Infrared الحمراء تحت = األشعةbelow red.

Infrared light lies between بين  the visible and تقع

microwave المرئي portions of the والميكروويفelectromagnetic spectrum.

INFRA RED RADIATION - األشعة  اإلشعاع  الحمراء INTRODUCTION تحت

All objects in the universe above absolute zero المطلق الصفرemit ينبعث electromagnetic radiation. الكهرومغناطيسي

Infrared wavelengths 710 موجات nm to 1

millimeter.

INFRA RED RADIATION - INTRODUCTION

The rays travel through the ether until they

encounter لقاء some medium which absorbs them & when they are absorbed HEAT is produced.  يتم عندما

  المنت  الحرارة استيعابهاجة

INFRA RED RADIATION - INTRODUCTION

Thermo gram حراري a—مخططpicture that shows regions of different temperatures درجات

المختلفة  .in the body الحرارة

Uses: Remote controls (TV/VCR), radiant heaters, grills, optical fibre communication, night vision.

Dangers: Skin burns  الجلد حروق

INFRA RED RADIATION - INTRODUCTION

TYPE OF CLASSIFICATIONS  من نوعIRR- التصنيفات

OLD CLASSIFICATION NEW CLASSIFICATION

◦Near / Short Infrared - 0.75-1.4 µm in wavelength.

◦Mid Infrared - 3-8 µm.

◦Far / Long Infrared – 15-1,000 µm.

IR-A: 700 nm–1400 nm

IR-B: 1400 nm–3000 nm

IR-C: 3000 nm–1 mm

Any heated material will produce I.R.R.,

The wavelength & frequency are being determined تحديد by the temperature. درجةالحرارة

TYPES OF I.R. – GENERATORS:-

1. Non – Luminous Generator

  مضيئ --  مولد غير

2. Luminous Generator  مضيئة مولد

PRINCIPLE OF PRODUCTION االنتاج  TYPES OF & المبدأ

GENERATORS  المولدات أنواع

Reflected - انعكس

Absorbed - استوعبت

Penetration - تغلغل

Refracted - ينكسر

PHYSICAL BEHAVIOUR  السلوك البدنيةOF IRR

A coil of wire   االسالك  من جرح wound لفائفon a cylinder أسطوانة of some insulating material عازلة such as FIRECLAY or موادPORCELAIN.   الخزف  أو A simple)الصلصالtype for production IRR)

Electric Currentpassed through the wires

Produces Heat

IRR are emitted from the hot wires الساخنة  from the fireclay & األسالك

.which is heated by CONDUCTION الصلصال

NON – LUMINOUS (IN VISIBLE) GENERATOR - IRR

1. The emitter باعث2. The metal plate

معدنية صفيحة3. Protective wire mesh.

سلكية  شبكات حماية4. Parabolic Reflector.

العاكس  مكافئAdjustable Metal stand

الوقوف  with المعادنscrews.

Base قاعدة / Wheel.

PARTS OF AN IRR LAMP لمبة اجزاءالحمراء تحت االشعة

Usually the coil of wire is embedded in the fireclay, then the emission of rays (IRR +Some Visible) is then entirely from the fireclay which is commonly painted السوداء .BLACK مطلي

It is placed at the FOCAL POINT االتصال of a PARABOLIC نقطة

REFLECTOR. This set-up is mainly to reflect the radiations into an approximately حوالي uniform

beam.  موحدة شعاع

NON – LUMINOUS (IN VISIBLE خفية) GENERATOR - IRR

The beam does diverge انحرف somewhat due to the relatively large size of the EMITTER compared to the reflector & thus reduces the risk   خطر من of HOT SPOTS يقلل

الساخنة ا لنقاط

When such lamps are switched ON, they require some time to warm-up because of the THERMAL INERTIA

  الحراري الذاتي of the القصورconsiderable mass of metal & insulating material that has to be heated.

NON – LUMINOUS (IN VISIBLE) GENERATOR - IRR

Luminous generators are produced by one or

more INCANDESCENT ساطع LAMPS.

Incandescent lamp consists of a TUNGSTEN

FILAMENT  شعيرة in a large التنغستن

envelop which contains INERT GAS غازمنخفض  .AT LOW PRESSURE خامل ضغط

LUMINOUS (VISIBLE) - IRR

The inside part of the glass bulb is

often األحيان من كثير فيSILVERED بالفضة to provide REFLECTOR.

This lamp work on the same principle as a SIMPLE ELECTRIC

BULB.   بسيطة كهربائية .لمبة

On passing electric current, it gives off a continuous spectrum in the infrared & visible region & a few UVR.

LUMINOUS (VISIBLE) - IRR

These visible & UVR radiations are absorbed by the glass & are not transmitted by the lamp.

The outside glass  الزجاج ,is REDDENED خارج

absorbing some of the GREEN & BLUE محمرRAYS to give a RED VISIBLE EMISSION.

  مرئية  االنبعاثات األحمر

It is important to ensure that all rays fall

PERPENDICULAR عمودي to the surface in-

order to be MAXIMALLY األقصى الحدABSORBED.

The human skin absorbs 95% of the energy if the rays are PERPENDICULAR to the surface.

LUMINOUS (VISIBLE) - IRR

SHORT قصيرة IRR – 1 -3mm

LONG طويل IRR – 0.5 – 1mm

The effect will be marked

heating of the skin. Some of thisملحوظheat will be conducted more deeply into

the SUBCUTANEOUS TISSUE. النسيجالجلد تحت

The sensation to be experienced in only a COMFORTABLE WARM SENSATION

دافئ  إحساس which must not مريحة

FEEL HOT.   ساخن يشعر ال

PENETRATION نفوذية OF IRR

Metabolic effect:  تأثير األيضIncreases metabolic activity.

Circular effect:  تأثير التعميمIncreases blood flow superficially. ظاهريا

Neurological effects: التأثيراتالعصبيةIncreases nerve conduction velocity.

العصب توصيل سرعة

Sweating: تعرقThere is increased activity of sweat glands by reflex stimulation from heat regulating centre.

Physiological Effects of IRR:

Blood Pressure: الدم ضغطIf the heating is given to a large area of the body for a prolonged period, there will be FALL in B.P.

Pigmentation: اصطباغExcessive & prolonged IRR application can cause the destruction of ERYTHROCYTES,  الكريات تدمير PIGMENTS إطالق releasing الحمراء causing brown discoloration of & أصباغskin.

Decreased Viscosity & Increased Collagen Extensibility

Physiological Effects of IRR:

Pain ألم– Stimulation of Sensory heat receptor – Pain Gate Mechanism.

Muscle spasm  العضالت –تشنجSecondary afferent muscle spindle

Joint stiffness المفصل –تيبسThe viscosity decrease & Increased collagen extensibility

Therapeutic Effects of IRR:

Tissue healing األنسجة –شفاءIncreased Metabolic rate, Cell activity & Local blood flow.

Edema وذمة– Increased fluid exchange & Increased reabsorption of exudates.

Skin lesion  الجلد .Psoriasis – آفة

Sedation سكون– Reflex phenomenon.

As a precursor السالئف to other treatment.

Pain ألم & Muscle Spasm العضالت  تشنج

Chronic Inflammatory state – Edema  --    األوديما الدولة مزمن التهابي

Pressure sore  الضغط Healing –قرحةof wounds

Psoriasis – Skin Condition   الجلد --  حالة الصدفية

Joint stiffness – Sub & Chronic stage تيبس

    والمزمن --  الفرعية المرحلة المفصلة

Indications (DWAYAI)of IRR:

Impaired Sensation  اإلحساس ضعف: Not able to determine if the excessive heat is occurring.

Impaired Circulation  التداول : ضعف(Atherosclerosis, DVT, Beurger’s disease) – Not able to dissipate heat & will lead to BURNS.

Dermatological Conditions األمراضشروط  Fungus, Dermatitis – الجلدية

& Eczema.

Contraindications االستعمال :of IRR موانع

Analgesic مسكن & Narcotic drugs It will raise the pain –المخدراتthreshold.

Deep x-ray therapy األشعة  العالج  العميقة Past 3 –السينية

months – it reduces sensory appreciation.

Topical creams  الموضعية الكريمات& Oils زيوت– It will cause burns

Contraindications of IRR:

Metal المعادن– It retains the heat & will lead to a burn.

Eyes عيون– The radiations can cause CATARACTS. العين عدسة إعتام

Age – Elderly patients generally have impairment of sensation & circulation. (lack of normal CVS may lessen the tolerance of thermal stress)

Contraindications of IRR:

Acute Infections الحادة It –االلتهاباتwill increase the infection processes.

Severe cardiac conditions ظروفالقلب  Heating a large area –قاسية

will cause An Increase in cardiac output & the same may not be tolerated with severe cardiac patients.

Contraindications of IRR:

Burns

Electric shock كهربائية  صدمة

Headache صداع

Faintness الضعف

Dangers of IRR:

It can be used to treat large area.

Patient may be taught to apply IRR for home use.

Advantages مزايا of IRR:

Heating is only very superficial

Equipment is often rather unstable.

Disadvantages عيوب of IRR:

1. Explanation to the patient للمريض  شرح

2. Testing of thermal sensation   الحراري  اإلحساس اختبار

3. Preparation of the patient المريض  إعداد

4. Preparation of the Equipment / Selection of the equipment / إعداد

  للمعدات  معدات االختيار

Skills of Application of IRR

5. Preparation of the part to be treated   الجزء  بإعداد يعامل أن

6. Instructions & warning to the patient   للمريض  وتحذير تعليمات

7. Method of Application – Setting up  --  إعداد  التطبيق طريقة

8. Duration & Frequency of treatment   للعالج  والتردد المدة

9. Termination اإلنهاء

10. Documentation / Recording تسجيل /  وثائق

1.If SEDATIVE EFFECT مهدئ  is needed then تأثير

– NON LUMINOUS مضيئة  IRR LAMP is غير

selected

2.If COUNTER IRRITATION تهيج  is needed then عداد

– LUMINOUS مشرق IRR LAMP is chosen.

Selection اختيار of the Equipment

1. Instruct the patient that he/she should feel only a COMFORTABLE WARMTH.

    مريحة  الدفء سوى يشعر

2. Ask the patient to inform immediately if the treatment part becomes very HOT

جدا  or if the pain حارINCREASES to avoid .BURNSتجنب

Instructions & Warnings to the Patient

3. Advice the patient NOT TO MOVE, التحرك عدم NOT TO TOUCH لمس عدمthe LAMP or NOT TO LOOK

تبدو .at the GENERATOR ال

4. Advice the patient NOT to SLEEP تنام or READ الduring the treatment.

Instructions & Warnings to the Patient

1.Never أبدا position the lamp directly over the patient.

  المريض  على .مباشرة

2.Lamp position should be positioned perpendicular

  عمودي  وضع to the وينبغيarea of treatment to obtain MAXIMUM ABSORPTION.

األعظم االمتصاص

Setting up the lamp

3. The distance between بين  & the patient المسافة

the lamp (Emitter) usually should be in the range

50 cm - 75 cm.

4. Protect the eyes العينين  from the rays حماية

by wearing GOOGLES جوجل or covering the eyes with PADS OF COTTON WOOL.

Setting up the lamp

5. Check the knobs & screws of the lamp that control the height & angle of the reflector.

6. Only switch ON the heating element of the lamp prior to positioning if the element takes longer than 5min to reach its maximum output of IRR.

Setting up the lamp

1. Radiation (lamp to body)2. Convection and conduction ( through the body)

Dosage جرعةSensory report of the patientِºAdjusted by:

Changing power output of the lamp

Distance of lampAngle of incidence

Modes of Heat Transfer from IRR

1.At the end of the treatment time switch of the lamp & remove it.

2.Inspect the area for any excessive erythema & for relief of symptoms.

Termination

1. The area & side of the treatment

2. Type of generator used

3. Duration & Frequency of treatment

4. Any adverse reactions

5. Patients response.

Documentation & Recording

1. IR A – Penetrate to the level of DERMIS األدمة & SUBCUTANEOUS TISSUES.

2. IR B – penetrate only to the EPIDERMIS LEVEL.

المستوى  البشرة

3. It is useful method of superficial vigorous heating for larger areas.

NOTE:-

4. The intensity of radiation varies inversely عكسيا with the square of the distance from the lamp.

5. The rise in temperature is maintained as long as the lamp is ON & QUICKLY SUBSIDES on removal.

6. It’s a dry الجافة form of Heat when compared to WAXBATH حمامحزم  .HOTPACKS & شمعي ساخن

NOTE:-