of general data1. In the tree structure of the Test Object dialog, select the branch R I O |

D E V I C E .

2. Click the E D I T button to enter the general data of the protection relay.

3. In the subsequently opened Device Settings dialog enter the general data as shown in figure 6-7.

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Figure 6-7:General test object settings

= Adjustable overload detection

4. Click OK to close the Device Settings dialog.

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Step 2: Definition of protection device parameters1. In the Test Object dialog, click the E D I T button to open the test object

settings. Define the global protection parameters in the System Settings tab.

Figure 6-8:System Settings and Zone Settings tabs

Line length and line angle. The transformer connection settings have effect on the postfault voltage or current direction.

Tolerance limits, required for the comparison of nominal and actual values.

The grounding factor is used for the simulation of single-pole faults. Its definition varies between the different relay manufacturers.

Used for relays that consider the arc resistance for the modelling.

Display of impedances as primary values.

Voltage correction if the impedances are related to the relay's nominal current of 5A.

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2. Edit the pick-up and drop-off characteristics of the protection device in the Zone Settings tab.

Figure 6-9:Zone Settings


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Step 3: Creating user-defined parametersCreate a user-defined overcurrent parameter with I> = 1.8 I/In and a safety factor of 10%.

For the following settings you have to change to the advanced mode of Test Object. To do this, select V I E W | A D V A N C E D .

1. Select the Custom branch in the tree structure.

2. Insert a new block by selecting B L O C K | A D D .Figure 6-10:Adding a block in Test Object

3. The new block is now displayed as a subitem of Custom in the tree structure.

4. Highlight the new block in the tree structure and open the block details by selecting B L O C K | D E T A I L .

Figure 6-11:Block details: ID and name

5. Assign a unique ID and a name to the block to allow clear distinction of the block.

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In the new block you can now create parameters that can be accessed via a link.

6. Create a new parameter in the selected block by selecting P A R A M E T E R | A D D .

7. Select the data type of the parameter and assign a unique ID.

The data types String, Enumeration, Boolean, Integer and Real are available for selection. The parameter's data type has to be selected in advance. However, it can also be changed afterwards.

8. Select P A R A M E T E R | D E T A I L to open the dialog for the parameter details and enter the name and a description and define the availability and the value properties.

Figure 6-12:Parameter details

Name and description of the parameter.

Availability of the created parameter.

Properties of the value, such as data type, value, minimum and maximum definition and formula calculation.

Please refer to the online help for a more detailed description of the parameter details.

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6.1.4 Specifying the Hardware ConfigurationSelect P A R A M E T E R S | H A R D W A R E C O N F I G U R A T I O N to open the Hardware Configuration.


The required inputs are: Start and Trip.

6.1.5 Defining the test

Specifying the messages and locationsThe messages (signals) and the corresponding annunciation locations are specified in the test view of Annunciation Checker. They are defined in table form with the messages arranged in lines and the annunciation locations in columns.

Specify the signals and locations you want to test during your commissioning of the protection relay in Annunciation Checker.

Figure 6-13:Test View of Annunciation Checker

1. Use the Add Location button to create new annunciation locations.

A maximum of 9 locations is possible.

2. Enter the location names into the respective column headers (refer to figure 6-14).

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Figure 6-14:Table View of the test steps

3. Use the Add Signal button to create new messages and enter their names in the Test Step column.

4. In the LED column enter the number of the LED which is used to indicate the message.

Comment: One test module allows a maximum of 200 messages.

In the table you can predetermine the expected signal states for the respective locations.

Figure 6-15:Table View with messages and locations

5. Locate the concerning message and location. In their cross-point you can select or deselect the message using the check box on the very left-hand side of the column. In the cell right next to the checkbox you can enter the nominal state of the message expected at the respective location.


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Defining the signal typesUp to this point we did only define the signal states of the concerning messages. In order to have them generated, highlight the line of the concerning message and open the Detail View. Please refer to table ”Test settings for the individual messages” on page 171 for the exact adjustment values for the generation of the messages.

Select V I E W | D E T A I L V I E W to open the Detail View.Figure 6-16:Detail View of the message

Definition of shot parameters.

Input fields for the analog output values for shot mode and steady state mode.

Input fields for instructions.

Pop-up messages which are displayed to the user prior to the test step.

Selection of additional binary outputs.

The message can be generated using three different signal types:

• Shot: Short-time signal output, times are adjustable.

• Steady state: Continuous signal output.

• no output: No signal output. Instructions can be defined.

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Defining signal type "Shot"Direct mode

1. Select the signal type Shot for message "DIST Pick-up L1".

2. Set the trigger for "Start" to value 1 and leave the other shot parameters at their default settings.

In the "Set Mode" area you can adjust the current and voltage values for the analog outputs of the generator triples.

Figure 6-17:Mode selection

Setting the shot parameters:

– Prefault current

– Prefault time

– Max. fault time

– Postfault time

Different modes for specifying the current and voltage values (in the impedance modes it is possible to specify values directly by selecting them in the Impedance Plane View).

3. Select the "Direct" mode for message Dist Pick-up L1 and enter the magnitudes and angles for current and voltage.

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Figure 6-18:Input fields for voltages and currents

Different modes for specifying the currents and voltages.

Input fields for magnitudes and angles of voltages and currents. The individual fields can be linked to default or user-defined values.

4. Click with the right mouse button on the voltage VL1E and select "Zero".

5. Click with the right mouse button on the current IL1 and select L I N K T O X R I O to open the LinkToXRIO dialog. In the tree structure of this dialog open the branch "Custom | Special parameters" and then select the defined overcurrent parameter I>.

6. Enter a factor (e.g. 1.100) for that value and leave the dialog by clicking O K .Figure 6-19:LinkToXRIO dialog

If values are displayed as absolute values, the created link to overcurrent I> is displayed on gray background.

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Impedance mode Z%-I const.

1. Select the signal type Shot for message "DIST trip cmd".

2. Set the trigger for "Start" to value 1 and leave the other shot parameters at their default settings.

In the "Set Mode" area you can adjust the current and voltage values for the analog outputs of the generator triples.

Figure 6-20:Mode selection

Signal type "Shot"

Definition of shot parameters

Set mode Z%-I const.

3. Select the "Z%-I const." mode for message Dist trip cmd and enter the fault type, the percentage related to the zone and the impedance angle.

Figure 6-21:Input field for impedance values

Mode for specifying the impedances

Fault type

Percentage of impedance related to a zone

Impedance angle; direct input or via link to defined values.

3

2

1

1

2

3

45

67

4

5

6

7


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4. Click with the right mouse button on the value of Phi Z and select a predefined angle.

The input field for ITest can be linked to user-defined values.

5. Click with the right mouse button on the current ITest and open the LinkToXRIO dialog. In the tree structure of this dialog open the branch "Custom | Special parameters" and then select the defined overcurrent parameter I>.

6. Enter a factor (e.g. 1.100) for that value and leave the dialog by clicking O K .Figure 6-22:LinkToXRIO dialog

If values are displayed as absolute values, the created link to overcurrent I> is displayed on gray background.

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Defining signal type "Steady state"Using signal type steady state the signal output remains on until the test assessment is performed. This method is particularly suitable for signal states which are required to be applied for a longer time, e.g. measured values.

1. Select the signal type steady state for "Meas value VL1-E".

2. In set mode "Direct" enter the nominal value for VL1-E and the instruction text.

Figure 6-23:View for the steady state signal type


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Defining signal type "no output"The signal type no output disables all CMC outputs. It is only possible to generate instructions and pop-up messages.

1. Select the signal type no output for message "DIST dev.t.emerg.OVC".

2. Enter the instruction and the pop-up text for this message.Figure 6-24:View for signal type no output

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6.1.6 Running the TestAfter all messages and annunciation locations have been created and specified, the test can be started from the Test View.

1. In the Test View either select the line of the message to be tested or the column of the location to be tested.

2. Start the test by selecting T E S T | S T A R T / C O N T I N U E .

The Test Navigator dialog is displayed where you can select the individual messages and locations displayed in the input table by means of the arrow buttons. Testing has to be executed manually for each individual test point by pressing the Shot button. If testing of a test point could be finished successfully, manual assessment has to be performed using the "Passed" or "Failed" buttons.

Figure 6-25:Test Navigator dialog

Navigation arrows

Instructions area

Display of the message (signal under test)

Display of the annunciation location

Display of expected state

Display of actual state (measured value)

If checked, the software automatically moves to the next message or location

Buttons for manual test assessment

3. Start the test for the messages by pressing the Shot button.

During the test, the labelling of the "Shot" button changes to "Shot running" to indicate that the test is currently running.

The assessment buttons are activated after the test step is finished.

12

3 4

7

8

5 6

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8


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4. Assess the test step with Passed or Failed.

If the test step is assessed with Passed, the expected (nominal) value is automatically entered into the "Measured" field. If wanted, you can now modify this value manually. This suggests itself especially in case of measured voltages and currents to enter the actual measured value.

If the test step is assessed with Failed, the expected (nominal) value is not entered into the "Measured" field. In this case the message is assessed as failed in the input table.

5. Use the navigation arrow buttons to select the next message to be tested.

Testing can be stopped at any time using the "Stop test" button and re-started again using the start icon in the toolbar.

The actual course of the test can be monitored in the status display of the Test View.

Figure 6-26:Test View

Passed test step

Failed test step

Status display

1

2

3

1

2

3

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Figure 6-27:Extract of a test report


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6.1.7 Functional Scope

Input data:110kV system, compensated.

Line:

General ParametersSettings

Tolerances

I nom (secondary)

Line angle RE/RL XE/XL PT location CT grounding

1A 72.9 0.277 0.605 at line dir. line

Time Impedance Current Voltagerelative 1% 5% 5% 5%

absolute 70ms 50mΩ 50mA 5V

Length: 50 km

ZLine1 0.408 Ω km⁄=

ZLine0 1.12 Ω km⁄=

ϕLine1 72.9°=

ϕLine0 78.7°=

KnI600A1A

-------------=

KnV110kV100V

----------------=

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Pick-upVoltage-controlled overcurrent pick-up

Distance protectionReach:

Z1 = 85% ZLine

Z2 = 120% ZLine

Z3 = 200% ZLine

Z1B = 120% ZLine

RLB = 6Ω (primary)

X/R=1.5

Pick-up value Voltage [V/Vn] Pickup/dropout ratioI>> [I/In] 1.8 0.8 0.95

I> [I/In] 0.5 0.8 0.95

VVn

IIn

0.8

0.5 2.2

→


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Polygonal characteristic / tripping scheme:

Directional characteristicDirectional characteristic (cross-polarization)

Z 1 Z 2 Z 3 Z 1B t4 t5

X [Ω] 9.04 12.76 21.27 12.76

R-LL [Ω] 6.03 8.51 14.18 8.51

R-LE [Ω] 6.03 8.51 14.18 8.51

t [s] 0 0.4 0.8 0 1.2 1.6

Direction forward forward forward forward forward non-direct.

2nd quadrant 4th quadrantAngle [°] 120 -22

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Autoreclosure

Manual close function, switch-on after fault

Test sequence Dead time Reach

Parameter 3-pole, 1 cycle 0.35 s Z 1B

2.3-3.075 cm Time limit Reach

Parameter 1 s Z 1B

Manualclose

Grounding switch

Z1

Z2

Z1B


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Definite time emergency protectionDefined time characteristic

Stage Pick-up value Trip Delay timeI> [I/In] 1.4 0.5 s

I>> [I/In] 3 0.15 s

Ie> [I/In] 0.5 0.5 s

Ie>> [I/In] 2 0.1 s

t

Ie> I> Ie> I>> >

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Test states for the individual annunciation locations

Test settings for the individual messages

Test step LED Protection relay

Terminal strip X20

Local control

System control room

DIST Pick-up L1 3 ON X20:11; 60V DIST Pick-up L1

DIST Pick-up L1


DIST Pick-up L2


DIST Pick-up L3

DIST trip cmd 8 ON DIST trip cmd

DIST trip cmd

DIST reverse dir. 9 ON X20:24; 60V

DIST def.t.emerg.OVC

10 ON

Meas. value VL1E VL1-E = 63.51kV

X20:1V = 57.73V

VL1-E = 63.51kV

VL1-E = 63.51kV

Test step Signal type Mode SettingsDIST Pick-up L1 Shot Line-Neutral VL1 = 0V, IL1 = I>

DIST Pick-up L2 Shot Line-Neutral VL2 = 0V, IL2 = I>

DIST Pick-up L3 Shot Line-Neutral VL3 = 0V, IL3 = I>

DIST trip cmd Shot Z%-I const. Z% = 50%; PhiZ = 72.9°; I=I>; L1-E

DIST reverse dir. Shot Z%-I const. Z% = 50%; PhiZ = 72.9°; I=I>; L1-L2-L3

DIST def.t.emerg.OVC No output

Meas. value VL1E Steady state Line-Neutral VL1-E = 57.73V


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Instruction texts for the individual messages

Test step InstructionDIST Pick-up L1 Pick-up of L1 is caused by 1-phase fault.

DIST Pick-up L2 Pick-up of L2 is caused by 1-phase fault.

DIST Pick-up L3 Pick-up of L3 is caused by 1-phase fault.

DIST trip cmd Trip is caused by 1-phase local fault in forward direction.

DIST reverse dir. Trip is caused by 3-phase fault in reverse direction.

DIST def.t.emerg.OVC Turn off voltage transformer and turn on again after test.

Meas. value VL1E Check the VL1-E voltage values at the different locations.

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7 Transient Ground FaultGround fault relays are used to protect against:

• steady state ground faults

• transient ground faults.

The Transient Ground Fault test module contains a network model for the simulation of ground faults in networks which use a resonant grounding device (e.g. Peterson coil) to effectively ground the system or in networks not grounded at all.

The simulated voltages and currents at the relay location approximate those in a real system.

The simulated wave shapes are then downloaded into the CMC and output to the test object, typically a transient or watt-metric ground fault relay. This module can also be of assistance when setting such relays.

During commissioning, the correct connection of the current transformers can also be tested. Both conventional three-phase systems and two-phase systems used by some railway systems can be simulated.

7.1 Example: Ground Fault RelaySample files:

• ESAG_II_Ground_Fault.grf

• ESAG_II_ground_fault-256.ohc

• ESAG_II_ground_fault.rio


Figure 7-1shows a typical application of a ground fault relay. A generator sends energy through a transformer to the power grid.

A ground fault relay monitors the voltages and currents of the transmission line.


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Figure 7-1:Example of a ground fault relay connected to one of the feeders of the network power grid

All of the monitored currents are connected in parallel and their sum sent into the relay. Likewise, all of the voltages are connected in series and their sum sent into the relay.

In a balanced three-phase system, the summation of the currents from each phase is zero. Likewise, the summation of the voltages from each phase is also zero.

However, when one of the phases is grounded or is otherwise unbalanced with respect to the other phases, the summation of currents and voltages is no longer zero. There will be current flowing into the neutral, or ground. This is what the ground fault relay detects.

When a ground fault is detected, the relay can be used to isolate parts of the network to prevent damage to equipment, such as the transformer or generator.

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7.1.1 Emulation with CMC Test SetIn order to test the ground fault relay, the CMC test equipment needs to emulate the environment where the relay is used. We will employ a CMC 256, although a CMC 156 would also be sufficient.

Figure 7-2:Simulation of the monitored current and voltage values of the power grid that the ground fault relay would see, using the CMC 256

Figure 7-2 shows the OMICRON Test Universe environment for checking the ground fault relay.

• The fourth CMC 256 voltage output can be used to represent the zero-sequence voltage

• Three CMC 256 current outputs represent the monitored currents of the three phases of the network power grid.

Figure 7-2 does not show the computer or laptop that is connected to the CMC 256 and runs the Transient Ground Fault test module. Make sure that this is also attached to the CMC 256 while wiring the relay.

7.1.2 Starting Transient Ground FaultStart Transient Ground Fault in stand-alone mode from the OMICRON Start Page by clicking N E T W O R K S I M U L A T I O N . . . and then T R A N S I E N T G R O U N D F A U L T .

VA VB VC+ +

3---------------------------------


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7.1.3 Setting up the Test ObjectFor configuration of your relay under test, the correspondingly named software function Test Object is used. Open Test Object with the pull-down menu item P A R A M E T E R S | T E S T O B J E C T . Alternatively, click the Test Object toolbar icon in the toolbar. In Test Object browse, access and edit the test object parameters.


Enter the device settings for the ESAG II relay as shown table 7-1.

Table 7-1:Test object device settings for the ESAG II ground fault relay

7.1.4 Configuring the HardwareConfigure the hardware according to the wiring described in section 7.1.1 ”Emulation with CMC Test Set”.


1. Click the H A R D W A R E C O N F I G U R A T I O N toolbar icon.

2. In the General tab select the connected CMC test set and set the voltages to "1x300V" and the currents to "1x75 A".

3. On the Analog Outputs tab:

• Define the displayed names for the voltage and current signals. In this case we are using the default, which are "VE" and "IE".

• The connection terminal on the relay can be specified in the third column. In this example, that is "3:4" for the voltage and "1:2" for the current.

• Assign the crosses in the column for "VE" and "IE" to specify which outputs of the CMC 256 are connected to which terminal of the relay. Again, we’re using the default assignments.

Device SettingsName Transient Ground Fault RelayDevice type ESAG IINumber of phases: 3f nom 50 HzV nom 120 V (L-L)

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4. On the Binary / Analog Inputs tab:

• Define the displayed names for each binary input. In this example, we are using the default assignments. Specifically, assign "Start", and "Trip" for the signals coming from the relay.


7.1.5 Verifying the Wiring Between Relay and CMCAt this point in time, it is prudent to check the physical wiring one more time to make sure that it corresponds to section 7.1.1 ”Emulation with CMC Test Set” on page 175 and the settings specified in the hardware configuration.

1. Verify that the voltage inputs of the relay are connected to the corresponding voltage outputs of the CMC. Ensure that the voltage "inputs" of the relay are properly grounded according to their configuration.

2. Verify that the binary control signals of the relay are connected to the appropriate binary inputs of the CMC.

7.1.6 Defining the Test

Step 1: Defining the test settingsIn this step, more specific information about the test to be carried out has to be defined. This includes defining the type of ground fault and its location.

1. Select V I E W | T E S T to make sure that the Test View is visible.

2. Select the Test tab.Figure 7-3:Test tab

3. Mark the checkbox to use the test object settings for the nominal frequency.


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4. The test that we are performing is:

• Network type Open line

• Network faulted phase B

• Ground fault function Transient

• Relay location Feeder A

• Starpoint Dir. line

• Ground fault resistance 100 mΩ

Note that when the relay location is changed, the schematic on the right changes to show where the relay is located. This is also the reason why the documentation states that faults in feeder A represent forward faults, and faults in feeder B represent reverse.

Figure 7-4:Schematic of where the ground fault lies

n

Networksource Transformer Remaining system

Feeder B

Feeder A

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Step 2: Defining the transformer settings1. Select the Transformer tab.

2. Enter information appropriate to the transformer (refer to figure 7-5). Data that was provided as part of the test object definition can be used here.

3. In our case, the settings are:

• HV 110 kV

• LV 20 kV

• Grounding Compensated

• Neutral Grounding Resistance 400 Ω

• Detuning -0.1

• Transformer rating 40 MVA

• Transformer impedance 14%

• Fault level at HV 6000 MVAFigure 7-5:Transformer tab


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Step 3: Defining the network settings1. Select the Network tab.

2. Enter information appropriate for the network relating to Feeder A and primary capacitance (refer to figure 7-6).

In our case, the settings are:

Feeder A

• R1 200 mΩ

• X1 360 mΩ

• R0 1.4 Ω

• X0 600 mΩ

Primary Capacitive I0• Network 60 A

• Feeder A 2 A

• Feeder B 20 A

CT Nominal Current

• Primary 1 kA

• Secondary 5 AFigure 7-6:Network tab

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Step 4: Defining the general settingsIn this section, you provide information regarding how the ground fault relay should trigger.

1. Select the General tab.

2. In this example, select the radio button for "No trigger".

3. Enter a fault time of 1 s.Figure 7-7:General tab


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7.1.7 Running the Test and Viewing the Time SignalOnce the configuration for Transient Ground Fault is complete, the test can be run.

1. Select T E S T | S T A R T / C O N T I N U E .

The Transient Ground Fault test module creates the waveforms for the voltage and current outputs, which the CMC then generates and supplies to the connected relay.

2. Select V I E W | T I M E S I G N A L to see the voltage and current waveforms that are supplied to the relay, in addition to the configured binary inputs.


When the waveforms are generated by the CMC and applied to the ground fault relay, you can readily see whether the relay trips or not. Immediately, you can determine whether or not the relay functions as expected.

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7.1.8 Defining the Measurement SettingsTesting a ground fault relay can be performed as soon as all of its settings are established. However, this is a manual test.

In order to automate testing and provide some form of assessment, some measurement criteria have to be established.

A condition defines when the measurement should start, when it should stop, how long it should be carried out, and what to expect. If the expectations are met, the test passes; otherwise, it fails.

1. Select V I E W | M E A S U R E M E N T .Figure 7-9:Measurement View

2. Enter information appropriate for the assessment. Measurement starts when the fault is introduced. The measurement effectively stops when the ground fault relay trips (Trip 0>1). After the fault condition occurs, the relay is expected to trip with a specified period of time (Tnom).

In our case, the settings are:

• Name Trip

• Ignore Before Fault

• Start Fault

• Stop Trip 0>1

• Tnom 0.1 s

• Tdev- 0.01 s

• Tdev+ 0.01 s

3. After the test is run, the Transient Ground Fault test module provides information about the measurement and assesses the results.

• Tact The actual time required for the ground fault relay to trip.

• Tdev The actual deviation time from the expected trip time (Tnom).

• Assessment Whether or not this condition passed.


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7.1.9 Defining the Test ReportSelect P A R A M E T E R S | R E P O R T . A dialog box appears where you can define the scope of the report.



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VI-Starting

8 VI-StartingThe test module VI Starting tests the voltage-dependent overcurrent starting function (VI starting function).

VI Starting can be used with all 3-phase OMICRON test sets. It provides the following tests:

• Testing a specified VI-characteristic (test mode Verify Characteristic).

- Automatic testing of multiple points.

- Manual testing of single test points.

A characteristic diagram shows the VI characteristic and the test points. The results (pick-up and drop-off values) are displayed in the test point table and in the characteristic diagram, and are documented in the report. Additionally, the signals which are emitted to the test object can be observed in a vector diagram and a Time Signal View.

• Automatic searching of the VI characteristic (test mode Search Characteristic).

The search test automatically determines the pick-up and the drop-off characteristic without specifying any test object specific parameters. For this, the software automatically searches essential pick-up and drop-off values and calculates the complete characteristic for these results.

• Output of static values.

This mode is useful for debugging.


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8.1 About VI CharacteristicThe following figure shows the basic shape for a voltage-dependent overcurrent starting characteristic:

Figure 8-1:Voltage-dependent overcurrent starting characteristic.

The characteristic is determined by the following values:

1. Low level current threshold I>

2. Voltage threshold V(I>)

3. High level current threshold I>>

4. Voltage threshold V(I>>)

5. Maximum voltage (as specified in the device settings)

The characteristic divides the VI diagram into two areas:

6. Normal operation area, no pick-up expected.

7. Starting area, pick-up expected.

8.2 Testing Method of VI StartingEach test point is specified by a voltage / current pair. To find out the actual pick-up and drop-off values, the VI Starting software varies one of these quantities while the other is held constant. Which quantity is varied for a specific test point depends on where the test point is located on the characteristic (refer to the description following the figure below).

1 3

2

4

5

6

7

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VI-Starting

The pick-up is approached with shots, giving the relay time to reset in-between. Once the pick-up is found, the drop-off is determined by varying the quantity along a ramp.

The step size in which the quantity is varied is automatically determined by the software.

During a test, the process of varying the test quantity can be observed in the characteristic diagram and the Vector View.

The figure below illustrates the method. It shows how point a is tested.

Figure 8-2:The process of varying the test quantity.

The vertical dashed line is the test line. Along this line, the test quantity is varied. This line is displayed in light blue in the characteristic diagram in the Test View, and a bullet represents the actual test quantities. The horizontal dashed line represents the pick-up voltage. The test voltage starts at the maximum and is first decreased after each shot by a coarse step size (1). After the first pick-up (2), the voltage is set back one step. To find the exact pick-up value, the voltage is now again decreased in fine steps until the pick-up value is found (4). To determine the drop-off value, the voltage is now ramped back (5) until the drop-off occurs (6).

The procedure with varied current at constant voltage is analogous.

a

1

3

24 6

5

VI Characteristic Voltage applied to the test object (current value is constant)

voltage

timeshotscurrent


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8.3 Example: Using VI Starting

TaskA tester has the task of performing both an automatic characteristic test and a search test for a voltage-controlled overcurrent starting function with the test module VI Starting.

The relay under test is a 7SA5 type device from SIEMENS and the test set used is a CMC 156.

8.3.1 Setting Up the Test ObjectA detailed description of Test Object and the closely related subject "XRIO" can be found in section 3 ”Setting up the Test Object” of the "Concept" manual, or in the online help under the --- Test Object --- entry of the table of contents.

The relay setting program is used to find the parameters of the characteristic to be tested. Since the 7SA5 is from the SPIROTEC 3 series, the DIGSI 3 program is used. The item to look up is the Fault Detection Program for the distance protection. In this example, the U/I fault detection is set to use L-N voltages for the L-N faults and L-L voltages for the L-L faults. Then the fault detection parameters must be looked up. These are the parameters to be transferred into the test object settings of the VI Starting test module.

Figure 8-3:Settings for the VI Starting function in the DIGSI 3 relay setting program.

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VI-Starting

The correspondence between the parameters in the relay setting program and the parameters in the VI Starting test object settings is clear. Other relays providing this function use similar names for the parameters, so it should be just as simple to find the values for the test object settings. In this example, the values can be taken directly from the relay setting program without further calculations.

Figure 8-4:VI Starting parameters in the test object.


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8.3.2 Preparing the HardwareA detailed description of the Hardware Configuration can be found in the "Concept" manual’s section 4 ”Setting Up the Test Hardware”, or in the online help under the --- Hardware Configuration --- entry of the table of contents.

The test module VI Starting needs three analog voltages and three analog currents to produce the test quantities and one binary input for the feedback of the starting signal.

Since the CMC 156’s default hardware settings are correct, no additional setting for the used generator groups or analog output assignments in the hardware configuration (HCC) need to be made.

The start contact is connected to binary input number one, which is also the default, so no binary input settings are necessary.

For more details about the settings in the HCC, e.g., for using other test sets such as the CMC 156 or for making connections that differ from the defaults, refer to the HCC settings in the examples for other modules, e.g., State Sequencer.

8.3.3 Automatic Testing of the CharacteristicA characteristic test verifies the given characteristic as specified in the test object settings. This is done in the Verify Characteristics test mode. Testing is done with the fault type A-N, so the L-N characteristics are taken as a reference and the fault type is shown accordingly in the characteristic diagram. By using the Quick test function, four essential test points are automatically added to the test point table. In most cases, these four test points are sufficient for an assessment of the proper operation of the VI Starting function. If required, more test points could be added easily by using other methods provided for adding test points. Refer to the online help for details about adding and removing test points.

After these settings are finished, the automatic test can be started.

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VI-Starting

Figure 8-5:Test View after a characteristic test.

The progress of the test is displayed in the characterictic diagram by the light blue test line with the bullet on it, which represents the actual V-I quantities emitted during testing. The vector diagram indicates the relationship of the voltages and the currents to each other and the value table in the Vector View displays the exact numeric values of test quantities.

The assessment refers to the pick-up values only, since specifications are generally only available for the pick-up characteristic.


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8.3.4 A Search TestThe search test finds an unknown VI starting characteristic. In fact, it finds both the pick-up and the drop-off characteristic. This is done in the Search Characteristic test mode. No characteristic settings have to be made in the test object in order to use this mode. There is no option to specify test points in this mode as the test module automatically measures four essential points, which are sufficient to determine the characteristics. These are the same test points used in the Quick test. In this test, the fault type B-C is used to search for the L-L characteristics.

Figure 8-6:Test View after a search test.

The progress of the test is displayed by the test line and the moving bullet. As soon as the values become available, the calculated characteristics are updated, according to the data available at this moment. In the table, the parameters of the pick-up and the drop-off characteristic are displayed. For more details about the search procedure, refer to the online help.

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Single Phase Testing and Output of Fault Quantities

9 Single Phase Testing and Output of Fault Quantities

9.1 IntroductionIn order to reach a higher output power (or current, or voltage) the OMICRON test sets and amplifiers allow the serial connection or the paralleling of analog outputs. Knowing this, most electromechanical relays can be tested with the CMC 256. For test cases where the power of three-phase testing is not sufficient, OMICRON has developed the Single-Phase Mode, which is available in the Distance, the Advanced Distance and the Overcurrent test modules. The following explanations describe how to work with the single-phase mode as well as the Single-Phase Fault Model, which is the basis for testing all fault loops with single-phase sources.

9.2 Electromechanical Relays and the Single-Phase Fault ModelElectromechanical relays have special requirements on electronic test sets, since the power demand of the current and voltage inputs can be considerably higher than with modern numerical relays. In the past, power amplifiers were often used together with electronic test sets to drive the high burdens of the electromechanical relays. Compared to its predecessors, the CMC 256 provides considerably more output power, which greatly extends the application range for three-phase applications. Many electromechanical relays can be tested without additional power amplifiers. All remaining relays that still need higher power can be tested using the OMICRON CMS 251 or CMS 252 amplifiers.

In single-phase operation, the test sets can generally output considerably more power than in three-phase mode per phase. To obtain this increased power, multiple phases are connected together. The voltage outputs are generally connected in parallel to increase the output current. Also, the current sources are connected in parallel to increase the output current or they are connected in series to achieve a higher compliance voltage.

The OMICRON test modules Distance, Advanced Distance and Overcurrent can be set up so that they output the commonly named "Fault Quantities". Fault quantities denote currents and voltages that characterize the fault. These fault quantities are assigned to single-phase current and voltage sources. Consequently, a configuration of the test set is chosen, which provides the optimal output power (or current, or voltage).


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9.3 Output of the Fault Quantities for Testing Distance ProtectionElectromechanical distance relays have a property that can be essential for testing: they are often implemented as single-element relays, i.e. the measurement circuit and the circuit for directional detection is only present once, not per phase. When a starting condition is detected, a phase selection circuit starts operation, which connects the faulted quantities to the circuits for impedance and direction determination.

This single-element relay can be utilized for testing. Due to this fact, it is possible to test such a relay in single-phase mode, which means to test with only one current and one voltage each. The phase selection circuit takes care that this exact current and this exact voltage will be fed to the measurement circuits. The quantities in the non-faulted phases will be ignored by the relay; so it is not necessary to generate them.

The fault quantities are the current and the voltage, which determine the fault impedance. These fault quantities are fed to the impedance measurement circuit by the phase selection circuit. Depending on the fault type, the quantities are different ones. In the two figures below, the situation for phase-to-ground faults and phase-to-phase faults is shown.

Figure 9-1:Voltages and currents for phase-to-ground faults

Figure 9-2:Voltages and currents for phase-to-phase faults

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In the case of the phase-to-ground faults example, the fault quantities are the phase-to-ground voltage and the phase current of the faulted phase.

In the case of the phase-to-phase example, the phase-to-phase voltage of the faulted phases and the currents in the faulted phase, comprise the fault quantities. The two-phase currents appear in the phase diagram as two currents with identical magnitude and opposite sign. In fact, it is one current that flows into the relay at the one phase and out of the relay at the other. Therefore, also in this case, one source is sufficient to produce this test current.

The test software set up this way performs the output of the fault quantities through the single-phase sources without further user interaction. The remaining operation of the test module remains unchanged, which means the specification of the characteristic and the setting of the test points are done as if the relays were three-phase connected. The user has only to check that the sources are connected correctly to the terminals of the relay, according to the fault type. The (Advanced) Distance test software reminds the user with a message that the wiring has to be modified accordingly at the start of the test and at any change of the fault type.


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9.4 Settings in the Hardware Configuration for using the Single-Phase Fault ModelThe usage of the sources present in the test set is determined in the detail View of the hardware configuration. The available combinations of the sources are presented in a list and the necessary wiring is displayed in a graphic beside of it.

Figure 9-3 shows a typical setting of a CMC 256 for testing electromechanical distance relays with a nominal current of 1A.

Figure 9-3:Detail View of the Hardware Configuration: one possible selection for single-phase operation

The maximum test current of 12.5A is absolutely sufficient for this case. Therefore it is possible to connect four current sources in series, providing a driving voltage of up to 60V (peak value). With the CMC 256 test set, balancing resistors to assure a leveled voltage distribution when connecting current sources in series are no longer needed.

197


The available power from the voltage sources in this test set is not determined from the current rating of the amplifiers, but from the respective power supply. The maximum current can be obtained from a single source with the wiring shown.

The mapping of the fault quantities to the single-phase sources is done in the dialog for the analog outputs.The signals I Fault and V Fault are selected for their respective current and voltage source.

Figure 9-4:Hardware Configuration, Analog Outputs tab: Mapping of the fault quantities in the Advanced Distance test modules

Figure 9-5:Example of wiring for an A-N (L1-E) fault shown with a special case of an A-N (L1-E) fault

Figure 9-6:Example of wiring for an phase-phase fault shown with a special case of a C-A fault (L3-L1)

Relay under test

Testset

Relay under test

Test set


198

9.5 Output of the Fault Quantities for Testing Overcurrent ProtectionOvercurrent relays often require high currents to test the I >> elements. The CMC 256 can generate 25A in three-phase mode. To obtain this increased power, multiple phases are connected together. The voltage outputs are generally connected in parallel to increase the output current. Also, the current sources are connected in parallel to increase the output current or they are connected in series to achieve a higher compliance voltage. If this current is still not sufficient, paralleling the outputs allows the emission of up to 75A in single-phase mode. Additionally, some electromechanical overcurrent relays require high output power of the test device where the serial connection of the current outputs is required, leading again to the use of the single-phase mode.

In the Overcurrent test module, the setup of the hardware configuration is performed exactly in the same way as described above, which is by mapping I Fault and V Fault.

The fault quantities are the L-N or L-L fault current and an L-N voltage. Of course, three-phase faults, zero sequence faults, and negative sequence faults cannot be tested.

For non-directional relays, only a current source is needed anyway. The setup is very simple as all L-N and L-L faults are supported.

For directional relays, the supported fault types depend on the combination of the voltage and the current sources.

199


9.6 Single-Phase Current Source and Three-Phase Voltage SourceEven if a single-phase current source is chosen for reasons of power demands in the current path, feeding the relay with three-phase voltages is still possible in the majority of all cases.

The relay has all the voltages available to perform the directional decision. At L-N faults, the relay can use the L-N voltage of the faulted phase or the L-L voltage of the sane phases. At L-L faults, the relay can use the L-N voltage in the sane phase, one of the L-N voltages of the faulted phases or the L-L voltage of the faulted phases.

In this case, all L-N and L-L fault types are supported.

Table 9-1:Generated I fault depending on the fault type

Fault Type I Fault

A-N (L1-E) IA (IL1)

B-N (L2-E) IB (IL2)

C-N (L3-E) IC (IL3)

A-B (L1-L2) IA = -IB (IL1 = -IL2)

B-C (L2-L3) IB = -IC (IL2 = -IL3)

C-A (L3-L1) IC = -IA (IL3 = -IL1)


200

9.7 Single-Phase Current Source and Single-Phase Voltage SourceWith only a single-phase voltage available, testing L-L faults can become especially tricky. Because of this, only L-N faults are supported when using single-phase sources for both current and voltage.

Testing the L-N faults is done under the assumption that the voltage of the faulted phase is used for the directional decision.

Table 9-2:Generated I fault and V fault depending on the fault type

Fault Type I Fault V Fault

A-N (L1-E) IA (IL1) VA-N (VL1-E)

B-N (L2-E) IB (IL2) VB-N (VL2-E)

C-N (L3-E) IC (IL3) VC-N (VL3-E)

201

File Name Extensions within OMICRON Test Universe

File Name Extensions within OMICRON Test UniverseControl Center OCC

filename.OCC OMICRON Control Center test document

OCC Helper Modulesfilename.PAU Pause Module

filename.EXQ ExeCute

filename.TXV TextView

Hardware Configurationfilename.OHC OMICRON Hardware Configuration (import/export

from HCW’s General tab)

Test Objectfilename.RIO The term RIO stands for Relay Interface by

OMICRON.

RIO, was developed out of a need for a uniform data format for parameters of protective relays produced by different manufacturers. RIO provides a common structure to allow functionally similar relays from diverse manufacturers to be tested with similar test procedures. Moreover, RIO permits relay characteristics to be imported into the Test Universe software from external sources.

filename.XRIO XRIO represents the second generation of RIO file technology. The term RIO stands for Relay Interface by OMICRON, a technology that was already available with previous Test Universe versions. The X denotes "extended".


202

Test Modulesfilename.ADT Advanced Distance

filename ANNUCH Annunciation Checker

filename.BDF Differential

filename.CBS Circuit Breaker Simulation

filename.DST Distance

filename.GRF Transient Ground Fault

filename.HRT (Advanced Differential) Diff. Harmonic Restraint

filename.MEA EnerLyzer

filename.MET Meter

filename.NSI NetSim

filename.OAR Autoreclosure

filename.OTF (Advanced Differential) Diff. Operating Characteristic

filename.OUC UCA-CMC Configuration

filename.OVT Overcurrent

filename.PQT PQ Signal Generator

filename.PRA Pulse Ramping

filename.QCM QuickCMC

filename.RMP Ramping

filename.SEQ State Sequencer

filename.SNC Synchronizer

filename.TRA Advanced TransPlay

filename.TRD Transducer

filename.TST (Advanced Differential) Diff. Trip Time

filename.VGT (Advanced Differential) Diff Configuration

filename.VSR VI-Starting

IEC 61850filename.OSV Samples Values Configuration

(IEC 61850-9-2 LE Configuration Module).

filename.OGC GOOSE configuration file

filename.OUC GSSE configuration file

203

File Name Extensions within OMICRON Test Universe

Test Toolsfilename.BIO Binary I/O Monitor

filename.HOU Harmonics

filename.LST TransPlay

filename.TYP TypConverter

Other file name extension to know aboutfilename.CFG COMTRADE configuration file for the description of

the failure report channels (signal names, sample frequency etc.). Can be imported with the test module Advanced TransPlay, and loaded with the (optional) test tool TransView.

filename.CML Comtrade file. Can be loaded with the (optional) test tool TransView.

filename.CSV Comma Separated Value. This file format is readable by any common database. Data is written in simple a table format. A selectable field delimiter separates the individual values.

If a certain value is a text string, the value needs to have a text qualifier (the text may contain the character which is used a field delimiter). As the naming of Boolean values is not consistent throughout different database programs, the True and False values need to be defined as well.

filename.DAT COMTRADE file with the sample values of the failure report channels. Can be imported with the test module Advanced TransPlay, and loaded with the (optional) test tool TransView.

filename.HDR "Header file" that contains any data-related text that is not used by the software. Can be loaded with the test module Advanced TransPlay

filename.PL4 PL4 file. Can be imported with the test module Advanced TransPlay, and loaded with the (optional) test tool TransView.

filename.RTF Rich Text Format. File format used by Microsoft Word or other word processing applications.

filename.TPL Template file for the test reports (based on RTF)


204

filename.TRF TRF file. Can be imported with the test module Advanced TransPlay, and loaded with the (optional) test tool TransView.

filename.PDF Invented by Adobe, Portable Document Format became the standard format for the electronic document distribution and exchange. PDF files look exactly like original documents and preserve the fonts, images, graphics, and layout of any source file - regardless of the application and platform used to create it.

To view a PDF file, either the Adobe Reader © or the Foxit Reader (both freeware) is required. If you have no PDF reader on your computer yet, OMICRON Test Universe installs the Foxit Reader.

filename.XML XML (eXtensible Markup Language) became accepted as a standard for data exchange, particularly between different platforms. XML and related technologies are W3C (World Wide Web Consortium) recommendations.

If you want to learn more about XML, the W3C site http://www.w3.org/XML/ may be a good starting point.

Contact Information / Technical Support

Contact Information / Technical Support

Europe, Africa, Middle EastOMICRON electronics GmbH

Phone: +43 5523 507-333

E-Mail: [email protected]

Web: www.omicron.at

Asia, PacificOMICRON electronics Asia Ltd, Hong Kong

Phone: +852 2634 0377


Web: www.omicron.at

North and South AmericaOMICRON electronics Corp. USA

Phone: +1 713 830-4660 or 1 800 OMICRON


Web: www.omicronusa.com

For addresses of OMICRON offices with customer service centers, regional sales offices or offices for training, consulting and commissioning please see our website.

205


206

207

Index

Index

Aaddress

OMICRON address . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205Advanced Differential test modules . . . . . . . 12Advanced Distance test module . . . . . . . . . . 11Annunciation Checker test module . . . . . . . . 12

Bbalanced 3-phase system (Ground Fault) . . 174

CCB Configuration

example with Advanced Distance . . . . . . 55CFG (file format in Advanced TransPlay) . . . 13Characteristic Editor (Advanced Distance) . . 41check test (Advanced Distance) . . . . . . . 11, 31circuit breaker

CB closing functionality (Synchronizer) . 126COMTRADE

file name extension CML . . . . . . . . . . . . 203Comtrade

file formats used in Advanced TransPlay 13connecting

protection relay to CMC test set (Advanced Differential) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68protection relay to CMC test set (Advanced Distance & CB Configuration) 56protection relay to CMC test set (Advanced Distance) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36protection relay to CMC test set (Advanced TransPlay) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22protection relay to CMC test set (Synchronizer) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118

constant source impedance model (Advanced Distance) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32contact information

OMICRON address . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205CT

checking connection (Ground Fault) . . . 173saturation (Diff Operating Characteristic) 63

cursor data table (Advanced TransPlay) . . . 18cursor slider (Advanced TransPlay) . . . . . . . 17custom

custom block in Test Object . . . . . . . . . 152

DDAT (file format in Advanced TransPlay) . . . 13data markers (Advanced TransPlay) . . . . . . 18dead zones (Synchronizer) . . . . . . . . . . . . 121Diff Configuration test module . . . . . . . . 12, 63Diff Harmonic Restraint test module . . . . 12, 64Diff Operating Characteristic test module 12, 63Diff Trip Time test module . . . . . . . . . . . 12, 64difference

phase angle, voltage or frequency (Synchronizer) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116

differential protection relays . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61differential schemes (Advanced Differential modules) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12distance relay with transient playback (working example Advanced TransPlay) . . . 21distance testing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

Ee-mail

OMICRON address . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205


208

Ffault quantities, output . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193file name extensions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201

Ggenerator

connecting a generator to the grid (Synchronizer) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116

GPSas trigger to start data output (Advanced TransPlay) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13

ground fault (Ground Fault test module) . . . 173Ground Fault test module . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12grounding of CT (Advanced Differential) . . . . 65

HHDR (file format in Advanced TransPlay) . . . 13hotline . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205

IIbias calculation (Advanced Differential) . . . . 75ID

block ID (Test Object) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152Idiff / Ibias

plane (Diff Operating Characteristic) . . . . 63value pair (Diff Trip Time) . . . . . . . . . . . . 64

ignore beforein Advanced TransPlay Measurement View . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19

impedanceconstant source impedance model (Advanced Distance) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32setting as percentages of zone reaches (Advanced Distance) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

inrush process (Diff Harmonic Restraint) . . . 64Inrush-restraint and stabilization against over-excitation (Diff Trip Time) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68

Mmagnetizing currents (Diff Operating Characteristic) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63message

checking (Annunciation Checker) . . . . . 141multi-functional relays

tested with Advanced Differential . . . . . . 62

Nnatural phase quantities (display in Advanced Distance VI monitor) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53

Ooutput of fault quantities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193overcurrent starting function (voltage-depen-dent, VI Starting) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185over-excitation

inrush-restraint and stabilization against over-excitation (Advanced Differential) . . 67

PPDF

file name extension . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 204phase-selective (Advanced Differential) . . . . 76post-sync time (Synchronizer) . . . . . . . . . . 124pre-sync time (Synchronizer) . . . . . . . . . . . 124

209

Index

Rreaches and trip times testing (Advanced Distance) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34reference winding (Advanced Differential) . . 74relative impedance (Advanced Distance) . . . 11relay

checking relay messages (Annunciation Checker) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141

resistanceground fault resistance (Transient Ground Fault) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178neutral grounding resistance (Transient Ground Fault) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179

RIOfile name extension . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201

rotation sense (Synchronizer) . . . . . . . . . . . 120

SSchweitzer SEL 587_Getting Results Example.rio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69search test

Advanced Distance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11, 30Diff Harmonic Restraint . . . . . . . . . . 64, 106Diff Operating Characteristic . . . . . . . 63, 88VI Starting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 192

shot testAdvanced Distance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29Diff Harmonic Restraint . . . . . . . . . . 64, 106Diff Operating Characteristic . . . . . . . 63, 88

single phase testing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193stabilization against over-excitation (Diff Trip Time) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68starpoint grounding (parameter in Advanced Differential) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71state markers (Advanced TransPlay) . . . . . . 18static output (Diff OC) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88, 96status messages

checking (Annunciation Checker) . . . . . 141steady state ground faults (Ground Fault) . 173

symmetrical bias windings (Advanced Differential) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76symmetrical components

Annunciation Checker . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143display in Advanced Distance VI monitor 53

sync time (Synchronizer) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121Synchronizer test module . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11synchronizing relays (Synchronizer) . . 11, 115synchronizing window

adjustment test (Synchronizer) . . . . . . . 133function test (Synchronizer) . . . . . . . . . 126

synchronoscope (Synchronizer) . . . . . . . . . 131

Ttechnical support . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205test

runing a test (Diff Harmonic Restraint) . . 86running a function test (Synchronizer) . 130running a test (Advanced Distance & CB Configuration) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59running a Test (Advanced Distance) . . . . 51running a test (Advanced TransPlay) . . . 27running a test (Annunciation Checker) . 163running a test (Diff Harmonic Restraint) 108running a test (Diff Operating Characteristic) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92, 94running a test (Diff Trip Time) . . . . . . . . 104running a test (Ground Fault) . . . . . . . . 182running an adjustment test (Synchronizer) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136

test objectadding a block . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152block details . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152

The ConceptPDF manual . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9

timemax sync time (Synchronizer) . . . . . . . . 124post-sync time (Synchronizer) . . . . . . . . 124pre-sync time (Synchronizer) . . . . . . . . 124

transformer model (Advanced Differential) . . 76transformer starpoint (Advanced Differential) 65


210

T (cont.)

transient dataworking with t.d. (Advanced TransPlay) . 11

transient ground fault (Transient Ground Fault) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173transient playback

distance relay with transient playback (working example Advanced TransPlay) . 21

triggertrigger options in Advanced TransPlay . . 15

trip times testing (Advanced Distance) . . . . . 34

Uunsynchronized systems (Synchronizer) . . 115

VVI characteristic (VI Starting) . . . . . . . . . . . 186VI monitor (Advanced Distance) . . . . . . . . . . 53VI Starting test module . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11voltate-dependent overcurrent starting function (VI Starting) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185

Wwinding ratio mismatch due to tap-changer position (Diff Operating Characteristic) . . . . 63wring

protection relay to CMC test set (Advanced Differential) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68protection relay to CMC test set (Advanced Distance & CB Configuration) 56protection relay to CMC test set (Advanced Distance) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36protection relay to CMC test set (Advanced TransPlay) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22protection relay to CMC test set (Synchronizer) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118

XXML

file name extension . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 204XRIO

file name extension . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201

YYD interposing transformer (Advanced Differential) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79

ZZ/t diagram (Advanced Distance) . . . . . . 33, 52zero sequence current elimination (Diff Operating Characteristic) . . . . . . . . . . . 93zero sequence elimination (Advanced Differential) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77zero-sequence current (Advanced Differential) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71zone settings (Advanced Distance) . . . . . . . 40Z-plane

test in Z-plane (Advance Distance) . . . . . 29

omicron test universe - advanced protection...

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