oil palm breeding

Journées Chevreul 8 avril 2009

Genetic Program on Oil Palm (E. guineensis)Pl

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Elaeis guineensis (Africa)

Elaeis oleifera (South America)

Two species in the genus Elaeis which intercross

BotanyA giant grass : Monocot, Arecaceae Coconut palm, Date Palm, Rattan... Diploid (2n = 32)



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Natural range: Humid Tropics - Zones of origin: West Africa (moderately suitable) - Highly suitable expansion zones: Southeast Asia, South America

EcologyDemanding plant for: - water : 1800 mm/year - temperature : minimum >18 °C - sunlight : minimum >1800 hours/year

Current cultivated areaArea of natural distribution

Main producing countries

Indonesia 43,2%

Malaysia 42,8%

South America 4,5%

Africa 3%



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The oil palm: The oil palm: a cross-fertilizing a cross-fertilizing monoecious plantmonoecious plant



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Durax Pisifera

(Sterile)

Tenera(Cultivat

ed oil palm)



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Food uses (for more than 80%)Palm Oil

Fuel Industry

Kernel palm oil

Chemical industry

Cosmetics IndustryDetergents and cleaning products

http://www.eco-sapiens.com/images/produits_big/Famibio/15556.jpg



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Oil palm 31,7%

43 millions tonnes

Palm kernel3,7%

5 millions tonnes

Rapeseed14,6%

Groundnut3,3% other

5,5%Coconut

2,3% Soybean27,2%

Sunflower8,0%

Cotton3,7%

area in production in millions of ha

0102030405060708090

100

Soybea

n

Sunflower

Oil palm

Palm ke

rnel

Rapes

eed

Cotton

Groundnut

Coconu

t

average yield (tonnes oil/ha)

0,0

0,5

1,0

1,5

2,0

2,5

3,0

3,5

4,0

Soybe

an

Sunflo

wer

Oil palm

Palm ke

rnel

Rapes

eed

Cotton

Groundnut

Cocon

ut

Relative Vegetable oil production in 2008

Datas Oil World 2008

Economic importance 35% of vegetable oil and fat production in 2008

5 % of the areas devoted to oil crops 11,2 millions ha of mature palms + 2 millions ha of immature palms

> 60% estates; the rest smallholders



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Challenges

Meeting world demand for oils and fats : +5,2% per year (1998-2007).Limit extentions detrimental to forests

Palm oil contribution : + 9,5% / year (1998-2007).Contribution of genetic progress : +1,2 %/year=> Provide high-yielding planting material

Perennial nature of the plant => Anticipate developments=> Secure growers’invesments

Wide diversity of growing zones=> Create planting materials with broad adaptability, or specifically

adapted to certain ecologies

Very labour-intensive=> Reduce human operations



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Trends in FFB/year in trial AKGP03

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22

Selection criteria

Robust criteria for a long-term vision.

Current criteria

Productivity : FFB Production Vertical growth Extraction rate Oil caracteristics

Secure growers’investments: Resistance to major endemics and stress Production stability



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cyc

le o

f rec

ipro

cal r

ecur

rent

sel

ectio

n Group A

Deli, Angola Group B

(La Mé, Yang, SP540,.)

Progeny Tests

Seeds

(Other Scheme)

Improved Group A Improved Group B

Intro-duction

Intro-duction

Choice of parents

Choice of parents

Impact Impact

One cycle = 20 years ; 3rd cycle under way

Breeding Scheme

1. Selection for Yield and Vertical Growth



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Parent A (dura)

Parent B (tenera)

Selfing

xxxxxxxxxxx:

xx (pis)xxx(pis)xx(pis)xxxx(pis)x:

At least 10 different pisifera

50 to 100 dura A’

CATEGORy

Selfing

Seeds

D x P

Constitution of a category of seeds



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60 years of breeding at CiradIt is arduous ⇒ Agro-industries-partners

Impact on Seed productionCycle I 1959-1979

529 crosses A x BGenetic Blocs La Mé et Mondoni

Cycle II 1976-2010Trials finished 1300 crosses A x B

Genetic Blocs La Mé – Aek Kwasan – La Dibamba – Rio Urubu

Trials under way 1200 crosses A x B

Genetic blocs Aek Loba – La Dibamba - Pobé

Stations

La Mé

Pobè

Socfindo

1975-1985

1983-2008

2003-2018




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0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010

Nord sumatra (no water deficit)

Côte d'Ivoire (-340 mn/an)

1.2%/year55 kg/year

Tonn

es o

f oil/

hect

are +15%

+27% +35% +42%

+60%

Genetic Progress transferred to Cirad Commercial Seed Production




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Teneur en huile %

Impact of planting material quality in estates


Socfindo Estate (32 250 ha).Annual Renewal of 1/30 th of the plantations

25,06

18,64 18,52

20,39 21,8522,47 23,72 24,14

0

1 000

2 000

3 000

4 000

5 000

6 000

7 000

1971 1976 1981 1986 1991 1996 2001 2006Years

KG

of o

il pe

r ha

aa



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2. Selection for disease resistanceDevelopment and Integration of Selection Tools

Early Screening Tests (prenursery)• Developed (Vascular wilt) • Under development (Ganoderma)

MAS • QTL search under way (Vascular wilt in prenursery; Bud rot in

the field)• Planned : Ganoderma

Role in the Selection SchemeScreening of selected material for their GCA by RRS

• Routine (Vascular wilt) • Starting up : Ganoderma

Introgression by Back-cross• Under way : Vascular wilt and Bud Rot.

Current Breeding Scheme



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Example : Vascular wilt resistance

Substantial differences in performance exist in the field depending on planting material origin

Progeny A Progeny B



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Breeding for vascular wilt resistance

The differences can be reproduced at the prenursery stage by artificially inoculating with Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. elaeidis

An early vascular wilt resistance screening test has thus been available since the 1970s.

The test has undergone successive improvements (inoculum quality, control references) and has been standardized.



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•Base 100: Test meanBase 100: Test mean100100

90908080

110110120120

SusceptibilitySusceptibility

ResistanceResistance

Vascular wilt index



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0

10

20

30

40

Planting year

% v

ascu

lar w

ilt

Changes in vascular wilt Changes in vascular wilt at Dabou (4000 ha, Côte d’Ivoireat Dabou (4000 ha, Côte d’Ivoire))



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in vitro culture

molecular tool

Development and integration of new tools



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On E. guineensis On BC (E.g x E.o) x E.g

Merit of Merit of in-vitroin-vitro culture culture for for Elaeis guineensis and Elaeis oleiferaElaeis guineensis and Elaeis oleifera

oil palm Breedingoil palm Breeding

Exploiting within-cross variability

Cumulating E. oleifera and E. guineensis genes of interest

Cloning of BC 1

Cloning exceptional ortets

Disseminatingclones > seeds

Cloning BCs (right from BC1 then BC2-3, etc…)

Evaluating Susceptibility

in a bud rot zone

Detecting markers of tolerance genes

Disseminatingclones



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Integration of the molecular tool

In the fields In the laboratory

StatisticsBioinformatics

R²

GACTGT600.0AACCTg1715.7AACCTg957.2AAGCAT15510.9GACTTC7411.6AgCCTC16712.6mEgCIR2518 ACACTC188AgACAT>330-513.7AATCAT>330-3 AgACAA>330-613.8AACCTT6214.2mEgCIR369814.4mEgCIR36915.6mEgCIR330116.5mEgCIR177216.8GAATAG11916.9AACCAT>330-217.9GAGTGT24518.6AGCCAC>330-219.7AGGCTC27522.4GACTTT28225.0mEgCIR42531.8mEgCIR17335.1mEgCIR91236.6mEgCIR354436.8AGGCTC8547.3

3

AAACAC>330-20.0AAACAT1856.4Sh014.7AggCAA13219.5AGCCTA9520.1AAACAT18821.3ACCCAT>330-126.4AAACAC13230.3AggCAg>330-1 AATCTA>330-132.0ACTCTA>330-132.2mEgCIR341333.2AgACTg231 ACACAg122mEgCIR3194 AATCAA>330-333.3mEgCIR371633.5AAACTA100 mEgCIR328634.6ACCCTT9237.3ACACAT>330-138.8ACACAg27339.2mEgCIR78644.8mCnCIR21345.5mEgCIR1917 AgACTg77GACTGT14545.8AGCCAT29546.9AGCCTA>330-248.9AgACAT15350.5GACTGG36052.8GACTTG15854.6ACCCAT11357.1AAACTg20258.6AACCTT16459.5TACGHCTA18560.1AACCAA>330-362.3GAATAG8972.4AggCAg15574.7ACgCTT18978.0AggCTg30978.2ACACTA14878.3AATCTg25984.9AATCAT33088.3GAATGA9189.1mEgCIR331089.4AATCAA>330-689.5AACCAC14391.0GAATCT15093.5GAATCG8994.4AACCTg20795.1AgACAA91 AgACTg7896.2AACCTg20498.3AACCAT19699.6ACACAT219109.4ACACTT179 ACCCAC246111.7mEgCIR1753117.1GAGTGT185120.6GACTGG400120.7AAACTg103121.7AAACTC171 mCnCIRC3'124.3ACACTC95125.5ACTCAA205132.3ACCCAA214136.5GAATCC108140.6AAgCAA278142.9ACACAA190149.5AATCTT158149.6AACCTT94149.7AATCTg85151.7

4_SRR



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Integration of the molecular tool

Legitimacy certification and traceabilityCertification of pedigrees (Trials; Seed gardens)sets of selected markers : in the application phaseCertification of the « Tenera » trait of seeds already 99,99% possible (flanking markers).

Evolution : intragenic markers

Greater selection efficiency on E. guineensis (better choice of parents for RRS evaluation) Agronomics traits : QTL identified ; MAS to be validated

Resistances Vascular wilt : QTL identified ; MAS to be validated

Better monitoring of the introgression of genes of interest from E. oleifera in E. guineensis

Oil quality – Vertical Growth – Resistance : Experimental design being set up/evaluated

Guiding AxA and BxB within-group recombinations (gene pyramiding) :



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Conclusion• Constantly anticipate the dissemination of genetic progresse

to growers. • A current scheme which enables:

– Global exploitation of results. – A precise estimation of the value of crosses and of the GCA of

the parents.– Substantial progress (1,2%/yr).

• A strategy making it possible to pass on total genetic progress relatively quickly to seed gardens.

• …and improvements to come from: i - introgession of E. oleifera genes of interestii – disease resistance (Ganoderma, and bud rot)iii - integration of molecular tools.iv - in vitro propagation

v – the third RRS cycle



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Thank you

oil palm breeding

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