Old Ship (Puritan) Meetinghouse, Hingham, MA (1681, 1729)

Prospect of the City of New York (1771)

Guy Fawkes night, Windsor Castle, 1776

Rev. George Whitefield

First Amendment to U.S. Constitution

• Madison’s proposal, June 8, 1789: “The Civil Rights of none shall be abridged on account of religious belief or worship, nor shall any national religion be established, nor shall the full and equal rights of conscience be in any manner, nor on any pretext infringed.”

• Final language adopted: “Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof.”

Religious Camp Meeting (1839)