official book

Ing-t°-°c

IpSpw-_NcnXw

i

Name of the Book

Kizhakkekara Kudumbacharithram(History of Kizhakkekara Family)

WrittenMalayalam K.T. Thomas, Mob: 9447139489English K.C. Mani, Mob: 09542029226

Editorial BoardChief Editor: K.T. ThomasSub EditorsJohney GeorgeDr. Jose FrancisK.V. MammenK.C. Mani

Published on: 08.10.2011

Published by:The President & SecretaryKizhakkekara KudumbayogamKizhathadiyoor P. O.Pala

D.T.P. & Lay Out & PrintingPrintech Multi Color Press,ThodupuzhaPh: 227191

President : Prof. Jose JosephSecretary: K.T. Thomas

For Private Circulation only

ii

ka¿∏Ww

c‡w hnb¿∏m°n cm]-Iset∂y A≤zm\n®v,

\∑-bpsS hnØp-Iƒ hnX-®p-sIm-bvXv,-

IpSpw-_sØ imtJm-]-im-J-I-fm°n hf¿Øn

hmKvZm-\-tZ-i-tØbv°v t]mb ]q¿∆o-I¿°v

Cu IpSpw-_-N-cnXw ka¿∏n-°p-∂p.

iii

Xmfp-Iƒ adn-°p-tºmƒ....

1 Ing-t°-°c IpSpw_ ]cn-]m-e-\-tbmKw 1

2 Ing-t°-°c IpSpw-_-tbmK \n_-‘\-Iƒ 5

3 Ing-t°-°c IpSpw_ ]cn-]m-e\ DS-ºSn 9

4 Kizhakkekaras of Palai (Kerala) 14

5 Ing-t°-°c IpSpw-_-N-cnXw 40

6 Ing-t°-°c IpSpw_w 51

7 X´m≥]-d-ºn¬ imJ 53

8 Cu¥p-¶¬ ]IpXn imJ 65

9 Ing-t°-°c ssItXm-en¬ imJ 91

10 ]pØ≥]p-c-°¬ Xd-hmSv 150

11 ]oSn-I-bn¬ IpSpw_w 185

12 ]oSnI ssIXh-b-en¬ 207

13 Be-°¬ IpSpw_w 243

14 Ingt° Be-°¬ hmI-bm-\n-bn¬ imJ 247

15 hmIm-\n-bn¬ Iqºp-°¬imJ 251

16 ]Sn-™msd Be-°¬ hmIm-\n-bn¬ imJ 263

17 hmIm-\n-bn¬ s\√n-ae imJ 271

18 hmIm-\n-bn¬ sIm®p-a-‰-Øn¬ imJ 275

19 Be-°¬ imJ 293

20 Ing-t°-°c Itcm-t -ho- n¬ IpSpw_wCfw-tXm-´-Øn¬ h¿°n 315

21 ]pen-a-e-°p-t∂¬ Xmsg sXmΩ≥ sshZy≥ 327

22 Itcm-t´-ho-´n¬ imJ 349

23 Xmg-tØ-ho-´n¬ imJ 355

24 AUv 398

iv

BapJw

io.sI.-‰n.-tXm-akvskI-´dn

Ing-t°-°c IpSpw-_-tbm-Kw, ]me

‘kvacW Ah-ti-jn-∏n-°msX ad-™p-t]m-b-h-cp-≠v,

Pohn-°p-Itbm P\n-°p-I-t]m-eptam sNbvXn-s√∂v

tXm∂p-amdv Ah¿ a¨a-d-™p,

F∂m¬ Ah¿ Imcp-Wy-ap-≈-h-cm-bn-cp-∂p,

Ah-cpsS kXv]-h¿Øn-Iƒ hnkva-cn-°-s∏-´n-√,

Ah-cpsS sFizcyw ]n≥Km-an-I-fnepw

Ah-cpsS Ah-Imiw a°-fpsS a°-fnepw \ne-\n¬°pw,

Ah-cpsS `mhn-X-e-ap-d-Iƒ Ft∂bv°pw \ne-\n-ev°pw.’

Ch hnip-≤-K-Ÿ-Ønse ]`m-j-Is‚ hm°p-I-fmWv.

\ΩpsS IpSpw-_-Ønepw Cu hm°p-Iƒ°v hf-sc-b-[n-Iw ]m[m-

\y-ap-≠v.

BIm-i-Ønse Xmcm-K-W-ßfpw Bgn-bnse aW¬Ø-cn-I-

fpw-t]mse FÆn-bm¬ Xocm-Ø-hn[w Zn\-cm-X-ßƒ h∂p-t]m-Ip-

∂p. EXp°ƒ amdn-h-cp-∂-Xp-t]mse Xe-ap-d-Ifpw amdp∂p. kqcy-N-

µ-∑m¿ hen-°p∂ ka-b-c-Y-Ønse kl-bm-Xn-I-cmb \mw qan-bnse

G‰-hpw hnin-jvS-amb IpSpw_w F∂ kvt\ls]mbvI-bn¬ \ocm-

Sp∂ Ac-b-∂-ß-fm-Wv.

2011 Ing-t°-°c IpSpw-_-Øns‚ Ncn-X-Ønse \mgn-I-I-√m-

Wv. IpSpw-_-tbmKw AXns‚ iXm_vZn BtLm-jn-°p∂ Cu thf-

bn¬ \ΩpsS ]q¿∆ ]nXm-a-l-∑msc Hmtcm-cp-Ø-scbpw G‰hpw BZ-

c-]q¿∆w IrX-⁄-X-tbm-sSbpw \nd™ kvt\l-tØm-sSbpw A\p-

kva-cn-°p-∂p.

]≠v Xo≠epw sXmSoepw hfsc Bg-Øn¬ thtcmSn PmXn-

hy-hÿ \ne-\n-∂n-cp∂ ImeØv ]mem tahn-S, ao\-®n¬ ]tZ-isØ

CS-]-`p-°ƒ tIm´bw aW¿ImSv I√-°-Spº F∂ IpSpw-_-Ønse

Hcp AwKsØ hym]m-cm-h-iy-ßƒ°mbn tahn-Sbv°v sIm≠p-h-

∂-Xmbn hmsam-gn-N-cn-Xhpw enJn-X-N-cn-Xhpw ]d-bp-∂p. 10- mw \q‰m-

≠n¬ ]mem-bn-se-Ønb Ing-t°-°c IpSpw-_-Ønse ]q¿∆ ]nXm-

a-l-\mb Ct±lw Fd-tIm∂n ]pc-bn-S-Øn¬ Xma-kn-®-Xn-\m¬ Fd-

tIm∂n am∏nf F∂mWv Adn-b-s∏-´-Xv.

\ΩpsS ]q¿∆n-I¿ Bbn-cw-h¿j-ßƒ°-∏p-dhpw Ipe-a-ln-

abpw IpSpw-_-a-l-Xzhpw ImØp-kq-£n-®-h-cm-Wv. ]mem-bnse BZy-

tZ-hm-e-b-amb Ct∏m-gsØ IØo-U¬]-≈n-bpsS ÿm]-I-cmb

\mev ][m\ IpSpw-_-ß-fn¬ ]Y-a-ÿm\w \ΩpsS IpSpw-_-Øn-

\m-bn-cp∂p F∂Xv CXns‚ sXfnhmWv. Ing-t°-°c IpSpw_-Øns‚

t]cpw ]i-kvXnbpw ][m-\-ambpw hym]n-®Xv ]mem Ing-X-Sn-bq¿

Xma-kn® sXmΩ-]-Wn-°¿ ]nXm-a-l-\n¬ \n∂p-am-Wv. Fd-tIm∂n

shń-°m-´v]p-c-bn-S-Øn¬ Xma-kn® Cńs®-dn-b-bpsS Ggv a-°-fn¬

Cf-b-]p-X\pw Ing-X-Sn-bq-cnse ][m\ hym]m-cnbpw a\p-jy-kvt\-

ln-bp-amb sXmΩ-]-Wn-°-cpsS Bdv a°-fn¬ c≠m-asØ ]pX-\mb

sIm®n- nsF∏ns‚ ]n∑p-d-°m-cmWv Ing-t°-°c IpSpw-_-Ønse \mw

Hmtcm-cpØcpw. sIm®n-ń-sF-∏ns‚ F´v a°-fn¬ ]pX-∑m-cmb

sXmΩ≥, sImt®∏v, Cń-s®dnb F∂n-h-cmWv \ΩpsS ]nXm-°-∑m¿.

`qan-bnse G‰hpw hnin-jvShpw kz¿K-k-am-\-hp-amb

IpSpw_-Øns‚ ]m[m\yw \ΩpsS ]nXm-°-∑m¿ a\-n-em-°n-bn-cp-

∂p. IpSpw-_mw-K-ßƒ Hcp-an-®p-\n-evt°-≠-Xns‚ Bh-iy-IX Adn-

bm-am-bn-cp∂ Ah¿ \qdp-h¿j-ßƒ°-∏pdw IpSpw-_-cn-]m-e-\-tbmKw

tN¿∂v DS-ºSn cPn-Ã¿ sNbvXXv Ah-cpsS sFIy-Øns‚ ZrjvSm-

¥-am-Wv. Iq´m-bva-bnepw ]¶p-h-bv°-enepw Ah¿ a‰p-≈-h¿°v amXr-

I-bm-bn-cp-∂p. BZy-tbm-K-Øn¬ k∂n-ln-X-cm-bn-cp∂ IpSpw-_mw-K-

ß-fmb aq∂v sshZn-I-ti-jvT-scbpw 17 IpSpw-_-ß-fnse ]nXm-°-

∑m-scbpw IrX-⁄-Xm-]q¿∆w ChnsS kvacn-°p-∂p.

Ing-t°-°-c-Ip-Spw_w iXm-_vZn BtLm-j-ß-fpsS mK-ambn

IpSpw-_-N-cn-X-KŸw ]kn-≤o-I-cn-°p-hm-\p≈ Xocp-am\w G‰hpw

DNn-X-am-bn-. Hcp-h¿jw \o≠p-\n∂ hnh-c-ti-J-c-W-Øn-\p-ti-j-amWv

Cu KŸw FgpXn ]q¿Øn-bm-°m≥ km[n®-Xv. \ΩpsS IpSpw-_-

Øns‚ aqe-K-Ÿ-I¿Ømhv io.Cń-sF∏v Cń-sF∏v ]oSnI-bn¬ Fgp-

Xnb KŸw C√m-bn-cp-s∂-¶n¬ B[n-Im-cn-I-amb Cu KŸw Fgp-

Xp-hm≥ \ap°v Ct∏mƒ km[n-°p-I-bn√. hn⁄m-\-Zm-ln-bpw

B¿÷n® Adnhv hcpw-X-e-ap-dbv°v ]I¿∂p-\-evIm-\p≈ k∑-\-

p-ap≠mbn-cp∂ B [\ym-flm-hns\ \µn-]q¿∆w kvacn-°p-∂p.

]kvXpX KŸ-Øns‚ ssIsø-gp-Øp-]Xn \√ ae-bm-f-Øn-te°v

FgpXnam‰nb io.sI.-sF.-h¿°n ]oSn-I-bn-en-s\bpw Ing-t°-°c

IpSpw-_-tbm-K-Øns‚ Pohm-flm-bn- ]h¿Øn®v \nc-h-[n-]m-hiyw

IpSpw-_-tbm-K-Øns‚ ]kn-U‚m-bn-cn-°p-Ibpw c≠v IpSpw-_-tbm-

K-sI-ń-S-ßƒ \n¿Ωn-°p-I-bpw-sNbvX bYm¿∞ IpSpw-_-kvt\ln

io.sI.-sF.-sXm-Ω≥ ]oSn-I-bnens\bpw, IpSpw-_-tbm-K-sI-ńSw

\n¿Ωn-°p-∂-Xn-\p≈ ÿew kw`m-h-\- \evInb io.Cu∏≥ aØmbn

]pØ≥]p-c-bv°-en-s\bpw IrX-⁄-Xm-]q¿∏w kvacn-°p-∂p.

Cu IpSpw-_-N-cn-X-K-Ÿ-Øn\v kvt\l-]q¿∆w ktµ-iw- \-

evIn-b- ko-tdmae-_m¿k` taP¿ B¿®p-_n-j∏v am¿ tPm¿÷v Be-

t©cn ]nXm-hn\pw IpSpw-_mw-K-ßsf hy‡n-]-c-ambn Adn-bp-Ibpw

hm’-ey-]q¿∆w Biwk FgpXn \evIpIbpw sNbvX ]mem-cq-]Xm

_nj∏v am¿ tPmk^v I√-d-ßmSv ]nXm-hn\pw \ΩpsS ]Ya tZhm-

e-b-amb ]mem IØo-U¬ ]f-fn- hnImcn dh.-^m.-A-eIvkv tImgn-

t°m-ńen\pw lrZ-b-]q¿∆w \µn-]-d-bp-∂p.

Hcp-h¿jw \o≠p-\n∂ Cu KŸ-Øns‚ cN-\m-th-f-bn¬

Fs∂ klm-bn-®-h¿ \nc-h-[n-bm-Wv. [mcmfw IpSpw-_-ß-fpsS Ncn-

X-ßƒ Fgp-Xn-bn-´p≈ io.kntPm Ie-b-¥m-\n, IpSpw-_-tbmKw

temtKm hc-®p- \-evInb io.kÆn Nne-ºn-Ip-t∂¬, IpSpw-_-N-cn-

X-Øns‚ BZy-`mKw Cw•o-jn¬ Xøm-dm-°nb io.sI.-kn.-amWn

Be-bv°¬ (ssl-Zm-_m-Zv), k_v FUn-t‰-gvkm-bn- Fs∂ klm-

bn® io.tPmWn tPm¿÷v Cfw-tXm- w, io.tUm.-tPmkv ^m≥kokv

ssItXm-en¬, io.sI.-hn. -am-Ω≥ Cu¥p-¶-¬ ]-Ip-Xn -bn¬,

io.tPmWn tXmakv ]oSnI ssItXm-en¬, io.km_p tPmk^v

ssItXm-en¬ (t]mKmw IΩ‰n I¨ho-\¿), tUm.-sI.-Fw.-F-Ωm-

\p-h¬ (Hm¿K-ss\-knwKv IΩ‰n I¨ho-\¿), iXm_vZn BtLm-j-

I-Ω‰n AwK-ßƒ, IpSpw-_-tbm-K-I-Ω‰n AwK-ßƒ, F\n°v F√m-

hn[ ]n¥p-Wbpw t]m’m-l\hpw \¬Inb _lp. ]kn-U‚ v

s]m^. tPmkv tPmk-^n\pw Cu KŸ-Øns‚ UnSn]n, ]n‚nwKv

tPmen-Iƒ `wKn-bmbn \n¿∆-ln® sXmSp-]pg ]n≥sSIv ]kv Poh-

\-°m¿°pw amt\-Pvsa‚n\pw \µn -]-d-bp-∂p.

hfsc ia-I-c-amb Cu DZy-a-Øn¬ sX‰p-Iƒ hcm-Xn-cn-°m≥

Ign-hns‚ ]c-am-h[n ian-®n- p-≠v. ]n‚nw-Kn\v t]mIp-∂-Xp-h-scbpw

i≤-bn¬s]´ sX‰pIƒ Xncp-Øn-bn- p-≠v. C-\nbpw It≠-°m-hp∂

sX‰p-Iƒ ktlm-Z-c-a-\-m¬ £an-°-W-sa∂v At]£n-°p-∂p.

Cu Ncn-X-KŸw \ap°v ]c-kv]cw IqSp-X¬ Adn-bp-∂-

Xn\pw Xe-ap-d-Isf Iq´n-bn-W-°p-∂-Xn\pw klm-b-I-amIpw F∂

]Xym-i-tbmsS, Cu kwcw-`-Øn¬ kl-I-cn® Hmtcm IpSpw-_mw-

K-Øn\pw G‰hpw kvt\l-]q¿∆w \µn-]-d-bp-∂p.

‘IS-∂p-t]mb Xe-ap-d-I-tfmSv Bcm-bp-I,

]nXm-°-∑m-cpsS A\p-`-h-ßƒ ]cn-K-Wn-°p-I,

C∂-se-∏n-d∂ \ap°v H∂pw Adn-™p-Iq-Sm,

`qan-bnse \ΩpsS PohnXw \ng¬t]mse am™p-t]m-Ip-∂p.’

ss__nƒ.

kvt\l-]q¿∆w,

sI.-‰n. tXmakv

skI-´dn

]q¿∆n-I-cpsS ]pWyw

s]m^. tPmkv tPmk^v

]kn-U‚ v

thZ-]p-kvX-I-Øn¬ ]g-b-\n-b-aØns‚ Bcw`Øn¬ \ΩpsS

BZy-]n-Xm-hmb BZw apX¬ t\ml-h-sc-bp≈ ]nXm-°-∑m-cpsS

hwim-hen sImSp-Øn-´p-≠v. ]pXn-b-\n-b-a-Øn¬ A_mlw apX¬

tbip-hns‚ P\\w hsc-bp≈ IpSpw-_-N-cn-Xhpw sImSp-Øn-cn-°p-

∂p. \ΩpsS ]q¿∆n-IcpsS IpSpw-_-a-ln-abpw al-Xzhpw \Ωƒ Adn-

bWw Ah-cpsS sNbvXn-I-sf-°p-dn®v hcpw-X-e-apd t_m[-hm-∑m-cm-

IWw F∂o Dt±-iy-ßtfmsS \ΩpsS ]q¿∆n-I¿ hwimh-enbpw

IpSpw-_-N-cn-Xhpw Fgp-Xn-h-®n-cp-∂p. Hmtcm-Ip-Spw-_-Øn\pw AXn-

t‚-Xmb ]tXyI ]mc-º-cyhpw IpSpw-_-a-l-Xzhpw ss]Xr-I-hpw

Ah-Im-i-am-bp-≠v. AXv ImØp-kq-£n-°p-∂-Xn\pw \jvSs∏-SmsX

]n≥X-e-ap-dbv°v ssIam-‰w-sN-øm\pw \ap°v _≤y-X-bp-≠v.

Fd-tIm∂n Ing-t°-°c IpSpw-_-tbm-K-Øns‚ iXm_vZn

BtLm-j-th-f-bm-Wt√m CXv. Cu Ah-k-c-Øn¬ IpSpw-_N-cn-X-

KŸw ]Im-i\w sNøp-∂Xv G‰hpw DNn-X-am-Wv. \Ωƒ Ft∏mgpw

]nXm-a-l-∑msc A\p-kva-cn-°p-∂-hcpw Ah-cpsS \∑-I-fn¬ A`n-

am\w sIm≈p-∂-h-cp-am-bn-cn-°-Ww. \sΩ a‰p-≈-h¿ Adn-bp-∂-Xp-

Xs∂ \ΩpsS ]nXm-°-∑m-cn-eq-sS-bm-Wv. Aßs\ t\m°p-tºmƒ

\mw IpSpw-_-N-cnXw Adn-™n-cn-t°-≠-Xns‚ Bh-iy-IX h¿≤n-

°p-∂p.

\ΩpsS IpSpw-_-N-cnXw ]cn-tim-[n-°p-tºmƒ \ΩpsS ]q¿∆n-

I¿ CS-∏-≈n-bn¬ \n∂pw tIm´-b-Øn\p Ing°v aW¿ImSv Xma-kn-

s®∂pw AXn¬ Hcp IpSpw-_sØ ao\-®n¬ CS-]`p tahn-S-bn¬

sIm≠p-h∂v Xs‚ h-\-Øn-s‚ ASpØv Fd-tIm∂n ]pc-bnS-Øn¬

Xma-kn-∏n-s®∂pw ]d-bp-∂p. BbXn-\m¬ Ah¿ Fd-tIm∂n am∏n-

f-am¿ F∂v Adn-b-s∏-´-Xmbpw ImWp-∂p.

]mem hen-b-]≈n ÿm]nX-ambXv 1002-˛em-Wv. A∂v ]≈n-

ÿm-]n-°p-∂-Xn\v ap≥ssI FSp-ØXv Fd-tIm-∂n, hb-e-s°m-ºv,

Xd-bn¬, Iq´p-¶¬ F∂o \mev IpSpw-_-ß-fm-sW∂v Ncn-X-tcJ-bp-

≠v. AXn¬ ]Y-a-ÿm\w \ΩpsS amXr-Ip-Spw-_-amb Fd-tIm∂n

IpSpw-_-Øn-\m-Wv.

Fd-tIm∂n am∏n-f-am-cn¬ Hcmfmb Cń-s®-dnb tahnS shń-

°m´v ]pc-bn-S-Øn¬ amdn-Øm-a-kn-®p. Cu Cń-s®-dn-b-bpsS Ggm-a-

sØ-]p-X≥ sXmΩ-∏-Wn-°¿ Ing-X-Sn-bq¿ h∂v Xma-kn®v I®-hSw

sNbvXp. At±-l-Øns‚ c≠m-asØ ]pX≥ sIm®nń sF∏ns‚

k¥-Xn-]-c-º-c-I-fmWv Ing-t°-°c IpSpw-_-°m¿.

Hcp \q‰m-≠p-apºv IpSpw-_-Iq-´m-bva-I-sf-∏‰n tI´p-tIƒhn-

t]m-ep-an-√m-bn-cp∂ ImeØv \ΩpsS IpSpw-_-Iq-´mbva Bcw-`n®

]nXm-a-l∑m-cpsS IpSpw-_-kvt\-l-sØbpw k∑-\-kn-s\bpw XymK-

a-t\m-`m-h-sØbpw FX- A-`n\µn®mepw A[n-I-am-hpI-bn-√.

InkvXzm_vZw 1911- ¬ IpSpw-_-Iq- mbva Bcw- n-®-t∏mƒ Ing-X-Sn-bq¿

tZiØv Ing-t°-°c IpSpw-_-Øn¬s]´ ]Xn-t\gv IpSpw-_-ßfpw

aq∂v sshZn-Icpw D≠m-bn-cp-∂p. BZy IpSpw-_-tbmK cPn-Ã¿

]Imcw, \ΩpsS ]Xn-t\gv IpSpw-_-ß-fn-sebpw IpSpw-_-\m-Y-∑m-

cpw aq∂v sshZn-Icpw ]mem ]≈n-ta-S-bn¬h®v GI-tbm-K-ambn IpSpw-

_-]-cn-]m-e-\-tbmKw F∂ t]cn¬ Bcw-`n® Iq´m-bva-bmWv Ing-

t°-°c IpSpw-_-tbm-Kw. IpSpw-_-tbmKw Bcw-`n-°p-∂-Xn\v

ap≥ssI FSpØ Be-°¬ aØmbn IØ-\m-scbpw Itcm-s´-ho-

ń¬ De-l-∂≥ IØ-\m-scbpw ]oSn-I-bn¬ butk^v IØ-\m-

scbpw ]Xn-t\gv IpSpw-_-\m-Y-∑m-sc-bpw kvt\lm-Z-c-]q¿∆w kvacn-

°p-∂p.

BZn-a-k-`-bn¬ Hmtcm-cpØcpw F√m-h¿°pw-th≠n Pohn-

®p. Hcp lrZ-bhpw Hcm-flm-hp-ambn ]h¿Øn® Ah-cmcpw Xß-

fpsS kzØv kz¥-sa∂v Icp-Xn-bn√. Cu ssNX\yw Dƒs°m-≠p-

sIm≠v ]nXm-°-∑m¿ Bcw-`n® Ing-t°-°c IpSpw-_-tbmKw IpSpw-

_mwK-ßƒ XΩn-ep≈ ]c-kv]-c-[m-c-Wbpw kulm¿±hpw hf-

¿Øphm≥ D]-I-cn-®p. IpSpw-_-ß-fn¬ kmº-ØnI _p≤n-ap- p-≈-

hsc klm-bn-°p-I-bm-bn-cp∂p IpSpw-_-Iq- m-bva-bpsS ][m\ e£yw.

[mcmfw IpSpw-_mw-K-ßsf klm-bn-°p-Ibpw sNbvXn-cp-∂p.

IpSpw-_-tbm-K-\-S-Øn-∏n¬ ad-°m-\m-hmØ ]¶p-h-ln® al-

Xvhy-‡n-Isf Cu Ah-k-c-Øn¬ kvacn-°p-∂p.- Ip-Spw-_-N-cn-X-

Ønse ]g-b-Ime ][m\ Ncn-X-ßƒ apJy-ambpw \ap°v e`n-®Xv

Ing-t°-°c ]oSn-I-bn¬ in.Cń-sF∏v Cń-sF∏v Fgp-Xn-h-®n-cp∂

IpSpw-_-N-cn-X-Øns‚ ssIsø-gp-Øp-]-Xn-bn¬\n-∂m-Wv. hn⁄m-

\nbpw Ncn-X-Ip-Xp-In-bp-amb At±-l-Øns‚ \maw F∂pw kvacn-

t°-≠-Xm-Wv. IpSpw-_-N-cn-X-Øns‚ \°¬ FgpXn kq£n-®n-cp∂

]oSn-I-bn¬ h¿°n-km-dn-s\bpw \µn-tbmsS kvacn-°p-∂p. hf-sc-

°mew IpSpw-_-tbm-K-Øns‚ ]kn-U‚m-bn-cn-°p-Ibpw Bcw-`-Im-

eØpw ]n∂oSpw at\m-l-c-ßfmb c≠v IpSpw-_-tbm-K-sI-ń-Sßƒ

F√m AwK-ß-fp-sSbpw klm-b-k-l-I-c-W-ß-tfmsS \n¿Ωn-°p-

Ibpw sNbvX io.sI.-sF.-sXmΩ≥ ]oSn-I-bnens\bpw IpSpw-_-

tbm-K-sI-ńSw \n¿Ωn-®n-cn-°p∂ ÿew kw`m-h-\-bmbn X∂ io.-

Cu-∏-≥ aØmbn ]pØ≥]p-c-bv°-en-s\bpw BZ-c-]q¿∆w kvacn-°p-

∂p. IpSpw-_-tbmKw ap≥]-kn-U‚p-am¿°pw skI-´-dn-am¿°pw a‰v

`mc-hm-ln-Iƒ°pw \µn tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p. c≠p-h¿j-ambn IpSpw-

_-N-cn-X-c-N-\-bn¬ A£oWw bXv\n-®, F√m-Ip-Spw-_-ß-fn-epw-

t]mbn hnh-c-ßƒ tiJ-cn-°p-Ibpw Cu KŸw Fgp-Xn-X-øm-dm-°p-

Ibpw sNbvX IpSpw-_-tbmKw skI-´dn io.-sI.-‰n.-tXm-akv Ing-

t°-°-cbv°v ]tXyIw lrZy-amb \µn ]d-bp-∂p. Hmtcm imJ-bp-

sSbpw ]Xn-\n-[n-I-f-S-ßnb Pq_nen IΩ‰n AwK-ßƒ°pw \µn

tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p.

henb IpSpw-_-ß-fn¬ hy‡n-_-‘-ßƒ Ipd-bp-hm≥ CS-

bm-Ip-∂p CXv ]cn-l-cn®v IpSpw-_-ßƒ XΩn-ep≈ AI¬® Ipd-

bv°p-∂-Xn\v \ΩpsS IpSpw-_-Iq-´mbva D]-I-cn-°s´. IpSpw_w

kvt\lw ]cn-I¿Ωw- sN-ø-s∏-Sp∂ _en-th-Zn-bm-W-t√m. \ΩpsS

IpSpw-_-ß-fn¬ F∂pw kvt\lm-¥-co£w \ne\n¬°-s´. A\p-K-

l-ßƒ°mbn PK-Zo-iz-c-t\mSv ]m¿∞n-°mw.

]kn-U‚ v

Ing-t°-°c IpSpw-_-tbmKw

1

Ing-t°-°c IpSpw-_NcnXw

Ing-t°-°c

IpSpw-_-]-cn-]m-e-\tbmKw

B\bpw Aºm-cnbpap≈ BtLm-j-]q¿∆-amb hnhm-l-N-

S-ßnemWv Ing-t°-°c IpSpw-_]cn-]m-e\-tbm-K-Øns‚ BZy

Btem-N\ \S-∂-Xv. 1910/1086˛¬ Ing-t°-°c h¿°n-bpsS aI≥

Ip™p-h¿°n-bpsS hnhm-l-NS-ßn¬ ]s¶-Sp-°m≥ ]pØ≥]pc-

bv°¬, ]oSn-I-bn¬, Be-bv°¬ F∂o Xmbvhgn-I-fnse F√m IpSpw-

_-ß-fn¬ \n∂pw Bfp-Iƒ FØn-bn-cp-∂p. A∂v IpSpw-_-tbmKw

F∂ Bibw N¿®-sN-øpI-bp-≠m-bn, AXns‚ ê-ambn 1911/1087

Ipw`w 27-˛\v Ing-t°-°c Itcms´hoń¬ BZytbmKw IqSn. B

tbmK-Øn¬ h®v ]oSn-I-bn¬ sXmΩ≥ BK-kvXnsb IpSpw_tbmK-

Øns‚ amt\-P-cmbpw Itcms´ hoń¬ h¿°n h¿°nsb s]ń

kq£n-∏p-Im-c-\mbpw Be-bv°¬ hmIm-\n-bn¬ sNdn-bm≥

h¿°nsb ]q´p-kq-£n-∏p-Im-c-\mbpw ]pØ≥]pc-bv°¬ Cu∏≥

DWn-s®-dn-b-Xns\ IW-°p-kq-£n-∏p-Im-c-\mbpw Xnc-s™-Sp-Øp.

1088/1912 Nnßw 1˛mw XobXn Be-bv°¬ aØmbn A®≥ cPn-

kvSmsc ]Sn-sIń ]mem ]≈n-ta-S-bn¬ hcp-Øn-bmWv Ing-t°-°c

IpSpw-_-]-cn-]m-e-\-tbmK DS-ºSn cPn-Ã-dm-°n-b-Xv.

Ing-t°-°c IpSpw-_-Ønse hnhn[ imJ-I-fn¬ \n∂p≈

20 AwK IΩn-‰n-bmWv IpSpw-_-tbmK DS-ºSn Xøm-dm-°n-b-Xv. kmº-

ØnI Ipd-hp-sImt≠m a‰p-Im-c-W-ß-fmtem IpSpw-_mw-K-ß-fn¬

B¿s°-¶nepw IjvS-X-Itfm a‰v _p≤n-ap-´p-Itfm D≠m-Ip-tºmƒ

Ahsc klm-bn-°pI F∂ e£y-tØm-sS-bmWv IpSpw_]cn-]m-

e-\-tbmKw XpS-ßn-b-Xv. 1912 aIcw 28- \v ASpØ tbmKw IqSpIbpw

Nnń-bn¬ tNcp-Ibpw sNbvXp. bqtdm-∏n¬ bq≤w-s]m-ń-∏p-d-s∏´v

\mń¬ £ma-Im-e-am-b-Xn-\m¬ XpS¿∂v aq∂p ]m-hiyw tbmKw

IqSn-bn-√.

\ΩpsS IpSpw-_-]-cn-]m-e-\-tbmKw t\cn v Hcp s\bvØp-ime

Bcw-`n-®n-cp-∂p. hfsc hnP-b-I-c-ambn \S-∂p-h∂ s\bvØp-im-e-

bn¬ [mcmfw XqWn-Ø-c-ß¬ s\bvXv hn¬∏\ \S-Øn-bn-cp-∂p.

an√p-Xp-Wn-Iƒ kpe- -am-b-t∏mƒ s\bvØp-ime \n¿Ø-em-°n. IpSpw-

2


_mw-K-ß-fpsS hcn-kw-Jy-bn-eq-sSbpw DZm-c-a-Xn-I-fmb IpSpw-_-

kvt\ln-I-fp-sSbpw kl-I-c-W-tØmsS \ΩpsS \nc-h[n IpSpw_mw-

K-ßƒ°v hnhn-[-X-c-Øn-ep≈ klm-b-ßƒ \evIp-hm≥ IpSpw-_-

]-cn-cm-e-\-tbm-K-Øn\v km[n-®n-´p-≠v.

Ing-t°-°c IpSpw-_-Ønse 17 imJ-I-fn¬ \n∂pw amdn-Øm-

a-kn® F√m-hcpw tbmKmw-K-ß-fm-bn. Ah-cpsS hcn-kw-Jy-sIm≠pw

]W-b-Øn-t∑¬ sNdnb ]en-ibv°v ]Ww ISw-sIm-SpØpw aqe-

[\w h¿≤n-®p. 1927/1103 CShw 28-˛\v IqSnb tbmKw kwL-S-\bv°v

kz¥-ambn Hcp sIńSw \n¿Ωn-°Ww F∂v Xocp-am-\n-®p. F√m- ho-

´p -Im¿°pw HØp-tN-cp-hm≥ kuI-cy-ap≈ ÿe-amb Ipc-

ß≥ae]d-ºn¬ ]gbhgn-h-°n¬ 45 tIm¬ Np‰-f-hn¬ sIń-S-

Øn\pw ap‰-Øn\pw th≠ ÿew Ing-t°-°c ]pØ≥]p-c-bv°¬

Cu∏≥ aØmbn \evIn. Ing-t°-°c ]pen-a-e-Ip-t∂¬ sshZy≥

tX°p-XSn sh´m-\p≈ A\p-hmZw k¿°m-cn¬ -\n∂pw hmßn. Ing-

t°-°c ]oSn-I-bn¬ sI.-sF.-sXm-Ωs‚ t\Xr-Xz-Øn¬ bphm-°-

sf√mw kwL-Sn®v ia-Zm-\-ambn Xd-sI-´v, ap‰w-sI-´v, Dcp-∏Sn NpaSv

XpS-ßnb Imcy-ßƒ hfsc thK-Øn¬ sNbvXp. Bdp-am-k-Øn-\p-

≈n¬ ]pXnb sIń-S-Øns‚ DZvLm-S\hpw \S-Øn,- hmb-\-im-ebpw

ssIsø-gpØv amkn-Ibpw XpS-ßn. I¿j-I-cmb IpSpw-_mw-K-ßƒ

]pXp-a-Æp-tXSn ]e-ÿ-e-ß-fn-tebv°pw IpSn-tb-dn-b-t∏mƒ IpSpw-

_-tbmK ]h¿Ø-\-ßfpw \n¿÷o-h-am-bn.

\mev]-Øn-aq∂v h¿j-ßƒ°p-tijw 1970 HIvtSm-_¿ 2˛\v

IqSnb tbmKw IpSpw-_-tbmK sIńSw IqSp-X¬ kuI-cy-]-Z-amb

ÿeØv am‰n-]-Wn-bp-hm≥ Xocp-am-\n-®p. BZy IpSpw-_-tbmKa-µn-

cw \n¿Ωn-°p-∂-Xn-\p≈ ÿew \evInb ]pØ≥]p-c-bv°¬ aØm-

bn-bpsS aqØ-a-I≥ Cu∏≥ ]pXnb sIńS \n¿Ωm-W-Øn-\p≈

ÿew hbv∏-\-t∏m-Xn-bn¬ \evIn. Ing-t°-°c ]oSn-I-bn¬ sXmΩ≥

]kn-U‚pw Ipºp-°¬ sNdn-bm≥ skI- -dn-bp-ambn sIńSw ]Wn-

°mbn ]tXyIw IΩn-‰nsb Xnc-s™-Sp-Øp. Ch-cpsS A£o-W-

amb ]h¿Ø-\- e-ambn IpSpw-_mw-K-ßƒ F√m-h-cp-sSbpw klm-

b-k-l-I-c-W-ß-tfmsS A√m-∏m-d-bv°p≈ a¨]mX Xncn-bp∂ Ih-

e-bn¬ A©p-apdn sIńSw IpSpw-_-tbmKw hI-bmbn \n¿Ωn-®p.

IpSpw-_-tbm-K-Øns‚ Bcw-`-Imew apX¬ F√m-]-h¿Ø-\-

3


ßƒ°pw t\XrXzw \evIn-bn-cp∂ sI.-sF.-sXm-Ω≥ ]kn-U‚m-bn-

cns° 1983-˛¬ \ncym-X-\m-bn. CtXmsS IpSpw-_-tbmK ]h¿Ø-\-

ßƒ \ma-am-X-am-bn.

1989 Unkw-_¿ 10-˛\v sI.-sF.-h¿°n Ing-t°-°c ssItXm-

en¬ ]kn-U‚pw BKkvXn Cń sF∏v Ipºp-°¬ skI-´-dn-bp-

ambn ]pXnb IΩn-‰nsb Xnc-s™-Sp-Øp. ]pØ≥]p-c-bv°¬ Cu∏≥

kw`m-h-\-bmbn \evInb ÿehpw ]pXp-Xmbn \n¿Ωn® sIń-S-hpw

1990 G]n¬ 15-˛\v IpSpw-_-tbmKw FgpXn hmßn. 1991 Pq¨ 17-˛\v

]pXnb ]kn-U‚ v cmPn- \¬InbXn-\m¬ 1992˛¬ IqSnb ]tXyI

IpSpw-_-tbmKw Ing-t°-°c sIm®p-a-‰-Øn¬ amWn t]mØs\ ]kn-

U‚mbn sXc-s™-Sp-Øp, a‰p `mc-hm-ln-Iƒ°pw IΩ-‰n-°m¿°pw

am‰-ap-≠m-bn-√.

1998- ¬ Ipºp-°¬ BKkvXn Cń-sF∏v ]kn-U-‚mbpw Ing-

t°-°c ]oSn-I-bn¬ sI.-‰n.-tPm-k^v skI-´-dn-bmbpw ]pXnb `mc-

hm-ln-Iƒ sXc-s™-Sp-°-s∏-´p. C°m-eØv IpSpw-_-tbmKw a‰v

ÿe-ß-fn-te°v hym]n-∏n-°p-hm≥ Xocp-am-\n-®p. 1998-˛ap-X¬

ssItXm-en¬ imJ-°m¿ 10, 12 ¢mp-I-fn¬ F√m-h¿jhpw G‰hpw

IqSp-X¬ am¿°v hm-ßp∂ Ipń-Iƒ°v sImSp-°p-hm≥ “ssItXm-

en¬ aØmbn A®≥ kvam-cI kvtImf¿jn∏v” G¿s∏-Sp-Øn.

2000-˛¬ tUm.-sI.-Fw.-C-Ωm-\p-h¬ Ing-t°-°c Be-°¬

]kn-U‚mbpw io.-sI.-‰n.-tXm-akv Ing-t°-°c ]oSn-I-bn¬ skI-

´-dn-bmbpw sXc-s™-Sp-°-s∏-´p. ChcpsS ImeØv tIc-f-Ønse

F√m-`m-K-ß-fnepw (\mev _m©p-Iƒ) D≠m-°p-Ibpw IpSpw-_-

tbmKw Ct∏m-gsØ \ne-bn-te°v hf-cp-Ibpw sNbvXp. 2001- ¬ Ch¿

F√m- -h-\-ßfpw kµ¿in-®v ≠p-kz-cq-]n®v IpSpw-_-tbm-K-sI- nSw

]pXp-°n-]-WnXv Np‰p-a-Xn¬ \n¿Ωn-®p. F√m Ing-t°-°c IpSpw-_mw-

K-ß-fp-sSbpw AUkv Dƒs∏-SpØn AU-kv_p°v ]kn-≤o-I-cn-

®Xpw Ch-cpsS `cWIme-Øm-Wv. Ct∏mƒ Hmtcm _m©p-Ifpw

Hmtcm-h¿jhpw amdn-amdn IpSpw-_-tbmKw \S-Øn-t∏m-cp-∂p. 2002

apX¬ X´mw-]-d-ºn¬ imJmw-K-ßƒ G¿s∏-Sp-Ønb klm-b-\n-[n-

bn¬ \n∂pw A¿ln-°p-∂-h¿°v klmbhpw \evInhcp∂p-≠v.

2007-˛¬ IpSpw-_-tbmKw ]kn-U‚mbn s]m^.-tPm-kv

tPmk^ns\ Xnc-s™-Sp-°p-Ibpw skI-´-dn-bm-bn-cp∂ in.-sI.-‰n.-

tXm-a-kns\ X¬ÿm-\Øv \ne-\n¿Øp-Ibpw sNbvXp.

4


2011-˛¬ IpSpw-_-tbmKw Bcw-`n-®n´v \qdv h¿jw XnI-bp-I-

bm-Wv. Cu kph¿Æm-h-kcw G‰hpw wKn-bmbn BtLm-jn-°p-∂-

Xn-\mbn c≠p-h¿jw aptº Xocp-am-\-sa-Sp-°p-Ibpw tUm.-sI.-Fw.-

C-Ωm-\p-h¬ sNb¿am-\mbpw io.kPn sI.-am-Xyqkv skI- -dn-bmbpw

IpSpw-_-tbmKw skI- dn io.-sI-‰n.-tXm-akv P\-d¬ I¨ho-\-dmbpw

hn]p-e-amb BtLmjIΩ‰n cq]o-I-cn-°p-Ibpw ]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ

Bcw-`n-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. iXm_vZn BtLm-j-ß-fpsS kvac-W-

bv°mbn IpSpw-_-N-cnX KŸhpw AUv _p°pw ]pXp°n A®-

Sn-°p-hm\pw Xocp-am-\n-®p. Cu Bhiy-Øn-\mbn skI- dn io.-sI.-

‰n.-tXm-a-ns‚ t\Xr-Xz-Øn¬ F√m `h-\-ßfpw kµ¿in®v tcJ-

Iƒ tiJ-cn°pIbp-≠m-bn. F√m amkhpw BtLm-j-I-Ω‰n Hmtcm-

ho-Sp-I-fn¬ amdn-amdn IqSp-Ibpw ]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ hne-bn-cp-Øp-Ibpw

sNbvXp. 2011 HIvtSm-_¿ 8˛\v ]mem IØo-U¬]≈n ]mco-jvlm-

fn¬ h®v hn]p-e-amb BtLmj-]-cn-]m-Sn-Iƒ \S-Øp-hm\pw ]mem

cq]X _nj∏v am¿ tPmk^v I√-d-ßm-´v, tIcf [\-Im-cy-a¥n io.

sI.-Fw.-am-Wn, Pe-tk-N\ a¥n io.-]n-sP.-tPm-k-^v, CSp°n Fw.-

]n. -io.-]n.-Sn.-tXm-a-kv, tIm´bw Fw.-]n. io.-tPm-kv.-sI.-am-Wn, Xfn-

∏-dºv Fw.-F¬.-F.bpw Ing-t°-°c IpSpw-_mw-K-hp-amb io.-P-bnwkv

amXyp, ]mem ap\n-kn-∏¬ sNb¿am≥ io.-Ip-cym-t°mkv ]S-h≥

XpS-ßnb hnin-jvSm-Yn-Xn-Isf tbmK-Øn-te°v £Wn-°p-hm\pw

Xocp-am-\n-®p.

5


Ing-t°-°cIpSpw-_-tbmK \n_-‘-\-Iƒ

1. t]cv: Ing-t°-°c IpSpw-_-tbmKw

2. ta¬hn-emkw: Ing-t°-°c IpSpw-_-tbm-Kw, Ing-X-Sn-bq¿, ]mem,

tIcfm

3. Dt±iw: AwK-ß-fpsS IpSpw-_-]-cn-]m-e-\bv°v Bh-iy-ambn

kmº-Øn-Ihpw kmaq-ln-I-hp-am-bp≈ F√m Imcy-ßfpw N¿®

sNbvXv Xocp-am-\-sa-SpØv AwK-ßsf klm-bn-°p-∂-Xn\v

Iq´mbpw ]tXy-I-ambpw ]h¿Øn-°p-I. apJy-ambn AXym-ln-

X-Ønepw \n¿≤-\m-h-ÿ-bnepw AwK-ßsf klm-bn-°p-I. ao\-

®n¬ k_v cPn-kvSm¿ Bô-kn¬ sIm√-h¿jw 1088 Nnß-

amkw 1˛mw XobXn 1˛mw \º¿ Bbn cPn-Ã¿ sNbvXn-´p≈ DS-

º-Sn-bn¬ D≈Xpw Cu \nb-am-h-en-bn¬ t`Z-KXn sNøm-Ø-Xp-

amb F√m hIp-∏p-Ifpw ]m_-ey-Øn¬ XpS-cp-∂-Xm-Wv.

4. AwK-ßƒ: Fd-tIm∂n ]pØ≥]p-c-bn¬ sXmΩ-]-Wn-°-cpsS

c≠m-asØ ]pX\pw Ing-t°-°c XmgØp Xma-kn-®n-cp∂ Bfp-

amb Cń-b-bn-∏ns‚ k¥m\ ]c-º-c-I-fn¬s∏-´-hcpw 18 hbv

XnI-™n- p-≈-h-cp-amb F√m kvXo -]p-cp-j-∑m¿°pw ]kvXpX

k¥m\ ]c-º-c-bn¬s∏´ ]pcp-j-∑m¿ hnhmlw Ign®v Ah-

cpsS IpSpw-_-Øn¬ h∂n- p≈ F√m kvXoIƒ°pw Cu tbmK-

Øn¬ AwK-ß-fmbn tNcp-hm≥ Ah-Im-i-ap-≈-Xm-Ip-∂p. Sn Cń-

b-bn-∏ns‚ k¥m-\-ß-fn¬s∏´ kvXoIƒ hnhmlw Ign®v

A\y IpSpw-_-ß-fn¬ t]mbm¬ Ah-cpsS AwKm-h-Imiw C√m-

Xm-Ip-∂-Xm-Wv. A\y IpSpw-_-Ønse ]pcp-j-∑m¿ Cu IpSpw-

_-Ønse kvXoIsf hnhmlw sNbvXv ZØ-h-Im-in-bmbn Cu

IpSpw-_-Øn¬ hcn-I-bm-sW-¶n¬ Ah¿°p Cu tbmK-Øn¬

AwK-ambn tNcp-∂-Xn\v Ah-Im-i-ap-≈-Xm-Ip-∂p. ]pcp-j-∑m¿

hnhm-lw -I-gn®v A\y IpSpw-_-Øn¬ ZØ-h-Im-in-bmbn

t]mbmepw Ah-cpsS Ah-Imiw \jvS-s∏-Sp-∂-X-√.

5. aqe-[\w: 4˛mw hIp-∏n¬ _‘-s∏´ bmsXm-cmƒ°pw 1 cq]m

]th-i-\-ôkpw 50 (A≥]-Xv) ss]k-hoXw ]Xn-amk Xh-

W-I-fn-ep-ambn AS-®m¬ tbmK-Øn¬ AwK-am-Im-hp-∂-Xm-Wv.

6


F∂m¬ bmsXmcp AwKhpw ]Xn-amk Xh-W-I-fn¬ IpSn-»nJ

hcp-Øn-bm¬ IpSn-»nJ Xo¿°p-∂-Xp-hsc tbmK-Øn¬ B

Bfn\v bmsXmcp Ah-Im-ihpw B\p-Iq-eyhpw Bh-iy-s∏-Sm-

hp-∂-X-√. ta¬ hnh-cn®hn[ap≠m-Ip∂ ]Whpw 1088 Nnß-

amkw 1˛mw XobXn ao\-®n¬ k_v cPn-kvSm¿ B^o-kn¬ 1˛mw

\º¿ Bbn cPn-Ã¿ sNbvXn-´p≈ DS-ºSn ]Imcw \S-Øn-h-

∂n-´p≈ tbmK-Øns‚ kI-e-hn[ ÿmh-c-Pw-K-a-ßfpw \o°n-

bn-cn-∏p-X-pIbpw, _m¶v \nt£-]-hpw, Cu tbmK-Øns‚ aqe-[-

\-am-Ip-∂p. GsXm-cm-fn¬ \n∂pw kw`m-h-\-Iƒ kzoI-cn®pw

tbmK-Øns‚ aqe-[\w h¿≤n-∏n-°m-hp-∂-Xm-Wv. AwK-ßƒ hcn-

kwJy Btbm kw`m-h\ Btbm AS-®n-´p≈ bmsXmcp

XpIbpw tbmK-Øn¬\n∂v XncnsI In´p-hm≥ Ah-Im-i-s∏-Sm-

hp-∂-X-√. F∂m¬ hnhmlw sNbvXv a‰p IpSpw-_-ß-fn¬

t]mIp-∂-Xnt\m [¿Ωÿm]-\-ß-fn¬ t]mIp-∂tXm Bb

kvXoIƒ°v hcn-kw-Jytbm \nt£-]-ßtfm Xnscy In´p-hm≥

Bh-iys∏Smhp-∂Xpw AXn-t∑¬ D≠m-Ip∂ IΩ-‰n-bpsS Xocp-

am\w A\p-k-cn-t°-≠-Xp-am-Ip-∂p.

6. IΩ-‰n-tbmKw: tbmKmw-K-ß-fpsS s]mXp-tbmKw 7 AwK-ß-fp≈

Hcp IΩ-‰nsb sXc-s™-Sp-t°-≠-Xm-Ip-∂p. Cu IΩ-‰n-bpsS

Imem-h[n aq∂p sIm√tam As√-¶n¬ ASpØ Hcp IΩ-‰nsb

Xnc-s™-Sp-°p-∂-Xp-h-sctbm Bbn-cn-°p-∂-Xm-Wv. IΩ‰n AwK-

ßƒ tbmKw tN¿∂v Hcp ]kn-U‚n-t\bpw Hcp skI-´-dn-

tbbpw Hcp JPm≥Pn-tbbpw sXc-s™-Sp-t°-≠-Xm-Ip-∂p.

tbmK-Øns‚ F√m Imcy-ßfpw ]kn-U‚ns‚ ta¬t\m-´-

Ønepw DØ-c-hm-Zn-Xz-Ønepw \S-tØ-≠-Xm-Wv. ]Ww hmßn

ckoXp sImSp-t°-≠Xpw sd°m¿Up-Iƒ ]q¿Øn-bm-t°-≠Xpw

kq£n-t°-≠Xpw skI- dn BIp-∂p. IΩ-‰n-tbm-Khpw s]mXp-

tbm-Khpw ]kn-U‚ns‚ \n¿t±-i-a-\p-k-cn®v hnfn-®p-Iq-t -≠Xpw

skI-´dn BIp-∂p. IΩ‰n amk-Øn-sem-cn-°-se-¶nepw IqSn-

bn-cn-°-Ww. Bh-iy-ap-≈-t∏m-sgm-s°bpw IΩ‰n hnfn-®p-Iq-´m-

hp-∂-Xm-Wv. IΩ-‰n-bpsS tImdw A©m-bn-cn-°pw. IΩ-‰n-bnepw

s]mXp-tbm-K-Ønepw ÿncw ]kn-U‚ v lmP-cp-≈-t∏mƒ

At±lw Xs∂ A≤y-£-\m-bn-cn-°p-∂-Xm-Wv. ]kn-U‚ v lmP-

cn-√m-Ø-t∏mƒ B tbmKw Hcp A≤y-£s\ `qcn-]-£-a-\p-k-

7


cn®v sXc-s™-Sp-t°-≠Xpw At±lw B tbmK-Øn¬ amXw

A≤y-£-\mbncn°p-∂-Xp-am-Ip-∂p. tbmK-\n-_-‘-a-Iƒ°pw

s]mXp-tbmK \n›-b-ßƒ°pw hnt[-b-ambn F√m Imcy-ßfpw

Cu IΩ‰n \S-tØ-≠-Xm-Wv. IΩ‰n tbmK-Øn¬ A`n-]mb

hyXym-k-ap-≈-t∏mƒ ]iv\w thmń-\n-tS-≠Xpw thm´p-Iƒ

Xpey-am-bn-cp-∂m¬ lmP-cn-√mØ AwK-ßƒ lmP-cm-Ip-∂-Xp-

hsc tbmKw \oń-h-bvt°-≠Xpw B tbmK-Ønepw Xocp-am-\-

ap-≠m-Im-Xn-cp-∂m¬ s]mXp-tbmK Xocp-am-\-Øn\v ka¿∏n-t°-

≠-Xp-am-Wv.

7. IpSpw-_mw-K-ß-fpsS GsXm-cm-h-iyhpw ]kn-U‚ns\ Adn-bn-

®m¬ ]kn-U‚ v AXn¬ i≤m-ep-hmbn IΩ‰n hnfn-®p-Iqń

Btem-Nnt®m X\nt®m ]iv\-ßƒ, Xo¿t°-≠-Xm-Wv. AXns‚

apgp-h≥ Npa-X-ebpw At±-l-Øn¬ \n£n-]vX-am-bn-cn-°p-∂-Xm-

Wv.

8. tbmK-Øns‚ ]W-an-S-]m-Sp-Iƒ, IcWw Xo¿°¬ apX-emb

kwK-Xn-Iƒ IΩ-‰n-bpsS Xocp-am-\a\p-k-cn®v ]kn-U‚ v, skI-

-dn, JPm≥Pn Ch¿ aq∂p-t]cpw IqSn sNtø-≠-Xm-Ip-∂p. Ch¿

aq∂p-t]-cpw-IqSn sNømØ bmsXmcp Ic-Whpw km[p-hm-bn-cn-

°p-∂-X-√.

9. s]mXp-tbmKw: s]mXp-tbmKw Bh-iy-ap-≈-t∏m-sgm-s°bpw

km[m-c-W-K-Xn-bn¬ Hcp h¿j-Øn¬ Hcn-°¬ F¶nepw IqtS-

≠-Xm-Ip-∂p. ÿew, Xob-Xn apX-em-bh IΩ‰n tbmK-Øn¬

\n›-bn®v skI-´dn AwK-ßsf Adn-bn®v IqtS-≠-Xm-Ip-∂p.

BsI-bp≈ AwK-ß-fn¬ A©n-semt∂m As√-¶n¬ 25 AwK-

ßtfm tcJm-aqew Bh-iy-s∏-´m¬ IΩ‰n s]mXp-tbmKw hnfn-

®p-Iq-t´-≠-Xm-Wv. AwK-ßƒ°v Ggv Znhkw apsº-¶nepw

s]mXp-tbm-K-t\m-ókv Inń-bn-cn-°-Ww. s]mXp-tbm-K-Øn¬

IΩ‰n AwK-ßsf sXc-s™-Sp-t°-≠Xpw ap≥ sIm√sØ

]h¿Ø\ dnt∏m¿´pw hchp sNehp IW-°p-Ifpw hmbn®p

]mm-t°-≠-Xp-am-Wv. AwK-ßƒ°v ]ta-b-ßƒ lmP-cm-°m-

hp-∂-Xpw, ]iv\-ßƒ tNmZn-°m-hp-∂-Xp-am-Ip-∂p. n∂-`n-]m-b-

ap-≠m-bm¬ thms´-Sp∏v \S-tØ-≠Xpw `qcn-]-£m-`n-]m-b-a-\p-

k-cn®v Imcy-ßƒ Xocp-am-\n-t°-≠-Xp-am-Ip-∂p. thm´p-Iƒ

8


Xpeyambncp-∂m¬ ]kn-U‚ns‚ ImÃnwKv thmt´m-Sp-IqSn Imcy-

ßƒ Xocp-am-\n-t°-≠-Xp-am-Ip-∂p. \memw hIp-∏n¬s∏´ Hcmƒ

AwK-ambn tN¿∂v aq∂p amkw ]q¿Øn-bm-Ip-Ibpw ]Xn-amk

hcn-kw-Jy-bn¬ apS-°n-√m-Xn-cn-°p-Ibpw sNbvXm¬ Abmƒ°v

s]mXp-tbm-K-Øn¬ thm´v D≠mbncn°p-∂-Xp-am-Wv. thm´p≈

Bfn\v amXta IΩ-‰n-bn¬ AwK-am-Ip-hm\pw ]mSp-≈q.

10. ]kn-U‚n-t\m, skI-´-dnt°m 50 (A≥]-Xv) cq]-bn¬ IqSp-

X¬ XpI \o°n-bn-cp∏v ssIhiw hbv°m≥ ]mSp-≈-X-√. IqSp-

X¬ hcp∂ XpI AXmXp ka-b-ß-fn¬ _m¶n¬ \nt£-]n-

t°-≠-Xm-Ip-∂p.

11. \memw \n_-‘-\-b-\p-k-cn-®p≈ Bfp-Iƒ Iq´-ambn Xma-kn-

°p∂ ÿe-ß-fn¬ A©n¬ Ipd-bmsX AwK-ß-fp-≈-]£w

imJ-Iƒ ÿm-]n-°m-hp-∂Xpw imJ-Iƒ tIµ-tbm-K-tØmSv

LSn-∏n-°m-hp-∂Xpw Aßs\ LSn-∏n-°-s∏-Sp∂ imJ-Iƒ°v

tIµ-tbm-K-Øn¬ ]Xn-\n-[n-Isf Ab-°m-hp-∂Xpw IΩ‰n

AwKo-I-cn-®m¬ a‰w-K-ßƒ°v Xpey-ambn thm´p-Iƒ D≠m-bn-

cn-°p-∂-Xp-am-Wv. Cu hn[w LSn-∏n-®n- p≈ F√m imJ-Iƒ°pw

\n_-‘\ _m[-I-am-Wv. imJ-Iƒ tIµ-tØmSv LSn-∏n-°p-∂-

Xn-\p≈ hyhÿ-Iƒ IΩ‰n AXmXp kµ¿`-ß-fn¬ \n›-

bn®v imJ-Isf Adn-bn-t°-≠-Xp-am-Ip-∂p.

12. Cu \n_-‘-\-I-fn¬ GsX-¶nepw hIp∏v t`Z-KXn sNøp-Itbm

Iq´n-t®¿°p-Itbm d±v sNøp-Itbm thW-sa-¶n¬ B hnhcw

AwK-ßsf c≠m-gvN-sb-¶nepw apºv tcJm-aqew Adn-bn®v

s]mXp-tbmKw hnfn-®p-Iq´n s]mXp-tbm-K-Øn¬ lmP-cp≈ AwK-

ß-fn¬ aq∂n¬ c≠v `mKw A\p-Iq-en®v sNtø-≠-Xm-Wv.

13. Bsc-¶nepw s]mXp-tbm-KsØ h©n-bv°p-Isbm ]Ww \jvSw

hcp-Øp-Itbm sNbvXm¬ IΩ‰n ]cn-lmcw \n›-bn-t°-≠Xpw

Bh-iy-ap-≠m-Ip∂ ]£w Bb-Xn-te°v hyh-lmcw \S-tØ-

≠-Xp-am-Ip-∂p. tbmK-Øn¬ Bh-iy-s∏-Sp∂ hyh-lm-c-ßƒ \S-

tØ-≠Xv IΩ-‰n-bpsS \n¿t±-i-a-\p-k-cn®v skI-´-dn-bm-Ip-∂p.

Hmtcm IΩ-‰n-bp-tSbpw \S-Øn-∏p-Im-e-ß-fn¬ D≠m-Ip-∂Xpw

s]mXp-tbmKw A\p-h-Zn-°m-Ø-Xp-amb kIe \jvS-ßƒ°pw

IΩ‰n AwK-ßƒ s]mXp-hmbpw ]tXy-I-ambpw DØ-c-hm-ZnXzw

9


hln-t°-≠Xpw Ah Ahcn¬\n∂v s]mXp-hmtbm ]tXy-I-

amtbm CuSm-°m-hp-∂-Xp-am-Ip-∂p.

14. Cu \n_-‘-\-Iƒ 1975 P\p-hcn 1 apX¬ ]m_-ey-Øn¬ hcp-

∂-Xm-Wv.

sIm√-h¿jw 1088 Nnß-amkw 1 \v ao\-®n¬ k_v cPn-kvSm¿

Bô-kn¬ 1˛mw \º¿ Bbn cPn-Ã¿ sNbvXn-´p≈ tbmK DS-

ºSn CtXm-S-\p-_v[-ambn tN¿∂n-cn-°p-∂p.

Ing-X-Sn-bq¿ H∏v

tbmK-am-ôkv amt\-P¿

A\p-_‘w

Ing-t°-°c IpSpw-_-]-cn-]m-e\DS-ºSn

Bbn-cØn F¨]Øn Ggm-am≠v Nnß-amkw H∂mw XobXn

fmew ]hr-Øn-bn¬ Ing-b-Sn-bqcp apdn-bn¬ ]pØ≥]p-c-bm-Ip∂

Ing-t°-°c \n∂pw ao\-®n¬ ]h¿Øn-bn¬ ]mem apdn-bn¬ ]mem-

∏-≈n-ta-S-bn¬ Ccn°pw \kmWn Cń-s®-dn-b-Xns‚ aI≥ I¿Ω-]-

hrØn \mev]-sØ´p hb-p≈ aØmbn IØ-\mcpw h¿°n-bpsS

aI≥ I¿Ω ]hrØn \mev]-tØgp hb-p≈ 2 De-l-∂≥ IØ-

\mcpw Sn. Ing-t°-°c \n∂pw Af-\mSp apdn-bn¬ Ff-t¥m-´Øp

]≈n-bn¬ Ccn°pw Cń-sF-∏ns‚ aI≥ I¿Ω ]hrØn \mev]-

sØ´p hb-p≈ 3 Ahp-tk∏p IØ-\mcpw Sn Ing-t°-°c ]m¿°pw

h¿°n-bpsS aI≥ Irjn \mev]-Øn-aq∂p hb-p≈ 4 h¿°nbpw

Sn Ing-t°-°c \n∂pw ]pen-a-e-°p-t∂¬ ]m¿°pw sXmΩs‚ a°ƒ

Irjn-°m¿ ap∏-sØm∂p hb-p≈ 5 h¿°nbpw Ccp-]-sØ´p hb-

p≈ 6 sXmΩ\pw Ing-t°-°c \n∂pw Be-bv°¬ ]m¿°pw Cń-

s®-dn-b-Xns‚ aI≥ Irjn Ccp-]-sØm≥]Xp hb-p≈ 7 Cń

Abn∏pw Sn Ing-t°-°c \n∂pw hmIm-\n-bn¬ ]m¿°pw sNdn-bms‚

a°ƒ Irjn-°m¿ \mev]-Ø©p hb-p≈ 8 h¿°nbpw \mev]Xp

hb-p≈ 9 Cń sF∏pw ap∏-Ømdp hb-p≈ 10 sNdn-bm\pw

10


sXmΩs‚ aI≥ Ccp-]-sØm∂p hb-p-≈ 11 sNmdn-bm\pw Sn Ing-

t°-°c \n∂w ]pen-a-e-°p-t∂¬ ]m¿°pw Cń-s®-dn-b-Xns‚ aI≥

Irjn Ccp-]-Øn-\mep hb-p≈ 12 BK-kvXnbpw Sn Ing-t°-°c

\n∂pw sISp-ºw-]p-c-bn-S-Øn¬ ]m¿°pw Cu∏s‚ a°ƒ Irjn-

°m¿ \mev]-Øn-aq∂p hb-p≈ 13 DWn-s®-dn -bXpw ap∏-

sØm≥]Xp hb-p≈ 14 Cń-A-bn∏pw ap∏-Ømdp hb-p≈ 15

aØm-bnbpw sXmΩs‚ aI≥ Irjn Ccp-]-Øn-c≠p hb-p≈ 16

Cu∏\pw Ing-t°-°sc \n∂pw ]oSn-I-bn¬ ]m¿°pw Cń-b-bn-∏ns‚

aI≥ Irjn ap∏-sØm≥]Xp hb-p≈ 17 Cń-b-bn∏pw Sn Ig-t°-

°sc \n∂pw ssItXm-en¬ ]m¿°pw sXmΩs‚ a°ƒ Irjn-°m¿

ap∏-Xp-h-b-p≈ 18 BK-kvXnbpw Ccp-]-sØ´p hb-p≈ 19 Cń-

b-bn∏pw Ccp-]Ønc≠p hb-p≈ 20 DWn-s®-dn-bXpw IqSn Fgp-

Xnb DS-º-Sn.

\Ωƒ F√m-hcpw ]pØ≥]p-c-bm-Ip∂ Ing-t°-°c IpSpw-

_-°mcpw \Ω-fn¬ 1Dw 2 Dw I£n-I-fp-tSbpw 3˛mw I£n-bp-tSbpw

hey-∏\pw tijw I£n-I-fpsS A∏q-∏\pw Bbn-cp∂ acn®

sXmΩ≥ Cńb-bn∏v F∂ Bfn¬\n∂pw D¤-hn®v ]e imJ-I-

fmbn ]ncn™p 1 Dw 7 Dw 8 Dw 9Dw 10Dw 11 Dw 12 Dw I£n-Iƒ Hcp

imJ-°mcpw Ah-cn¬ H∂mw I£n I¿Ωm-Zn-Iƒ A\p-jvTn®p ]mem-

∏-≈n-bnepw 7˛mw I£n Be-bv°¬ F∂ hońepw 8˛mw I£n

hmIm-\n-bn¬ hońepw 9˛mw I£n Xmt\m-en¬ hońepw 10- mw I£n

sIm®p-a-‰-Øn¬ hońepw 11-˛mw I£n \Sp-hnse hmIm\n hońepw

12-˛mw I£n ]pen-a-e-°p-t∂¬ hońepw 2Dw 4Dw 5Dw 6Dw I£n-Iƒ

Hcp imJ-°mcpw 2˛mw I£n I¿Ωm-Xn-Iƒ A\p-jvSn®v ]mem-∏-

≈n-ta-S-bnepw 4˛mw I£n Ing-t°-°c hońepw 5˛mw I£n Ff-

t¥m-´-Øn¬ hońepw 6˛mw I£n ]pen-a-e-°p-t∂¬ hońepw 3Dw

17Dw 18 Dw 19Dw 20Dw I£n-Iƒ Hcp imJbpw Ah-cn¬ 3˛mw I£n

I¿Ωm-Zn-Iƒ A\p-jvTn®p Ff-t¥m-´Øp ]≈n-bnepw 17-˛mw I£n

]oSn-I-bn¬ hońepw 18-˛mw I£n Cu¥p-¶¬t∏mXn hońepw 19-˛mw

I£n ssItXm-en¬ Ing-t°-ho-ńepw 20˛mw I£n ssItXmen

hońepw 13 apX¬ 16 hsc I£n-Iƒ Hcp imJbpw Ah-cn¬ 13-˛mw

I£n Cu¥p-¶¬∏mXn hońepw 14-˛mw I£n ssItXmen hońepw

15-˛mw I£n ]pØ-≥]p-c-bv°¬ hońepw 16-˛mw I£n X´mw-]-dºp

hońepw Ccn∏pw Xma-k-°mcpw BIp-∂p.

11


\ΩpsS IpSpw-_-ß-fn¬ Zhy-°p-d-hn-\mepw a‰pw Hcp

imJbvt°m imJ-°m¿t°m IjvSX D≠m-Ip∂ Ah-k-c-ß-fn¬

klm-bn®v Ahsc \√ ÿnXn-bn¬ sIm≠p-h-∂m¬ sIm≈m-sa∂p

\Ωƒ°p BK-l-ap-≈Xpw AXn-te°p Hmtcm-cp-Ø-cm¬ X\n-®p-

’m-ln-°p-∂-Xn\p \nhr-Øn-bn-√m-sX-bn-cn-°p-∂Xpw Aßs\ klm-

bn-°p-∂-Xn-te-°mbn Hcp aqe-[\w D≠m-°p-∂-Xn-te°p am¿§w

\n›-bn®v Hcp apX¬ kzcq-]n®p h¿≤n-∏n-°-W-sa∂p \Ωƒ \n›-

bn-®n-cn-°p-∂Xpw AXns‚ \S-Øn∏n\pw Dd-∏n\pw th≠n Ct∏mƒ

Cu DS-ºSn sNøp-∂Xpw \Ω-fn¬ ]tXyIw ]tXyIw Xma-kn-

°p∂ Bfp-Iƒ CXn¬ Dƒs∏-ń-cn-°p-∂Xpw BIp-∂p.

Cu DS-ºSn Ing-t°-°c IpSpw_ ]cn-]m-e\ DS-º-Sn-sb∂p

hnfn-°-s∏-Sp-∂Xpw 1087- mam≠v Ipw -amkw 27- \p HSp-hn-esØ Rmb-

dmgvN apX¬ \S-∏n¬ hcp-Øn-bXpw BIp-∂p. \Ωƒ ]tXyIw

]tXyIw Xma-kn-°p∂ Hmtcm ho´p-Imcpw AXmXp amk-Øn¬

HSp-hn¬ hcp-∂-Xmb Rmb-dmgvN Znhkw BZysØ B≠mb 1087

Ipw`w 27-˛mw XobXn apX¬ 1088 Ipw`w Ah-km\w hsc Ing-t°-

°c hońepw ASpØ B≠n¬ Be-bv°¬ hońepw AXn-\-SpØ

B≠n¬ sISp-º≥]p-c-bn-S-Øn¬ hońepw AXn-\-Sp-Ø-bm-≠n¬

]oSn-I-bn¬ hońepw \Ω-sf-√m-hcpw IqSp-Ibpw \Ωƒ Ct∏mƒ

]ncn™p Xma-kn-°p∂ 17 ho´p-Imcpw hosSm-∂p°p 7 NIw h®p

IW-s°-gp-Xp-Ibpw \ΩpsS t£am-Zn-I-sf-∏‰n Btem-Nn®p th≠

G¿∏m-Sp-Iƒ sNøpIbpw AXn-te°p Hcp amt\-Pcpw Hcp ]Ww

kq£n-∏p-Im-c\pw Hcp IW°p kq£v-a-°m-c\pw Hcp Xmt°m¬

kq£n-∏p-Im-c\pw D≠m-bn-cn-°bpw Ah-cpsS t]cp-hn-hcw apX-em-

bXpw tbmK-\-S∏p kw_-‘n® \S-]-Sn-Ifpw \S-]Sn ]pkvX-I-

Ønepw \mƒhgn IW-°nepw hnh-cn-®n-cn-°bpw sNøp-∂-Xm-Ip-∂p.

\ΩpsS hoSp-I-fn¬ \n∂pw, th¿]n-cn™p Xma-kn-°p∂ Bfp-

Iƒ Aßs\ ]ncn™p Xma-kn-°p∂ ImeØp Cu DS-ºSn A\p-

k-cn®pw A]-Imcw ]Ww h®pw \S-t°-≠Xpw Aßs\ \S-°p∂

hnhcw \S-]Sn ]pkvX-I-Øn¬ FgpXn Ah-sc-s°m≠p H∏n-Sp-hn-

t°-≠Xpw Ah¿ H∏n-tS-≠Xpw Aßs\ tNcp∂ ka-b-ß-fn¬

Ahcv Cu DS-º-Sn-bn¬ tN¿∂me-sØ-t∏m-se-bp≈ êw D≠m-

bn-cn-°p-∂Xpw BIp-∂p. \Ωƒ tbmKw IqtS-≠Xp Ime-ap-dbv°v

ta¬hn-h-cn® \mep hoSp-I-fn-embn th≠Xpw thsd hoSpI-fn¬ IqS-

12


W-sa∂p hnNm-cn-°p-hmt\m IqSp-hmt\m Bh-iy-an-√m-ØXpw ]W-

s∏ń kq£vaw ta¬ hnh-cn® hoSp-I-fn¬ Hmtcm B≠n¬ kq£n-

®p--sImt≈-≠Xpw Hcp-ho-ń¬ \n∂pw as‰mcp hoń-te°v s]ń amdn-

s°m-Sp-°p-tºmgpw Xmt°m-ep-Iƒ apX-em-bh G¬∏n®v sImSp-°p-

tºmgpw AXp-Iƒ G¬°p-∂-bmƒ ckoXv sImSp-t°-≠Xpw

kq£va-t°-Sn-\mtem at‰-sX-¶nepw kwK-Xn-h-imtem ]W-Ønt\m

s]ńt°m dn°m¿UpIƒt°m Xmt°m-ent\m h√ \jvS-Ønt\m

tNX-Ønt\m CS-h-cp-Øn-bm¬ AXn¬ h®p-≠m-Ip∂ F√m \jvS-

ßƒ°pw \jvSw hcp-Ønb Btfm Bfp-Itfm DØ-c-hm-ZnXzw

sNtø-≠Xpw Ah-cpsS ÿmhc PwK-a-kz-Øp-°-fn¬ \n∂p \jvS-

k-lnXw CuSm-°p-hm≥ a‰p I£nIƒ°p Iq´mbpw ]tXyIw

]tXy-I-am-bn´pw Ah-Im-i-ap-≈-Xm-Ip-∂p. F√m amkhpw HSp-hn-

esØ Rmb-dmgvN Znhkw \Ωfpw taem¬ CXn¬ tNcp∂ Bfp-

Ifpw IqS-W-sa∂p \n›-bn-®n- p≈ hoSp-I-fn¬ ]I¬ Hcp-aWn ka-

bØp IqSn ]Ww-h®p IW-s°-gp-Xn-°bpw \ΩpsS IpSpw_ kw_-

‘-ambn th≠n-h-cp∂ F√m Imcy-ß-tfbpw apX¬ h¿≤-\-hn-t\bpw

]‰n ]cym-tem-Nn®p th≠ A`n-]mbßƒ ]pd-s∏-Sp-hn-°bpw B

hnhcw \S-]Sn ]pkvX-I-Øn¬ FgpXn amt\-Pcpw ]W-s∏-ń,

Xmt°m¬, IW-°v CXpIƒ kq£va-°mcpw AXp-Iq-SmsX c≠p-

t]-cn¬ Ipd-bm-sX-bp≈ Bfp-Ifpw H∏n´p kq£n-°bpw tbmKw

IqSp∂ Znh-k-ß-fn¬ F√m-hcpw lmP-cm-ImsX Ccp-∂m¬ KpW-

tZmj Nn¥-\-sb-∏‰n qcn-]-£m- n-]m-b-Øn¬ a‰m-fp-Iƒ tNcp-Ibpw

sNbvXp-sIm-≈p-hm-\p-≈-Xm-Ip-∂p.

tbmKw IqSp∂ Znh-k-ß-fn¬ ]Ww ssh°msX Bsc-¶nepw

hogvN hcp-Øp-Itbm AXp apX¬ \mep amk-Øn-\p-≈n¬ AtX-

h-sc-bp≈ kwJy apgp-h\pw h®p IW-s°-gp-Xn-°bpw AXn-\p-ta¬

]Ww sh°msX hogvN hcp-Øp-∂-Xm-bm¬ hogvN hcp-Øp∂ \mƒ

apX¬ ]Ww sh°p-∂-Xmb \mƒhsc sht°-≠-Xmb apgp-h≥

kwJybpw AXn\p XhW H∂p°p Hcp NIw hoX-ap≈ ]ng-tbm-

Sp-IqSn hbv°p-Ibpw sNtø-≠Xpw Aß-s\bpw sNøm-Xn-cp-∂m¬

Aßs\ hogvN hcp-Øp∂ Bfp-Iƒ°p CXp kw_-‘-ambn Hcp

Ah-Im-ihpw D≠m-bn-cn-°p-∂-X-√m-ØXpw BIp-∂p. C]-Imcw

apX¬ hcp∂ ]Ww icn-bmb kz¿Æw ]Wbw hmßnbpw

sImt≠m Dd-∏mb ]amWw hmßn-bnt´m ]Ww ]en-i-bv°p-sIm-

13


Sp-°bpw Aßs\ hmßp∂ ]am-W-ßƒ Cu tbmK-Øn-te°p

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btbmK apX-en-te-°p-≠m-Itbm sNbvXm¬ B hI \jvSw \S-

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∂p. \Ω-fn¬ GsX-¶nepw ho´p-Im¿°p GsX-¶nepw B]-Øp-Iƒ

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AXns\ Xnscy G¬∏n-°p-Ibpw Aßs\ G¬∏n-°m-Xn-cn-°bpw

apX¬ Ds≠∂p ImWp-Ibpw sNbvXm¬ B hI apX¬ ]eni

IqSmsX hkq¬ sNøp-∂-Xn\pw tImS-Xn-®n-ehp apX-em-bXp th≠n-

h-∂m¬ AXp-Iƒ Ic-Sm-°p-∂-Xn\pw \S-Ø-°m¿°p A[n-Im-c-ap-

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bn-cn-°p-∂p. apX-ens‚ h¿≤-\-hn\pw IpSpw-_-Øns‚ c£bv°pw

th≠n Icw hI apX-en¬ \n∂pw B≠-h-km-\-ß-fn¬ Hmtcm

Ip¿_m\ hoXw sNm√n-°bpw A∏-g-t∏mƒ D≠m-Ip∂ Nne-hp-

Iƒ°p hni-Z-ambn IW-s°-gpXn \S-Ø-°mcp H∏n´p kq£n-°bpw

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fn¬ \S-Ø-°mcp t_m≤ys∏Sp-Ønbpw Ign-bp-∂Xpw a‰p tbmK-

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\ºmbn cPn-Ã¿ sNbvXp.

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11.

14


CHAPTER - 1

KIZAKKEKARAS OF PALAI (KERALA)

Origin & Growth

INTRODUCTORY REMARKS -THE PEOPLE

The Kizhakkekara families form a very small fraction of the

Malayalee population. Their history may be said to span a period of less

than 400 years.

Even so a genuine interest has been evinced by the elders of this

small group to record the history of the clan, so that children and grand

children of the Kizhakkekara families living in India and overseas may

get to know the roots of their origin, while family members of the rest of

the Malayalee community may become aware of the presence of the

Kizhakkekara clan and story of their emergence in Kerala.

The name Kizhakkekaras emanated during 1690 - 1700 when the

hero of the story, the 2nd son of a family of 3 sons chose to settle down

with his family on the eastern part of the family estate. Since then, this

family and their generation came to be called Kizhakkekaras, meaning

the "easterners".

ABOUT THIS BOOK

As a result of the continued interest shown by the leaders of the

clan to record their presence in Kerala an account of the families of the

Kizhakkekaras was being written from time to time from the beginning

by members of the clan and most of the writings were done on palm

leaves according to the prevailing practise of writing down important

events and happenings taking place.

During the period 1847 - 1961, the Palmyra documents were com-

piled and in Malayalam Language made into a hand written manuscript,

which later on was got printed. The person responsible for this transition

from palm leaf documents to hand written manuscript - during the above

period was Kizhakkekara Peedikayil ITTYIPE ITTYIPE of the genera-

tion. The handwritten manuscript - compiling all the earlier Palmyra leaf

documents is still available in the house of Pedikyil in Palai.

Rev.Fr.Dr.C.T.Kottaram who was overseeing this work selected Sri

15


K.I.Varkey B.Sc.,B.Ed,. on 15-12-1972 for the above task.

Another important development contributing to the emergence of

the book during the period was the setting up of an organisation called

the "Kizhakkekara Paripalana Yogam by elders of the clan consisting of

20 members, 3 among them being priests,who were been on maintain-

ing a historical account of the Kizhakkekara families.

The first meeting of the Kizhakkekara Kudumba Yogam was held

in 1911 A.D. (Kollavarsham i. E. Malayalam Era. 1087) at Karotte Veetti

House in which 3 priests and 17 heads of various branches attended the

meeting. The following are the names,in these founder members:

1. Mathai Kathanar, S/o Itty Cheriathu - Alakkal Branch

2. Ulahannan Kathanar, S/o Varkey - Karotte Veettil

3. Ouseph Kathanar, S/o Itty Ipe - Peedikayil

4. Varkey, S/o Varkey - Karotte Veettil

/ Pulimalakunnel

5. Varkey, S/o Thomman - do

6. Thomman, S/o Thomman - do

7. Itty Iype, S/o Itty Cheriathu - Alakkal (Cashier)

8. Varkey, S/o Cherian - do- Vakaniyil

9. Itty Iype, S/o Cherian - do - do

10. Cherian, S/o Cherian - do - do

11. Cherian, S/o Thomman - do - do

12. Agusthy, S/o Ittycheria - Karotte Veettil

/Pulimalakunnel

13. Unnicheria, S/o Eapen - Puthanpurackal

Eenthunkal Pakuthiyil

14. Itty Iype, S/o Eapen - do - Kaitholil

15. Mathai S/o Eapen - do- Puthenpurackal

16. Eapen, S/o Thomman - do- Thattamparambil

17. Itty Iype, S/o Itty Iype - Peedikayil

16


18. Agusthy, S/o Thomman - Peedikayil / Kaitholil

19. Itty Iype, S/o Thomman - do

20. Unnicheria, S/o Thomman - do

During the 60s of the 20th century, the manuscript of the

Kizhakkekara history was printed, with updated information about the

families living up to that time.

Since then, and during 2011, a fresh attempt was made to update

the details of Kizhakkekara families. This year, 2011, was also the 100th

anniversary of the yogam. It was also at this time that an English version

of the Kizhakkekara's history was prepared by Mr. K. C. Mani of the 8th

generation of the clan (see the family tree of the clan ) to create aware-

ness about their origin among the countless number of Kizhakkekara

families living abroad without the knowing to read and write the Malayalam

language. It was the curiosity and the zeal of a new beginner to dig up

facts of historical development that made him look for the early begin-

nings of the clan families which took his research up to the Biblical ori-

gins of the group. This will surprise many readers now and in the future.

A red alert : The writer Mr.K.C.Mani (Kizakkekara Alakkal Branch)

feels it necessary to alert all Kizakkekara family members particularly

the women about the prevalence of inbreeding genetic disorders noticed

in large number of children as well as adults. It will be necessary to check

this information in all their alliances for marriage in the coming years.

A good Counsel :-

It is recommended that a serious study be given to the issue

of Jewish presence in India, and its impact on Malayalee commu-

nity by reading the book of Abraham Benhur a Keralite author. The

book is titiled "The Jewish background of Indian people."

17


CHAPTER - 2

THE HISTORY OF THE KIZHAKKEKARAS OF PALAI

The history begins with Errakonni Puthan Purakkal Thomma

Panikar who had established a trading centre at Palai in 1696 A.D.who

was the youngest of 7 sons of Erakonni Itty Cheria.

Puthan Purakkal Thomman was himself a renowned and well -

established clan called Errakonnies who had settled themselves in

Mevada near Kottayam.

The question naturally arises about the background of the

Errakonnies.

THE ERRAKONNIES :-

Who are the Errakonnies and where did they come from?

Historians have recorded evidence of the presence of a group of people

at Palayoor who went by the family names - Sankarapuri, Pakalomattom,

Kalli and Kaliankal, they were Afghan Pathans of Jewish origin, who had

settled in Palayoor near Guruvayur, and who had been converted to Chris-

tianity by St. Thomas, the disciple of Jesus, sometime during 52 - 55

A.D. These Afghan Pathans were engaged in buying spices and condi-

ments, sandalwood and other perfumery ingredients and precious stones

to be shipped back to Alexandria and Rome. To safeguard their activities

a legion of Roman soldiers were stationed in Cranganore and Palayur,

the port cities where ships came from Africa and Europe.

It is useful to remember at this juncture, that Christianity was not well -

received in Rome and the Roman soldiers stationed in the port area did

not take kindly to the Jewish Pathans and Jewish Pathan converts in the

area. they were harrased by the Roman soldiers, and prevented from

carrying on with their trade. This was the situation up to 325A.D.Hence

after the converted Afghan Pathan family moved out to other places.

For reasons stated above there was compelling reasons for the

migrations of the members of these families from Palayur to Angamali,

Edappally, Kuravilalgad,Kottayam,Niranam,Etc,. In their Moments of des-

peration, the migrated families cursed the place which they were forced

to leave and place is now called Chavakkad (Shapakkad).

18


Out of a fraction of the group which moved to Edapalli, some moved

to Manarkad near Kottayam and prospered in their trade some other

moved further to Mevada near Palai and set up trading in spices. The

group which moved from Edapalli to Manarkad belonged to Pakolomattom

clan.

Near Mevada, was located Errakonni, and the ruler of Errakonni

took a liking to the immigrant community on account of their experience

in trading, and invited them to come over to Errakonni to set up a trade

centre. In those days, Errakonni was fast becoming a popular centre for

trade and commerce. The migrant families accepted the offer of the ruler

of Errakonni and started their trading activities in Errakonni. Since then,

they were called "Errakonni-Mappillas".

It will be useful to remember the Jewish link(Afghan Pathan) in the

clan name of Pakolomattom and the Errakonni - Mappillas, to know the

origin of the Errakonnies and the splinter group, Kizhakkekaras.

Some time during 1341, continous rains caused great floods in

Kerala which resulted in heavy siliting of the Periyar river, disabling trade

activities to the Pathan Families at Angamali. The Periyar river which

was flowing to Crangannore port also changed its course and started

flowing to Cochin and Wipin Island also formed during this time.The

Pathan families staying at Angamally were compelled to move out to

Eddapally near Alwaye and to Kurvilangad,and other places in search of

trading activities.

THE KIZHAKKEKARAS :-

We made a mention about Errakonnin Puthan Purakkal Thomma

Pannikar and his 3 sons of whom, the 2nd son was the founder of the

Kizhakkekara clan.

Before we take up the life accounts of the 3 sons, there is an

interesting account of Thomma Panikkar himself. The account is about

his inherent generous nature and Compasion to help people in distress.

In 836(kollavarsham) Thomma Panikkar was on his way to Kochi

to buy the merchandise for his business centre at Palai, he spotted a

young Brahmin lad sitting on the road - side at Piravom. On enquiry, he

found that the lad was held in bondage over the non - repayment of a

loan taken by his father who had left on a pilgrimage to Benaras and was

delayed on his return journey. The lad had been kept as a hostage and

he was left most of thedays starving and unattended to, by the creditor.

The lad was from Vadakkum Manakkal Illam. Thomma Panikkar took

pity on him, repaid the debt and released him from his bondage. This is

just one incident of the many generous deeds said to have been done by

him, during his lifetime. Now we return to the 3 sons and how they fared

in their lives.

The 1st son, named Ottaplakkal Ittycheria became a minister in

the service of Meenachil Kartha, the ruler of Palai. This enabled the

family, to become respected. Marriage alliances with well - to - do fami-

lies, having landed propery, were arranged for his sisters of whom there

were 3. His position as a Minister, brought honorary title of "Panikkar" to

the father, Puthan Purakkal Thomman.

The 3rd son, named Padinjarekara Mathai took over the family

business of trading and rose to bcome very rich and earnd the title

"Tharakan" .

As for the 2nd son Itty Iype (THE HERO OF OUR STORY) he

became well - known as a martial art professional, which enabled him to

be recognized as a chieftain in the area. He was well remembered for

settling local disputes, and bringing peace among the warring factions in

the area. He concentrated on developing agriculture. He played an im-

portant role to save his father when he was attacked by one of the dis-

missed labour heads, while taking a nap in the courtyard of the house Itty

Iype caught him and informed his brother minister Ottaplackal Itty Cheria

who in turn ordered to shoot him at Kanattupara. He married from the

house of Pallipurath family (Pakalomottam clan),He raised a family of 3

sons and 5 daughters. Even his marriage was not with out adventure.The

bride who was said to be the only sister of Thomas Methran (Bishop)

was interested to get married to a respectable family. There was a diffi-

culty which he had to face.The ruler Ancha kulathu panickker who wanted

her to be married to a young man from Kunnumpurathu family.This pro-

posal was not agreeble to Thomas Methran, Because the Kunnumpurathu

family was of inferior rank among the Catholics of that time, Therefore

Thomas Methran selected our hero Itty Iype as the Prospective

groom.When the marriage was concluded, and the bridal pair was being

attented to with other ceremonies in Pallypuarathu house a soldier of the

ruler Anchakulathupanickker showed up and started creating trouble by

cutting down the lamb hanging in front of their house to which IttyIype

became furious got up, and kicked out the soldier to the delight of all

who had assembled there.Thus began his married life,and the genera-

tion of Kizakkekara .He lived a shortlife of 11 years,and raised a family of

19


20


8,3sons and 5 daughters.

At the time of writing this historical account in July of 2011,AD, there are

10 to 12 generations of the Kizakkekaras.

Chapter 111

CONNECTING THE PAST WITH THE PRESENT

In the Previous chapters we mentioned about the presence of fami-

lies of Jewish ancestry in diffrent locations of Kerala State,and how from

out of these families, a connectivity has been estsablished to some

malayalee families.

Our connecting thread is the Erakonnies, and the splinter group

the Kizakkekara clan, whose history we are narrating in this book. It will

be useful to remember that descendants of Jewish origin have been

settled in Kerala for almost 2000 Years,Historical evidence backed by

archaeological findings show that these Jewish descendants are also

seen to have established their presence in other parts of India-Punjab-

Kashmir,Central India,Eastern India,Maharashtra,Karnataka,South India,

(Tamil Nadu) and Kerala A further understanding of their movement leads

to even earlier periods, earlier to Abraham to know how long back in in

time these peoples originated ,and when and how they came to be spread

out so far?

If the Reader is acquainted with Bilble,you will recall that the world

was destroyed by a great flood from out of which only 8 people were

able to escape in a big size boat and the family which surviced the flood

was the family of Noah his wife, his 3 sons and 3 daughters in law,

The Quaranic account of the flood is very similar to the narration

in the Bible, It mentions the survival of Noah and his family and a pair of

all animals and birds as stated in the Bible. All the ancient population had

records and beliefs about a flood. For instance the Indian mythyology

records the "Matsya" avatar (Fish incarnation of vishnu) in which a

venearble saint was warned of a forth coming flood in 7 days, and he

was advised to escape in a boat with a chosen group of 7 sages.The

Greek philosopher Plato narrates in his book Timaeus. "The Gods puri-

fied the world with a flood allowing only a small number of shepherds to

escape". The Chinese also have a story about the flood in their book "Li-

Ki" which states as follows:-

21


"The pillars of the sky were destroyed, The Earth shook to its

foundations,The Sun and Stars changed their Tracks, The Earth cracked

open.The great order of the Universe was destabilized . All these bad

events took place because man disobeyed the supreme Lord of the Uni-

verse. The Chinese tradition acknowledges the escape of a family headed

by Nuah (Noah) the righteous man, his wife, and 3 sons,Lottan (Ham)

losheen (sheen) and jah-hu (japath) by building a very broad ship and

taking on it pairs of animals and birds.

Just as it was among the people in the middle east, Greece , Egypt

India and china, the anceient occupants of the American continent had a

legend about a cataclysmic flood which had ravaged the world known to

them, and from out of which 3 to 8 person saved themselves in boat,

which settled down on a hill. The survivors came down to the plain and

populated the world.

Dear Reader, all the above details are furnished to establish the

point about the commonality of belief and similarities of the stories re-

garding " great flood", which destroyed the world leaving behind a hand-

ful of survivors.

This historic event had taken place somewhere between 4000 and

3000 BC.

Noah and his family:- The first family on Earth

The boat in which one family of 8 members survived, was said to

have settled on top of a mountain. This mountain has since been identi-

fied as the Ararat peak mountain in the Armenian ranges, east of modern

Turkey. This is the same area refered to in the Bible the Quran, and the

Sumerian epic of Gulgamesh,

Noah the first parent of the world after the flood is said to have

settled down with his family in a location called "urattin" which is situated

in Turkey-Armania.

With their preflood experiences the family started a pastoral life.

The Bible records that Noah was the first man to plant a vineyard(gen

9:20).

The descendants of Noah's sons Shem, Ham and Japheth devel-

oped settlements along rivers and spread out through the length and

breath of the world.

22


NOAH'S DESCENDANTS

The Bible records that during plege"s time the people of the world

were divided,(gen.10.25),

Now ,Reader this is a pointer to the spread out situation of Noah's

decendants, going their separate ways during the time of Pledge's- who

was one of the great grandsons of Noah.

They formed separate tribes, and drew the limits of their domains

settlements.

Anthrapological studies speak about 6000 odd clans of people on

earth, Tracing their ancestry to the Semitic, Hameric and Japhethik stocks.

Bible records that 26 of these great races descended from shem,

30 from Ham, 14 from Japheth. It is these 70 tribes who created the

civilisation of the bygone days,

These races lived on the sea coasts, along the great rivers of

Asia,Africa and Europe.

As at the time of writing in 2011, there are 6400 millions people on

earth belonging to 6000 groups,speaking about 3000 languages, Based

on the structural and grammatical similarities, philologists have grouped

them into 10 main categories as follows.

(1) The Indo-european (2) the semitic (3) the Sino-tibetian (4) the

Dravidian (5) the ural-altaic (6) the Malayo-polyuresian (7) The African -

Negroid (8) The American-Indian,

(9) The caucasian and (10) Micellaneous(viz the Astree and Mundra).

From the Semitic stock(after Noah"s son shem) the prominent

people who emanated into tribes were - the Herbrews (later Israelites)

the Ishmaelitis etc. The 13 Arab tribes were also from the Semitic stock.

They mostly lived in Tigris basin, the Medi teranien coast and Arabia

.Their main language of the Middle Eastern, and North African countries

is Arabic.

The Hametic stock (after Ham the 2nd second son of Noah) are

believed to have lived in Babylon, Egypt,Somalia, Ethopia and Libye .

The youngest son of Ham was canaan. He is credited as being

the founder of 11 tribes who were found settled in an area extending

from Bogoskoy in Asia minor to Gaza on the Mediterranien coast until

23


2000 BC.

All tribal dialects spoken in African Continent are the languages of

the descendants of Ham. (Hametic stock) They are popularly known as

the Negroid races.

The canannites who had reached Indus valley and later on moved

to the southern Indian peninesula spoke Dravidian language- The lan-

guage of the people who developed the Indus valley civilisation as found

in the excavation of Mohenja-Dara and Harappa. Dear Reader, have

you heard about these remarkable cities which were known to have high

standard of civilisation as we know it now?.

The cananites migrated further south, establishing homesheads

in the Godavari, Krishna and Cavery basins. The Dravidian languages

were mostly spoken by the tribals and the socially backward communi-

ties of Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka,Tamil Nadu, and Kerala and these

were the legacies of the cananaties.

The Japhethites :- The descendants of Japeth the 3rd son of

Noah were known as the Aryan race, they had settled in the areas north

of the Tropic of Cancer in Europe, central Asia, and northern Iran. From

out of them, the Anthrapologists trace the emergence of wild tribes of

central Asia, including the Scythians, Turks Tartas, parthieans and Huns.

They gave rise to the languages identified as Indo-European, which

are the dominant language-group in the present day world. There are

five branches of the Indo-European language.

They are (1) The Indo - Aryan (2) The Indo-Iranien (3) The germanic

(german, English, Swedish) (4) The Roman (italian, spanish, french,

romanien) and 5th the Baltic slavic.

Hindi ,Urdu,Punjabi, Sindhi,Gujarathi,Marathy,Bengali,Orya and

Assamees are the offshoots of the Indo-Aryan language of Sanskrit.

Modern scientific findings, and religious texts enable any serious

thinking mind to accept that the history of the human race began at one

point and with one family. The vast multitude of generations that have

populated the globe during the years since 3000 BC, have necessarily a

link among themselves whether -they be dressed up in white, black, brown

and yellow skins.

The fact and the understanding behind the fact is a compelling

24


realisation that we are all from the same family- and we are cousins to

each other - never mind if the rank of the cousinship is first,Second,Third

or the thousandth

Beginning from the time of Noah (3000 BC) when mankind got a new

lease of life on earth we reach upto the time of Abraham(2166-1991BC)-

his son Issac(2066-1896 BC) and his grandson Jocob (2006-1859 BC).

Jews move to Egypt and undergo life as slaves :-

Jacob and his 12 sons moved to Egypt when their land was rav-

aged by a severe famine. When they migrated to Egypt in 1876 BC.The

joseph family members were only 70. During the next 430 years this

number swelled up to 2000,000. When Joseph the son of Jacob occu-

pied a prominent position under Paroah the Egyptiean ruler the jewish

people lived happily. But the later rulers of Egypt began to make life

difficult for the Jews, imposing hard conditions of labour, and severe

punishments for mistakes made. The Jewish women were forced to kill

their newborn male children.

During their stay of 430 years in Egypt the descendants of the 12 sons of

Jacob had divided themselves into 12 tribes, with the following names.

1) Reuben 2) Saimon 3) Joseph 4) Judah 5) Zebulum 6) Issachar

7) Dan 8) Gad 9) Asher). 10) Napthali 11) Ephraim and 12) Benjamin.

The Jewish people were liberated from the Egyptian captivity by

the strong hand of their God, under the leadership of Moses.

Although their God helped them to leave Egypt, cross the Red

Sea and Took them towards Canan the promised land, he became angry

with their constant acts of desobediance, and revolt against himself so

much so the jews were made to wander in the area for 40 years, until the

older generation who had shown rebellion and distrust perished , and the

remaining people were young and obedient.

They reached Canaan in 406 BC conquering many rulers, and

taking possession of large areas of land around Jericho.

The Jewish people form a Nation for themselves -Israel ;-

When the Jewish exile from Egypt finally moved into the country

of Moab under the leadership of Joshua, they were by engaged in battles

with many rulers of near by kingdoms, big and small conquering them all

and seizing large areas,The Bible records in Joshna 11.16-17 the defeat

25


of 31 kings and annexing their kingdom.

The conquered land was divided among the 12 tribes, and the

land thus occupied by the 12 tribes was called Israel and its location

extendedd from the eastern shores of the Mediterranean sea to the Jor-

dan Valley- the Valley of Lebanon, and to the South of Mount Harmon.

Israel was made up of a collection of village republics (panchayat

in the Indian administrative practice) These village units were governed

by leaders, and tribal chiefs, some of the tribal chiefs who were known

for their wise counsel and good judgements in settling disputes, and quar-

rels among the people were known as 'Judjes'find pre- eminent place in

the Bible.under the chapter judges. between (1406 and 1025) BC the

Jewish people now known as Israelies were adoministered by Judjes,there

after the Israelies found it necessary to have a king to rule all the tribes,

so as to have a fighting force drawn up from among them to meet the

frequent battles arising from the neighbouring kingdom..

The first king was saul,who was succeeded by David,who made

Jerusalem the capital of Israel. After David Solomon (well known for his

wisdom, which attracted many kings from far and near to attend his court

ruled Israel till his death in 937 BC to this time the land of Israel was

under one ruler king.Thereafter the 12 Tribes carved the nation in to two

parts,the north and south Israel- the northen part was taken over by 10

tribes and the southern part by the 2 tribes Judah and Banjamin. The

northern part was called Israel with its capital setup in Samaria. The

another part became known as Judaea, with its capital in Jerusalem.

The Israelies disobedience ;-

With life well settled and prosperity in their land and home, the

people of Israel begen to forget the instructions given by moses, regard-

ing ' worshipping false gods" They started worshipping gods of the peoples

whom they had conquered in battles Due to the persuasion of their women

whom they had taken up as wives or concubines. As these wives were

women of different religious.beliefs, and not guided by strict code of con-

duct, the Israelies soon found themselves livings a life far moved from

the law of Moses and worse, in total negation of the covenant which God

(Jehooah) had made with them through Moses,

The Israelies were warned of their erring ways, and betrayal of

the covenant with God by prophets like Elijah, Jonah, Amos, Hosea, Micah,

and others.The Israelities, turned a deaf ear and even began to pros-

ecute the prophets who warned them of their evil ways,

The Punishment :-

The punishments to samaria the northern kingdoms of Israel and

Jeruslem the southern part of Israel came one after another true to the

warnings given by the prophets. The neighbouring kingdoms,who were

once afraid of Israel's power because they believed that the Israel were

people, in whom their God was ever present and always protected them

from enemies now began to see the difference in their life styles, change

of worship, and the ebbing away of their moral fibre. They rose up indi-

vidually and collectively against Israel Syria, Assyria,Babylon, Egypt,

persia, rose against Israel with devastating consequences.

The Assyrean emperor Sargon 2 conquered samaria and took

27290 Israelities prisoners in 725 BC The southern Judah kingdom was

overran by the Egyptian king Neko in 608 BC who took a good number of

Israelist as prisoners, The babylonion king Nebuchadnezzar attacked

Judah and took of Israelists prisoners in 607 BC. The babylonion kings

attacked Israel again and again successively in 597 BC,587 BC and 582Bc

, taking away nearly 80,000 prisoners and settled them in Babylon.

The last of the kingdoms which dominated Israel were Greece

and Rome. Greece under Alexander took over Israel by defeating Per-

sians in 333BC. Although Israelities were treated with leniency by

Alexander his successers illtreated and persecuted them installing Greek

god zeus in the temple at Jerusalem. The Jewish tribe of Maccabees

prevailed against the mighty Greeks and seized control of Judah, and

purified the temple in 165Bc. They even fought the other Isreali tribes in

the Northern part of the Kingdom captured the town of Samaria, and

destroyed the temples built for the cannite goddesses.

However their freedom from foreign domination was shortlived,

since a Roman General named Pompeii stationed in the city of Dam-

ascus, attacked Judah in 63 BC capturing Jerusalem. This was the last

foreign domination. After the Roman occupation. Israel was literally blown

off the map due to continous rebellion of the Jews against Roman occu-

pation, leading to severe and cruel repression of the Jews in Israel. Not

withstanding the fact that a Jewish king named Herod was appointed

ruler of Israel under Rome's approval, the Jewish rebellion continued

well into the years when Jesus was born and far later until Rome came

down with a heavy hand, crushing the Jewish resistance, destroying the

26


27


temple of Jerusalem, and putting an end to the very presence of the

Jews in Israel. It was a sad end to the heroic resistance put up by the

Jews, when the last remnants of them numbering about 800 comitted

suicide on the top of a hilly terrain called "Mazade".The year 70 AD is

remembered as the time when the great diaspora (the great uprooting or

displacement) of the Jews took place scattering them all over the world.

Speaking of the Jewish Diaspora, two periods are remembered

first when they were exiled to Babylon in 607 BC and the 2nd in 70AD

when they were pushed out of Judah by the Romans.

This is one part of the sad story of the Jews who began their lives

on earth, as a nation full of promise and achievements, giving rise to

great civilizations, and finally ending up as losers, with no homeland of

their own and marking each passing year from 72 AD till 1947 AD with

the prayer "that the next year will see them in Jerusalem".This was the

prayer of every true blooded Jew for well over 1075 years since 726BC

till.1947 AD, when the United Nation organization announced the birth of

the nation of Israel- For the time being this was a happy ending for the

scattered Jews.As we write in 2011 AD, Israel was found to be hostlile

and inimical to many of these Arab neighbouring kingdoms - particularly

Iran which has openly stated "Israel must be wiped out from the world

map"

The other part of their sad story concerns the lost tribes, and our

narration of all the above history has a certain relevance in knowing about

the lost tribes-we discuss the issue in the next chapter.

Chapter : IV

THE CONCLUDING PART OF THE STORY :-

The Reader is invited to the passage in the Bible (Math.10.6) where

Jesus Christ advises his disciples' to go in search of the lost sheep (tribes)!

He was referring to the enslavement and deportation of nearly 27300

families from the northern part of the Kingdom of Israel by Sargon II of

the Assyria.

In the year following their deportation there was no further news

about what happened to them.The deportation took place in 627 BC.and

their where abouts remained un known.

So when Jesus come on the scene almost 6 countries had rolled

out.On the basis of the hypocthesis that a new generation in every 25

28


years, about 24/or 12 generation would have emerged.During the 6 cen-

turies since the capture and Departation of the Jews from the northern

part of Israel no information about them was available so they began to

think that some trouble or calamity he has overtaken their kinsmen taken

as slaves. Thus the notion of ten lost tribes in which began to to take

shape . It was these lost tribes Jesus referred to as the lost sheep. No

doubt later on Jesus spoke about the lost sheep in a broader context to

indicate the inclusion of each and every soul that strays away from the

path of righteousness labeling them as sheep that had lost its way.

It was the exhortation of Jesus addressed to the disciples that

impelled St.Thomas to go to India 2 times when he came to know of the

presence of Jewish settlements in the north, and north western part of

India, at the first instance and later on about their presence in the south-

ern part of India.

Were these people the descendants of the lost tribes.,

if so how did they reach out so far from the places of their incar-

ceration?

The Jewish families of the 10 tribes of the northern Israel who

were taken to Assyria were informed that their kinsmen in the southern

Israel kingdom were also conquered by the kings of to their homeland

Israel and made slaves and taken to other kingdoms.

Emperor, Sargon, attacked Samaria and took 30,000 Israelites as

prisoners (2 Kings 18:12) .The Assirians also started marrying women of

Israel and a new generation called Samaritans was born.

The captive Israelites multiplied in their places where they were

deported to as slaves began to spread out to different parts of the Earth.

Research evidences show their presence in Sindh and North - western

provinces, Baluchistan(Baluchistan ranges are called Solomom ranges)

in Hindu Kush region, Thakshila (Rawal Pindi), an important place of

learning and trade centre on the silk route to China- and also to Afghani-

stan, Kashmir, Pakistan,india, Africa, Europe, America, China, Korea &

Japan, etc.

Researchers were able to establish their presence in those areas,

on account of their foot - prints which they left behind. The foot - prints

were mainly the similarities in the technique they used to bury their dead.

The jews and their descendant's graves and the grave sites were called

"Dolmens" wherever they went.

29


An explanation about Afghan pathans :-

It is claimed that the grandson of King Saul of Benjamin tribe was

called Afghana and that he rose to become the head of the army. When

Nebuchadnezzar, the emperor of Babylon overran the kingdom of Israel

in 607 B.C. and took 80,000 Israelites to his kingdom. Afghana was said

to have escaped with his followers and made good his way to a place

called Gore near the HinduKush ranges. he was astonished to meet

many families of the lost tribes already settled there keeping Jewish cus-

toms infact and speaking fluent Aramic language. He is said to have

gathered them under his leadership- they were called Afghanas, which

later became the name of the country now called "Afghanistan". The

term "pathan" came from word "path" meaning ten in the Dravadian lan-

guage which was widely spoken among the section of jews in the

medterranien region. Pathans therefore came to be associated with the

people settled in the region.

It may be remembered that the Israelites found in this region were

indeed the 10 tribes who were called the "Pathans" the details of their

arrival and the setting up of their kingdom of Afghanistan are furnished in

"Mahasan-I-Afhghani", a document compiled by the Iranian writer,

"Nemathulla Harvi", who was a historian in the court of the Emperor

Jahangir, in 1612A.D.

It may be mentioned here that the Afghanistan Pathans who were

of the lost tribes and many of them had embraced Islam,"Sunni"were

they also called Afridis (in Persian Afridi means new arrivals). The first

king of Afghanistan was from the Afghana clan, called Ahmed Shah, and

the kingdom lasted from 1747 to 1973A.D.

Even though many of the lost tribes converted to Islam, they con-

tinued to observe many rituals and socio-cultural practices of the lost

tribes. They were known to circumcise their male infants on the 8th day

after birth,

They Kept separate mats for prayers (Talith),wore marriage rings

(Hupa), observed menstrual cleanliness abstained from forbidden food

(camels and horses),avoided boiling flesh in milk observed distinction of

clean and unclean bird meat, observed sabath, lighting of candles on

sabath days, and praying towards Jerusalem, smearing of blood on the

doorsteps during epidemic, rearing of goats for special festivals, keeping

the book of 'psalms' below the pillow during an illness and the display of

the star of David in their houses. The presence of many Hebrew words in

Afghan language, naming of hills and hill ranges after famous Jewish

leaders( Ranges in Baluchistan called Solomon ranges), all bear witness

to their jewish heritage .

Over the centuries, some of the Jewish Pathans now called Af-

ghan pathans belonging to the lost tribes were following the silk route

for their trading activities and found themselves travelling to the west

and east coast regions of India, passing through the present day Madhya

Pradesh, Gujarat, Maharashtra, Karnataka and Tamil Nadu states to reach

Kerala in pursuit of trading in spices, condiments, sandalwood and pre-

cious stones, In kerala they settled mainly in sea-ports, like Cranganore,

Palayur, Thondy(Calicut), Paravoor, Quilon and riverside towns like

Cocomangalam(Malayattor ) of Periyar, Niranem and Nilakkal of Pampa

River most of which were spice producing centres. They were also found

living in Marayur, Wayanad, Pathanamthitta.

This is the brief history of the movement of the Jews of the lost

tribe to Palayur, the starting part of the Kizhakkekara clan.

An explanation regarding the confusion about who St.Thomas

converted?

In the light of research and studies, making use of the epigraphic

and literary sources, modern historiographers like Prof. Elamkulam Kunjan

Pillai came to the conclusion that the ancestors of the present day

Nambudiris established their temple centred gramas, in the span of the

8th and the 9th centuries in Kerala. Only by the 9th and the 10th centu-

ries of the Christian era, many of the temples in kerala were constructed.

Dr. Keshavan Veluthatt states that the 32 Nambudiri gramas re-

ferred to in "Keralolppathi" suggested that their migration to Kerala was

during the 8th century.

The reason for this confusion was because some of the Pathan

families embraced Hinduism during their long stay in India and became

known as Bhatts and Bhattathiris in the Konkan Coast. Iyers, Iyengars

and Shastris in the Western Coast and those settled in Kanchipuram

called themselves as Tamil Brahmins and they spread to Mylapore. Those

settled in kerala were the early converts and not nambudri brahmins.

Following this, Jewish Pathans delect (reomove) the portion also mi-

grated to the above places in search of trade. This prompted St. Thomas

to visit Mylapore and other areas.

30


St. Thomas came to india on two occations.

People remember the epic journey of St. Thomas in A.D 52 to

Cranganore in South India. This journey was done on ship along the

popular sea route by taking advantage of the "HIPPALUS" wind which is

the south west monsoon winds as we know it now. What is not so well -

known and recalled is the fact of St. Thomas's 1st visit to North India. He

went to Taxila to help design the architecture of the palace of the Parthian

King, Gondophorus (BC 95 to AD 45). He is said to have followed the silk

- route to reach Taxila along with a leader in trading, Mr. Hebban who

told him about the presence of large Jewish settlements in and around

the place. St. Thomas converted many Jewish Pathans to Christianity in

the area of Takhshila. There he was made to understand that there were

many Jewish settlements in South India also and to reach them, the sea

- route was the best option.

There is a mistaken notion that the very first converts were Brah-

min numbudris

And this took place in AD52(i.e first century after christ). This is a

wrong belief.

India was thus, twice blessed to have the presence of this pre-

cious saint of the Lord and the early beginning of the conversion to Chris-

tianity of the lost tribes besides the Indian people, who had not known

Christ. He spent 20 years in India. He was martyred in Mylapore on the

3rd of July A.D and Christians in South India observe this day as

"DUKHRANA".

It may be recalled that when Jesus exhorted his disciples to go out

to the 4 corners of the Earth and bring to the people his teachings, he

made a special mention to seek the lost sheep - meaning the families of

the lost tribes which was one of the main reasons of St. Thomas to come

to far away India, where he was given to understand the members of the

lost tribes had migrated and settled (Mathew 10.6).

We noted earlier that St. Thomas had heard about the presence

of Jewish families in South India when he went to Taxila. When he reached

Cranganore Port in Kerala Coast, he was surprised to find that the Jew-

ish Pathans spoke Aramaic language and many of the socio - cultural

practices were similar to that of the Jewish people of Israel.

The first conversion took place in Palayur where 4 families namely,

Pakalmattom, Shankarapuri, Kalli and Kaliyankal.

31


32


33


34


35


36


37


The

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ug

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nd

ia

2000 B

.C.

38


39


40


Ingt°°c IpSpw-_-N-cnXw

10-˛mw \q‰m≠p apX¬ ]membpsS Ncn-X-Øn-s\m∏w \S-

°pIbpw X\-Xm-sbmcp NcnXw cNn-°p-Ibpw sNbvXv tIc-f-Øns‚

hnhn[ `mKßfn-te°v IrjnImcyßƒ°mbpw temI-Øns‚

hnhn[ `mKß-fn-te°v tPmen-bpsS -`m-Kambpw -IpSn-tb-dnbhcm-Wv

Ing-t°°c IpSpw_mwKßƒ.

]≠v hym]mcw Pnhn-X-am¿§-am-bn-cp∂ Hcp InkvXob

IpSpw_w Beph CS-∏-≈n-bn¬ \n∂pw hym]m-cm-h-iy-ßƒ°mbn

tIm´bw ASpØv aW¿ImSv h∂v Xma-kn-°p-I-bp-≠m-bn. A∂v

]mem ]tZiw ao\-®n¬ F∂m-Wv Adn-bs∏´ncp-∂-Xv. A∂v

ChnSsØ \nbaßfpw \ymbm-\ym-b-ßfpw t\m°n \S-Øn-bn-cp-

∂Xpw cmPy-]p-tcm-K-Xn-°m-h-iy-amb Imcy-ßƒ sNbvXn-cp-∂Xpw

cmPm-hn-s\mØ A[nImcmh-Im-i-ßƒ D≠m-bn-cp∂ ao\-®n¬

I¿Ømhv F∂ CS-]-`p-hm-bn-cp-∂p.

ao\®n¬ I¿Øm°∑mcpsS ]q¿∆nI¿ a[pcbn¬ \n∂pw

h∂hcmWv. a[pc ao-\m£n t£Xw ]pcm-X\ ]kn-≤-am-Wv.

ao\m£n t£X-Øn\v ASp-Øp-\n∂pw h∂-h¿ F∂ A¿∞-Øn¬

ao\-®n¬ F∂v Chsc hnfn-®p-h∂p. ao\-®n¬°m¿ Xma-kn® ]tZ-

iw ItaW ao\-®n¬ Icbmbpw, ao\-®n-en-eqsS Hgp-Ip∂ ]pg ao\-

®n¬ Bdmbpw Adn-b-s∏- p. sslµh CXn-lm-k-Øn¬ ]memgn IS-

™t∏mƒ AarXv e`n-®-Xmbn ]d-bp-∂p. ao\-®n-en-eqsS Hgp-Ip∂

]pgsb ]mem-gn-bmbn ‡¿ hnti-jn-∏n-®p. ]memgn hmsam-gn-bneqsS

ItaW tem]n®v ]membv (Palai) Bbn. ]membv˛¬ A®Sn ajn

]Xn-™-t∏mƒ B[p-\n-I -Im-esØ ]mem F∂-t]cv cq]-s∏-´p.

PmXnhyh-ÿbpw Xo≠epw sXmSoepw \ne-\n-∂n-cp∂

]Ømw \q‰m-≠n¬ tahn-S, ao\-®n¬ ]tZisØ CS-]- p-°ƒ \ºn-

ImSv Nmh-°m´v I¿Øm-°∑mcm-bn-cp-∂p. ‘Cu®, ]q®, \mbv,

\kmWn’ F∂n-hbv°v Aip≤n Iev]n-®n-cp-∂n-√. \km-b-\mb

41


tbip-hn¬ hniz-kn-°p∂ \kmWn sXm´m¬ Aip-≤-am-bXpw ip≤-

amIpw F∂ hnizmkw \mb-∑m-cnepw _m-“-W-cnepw A∂v cqV-aq-

e-am-bn-cp-∂p. FÆ, D∏v, ]©-km-c XpS-ßnb \ntXym-]-tbmK hkvXp-

°ƒ Aip-≤-am-bm¬ AXv IgpIn D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂-Xn\pw km[y-am-

bn-cp-∂n-√. Cu kml-N-cy-Øn¬ tah-S, ao\-®n¬ ]tZ-isØ I¿Øm-

°-∑m¿ Btem-Nn®v tahS Hcp hym]m-c-tI-µ-am-°-W-sa∂ Dt±-

iy-tØmsS aW¿ImSv \n∂pw I√-°-Spº F∂ InkvXob IpSpw-

_Ønse Hcmsf tah-Sbv°v sIm≠p-h-∂p. At±-l-sØ IpSpw-_-

ktaXw kz¥w h-\-Øn-\-SpØp≈ Fd-tIm∂n ]pc-bn-S-Øn¬ hoSp-

\n¿Ωn®v Xma-kn-∏n-®p. Fd-tIm∂n ]pc-bn-S-Øn¬ Xmakn®-Xn-\m¬

Fd-tIm∂n am∏n-f-am¿ (alm-]n-≈) F∂mWv Ct±-lhpw ]n≥ap-d-

°mcpw Adn-b-s∏-´Xv.

]mem ]tZiØv BZy-Im-eØv Npcp°w Nne ItØm-en-

°m -Ip-Spw-_-ßƒ amXta D≠m-bn-cp-∂p-≈q. 10-˛mw \q‰m-≠p-hsc

Ch¿ Acp-hn-Øpd ]≈n-bn-emWv B≤ymXvanImhiyßƒ°mbn

t]mbn-cp-∂-Xv. Fd-tIm∂n, hb-e-s°m-ºv, Xd-bn¬, Iq´p-¶¬ F∂o

\mev ]apJ IpSpw-_-ß-fpsS t\Xr-Xz-Øn¬ 1002 Pqsse 3˛\v ]mem-

bn¬ ]pXnb ]≈n°v I√n´v \n¿Ωm-W-]-h¿Ø-\-ßƒ Bcw-`n-®p,

CXn¬ ]Y-a-ÿm\w Fd-tIm-∂n- Ip-Spw-_-Øn-\m-Wv. Cu ]≈n-bmWv

]n∂oSv IØo-U¬ ]≈n-bmbn Db¿Øn-b-Xv.

Ing-t°°c IpSpw_mwK-ß-fpsS hy‡-amb NcnXw 16˛mw

\q‰m-≠n¬ XpS-ßp-∂p. 16, 17 \q‰m-≠p-I-fnse \ΩpsS ]q¿∆n-I-cpsS

NcnXw apJy-ambpw hmsam-gn-bmbn e`n-®-h-bm-Wv. 1650- ¬ Fd-tIm∂n

am∏n-f-am-cn¬ Cń-s®-dnb F∂- IpSpw_\mY≥ shń-°m´v IpSpw-_-

Øn-te°v amdn-Øm-a-kn-®p. Ing-t°-°c IpSpw-_-Ønse ]q¿∆n-I-

cn¬ t]cv e`y-amb BZy ]nXm-a-l≥ Cu Cń-s®-dn-b-bmWv. shń-

°m´v ]pc-bnS-Øn¬ Xma-kn® Cń-s®-dn-bbv°v Ggv ]pX-∑m-cmWv

D≠mb-Xv. CXn¬ aqØ-bmƒ Ab¿Ip-∂Øv IpS-I-t»-cnepw c≠m-

a≥ ao\-®n¬ ]cn-¥n-cn-°epw aq∂m-a≥ tahnS ]pfn-°epw \mem-

a≥ s\øq¿ \mK-t\m-en-°epw A©m-a≥ shń-°mSv Xd-hm-ńepw

Bdm-a≥ sXmSp-I-bnepw Ggm-a\pw Cf-b-]p-X-\p-amb sXmΩ≥ F∂

‘sXmΩ≥]-Wn-°¿’ Ing-X-Sn-bqcpw Xma-kn-®p. Chsc√mw ktlm-Z-

c-im-J-I-fmsW¶nepw Im¿jn-I-ta-J-e-bpsS ]tXy-I-Xbpw hoSp-Iƒ

XΩn-ep≈ Zqc-°q-Sp-Xepw bmXm kuI-cy-ß-fpsS A`mhhpw Cu

42


_‘-ßƒ XpS¿∂v \ne-\n¿Øp-∂-Xn\v XS--am-bn-cp-∂p.

]ucm-Wn-I-Xzhpw Ipeo-\-Xzhpw D≈ Ing-t°-°c IpSpw-_-

Øns‚ t]cpw ]i-kvXnbpw hym]n-®Xv ][m-\-ambpw Cń-s®-dn-b-

bpsS Cf-b-]p-X\pw Ing-X-Sn-bq¿ Xma-kn®bmfp-amb sXmΩ≥ ]nXm-

al\n¬ \n-∂m-Wv. ]q¿∆n-I-cpsS sXmgnepw Pohn-X-am¿§-hp-amb hym-

]mcw hn]p-eo-I-cn-°p-∂Xns‚ `mK-ambn 1696 ˛¬ tIm´-bv°-IØv

]oSn-tb-°¬ sXmΩ≥ Xc-I-\p-ambn ]¶p-tN¿∂v Ing-X-Sn-bq-cn¬

\ΩpsS ]nXm-a-l≥ hym]mcw Bcw- n-®p. aq∂p-h¿jw \√-co-Xn-bn¬

I®-hSw \S-Øn-b-tijw Ah¿ ]¶p-]n-cn™v I®-hSw \n¿Øn

sXmΩ≥ tahnS Fd-tIm-∂n-bn-te°v Xncn-®p-t]m-bn. IngX-Sn-bqcpw

]cn-k-c-ß-fnepw Aßm-Sntbm a‰p-I-S-Itfm C√m-Xn-cp-∂-Xn-\m¬ CXv

B ]tZ-i-Øp-≈-h¿°v hfsc Aku-I-cyhpw _p≤n-ap´pw D≠m-

°n. Cu ]iv\w ]cn-l-cn-°p-∂-Xn-\mbn Ahn-SpsØ ][m-\nI-fmb

ht≈m≠ \mb¿, tNm‰p-Ie \mb¿, ]S-hn¬ \mb¿ XpS-ßn-b-h¿

tahnS h∂v sXmΩ≥ ]nXm-a-lt\mSv Ing-X-Sn-bq¿ ho≠pw hym]mcw

XpS-ß-W-sa∂v A`y¿Yn-®p.

“Ing-X-Sn-bq-cn¬ C\nbpw IS XpS-ßn-bm¬ IpSpw-_-k-taXw

Xma-khpw Ahn-sS-bm-°-Ww. AXn-\pw-IqsS Bh-iy-ap≈ sIńSw

]Wn-bm-\p≈ ÿ-ehpw km[-\-km-a-Kn-Ifpw X∂m¬ hcmw.” ]nXm-

a-l≥ Ah-tcmSv ]d-™p.

“\mSp-hm-gn-bp-ambn Btem-Nn®v ]d-bmw.” F∂p ]d™v \m´p-

]-am-Wn-Iƒ aS-ßn. \ºn-°m´p I¿Øm-hp-ambn Ah¿ Cu hnjbw

N¿®-sNbvXp. \mSp-hm-gn-bpsS \n¿t±-i-]-Imcw Ing-X-Sn-bq¿ A∂yw-

\n-∂p-t]mb ]pØ≥]p-c-bv°¬ \mb¿Ip-Spw-_-Øns‚ ]pc-bnSw

]nXm-a-l\v ]oSn-Ibpw hoSpw ]Wn-bp-hm≥ \evIn. Cu ÿew A°m-

eØv ]mem-bn¬ \n∂pw sXmSp-]p-gbv°v t]m-Ip-∂- GI \m´p-h-gn-

tbmSp tN¿∂m-bn-cp-∂p. ]nXm-a-l≥ A∂v ASpØ Ab¬]-°-amb

s]mcp-t∂m-en¬ hoń¬ Xma-kn-®mWv ]pØ≥]p-c-bv°¬ -ho-Sns‚

\n¿Ωm-W- ]-h¿Ø-\-ßƒ \S-Øn-b-Xv.

-]pØ≥]p-c-bv°¬ -hoSv A°m-esØ A]q¿∆hpw at\m-

l-c-hp-amb hoSm-bn-cp-∂p. Iodn-s°m-Ønb I√p-Iƒ sIm≠v sIńb

\S-Iƒ, hnim-e-amb ap‰w, hoSn-\p-Np‰pw sIm®p-Xn-Æ, sIm®p-Xn-

Æbv°v apI-fn¬ ap≥h-iØv henb XnÆ, hen-b-Xn-Æbv°v aq∂p-

43


h-ihpw Ac-`n-Øn, Ac-`n-Øn-bn¬ tX®p-an-\p-°nb XSn-∏e-I-Iƒ,

Ipdnb hi-ß-fnse ]Sn-I-fnse ]e-I-I-fn¬ Hcmƒ°v InS∂v hni-

an-°m≥ ]mI-Øn¬ hoXn, D≈n¬ c≠v Ad-Iƒ, km[m-c-W-ho-Sn\v

Hcp Adtb ImWq, Cu hoSv ]oSn-Ibpw IqsS tN¿∂-Xn-\m-emWv

c≠v Ad-Iƒ \n¿Ωn-®-Xv. Ad-bpsS ap≥h-isØ \nc-bn¬ sImØp-

]-Wn-I-tfm-Sp-Iq-Snb CS-Øp-sh-ń, AXn¬ IrXy-amb AI-e-Øn¬

Xnf-ßp∂ Hm´p-Ip-an-f-Iƒ, Ad-bpsS c≠v hi-ß-fnepw \nc-

IƒsIm≠v cq]-s∏-Sp-Ønb Hmtcm apdn-Iƒ, hen-b-Xn-Æ-bn¬\n∂pw

Ad-I-fn-tebv°pw apdn-I-fn-tebv°pw IS-°p-hm-\mbn c≠p-hm-Xn-ep-

Iƒ, Ad-Iƒ°pw apdn-Iƒ°pw apI-fn¬ X´v, NmW-Iw-sIm≠v an\p-

°n-sa-gp-Inb Xd, Hme-ta™ ta¬°q-Sv Ch-sbm-s°-bm-bn-cp∂p

B ho-Sns‚ ]tXy-I-X-Iƒ.

1700-˛¬ tahn-S-bn¬ \n∂pw sXmΩ≥ ]nXm-a-l≥ `mcy Nqc-

t\m-en-°¬ Genbpw a°-tfm-Sp-samØv Ing-X-Sn-bq¿ ]pØ≥]p-c-

bv°¬ hoń-tebv°v Xma-kw-am-dn \√-co-Xn-bn¬ hym]mcw \S-Øn-

h-∂p. ]nXm-a-ls‚ IpSpw-_-t]cv Fd-tIm-∂n-bn¬ F∂m-b-Xn-\m¬

‘Fd-tIm-∂n-bn¬’ F∂pw, ]pØ≥]p-c-bv°¬ \mb-∑m-cpsS ]pc-

bn-S-am-b-Xn-\m¬ ‘]pØ≥]p-c-bv°¬’ F∂pw _‘p-°fpw kplr-

Øp-°fpw ]nXm-a-l-t\bpw IpSpw-_-tØbpw hnfn-®p-h∂p.

]pXnb -ho-ńse hym]mcw hfsc hnZ-Kv[-ambpw hnP-b-I-c-

ambpw \S-Øn-b-Xn¬ \n∂pw e`n® em`wsIm≠v hym]mcw IqSp-

X¬ hn]p-eo-I-cn-°p-Ibpw ]d-ºp-Ifpw ]mS-ßfpw tNcn-°-ep-Ifpw

hmßp-Ibpw ]pXnb ASn-a-I-sfbpw Imen-I-sfbpw sIm≠p-h-cn-

Ibpw sNbvXp. imkvXo-b-ambn \mWy-hn-f-Ifpw `£y-hn-f-Ifpw

Irjn sNbvX-Xn-\m¬ kmº-Øn-I-ambn IqSp-X¬ ]ptcm-K-Xn-bp-≠m-

bn. ]nXm-a-l≥ s]mXp-]-h¿Ø-\-ß-fnepw ]s¶-Sp-Øp-Xp-S-ßn. Ing-

X-Sn-bq-cnse ][m-\-hym-]m-cnbpw P\-k-Ω-X-\mb \m´p-]-am-Wnbpw

anI® I¿j-I-\p-ambn ItaW At±lw Adn-b-s∏-´p-Xp-Sßn.

Hcn-°¬ sXm-Ω-∏-Wn-°¿ hym]mc Bh-iyßƒ°mbn sIm-

®n°p t]m-b-t∏mƒ ]mb-]q¿Øn-bm-ImØ Hcp _mes\ GXm\pw

Bfp-Iƒ ]nd-h-Øn-\-SpØv hgn-bn¬ XS™p h®n-cn-°p-∂Xv IWm-

\n-S-bm-bn. “F¥n-\mWv \nßƒ Cu _mes\ XS™p h®n-cn-°p-

∂-Xv.” sXm-Ω-∏-Wn-°¿ tNm-Zn-®p.

44


“hS-°pw-a-\-bv°¬ ISw sIm-SpØ ]Ww XncnsI hmßm≥

C√Øp sN∂-t∏mƒ Xºp-cm-t\m ]mb-]q¿Øn-bmb a‰p ]pcp-

j≥amtcm C√mØXn\m¬ Cu Ipńsb ]nSn®p sIm≠p h∂-p.”

Ah-cn¬ apJy≥ ]d-™p.

“Cu _mes\ hnt´-bv°q. apXn¿∂-h¿ sNøp∂ sX‰n\v

Ipń-Isf in£n-°-tWm.?” sXm-Ω-∏-Wn-°¿ Ah-tcmSv tNmZn®p.

“hS°pw a\-bv°¬ \n∂pw ]W-hp-ambn Bƒ hcs´.”

apJy≥ ]d-™p.

“Cu _mes\ hnt´-bv°q. ]Icw Rm≥ Ccp-t∂m-fmw. ISw

Rm≥ G‰p.” b-∂n-cn-°p∂ _me-t\mSv kl-Xm]w tXm-∂nb ]nXm-

a-l≥ ]d-™p.

_mes\ kzX-¥-\m-°n Ah¿ ]Icw ]nXm-a-ls\ XS™p

h®p. B _me≥ AhnsS \n∂pw HmSn hS-°pw-a-\-bv°¬ C√Øp

sN∂v kw`-hn-®-sX√mw henb Xºp-cm-ń-tbmSv ]d-™p. hnh-c-ßƒ

a\-n-em-°nb henb Xºp-cmń ISw G‰-bmsf C√-sØ°p Iqń-

s°m≠p hcp-hm-≥ _mes\ Xncn®v ]d-™-b-®p. _me≥ XncnsI

sN√p-tºmƒ ]nXm-a-l≥ Du∂p-h-Sn-bpsS AKw Xpd∂v ]Ww Hcp

Ce-bn¬ IpS-™n´v FÆp-I-bm-bn-cp-∂p. ISw In´m-\p-≠m-bn-cp∂

150 cminbpw Inń-°-gn-™-t∏mƒ ISw \¬In-b-h¿ t]m-bn. ]nXm-a-

l≥ bmX XpS-cm≥ Hcp-ßn-b-t∏mƒ _me≥ \n¿_-‘-]q¿∆w ]nXm-

a-ls\ hS-°pw-a-\-bv°-te°v hnfn®p sIm≠p t]m-bn. ]nXm-a-ls‚

t]cpw ho´p-t]cpw tNm-Zn®p a\-n-em-°nb A¥¿÷\w ]Xyp-]-

Im-c-ambn Fs¥-¶nepw klmbw kzoI-cn-°-W-sa∂v \n¿_-‘n-®p.

“Rm≥ Fs‚ [¿Ωw \nd-th-‰n-b-tXbp≈q.” F∂p ]d™v

]Xn-^-e-sam∂pw kzoI-cn-°msX kt¥m-j-]q¿∆w AhnsS \n∂pw

aS-ßn.

hS-°pw-a-\-bv°¬ Xºp-cm≥ C√Øp sN∂-t∏mƒ Xºp-cmń

\S-∂-sX√mw hnh-cn®p ]d-™p. Cu hnh-c-ßƒ a\-n-em-°nb Xºp-

cm≥ Hcn-°¬ fmew Aº-e-Øn¬ hgn-]mSp Ign-°m-\mbn h∂-t∏mƒ

]nXm-a-ls\ Bf-b®p hcpØn ]cn-N-b-s∏-´p. “ISw hoń _mes\

c£n-®-Xn\v Gs¥-¶nepw ]Xyp-]-Imcw kzoI-cnt® aXn-bmIq” F∂v

Xºp-cm≥ Xo¿Øp ]d-™p. “\n¿_-‘-am-sW-¶n¬ Fs‚ hoSn\p

kao]w Im´p-t]mØv hogp∂ Hcp Ipgnbpw Ipsd hbepw InS-°p-

∂Xv F\n°p Xt∂-bv°q.” ]nXm-a-l≥ ]d-™p.

45


]mºq-cm≥ ]mdbv°v ta¬hiw, ao\-®n-em-dn\v hS-°v, fmew

tXm-Sn\v Ing-°v, h\-Øn\p sX°v AXn-cp-IƒXo¿∂ hS-°pw-a\

ÿew apgp-h≥ Xºp-cm≥ B[m-c-sa-gpXn ]nXm-a-l\v \¬In. Icbpw

hbepw tN¿∂ B hkvXp-h-Iƒ Xe-ap-d-Iƒ ssIa-dn™v Ct∏mgpw

\ΩpsS IpSpw-_-°m-cpsS ssII-fn¬ Ccn-°p-∂p.

sXmΩ≥ ]nXm-a-ls‚ aqØ-]pX≥ \√ \b-X-¥-⁄\pw

_p≤n-am\pw ÿntcm-’m-ln-bp-amb Cń-s®-dnbbn¬ aXn∏v tXm∂nb

ao\-®n¬ I¿Øm-hv At±-lsØ Xs‚ a¥n-bm-°n-. a¥n-bpsS ]nXm-

hmb sXmΩ\v ‘]Wn-°¿’ ÿm\w \evIn CS-]`p BZ-cn-°pI-bp-

≠m-bn, Aß-s\-bmWv sXmΩ≥ ]nXm-a-l≥ ‘sXmΩ≥ ]Wn-°-¿’

B-b-Xv. ao\-®n¬ I¿Øm-hns‚ a¥n-bmb Cń-s®-dn-bbv°pw ]nXm-

hn\pw e`n® AwKo-Im-c-Øn-\p-tijw Ah¿ Ing-t°-°c Xd-hm-Sp-

ho-Sn\v ]Sn-™m-td-°-c-bn¬ ]uV-amb ]pXn-sbmcp hoSv \n¿Ωn®v

Xmakw Ahn-tSbv°v amdn. Cu hoSp-Iƒ ‘Ing-t°-°-c, ]Sn-™m-

td-°c’ F∂n-ßs\bmWv _‘p-an-Xm-Zn-I-fpsS CS-bn¬ Adn-b-s∏-

ń-cp-∂-Xv.

]nXm-a-ls‚ aqØ-]p-X≥ H‰-πm-°¬ Cń-s®-dn-bXv a¥n-

bm-bn-cns° IS-∏m-´q¿ AßmSn ÿm]n-°m≥ ao\-®n¬ I¿Ømhv

Xocp-am-\n-®p. Cu hnjbw ]nXmhv sXmΩ≥ ]Wn°-cp-ambn a¥n

Btem-Nn-®p. ]nXm-a-ls‚ \n¿t±-i-]-Imcw sXmΩ-\m-a-‰-Øn¬

AßmSn ÿm]n-°m≥ a¥n I¿Øm-hn-t\mSv in]m¿i sNbvXp.

sXmΩ-]-Wn-°-cpsS t]cn¬ \n∂mWv sXm-Ω-\m-a‰w F∂ t]cv D≠m-

b-Xv . Aßs\ Ing-t°-°c IpSpw -_-Ønse ]nXm-a -ls‚

X¬∏cy]Im-c-amWv ao\-®n¬ I¿Ømhv ao\-®n-em-dns‚ Xoc-Ømbn

ao\-®n¬ Aßm-Sn-bpsS hnØp ]mIn-b-Xv. B hnØv Infn¿Øp

hf¿∂v C∂v ]mem \K-c-ambn ]S¿∂p ]¥-en®p \n¬°p-∂p. ao\-

®n¬ Aßm-Snsb ImØp c£n-°-p∂-Xn-\mbn Aa-tem¬`h amXm-

hns‚ Hcp Ipcnip ]≈nbpw ]nXm-a-l≥ AhnsS ]Wn Ign-∏n-®p.

]q¿∆n-I-cpsS Cuiz-c-hn-izm-k-Øns‚ \nZ¿i-\-ambn AXv C∂pw

\ne-\n¬°p-∂p.

sXmΩ≥ ]nXm-a-l\v t]cpw ]pI-gv®-bpw D≠m-b-Xn-s\m∏w

Nne iXp-°fpw D≠m-bn-. ]nXm-a-ls‚ ÿncw ]Wn-°m-cn-sem-cm-

fmb D‚m-t\mSv CjvS-t°Sv tXm∂n-b-Xp-aqew ]Wn-bn¬ \n∂pw ]d-

™p-hn-Sm≥ \n›-bn-®p. Cu hnhcw Adn™ D‚m≥ ]nXm-a-ls\

46


sIm√p-hm≥ sh´p-IØnbpw ]Wn-bn®v ImØn-cp-∂p. hoń¬ Bcp-

an-√m-Xn-cp∂ Hcp-Zn-hkw ]nXm-a-l≥ D®-bq-Wp-I-gn™v Xf-Øns‚

XnÆ-bnse ]e-I-I-ń-en¬ InS∂v Ddßp-I-bm-bn-cp-∂p. Cu X°w-

t\m°n D‚m≥ ]Xp-ßn-h∂v NmSn-hoWv ]nXm-als\ B™p-sh-

ń. sh´p-IØn hoSns‚ Db-cw-Ip-d™ Igp-t°m-en¬ Xń. Cu

i_vZw-tI v NmSn-sb-gp-t∂‰ ]nXm-a-l≥ ASp-Ø-sh- n¬ \n∂pw c£-

s]-Sm≥ D‚ms\ h´w-]n-Sn-®p. _lfw tI´v ]d-ºn¬ \n∂pw HmSn-

h∂ ]pebkvXo Ae-dn-°-c-™v H®-sh-®p. Ae-dn-°-c-®n¬ tI´v

Ing-t°-°-c-ho-ń¬ \n∂pw AXn-thKw h∂ c≠m-a-sØ-]p-X≥

sIm®nń sF∏v D‚ms\ ]nSn®p-sIń \mSp-hm-gn-bpsS ASp-°-se-

Øn-®p. ]nXm-a-ls‚ aqØ-]p-X-\mb a¥n-bpsS \n¿t±-i-]-Imcw

\mSp-hmgn D‚ms\ h[-in-£bv°v hn[n-®p. Im\m-´p-]md sIm≠p-

t]mbn shSn-sh-®p-sIm-∂mWv D‚ms‚ h[-in£ \S-∏m-°n-b-Xv.

“sIm-®nń sF∏mWv Fs‚ Poh≥ c£n-®Xv. Ah≥ B≠qcm-bn-

cp-s∂-¶n¬ Rm\n-t∏mƒ Pohn-®n-cn-°n-√, F√mw ssZh-ln-Xw.

Ah\pw Ahs‚ hoXw `qan Rm≥ \¬Ipw.”

sXmΩ≥ ]Wn-°-cpsS c≠m-asØ ]pX-\mb sIm®nń sF∏v

A∂sØ ]Xn-hp-t]mse 13-˛14 hb-n-em-bn-cp-∂n√ hnhm-ln-X-\m-b-

Xv. \√ Imbn-Im- ym-kn-bm-bn-cp∂ At±lw ASnbpw XSbpw KpkvXn-

bp-ambn 24 hb-p-hsc Ahn-hm-ln-X-\mbn Ign-™p. Aß-s\-bn-

cns° B≠q¿ ]≈n-∏p-d-Øp-ho-ńse am¿tØma saXms‚ ktlm-

Zcn-bp-ambn ZØv hnhm-lm-tem-N\ h∂p. hnhm-l-]mbw Ign-™p-

\n¬°p∂ B bph-Xn-bp-am-bp≈ hnhm-lm-tem-N\ c≠v IpSpw-_-

°mcpw CjvS-s∏-´p.

]mc-º-cyhpw Ipeo-\-Xz-hp-ap≈ IpSpw-_-ß-fn¬ \n∂mWv

A°m-eØv saXm-∑msc sXc-s™-Sp-Øn-cp-∂-Xv. BZn-a -In-kvXym-

\n-I-fmb ]I-tem-a‰w IpSpw-_-Ønse ]≈n-∏p-dØv imJ-bn¬

\n∂mWv kpdn-bm\n saXm-∑msc hmgn-®n-cp-∂-Xv. Cń-sF-∏ns‚ h[p-

hns‚ hoSmb B≠q¿ ]≈n-∏p-d-Øp-ho-ń¬ ktlm-Z-co-˛-k-tlm-Z-c-

cmbn c≠p-t]¿ amX-amWv D≠m-bn-cp-∂-Xv. ktlm-Z-c≥ saXm≥

]T-\-Øn-\v t]m-b-Xn-\m¬ ktlm-Z-cnsb hnhmlw sNøp-∂-bmƒ

ZØp-\n¬t°-≠-Xmbn h∂p. B≠p-cnse CS-]- p-hm-bn-cp∂ A©-

Ip-fØv ]Wn-°¿ At±-l-Øns‚ Bin-X\pw InkvXp-aXØnte°v

tN¿∂ Bfp-amb Ip∂pw-]pdw IpSpw-_-Ønse Hcp bphm-hp-ambn

47


Cu bph-Xn-bpsS hnhmlw \S-Øp-hm≥ Xev]-cy-s∏-ńcp∂p. bph-

Xn-bpsS ktlm-Z-c-\mb saXm\pw IpSpw-_mw-K-ßfpw B hnhm-

lm-tem-N\ kzoI-cn-®n-√. CXn¬ AXr-]vX-\mb ]Wn-°¿ Cu bph-

Xn°v hcp∂ F√m hnhm-lm-tem-N-\-Ifpw apS-°n-s°m-≠n-cp-∂p.

Cń sF∏p-am-bp≈ Cu bph-Xn-bpsS hnhmlw Ipd-hn-e-ßmSv ]≈n-

bn¬ h®v \S-∂p. hnhm-l-tijw Ccp-ho-´p-Imcpw BtLm-j-ambn

]≈n-∏p-dØv ho´p-ap-‰sØ ]¥-en¬ Ib-dn. ]ptcm-ln-X¿ saØ-∏m-

bnepw \h-Z-º-Xn-Iƒ ]mhm-Sn-I-fnepw (sIm-c-≠n-]-e-I) hncp-∂p-Im¿

\neØv t\c-∏m-I-fnepw Ccp-∂p. A∂v \h-Z-º-Xn-Iƒ°v a[pcw

\evIp-∂Xv ]ptcm-ln-X-cm-Wv. ]mbw IqSnb ]ptcm-ln-X≥ a[pcw

hbv°m≥ Fgp-t∂-‰-t∏mƒ A©p-Ip-f-Øp-]-Wn-°-cpsS Hcp

A`ymkn Ib-dn-h∂v IØn-sb-cn-™p-\n∂ Xq°p-hn-f°v shń-ho-

gvØn. CXp-I≠v hcs‚ IqsS h∂ ‘]mem-]≈n a√≥’ FtSS≥

B A`ym-knsb IS-∂p-]n-Sn-®p. Ccp-hcpw ]nSn-hn-SmsX sIń-a-dn-™p-

ho-Wp. F√m-hcpw ]cn-`m-¥-cm-bn, FtS-S≥ ]nSn-hn-´m¬ A`ymkn

FtS-Ss\ sh´pw F∂p a\-n-em-°nb \h-h-c≥ Cń-sF∏v Fgpt∂-

‰p-sN∂v A©Ip-fØp ]Wn-°-cpsS A`ym-knsb ]mZ-Øn¬ tImcn

ap‰-Øn-\p-]pdsØ ]mStØbv°v Fdn-™p. \mWw-sI´ A`ymkn

Ahn-sS-\n∂pw HmSn-t∏m-bn. hnhm-l-hn-cp∂v awK-f-ambn \S-∂p.

]≈n-∏p-dsØ bph-Xnsb hnhmlw sNbvX Cń-sF∏v

XnI™ A`ym-kn-bm-sW∂v a\-n-em-°nb A©-pIpfw ]Wn-°¿

]ns∂ iey-Øn-\p-sN-∂n-√. Hcn-°¬ Cń-sF∏v A©p-Ipfw FS-

Øns‚ apºn-eqsS t]mb-t∏mƒ Ahn-SpsØ kvXoIƒ ]nXm-a-ls\

]cn-l-kn-®p. Cń-sF∏v ‘shfp-tØ-SØn’ F∂p-]-d™v Ahsc

Xncn®v ]cn-l-kn®v Bń-b-ti-j-amWv hońtebv°v t]mb-Xv. B

kvXoI-fpsS `¿Øm-°-∑m-sc√mw Hcp-an-®p-IqSn Cń sF∏ns\ t\cn-

Sm≥ Hcp-ßn-bn-d-ßn. CXv ap≥Iq- n-I≠ Cń-sF∏v A∂p-cm-Xn-Xs∂

F√m-h-kvXp-h-I-Ifpw s]dp°n IpSpw-_-k-taXw B≠q¿ \n∂pw

Ing-X-Sn-bq¿ Ingt°-°c Xd-hm- n¬ h∂p. sXmΩ≥ ]Wn-°¿ aIs\

kzoI-cn-°m≥ Xøm-dm-bn-√. ‘\S-∏p-tZm-jw-sIm≠v kw`-hn-®-Xt√,

XncnsI B≠q¿°v Xs∂ t]mIWw’ CXm-bn-cp∂p sXmΩ ]Wn-

°-cpsS Xocp-am-\w. AXn\v Xøm-dm-hmsX Cń sF∏v Ing-t°-°c

Xd-hm-Sn\p kao]w Bƒ Xma-k-an-√msX InS∂ ]gb Xd-hm-Sp-hoSv

_ew-]-tbm-Kn-®p-Xp-d∂v AXn¬ Xma-kn-®p. sXmΩ≥ ]Wn-°¿ i‡-

48


ambn CXns\ FXn¿Øp. FXn¿∏v hI-h-bv°msX Xma-kn® Cń

sF∏n-t\mSv ]nXmhv ]d-™p, ‘tXm∂ymkw \S-°p-∂-Xn-\m¬ \n\°v

hoXw Xcn√’ F∂v. D‚m-\n¬ \n∂pw Cń-sF∏v ]nXm-hns‚ Poh≥

c£n® tij-amWv sXm-Ω≥ ]nXm-a-l≥ Cu Xocp-am-\-Øn\v am‰w-

h-cp-Øn-b-Xv.

24-˛mw hb-n¬ hnhm-ln-X-\mb Cń sF∏n\v aqØ A©v

]pXn-amcpw Cfb aq∂v ]pX-∑mcp-ambn F´v a°ƒ D≠v. ITn-\m-

≤zm-\n-bmb Cń-sF∏v sIm‰-t¶mSv \new \nc-Øp-tºmƒ \S-h-cºv

sI´m≥ henb I√p-Iƒ ]nSn®v ]\n-bp-≠m-bn, ]\n aq¿—n®v 35-˛mw

hb-n¬ Cń sF∏v AIm-e-Øn¬ \ncym-X-\m-bn. A[nIw Xma-kn-

bmsX `mcybpw acn-®p. ssiihhpw _meyhpw hnSmØ F´p-a-

°fpw A\m-Y-cm-bn. Ch-cpsS kwc-£Ww tPyjvTm-\p-P-∑m¿ Bcpw

Gs‰-Sp-Øn-√. Hcp the--°m-cn-bmWv amXm-hmbpw ]nXm-hmbpw \n∂v

Cu Ipń-Isf hf¿Øn-bXpw kzØv kwc-£n-®-Xpw. tPyjvTm-\p-P-

∑m-cmb H‰-πm-°¬°mcpw ]Sn-™m-sd-°-c-°mcpw Ing-t°-°-c-

°m¿°p-IqSn Ah-Im-i-s∏´ s]mXp-ap-X-emb s\Sp-then `qan ]qń

]¶n-s -Sp-°m≥ Xocp-am-\n-®p. Cu hnhcw Adn™ Ing-t°-°-c-bnse

the-°mcn Bä-°-fmb Cń-s®-dn-bsb Ffn-bn¬ FSp-Øpw

sImt®-∏ns\ ssIøn¬ ]nSn®pw sXmΩs\ ap∂n¬ \S-Øn-bpw- Im-

en-Ifpw ]pe-b-cp-ambn s\Sp-th-en¬ sN∂v Ing-t°-°-c-°m-cpsS

hoXw tNmZn-®p-hmßn `qan Imf-I-sf-sIm≠v ]qń-sb-Sp-Øp.

sXmΩ≥ ]nXm-a-l\v aq∂v ]pX-∑mcpw aq∂v ]pXn-am-cp-ambn

Bdv a°-fmWv D≠m-b-Xv. ao\-®n¬ I¿Øm-hns‚ a¥n-bmbncn-°p-

Ibpw sh≈m-∏m-Sv I-øm-e-bv°-I-Øp-\n∂pw hnhm-lw- sNbvXv H‰-

πm-°-te°v amdn-Øm-a-kn°pIbpw sNbvX Cń-s®-dn-b, B≠q¿

]≈n-∏p-d-tØbv°v ZØp-t]m-Ip-Ibpw ]n∂oSv Ing-t°-°c Xd-hm-

Spho-ń-tebv°v Xncn-®p-h-cn-Ibpw sNbvX sIm®nń sF∏v, Im™n-c-

∏≈n I√-d-bv°¬ \n∂pw hnhmlw sNbvXv ]Sn-™m-td-°-c-ho- n¬

Xma-kn-® sIm®p-a-Ømbn F∂n-h-cmWv ]pX-∑m¿. ]nXm-a-ls‚

aqØ-]p-Xn-sb, Ing-t°-°-c-hoSv ]Wn-bn-°p-∂-Im-eØv Ab¬]-°-

am-bn-cp∂ ]mem s]mcp-t∂m-en¬ IpSpw-_-Øn-te°v hnhmlw

sNbvX-b®p. c≠m-asØ ]pXnsb fmew ssaem-Sq¿ IpSpw-_-Ønepw

aq∂m-a-sØ-]p-Xnsb IS-\mSv shń-°m-∏n-≈n¬ IpSpw-_Ønepw

hnhmlw sNbvXb®p.

49


sXmΩ≥]n-Xm-a-l≥ hm¿≤-Iy-am-b-t∏mƒ aq∂p ]pX-

∑m¿°pambn `qkzØv `mKn-®p. Hmtcm-]p-X\pw 96 apdn ]pc-bnSw

hoXhpw aqØ-]p-X≥ Cń-sN-dn-bbv°v t]mWm-Spw, c≠m-a-sØ-]p-

X≥ sIm®nń sF∏n\v Nq≠-t®-cn-bpw, Cf-b-]p-X≥ sIm®p-a-Øm-

bn°v Hen-∏m-Shpw \evIn. s\Sp-then `qan s]mXp-hmbn InS-∂p.

‘Imcy-Øn\v Cń-sN-dn-b, Imbn-Im-`ym-k-n sIm®nń sF∏v, Imin\v

sIm®p-a-Ømbn.’ F∂n-ßs\ ]pX-∑sc°pdn®v ]nXm-a-l≥ ]d-bp-

am-bn-cp-∂p.

Ing-t°-°c Xd-hm-Sp-hoSns‚ Ah-Imiw ]eXe-ap-d-Iƒ

ssIadn™v ]pXnb Xe-ap-d-bn-se-Øn, Ah-km\w Ah-Imiw D≠m-

bn-cp-∂-bmƒ Zqsc ]pXnb Irjn`qan hmßn ]Wn-IƒsN-øn-°m≥

IpSpw-_-k-taXw Xma-kw Ahn-tSbv°vam‰n. Ing-t°-°-c-ho-Sv h¿jw-

tXmdpw sIń-ta-bm≥ ]Wn-Øn-c°paqew km[n-®n-√. Hme-ta™

hoSns‚ ta¬°q-c -]g-In-s∏m-Sn™v I\-Ø-a-g-bn¬ sh≈-an-d-ßnbpw

sh¥p-t]m-Ip∂ shbn-te‰pw ]e h¿j-ßƒsIm≠v BZy Xd-hmSv

hoSv \mtim-∑p-J-am-bn.

\ΩpsS ]nXm-a-l\pw Ing-t°-°c Xd-hm-Sp-ho-Sns‚ ÿm]-

I\pw G‰hpw Bcm-[y\pw Ing-t°-°-c- Ip-Spw-_-Øns‚ t]cn\pw

]kn≤n°pw Imc-W-`q-X-\p-amb Fd-tIm∂n sXmΩ≥ F∂ Ing-

t°-°c sXmΩ≥ ]Wn-°¿ 1755-˛¬ \ncym-X-\m-bn.

Z¿i-\-Xn-cp-\mƒF√m InkvXob ]≈n-I-fnepw A°m-eØv s]mXp-tbmK

Xocp-am-\-]-Imcw Z¿i-\-Xn-cp-\mƒ \S-Øn-bn-cp-∂p. Xncp-\m-fns‚ Xte-

∂mƒ cmXnbn¬ ]≈n-bn-ep≈ F√m I¿Ω-ßfpw ]q¿Øn-bm°nb

hnIm-cnb®s\ kq¿tπipw Dudm-ebpw aq∂p-aq-e≥ sXm∏nbpw [cn®v

Hcp sagp-Ip-Xncn IØn®v kI-e-hn[ hmZy-ta-f-ß-tfmSpw IqSn

BtLm-j-]q¿∆w CS-h-Iw-K-ßƒ A®s‚ Xma-k-ap-dn-bn¬ sIm≠p-

t]m-bn-bm-°pI ]Xn-hp-≠v. apdn-hm-Xp-°¬ \n∂v hnIm-cn-b-®≥ Ah-

km\w F√m-h¿°pw Hcp hmgvhv (D-dp-in-a) sImSp-Øn-cp-∂p. Hcn-

°¬ Ing-t°-°c Cń-sF-∏ns‚ A\p-hm-Z-an-√msX ]mem hen-b-]-

≈n-bnepw Cu ]Xnhv \S-Øn. CX-dn™ Cń-sF∏v tIm]m-I-¥-\m-

hp-Ibpw F√m-h-scbpw b-s∏-Sp-Øp-I-bp-ap-≠m-bn. ]mem ]≈n-bn¬

50


Z¿i-\-Xn-cp-\m-fn-t\m-S-\p-_-‘n-®p \S-Ønbncp∂ hnIm-cn-b-®s‚

sImń-tLmjw ]n∂oSv Hcn-°epw D≠m-bn-ń-√.

]mt®m¿ t\¿®Ing-t°-°c Itcm-s´-ho-ń-te°v amdn-∏m¿Ø sXmΩ-s‚bpw

adn-b-Øn-s‚bpw ]pX-\mb Cń-sF-∏n\pw mcy adn-b-Øn\pw hnhm-

l-tijw hfsc \mfp-Iƒ Ign-™n´pw k¥m-\-ku-`mKyw e`n®n-√.

]mem hen-b-]-≈n-bnse ]mt®m¿t\¿® \S-Øn-b-ti-j-amWv ISn-

™q¬ ]pX\mb sXmΩs\ K¿`w-[-cn-®-Xv. \mev ]d ]®-cnbpw

\mev]Xv tXßbpw \mev Xpemw i¿°-cbpw sIm≠mWv

]mt®m¿t\¿® Ign-°p-∂-Xv. BZyw cm°pfn (Z-\-l) Xncp-\m-fn-s‚-

b∂v \S-Øn-bn-cp∂ t\¿® Xncp-\m-fns‚ A∂sØ Xnc-°p-Ip-d-

bv°m≥ ]n∂oSv Xncp-\m-fns‚ Xte-Zn-h-k-am°n. Cń-sF-∏ns‚

]n≥Xp-S¿®-°m-cmb Ing-t°-°c ]pØ≥]p-c-bv°¬, ]oSn-I-bn¬,

Be-bv°¬, Itcm-s´-ho-ń¬ IpSpw-_-°m¿ km[-\-ßtfm ]Wtam

]ncn-s®-Sp-ØmWv ]t®m¿t\¿® \S-Øn-bn-cp-∂-Xv. ]mem ]cn-k-c-ß-

fn¬ \n∂pw IpSn-tb-‰w-aqew IpSpw-_-°m-sc√mw ]e Zn°p-I-fn-

tebv°v t]mb-t∏mƒ ]mt®m¿t\¿® Ing-t°-°-c-°m-cpsS ÿeØv

ÿm]n® Cfw-tXm-´w-]-≈n-bn¬h®v \S-Øm≥ Xocp-am-\n-®p. ZpJvdm-

\- Zn-h-kamWv- Chn-sSbpw ]mt®m¿t\¿® \S-Øn-bn-cp-∂-Xv. Ct∏mƒ

ZpIvdm\ Znhkw Cfw-t¥m´w ]≈n-bn¬ h®v CS-h-I-°m¿ F√m-h-

cp-sSbpw Iq´mb kl-I-c-W-tØmsS BZysØ Ip¿∫m\ Ign™v

sh©n-cn®v ÌvXn]q¿∆w ]mt®m¿ t\¿® \S-Øn-t∏m-cp-∂p.

51


Ing-t°-°c IpSpw_w

Ing-t°-°c sIm®n- n-sF∏v (H∂mw Xe-apd)

sXmΩ-∏-Wn-°-cpsS ZznXob ]pX≥ H∂mw Xe-apd sIm®n-ń-

b-∏n\v sXmΩ≥, sF∏v, Cń-s®-dnb F∂o aq∂p ]pX-∑mcpw A©p

]pXn-amcpw D≠mbn. Hcp ]pXnsb ]d-ºd DXp∏v hnhmlw sNbvXp.

c≠m-asØ ]pXnsb I≠-\m´p XpSn-bs‚ hońepw, aq∂m-a-sØ-

hsf Nß-\m-ticn Xmeq-°n¬ I√-d-bv°¬ Xcs‚ hońepw, \mem-

a-Ø-hsf IS-\m-Sp-I-c-bn¬ shń-°m-∏-≈n¬ hońepw A©m-asØ

]pXnsb ]mem-bn¬ s\®n-°m´p IpSpw-_-Ønepw hnhmlw sNbvX-

b®p. ]pX-∑m-cn¬ sXmΩ≥ Ing-t°-°c Itcm-t -ho-Sns‚ Xe-h\pw

Cń-s®-dnb Xmg-Øp-ho-Sns‚ Xe-h-\p-ambn. sF∏v tImX-aw-K-eØv

Ce-™n-°¬\n∂p hhmlw Ign-s®-¶nepw k¥m-\-an-√msX

]kvXpX imJ Ah-km-\n®p.

Itcm-t´-ho-ń¬ imJItcm-t -ho- n¬ sXmΩ≥ (c≠mw Xe-apd)

sIm®n-ń-b-∏ns‚ aqØ-a-I≥ sXmΩ≥ Bc-°pg FS-Ø-

t´¬\n∂p hnhmlw sNbvXv hSt° I√n-∏p-c-bn-S-Øn¬ Xma-k-

am°n. sXmΩ\v Cń-b∏v F∂ ]pX\pw aq∂p ]pXn-amcpw D≠m-

bn-cp∂p. Hcp ]pXnsb ]ndhw ]pg-b°p kao]w ]mgq-°c hońepw

c≠m-asØ ]pXnsb sshbv°Øv G‰p-am-\q-°m-cns‚ hońepw,

aq∂m-a-Ø-hsf c-W-ßm-\Øv πmtØm- -Ønepw hnhmlw sNbvX-

b®p.

Ing-t°-°c Cń-b∏v (aq∂mw Xe-apd)

sXmΩs‚ ]pX-\mb Cń-b∏v ]mem-bn¬ Xd-bn¬ am∏n-f-

bmb Xøn¬ho- n¬\n∂v hnhmlw sNbvXp. At±-l-Øn\p sXmΩ≥,

Cń-bbv]v, Cń-s®-dnb, aØmbn, h¿°n F∂n-ßs\ A©p ]pX-

∑mcpw c≠p ]pXn-amcpw D≠m-bn-cp∂p. H∂m-asØ ]pXn adn-b-

Øns\ ]mem Aßm-Sn-bn¬ sIm´p-Im-∏-≈n¬ hnhmlw sNbvX-

b®p. c≠m-a-Ø-h-fmb Gen Ahn-hm-ln-X-bmbn kz]n-Xm-hn-t\m-

sSmØv Ign-®p-Iqń. ]pX-∑m-cn¬ aqØ-a-I≥ sXmΩ≥ ]pØ≥]p-c-

52


bv°¬ imJ-bp-tSbpw Cń-bbv]v ]oSn-I-bn¬ imJ-bp-tSbpw, Cń-

s®-dnb Be-bv°¬ imJ-bp-tSbpw h¿°n Itcm-t´-hoSv (Xd-hmSv)

imJ-bp-tSbpw Xe-h-∑m-cmbn. aØmbn ap´p-Nnd G‰p-am-\q-°m-cs‚

hoń¬ ZØ-h-Im-in-bmbn Xma-kn®p. Hcp Ipń P\n-s®-¶nepw B

Ipń acn-®p-t]m-b-Xn-\mepw ]n∂oSv Ipń-I-fp-≠m-Im-Xn-cp-∂-Xn-\mepw

B imJ Ah-km-\n®p.

]pØ≥]p-c-bv°¬ IpSpw_wA). sXmΩ≥

aq∂mw-X-e-apd Cń-b-bv]ns‚ ]Ya ]pX-\mb sXmΩ≥ AXn-

c-ºp-g-bn¬ sIm®p-]p-c-bv°¬ hoń¬ Cu∏s‚ aIsf hnhmlw

sNbvXv ]pØ≥]p-c-bv°¬ F∂p ]d-bp∂ \Sp-hnse sImSp-º≥

]pc-bn-S-Øn¬ Xma-kn®p. \memw Xe-apd sXmΩ\v Cń-bbv]v,

Cu∏≥, aØmbn F∂n-ßs\ aq∂p ]pX-∑mcpw Hcp ]pXnbpw

D≠mbn. ]pXnsb fmew-I-c-bn¬ abn-em-Sq¿ Rmh-≈n¬ DXp∏p

Xc-Is‚ aI≥ hnhmlw sNbvXp. sXmΩs‚ ]Ya ]pX≥ Cńbv]v

Im™n-c-∏-d-ºn¬ Ing-t°-Ø-e-bv°¬\n∂p hnhmlw Ign®v ssIX-

h-b-en¬ Xma-kn®p. Ah¿°v k¥m-\-ap-≠m-bn√. ZznXob ]pX≥

Cu∏≥ ]mem-bn¬ Im∏n¬ DWn-s®-dn-b-Xns‚ aIƒ Gensb

hnhmlw sNbvXv sISp-ºn≥ ]pc-bn-S-amb ]pØ≥]p-c-bv°¬ Xma-

k-am°n. XrXo-b-]p-X≥ aØmbn Nß-\m-ti-cn-bn¬\n∂p hnhmlw

Ign-s®-¶nepw k¥m-\-ap-≠m-ImsX sNdp-∏-Øn¬Xs∂ acn®p.

Cu∏≥ ]pØ≥]p-c-bv°¬ (A©mw Xe-apd)

\memw Xe-ap-d-°m-c-\mb sXmΩs‚ ZznXob ]pX-\mb

Cu∏≥ ]mem-bn¬ Im∏n¬ Gensb hnhmlw sNbvXp. Ah¿°v

sXmΩ≥, DWn-sN-dn-bXv, Cń Abv]v, aØmbn F∂n-ßs\ \mep

]pX-∑mcpw Hcp ]pXnbpw D≠mbn. ]pXn-bmb amΩnsb CS-a-‰Øv

ap≠m-´p-Np-≠-bn¬ hnhmlw sNbvXp. Ah¿°v Hcp ]pXn-bp-≠m-

b-t∏mƒ hn[-h-bm-bn-Xo¿∂-Xn-\m¬ ]nXr-Kr-l-Øn¬ h∂p ac-Ww-

hsc Xma-kn®p. Cu∏s‚ ]Y-a-]p-X≥ sXmΩ≥ X´m≥]-d-ºn¬

imJ-bp-tSbpw DWn-sN-dn-bXv Cu¥p-¶¬ ]IpXn imJ-bp-tSbpw

Cń-bbv]v ssIX-h-b-en¬ imJ-bp-tSbpw aØmbn ]pØ≥]p-c-

59


bv°¬ imJ-bp-tSbpw Xe-h-∑m-cmbn.

A). X´m≥]-d-ºn¬ imJ (Bdmw Xe-apd)

]pØ≥]p-c-bv°¬ Cu∏s‚ aI≥ sXmΩ≥ ]hn-Øm\w Ic-

bn¬ ""Xd-bn¬ am∏nf""bpsS hoSmb Iq´p-¶¬\n∂v A∂sb

hnhmlw sNbvXv ]b-∏m¿I-c-bn¬ X´m≥]-d-ºn¬ Xma-k-am°n.

At±-l-Øn\p Cu∏≥, Hutk∏v F∂o c≠p ]pX-∑mcpw \mep

]pXn-amcpw D≠mbn. H∂m-asØ ]pXn Gensb `c-W-ßm\w

πmtØm-´-Øn¬ IpSpw-_-Øn¬s∏-´Xpw ]hn-Øm\w CS-h-I-

bn¬s∏- -Xp-amb hmg-Nm-cn-°-en¬ sXßpw-]-≈n¬ sXmΩs‚ aI≥

amWn hnhmlw sNbvXp. c≠m-asØ ]pXn A∂sb ]mem-∏≈n

CS-hI ""Ing-t°-SØv am∏nf""bmb C√n-aq-´n¬\n∂pw \oeq¿ Xma-

k-am-°nb aØmbn hnhmlw sNbvXp. aq∂m-asØ ]pXn knÃ¿

P¬XqZpw \mem-asØ ]pXn knÃ¿ A\-kvXm-kn-bmbpw I¿Ω-

eo-Øm-a-T-Øn¬ Ign-bp∂p. Ch¿ Ccp-hcpw I¿Øm-hn¬ \nZ-]m-

hn-®p.

a) X´m≥]-d-ºn¬ Cu∏≥ (Ggmw Xe-apd)

X´m≥]-d-ºn¬ sXmΩs‚ aI≥ Cu∏≥ aq∂p hnhmlw

Ign®p. BZysØ hnhmlw IS-\m-Sp-I-c-bn¬ C√n-°¬\n-∂p-am-bn-

cp∂p. a°-fn-√msX mcy acn-®-Xn-\m¬ Ipd-hn-e-ßm- p-]≈n CS-hI

Iø-\m-Sp-I-c-bn¬ a‰-Øn¬\n∂pw c≠m-aXv hnhmlw Ign®p. Sn.

`mcybpw k¥m-\-an-√msX acn®p. AXn-\m¬ aWn-ae abn-em-Sq¿

Io°n-cn-°m´p\n∂pw aq∂m-aXv hnhmlw Ign®v a\-bv°-°-≠-Øn¬

Im™n-c-Ømw-]-d-ºn¬ Xma-k-am°n. At±-l-Øn\p sXmΩ≥,

Nmt°m, tPmkv F∂o aq∂p ]pX-∑mcpw amΩn, A®mΩ, GeΩ,

enkΩ F∂o \mep ]pXn-am-cp-≠mbn. H∂m-asØ ]pXn amΩnsb

Ce-™n-°-c-bn¬ ]≈n-°m-∏-d-ºn¬ Ip™q™p hnhmlw sNbvXp.

c≠m-asØ ]pXn A®mΩ I¿Ω-eo-Øm-a-T-Øn¬ tN¿∂p. ]mem

A¬t^m≥km tImf-Pn¬ 1968 apX¬ ae-bmfw eIvN-d-dmbn tPmen

t\m°p∂ knÃ¿ sImfw-_n-b¿ Fw.F. _n.FUv BWv. Ct∏mƒ

dn´-b¿ sNbvXp. aq∂m-asØ ]pXn GeΩ (kn. eqkn-\) ]mem

s\√ym-\n-a-T-Øn¬ tN¿∂p. knÃ¿ eqko\m Fw.FUv BWv.

60


Ct∏mƒ IqØm´pIp-fØv tPmen sNøp-∂p. \mem-asØ ]pXn

enkΩ _n.Fkvknsb Fd-tIm∂n ]Sn-™m-td-°c imJ-bn¬s∏´

N°≥Ip-fØp If-∏p-c-bn¬ Hutk-∏ns‚ aI≥ sNdn-bm≥ hnhmlw

sNbvXp. aqe-a-‰Øv Xma-kn-°p∂p.

Sn. C. tXmakv (F´mw Xe-apd)

Cu∏s‚ H∂m-asØ ]pX≥ tXmav (Ip™v) ]qh-cWn

CS-hI samtfm-∏-d-ºn¬ Ipcy≥ A∂ aIƒ tdmk-°p-ńsb

hnhmlw sNbvXv aqe-a-‰Øv Xma-kn-°p∂p. tXma-n\p c≠mä-

°fpw A©p s]ä-°-fp-ap≠v.

aqØ-]pXn eqknsb ]me-°mSv Pn√-bn¬ hS-°-t©cn samS-

∏-√q-cn¬ Np¶-∏pc hoń¬ t__n-®≥ (^m≥knv) hnhmlw

sNbvXp.

aqØ-]p-X≥ tPmkv tXmav (t__n-®≥), ]bkv au≠v

sXßpw-]-≈n¬ Ip™p-Ipń, A∂-°pń aIƒ kmensb hnhmlw

sNbvXv aqe-a-‰Øv ]nXr-Kr-l-Øn¬ Xma-kn-°p∂p. t__n-®\v aq∂p

Bä-°-fmWv. aqØ-]p-X≥ kp_n≥ tPmkv _n.sSIv. a¿®‚ v

t\hn-bn¬ tPmen sNøp∂p. tam\n-∏-≈n¬ kqcy-I-º-\n-bpsS aIƒ

kqcysb _n.sSIv hnhmlw sNbvXv Fd-Wm-Ip-fØv Xma-kn-°p∂p.

t__n-®s‚ c≠m-asØ ]pX-≥ tdm_n≥ tPmkv ssI\-Icn

aºew tPmk^v ˛ _nPoØ aIƒ Fen-k-_-Øns\ hnhmlw

sNbvXv aqe-a-‰Øv Xma-kn-°p∂p. aq∂m-asØ ]pX≥ Cu∏≥

tPmkv hnZym¿Yn-bmWv.

tXma-kns‚ c≠m-asØ ]pXn B\n-bΩ Ahn-hm-ln-X-bmbn

amXm-]n-Xm-°-tfm-sSm∏w Xma-kn®p. 2003¬ acn®p.

aq∂m-asØ aIƒ ennsb ]qh-cWn ap≠m-´p-Np-≠-bn¬

]o‰¿ ˛ A∂-°pń Zº-Xn-I-fpsS aI≥ tPm¨k¨ hnhmlw

sNbvXv Xriq¿ Pn√-bn¬ hS-°m-t©-cn-bn¬ Xma-kn-°p∂p.

tXma-kns‚ c≠m-asØ aI≥ kndn-bIv tXmakv IpS-b-Øq¿

CS-hI B\-°bw ]md≥Ip-f-ßc sPbnwkv amXyp, Ipń-bΩ Zº-

Xn-I-fpsS aIƒ sPnsb hnhmlw sNbvXv ]me-°mSv Pn√-bn¬

61


samS-∏-√q-cn¬ Xma-kn-°p∂p. kndn-b-°n\p tSmw kndn-b°v F∂

]pX\pw tdmkv tacn, kqk≥ F∂o c≠p s]ä-°-fp-amWv. Ch¿

hnZym¿Yn-I-fmWv.

tXma-ns‚ \mem-asØ ]pXn sPΩsb ]mem-bn¬ a\-bm-

\n-°¬ tPm¿÷v, CuØΩ aI≥ AeIvkv hnhmlw sNbvXv ]mem

aq∂m-\n-bn¬ Xma-kn-°p∂p. AeIvkv _nkn-\v sNøp∂p.

A©m-asØ ]pXn adn-b-Ωsb ssh°w Sn.hn.]pcw amb-º-

d-ºn¬ amXyp ˛ A∂-°pń aI≥ tPmWn hnhmlw sNbvXv ]me-

°mSv Pn√-bn¬ Nn‰n-ew-tN-cn-bn¬ Xma-kn-°p∂p.

Sn.C. Pbnwkv (Nmt°m-®≥)

Cu∏s‚ c≠m-asØ ]pX≥ Nmt°m-®≥ Nß-\m-t»-cn-bn¬

Idp-I-®m¬I-c-bn¬ ]mem-°p-t∂¬ tPm_ns‚ aIƒ kc-k-Ωsb

hnhmlw sNbvXv ]mem Acp-Wm-]p-cØv Xma-kn-°p∂p. Nmt°m-

®≥ (Sn.C. sPbnwkv _n.Fkvkn AKn-Iƒ®¿) tÃ‰v _m¶v Hm^v

C¥y-bn¬ amt\-P-cmbn hnc-an®p.

Nmt°m-®\v tUm. Bjm sPbnwkv, tUm. A\nX sPbnwkv

F∂o c≠p ]pXn-amcpw tUm. tPmk^v sPbnwkv F∂ ]pX-\p-

ap-≠v.

]pXn Bjsb Ccn-ßm-e-°pS sXmgp-Øpw-]-d-º≥ hoń¬

sIm®p-h-doXv˛X¶w Zº-Xn-I-fpsS aI≥ hdoXv (Pn-Ωn) hnhmlw

sNbvXp. PnΩn \yqtbm¿°v s\mapd Iº-\n-bn¬ ]kn-U‚mbn

tPmen sNøp-∂p. Bj Fw.-_n.-_n.-F-kv. \v tijw sF.-F.-F-

kv.¬ tN¿∂v U¬ln-bnepw Acp-Wm-N¬ ]tZ-i-Øpw, e£-Zzo-

]nepw tPmen sNbvXp. Ct∏mƒ eohn¬ sImf-ºnb bqWn-th-gvkn-

‰n-bn¬ ]Tn-®p-sIm-≠n-cn-°p-∂p.

Nmt°m-®s‚ Cfb aIƒ A\nX sPbnw-kns\ Xncp-h-\-¥-

]p-cØv ]pØ≥ho-ń¬ ]n.-bp. tXma-kv, sIm®p-a-dn-bmΩ Zº-Xn-I-

fpsS aI≥ tUm. _nPp tXmakv hnhmlw sNbvXp. Ccp-hcpw Cw•-

≠n¬ F®v.-B¿.-kn.-]n.-bn¬ F^v.-B¿.-C.-F-kv. Ign™v tPmen

sNøp-∂p.

]pX≥ tUm. tPmk^v sPbnwkv CS-∏≈n Bim-cn-]-d-ºn¬

tUm. DΩ≥ tPmk^v ˛ cmPΩ Zº-Xn-I-fpsS aIƒ A\n-Xsb

62


hnhmlw sNbvXp. Ccp-hcpw Ct∏mƒ bp.Fkv.F.bn¬ UntSm-bn‰v

F∂ ÿeØv Xma-kn®v kz¥w ¢n\n°v \S-Øp∂p. Ch¿°v

Cu∏≥ Pbnwkv, tXmav sPbnwkv F∂o c≠mä-°fpw Pqenbm

Pbnwkv F∂ s]Ïp-ń-bp-ap≠v. Ch¿ hnZym¿Yn-I-fmWv.

tPmkv Cu∏≥ (F´mw Xe-apd)

Ggmw Xe-apd Cu∏s‚ Cfb ]pX-\mb tPmkv Im™n-c-

∏≈n IS-a-∏pg Cu∏≥ ˛ Gen-°pń Zº-Xn-I-fpsS aIƒ Beo-

ns\ hnhmlw sNbvXv Ipdp-aÆv a\-°-°-≠Øv Xma-kn-°p∂p.

tPmkn\p Cu∏®≥, Nmt°m-®≥, sXmΩ®≥ F∂o aq∂p Bä-°fpw A∂p, s]m∂p F∂o c≠v s]ä-°-fp-amWv.

tPmkns‚ aqØ-]p-X≥ Cu∏≥ tPmkv _n.sSIv Im™n-c-∏≈n sNcn-]pdw hoń¬ kn.sP.hn≥k‚ v ˛ B\n hn≥k‚ v aIƒtcWp-hns\ hnhmlw sNbvXv a\-°-°-≠-Øn¬ Xma-kn-°p∂p.Cu∏-®\v tPm Cu∏≥, hn≥k‚ v Cu∏≥ F∂o c≠mä-°-fmWv.Ccp-hcpw hnZym¿Yn-I-fmWv. Cu∏-®≥ ]mem am¿°-‰nwKv skmssk-‰n-bn¬ tPmen sNøp-∂p.

c≠m-asØ ]pX≥ Nmt°m-®≥ (tP-°_v tPmkv) hgn-Øes]m∂m-´p-ho-ń¬ tPmWn, tacn-°pń aIƒ Pnt\msb hnhm-lw-sNbvXv _mwKvfq-cn¬ Jekob Designery F∂ ÿm]\w \S-Øp∂p.Ch¿°v tPmk^v Nmt°m, tPm¨ Nmt°m F∂o c≠p ]pX-∑mcpw enb Nmt°m F∂ ]pXn-bp-ap≠v.

aq∂m-asØ ]pX≥ sXmΩ-®≥ (tUm. t‰mw tPmkv) Fw.Fkv.Hm¿tØm Ign™v ap´p-Nnd tlmfn tKmÃv tlmkv]n-‰-en¬ tPmensNøp∂p. tSmw tPmkv tImX-aw-K-eØv ]m\n-Ipfw hoń¬ tUm.tP°_v ]m\n-Ip-fw- -enkn Zº-Xn-I-fpsS aIƒ Pn\p-hns\ hnhmlwsNbvXp.

aqØ ]pXn A∂p-hns\ Acp-hn-Øpd sIm≠q¿ sh≈q-°p-t∂¬ tPm¿÷v ˛ tdmkΩ aI≥ tPmk≥ tPm¿÷v hnhmlwsNbvXp.

Cfb ]pXn tUm. s]m∂p-hns\ Xriq¿ Nm≠n ebn-\n¬

tUm. t\m_n s\¬k¨ Nm≠n aI≥ tP°_v t\m_n s\¬k¨

hnhmlw sNbvXp.

B. X´m≥]-d-ºn¬ Hutk∏v

X´m≥]-d-ºn¬ sXmΩs‚ aI≥ Hutk∏v ]mem CS-hI ]Sn-

™m-td-°c imJ-bn¬s∏´ IpØn-h-f-t®¬ Hutk-∏ns‚ aIƒ

tdmk-Ωsb hnhmlw sNbvXv Xd-hm- n¬ Xma-kn®p. At±-l-Øn\p

sXmΩ≥, tPmkv tPmk^v F∂o c≠p ]pX-∑mcpw A∂Ω,

tdmkΩ, eoemΩ F∂o aq∂p ]pXn-am-cp-ap-≠mbn. aqØ-a-Iƒ A∂-

Ωsb πm°q-´-Øn¬ tZhkym ˛ tacn aI≥ sI.kn.tPmk^v

hnhmlw sNbvXv Nq≠-t®-cn-bn¬ Xma-kn-°p∂p. c≠m-asØ ]pXn

tdmkΩ I¿Ω-eo-Øm-a-T-Øn¬ tN¿∂p. knÃ¿ sPdm¿Uv F∂

t]cn¬ I\ym-kvXo-bmbn. Ct∏mƒ Im¿Ω-eo‰v tIm¨sh‚ v tN¿∏p-

¶-en¬ hni-a-Po-hnXw \bn-°p∂p. aq∂m-asØ ]pXn eoemΩ

knÃ¿ enUnb Fkv.Un. F∂ t]cn¬ kntÃgvkv Hm^v UnÃn-

‰yqUv aT-Øn¬ tN¿∂p I\ym-kvXo-bmbn. Ct∏mƒ B‘-bn¬

anj≥cw-KØv tPmen sNøp∂p.

aqØ-]p-X≥ tXmav Ahn-hm-ln-X-\mbn ]nXr-Kr-l-Øn¬

Xma-kn®p. 2010 BKÃv 10˛mw XobXn ac-W-a-S™p.

]^. tPmkv tPmk^v

Hutk-∏ns‚ c≠m-asØ ]pX≥ ]^. tPmkv tPmk^v

Fw.Fkvkn Ad-°pfw ssaem-Sq¿ aØmbn A∂Ω aIƒ tacnsb

hnhmlw sNbvXv Xd-hm-´n¬ Xma-kn-°p∂p. 1985¬ tacn ac-W-a-

S™p. c≠m-a-Xmbn πmtØm-´-Øn¬ sNdn-bm≥ adnbw aIƒ adn-

bm-Ωsb hnhmlw sNbvXp. tPmkn\p sdkn≥, tacn tPmkv,

tPmkvtam≥ Sn. tPmkv, t_m_n Sn. tPmkv, F_n-tam≥ Sn.tPmkv

F∂n-ßs\ \mep k¥m-\-ß-fmWv. ]^. tPmk^v ]mem sk‚ v

tXmakv tImf-Pnse sIankvSn hn`mKw s]m^-k-dmbn dn´-b¿

sNbvXp. Ct∏mƒ Ing-t°-°c IpSpw-_-tbmKw ]kn-U‚mWv.

tPmkns‚ ]pXn sdkn≥ tacn tPmkns\ tacn-em‚ v sNmt∆-

en-°p-Sn-bn¬ ssa°nƒ ˛ A∂ aI≥ kn.Fw.tPmk^v kn.F

hnhmlw sNbvXv Fd-Wm-Ip-fØv Xma-kn-°p∂p.

aqØ-]p-X≥ tPmkvtam≥ Sn.tPmkv sXmSp-]pg ]d-ap-≠-bn¬

sk_m-Ãy≥ ˛ sken≥ aIƒ sken≥ (tkmWm)sb hnhmlw

63


64


sNbvXv Xd-hm-ń¬ Xma-kn-°p∂p. tPmkvtam\p tPmk^v tPmkn,

sk_n≥ tPmkn F∂o c≠mä-°-fmWv. Ch¿ hnZym¿Yn-I-fmWv.

]pX-∑m-cn¬ c≠m-a≥ t_m_n Sn.tPmkv (amXyp-®≥)

Fw.kn.F Ign™v _mwKvfq-cn¬ tkm^v‰v shb¿ F≥Pn-\o-b¿

Bbn tPmen sNøp∂p. t_m_n ap≠-°bw IS-a-∏pg tPmb-∏≥ ˛

sSn-bΩ aIƒ Som Fen-k-_-Øns\ (\o-Xp _n.-sS-Iv.) hnhmlw

sNbvXp. t_m_n°v tPm t_m_n, tP°_v t_m_n F∂o

c≠mä-°-fp≠v. Ccp-hcpw hnZym¿Yn-I-fmWv.

tPmkns‚ aq∂m-asØ ]pX≥ F_n-tam≥ Sn. tPmkv

_n.sSIv Ign™v sNss∂-bn¬ tkm^v‰v shb-dn¬ tPmen

sNøp∂p. F_n-tam≥ hS-°m-t©cn Nn‰n-e-∏≈n amXyp tacn aIƒ

So\ _n.sS°ns\ hnhmlw sNbvXp. Ccp-hcpw sNss∂-bn¬

tPmen sNøp∂p.

65


Ing-t°-°c

]pØ≥]p-c-bv°¬ sXmΩ≥

w - AXn-c-ºpg sIm®p-]p-c-bv°¬\n∂v

Cń sF∏v Cu∏≥ aØmbn ]pXn Rmh-≈n¬

w Im™n-c-∏≈n w ]mem a°-fn√ sIń®p

Ing-t°-Ø-e-bv°-¬ Im∏n¬ Gen

a°-fn√

Cu¥p-¶¬ ]IpXn

DWn-s®-dnb

w ]S-hn¬ tXkym

sI.kn.tXmakv sI.kn.h¿°n sI.bp.tPmk^v sNdn-bm≥

(sIm®v sXmΩ≥, w -I´-°bw (Cń sF∏v) (hm\m-®≥)

sIm®v XmSn) ap]-bn¬ w -shfp-tØ-SØv 17˛mw hb-n¬

w -tXkym Nm®n ]d-ºn¬ Gen acn®p

am°n]pfn-°¬ (knknen) (Ipt™-en-bΩ)

adn-bmΩ Gen

(adn-b-∏≈n) (C°n)

H- Xncp-h√ H-- ]mem

NmØ-¶cn ]pt©-°p-t∂¬

hmbv∏p-\m-cn¬ Cu∏≥

Cu∏≥

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66


B). Cu¥p-¶¬ ]IpXn imJDWn-s®-dn-bXv ˛ (XmSn-°m-c≥) (Bdmw Xe-apd)

A©mw Xe-apd ]pØ≥]p-c-bv°¬ Cu∏s‚ c≠m-asØ]pX≥ DWn-s®-dn-bXv ]mem CS-hI s]mcp-t\m-en-emb ]S-hn¬h¿°n-bpsS aIƒ tXkymsb hnhmlw sNbvXv Cu¥p-¶¬ ]IpXn]pc-bn-S-Øn¬ ]m¿Øp. Imem-¥-c-Øn¬ At±lw am¿tØmΩmk`m hnizm-kn-bm-bn-Øp-S-cp-Ibpw Ico-°p-t∂¬ am¿tØm-Ωm-]≈n]Wn°p klm-bn-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. 83˛masØ hb-n¬ acn®At±-lsØ Ico-°p-t∂¬ am¿tØmΩm ]≈n-bpsS ih-t°m- -bn¬kwkvI-cn®p.

DWn-s®-dn-b-Xn\p sXmΩ≥, h¿°n, sNdn-bm≥ Cń-bbv]vF∂o \mep ]pX-∑mcpw Gen, adnbw F∂o c≠p ]pXn-amcpwD≠mbn. aqØ-]pXn Gensb ]mem ]≈n CS-hI ]pt©-°p-t∂¬Cu∏≥ hnhmlw sNbvXp. c≠m-asØ ]pXn adn-b-Øns\ Xncp-h-√m-bn-°-Sp-Øp≈ NmØ-¶-cn-bn¬, am¿tØmΩm kap-Zm-b-Øn¬s∏´hmbv]-\m-cn¬ hoń¬ Cu∏≥ ]p\¿hn-hmlw sNbvXp. DWn-s®-dn-b-Xns‚ aqØ-]p-X≥ sXmΩ≥ (Ggmw Xe-apd) ]hn-Øm\w ]≈nCS-hI Af-\m-Sp-I-c-bn¬ am°-∏p-fn-°¬ anJm-tb-ens‚ aIƒtXkymsb hnhmlw sNbvXv XpS-ß-\m-ń¬ CS-a-\-ØSw ]pc-bn-S-Øn¬ Xma-kn®p. ]n∂oSv Xd-hm-Smb ]mem-bn¬ Cu¥p-¶¬ ]Ip-Xn-]p-c-bn-S-Øn¬Øs∂ Xma-k-am°n. 1970 Pq¨ amk-Øn¬ acn®p.Cfw-tXm´w ]≈n-bpsS ih-t°m-´-bn¬ kwkvI-cn-°-s∏´p. At±-l-Øn\p sNdn-bm≥, ssa°nƒ, Cu∏≥, tXmakv, aØmbn F∂n-ßs\A©p ]pX-∑m-cp-≠mbn.

Cu¥p-¶¬ ]Ip-Xn-im-J-bnse Bdmw Xe-apd DWn-s®-dn-b-Xns‚ c≠m-asØ aI≥ h¿°n (Xe-apd Ggv) ]mem-∏≈n CS-hII´-°-b-Øn¬ IpSpw-_-Øn¬ ap∏-d-bn¬ Abv]ns‚ aIƒ Nm®n-b-Ωsb hnhmlw sNbvXv XpS-ß-\m-ń¬ Xo∏p-gn-°p-∂n¬ Xma-k-am°n. h¿°n°v kvIdnbm, tPmk^v, amΩ≥ F∂n-ßs\ aq∂p]pX-∑m-cp≠v. aqØ-]p-X≥ kvIdnbm Xncp-h√m Xmeq-°n¬NmØ≥I-cn-bn¬ am¿tØmΩm kap-Zm-b-Øn¬s∏´ hmbv]-\m-cn¬Ip™q-™-Ωsb hnhmlw sNbvXp. At±-l-Øn\p tPm¨Fs∂mcp BÏp-ńbpw F¬kn-sb-s∂mcp s]Ïp-ń-bp-ap≠v.Ah¿ hnZym¿Yn-I-fmWv. h¿°n-bpsS ZznXo-b-]p-X≥, tPmk^vFw.Fkvkn Be-∏pg ]pØ≥]p-c-bn¬ Gensb hnhmlw sNbvXp.

75


At±lw ssakq¿ sk‚ v ^ntem-an\ tImf-Pn¬ s]m^-k-dmWv.At±-l-Øn\p Hcp ]pX\pw aq∂p ]pXn-am-cp-ap≠v. Ah¿ hnZym¿Yn-I-fmWv. h¿°n-bpsS aq∂m-asØ ]pX≥ amΩ≥ _n.Fkvkn Xncp-h√m Xmeq-°n¬ \nc-WØv am¿tØmΩm kap-Zm-b-Øn¬s∏´ ]qXn-tbm´v sNdn-bms‚ aIƒ kzm\nsb hnhmlw sNbvXp. Fd-Wm-Ip-fØv C¥ym Kh¨sa‚ v k¿ho-kn¬ Un^≥kv hIp-∏n¬ sSIv\n-°¬ kq∏¿ssh-k-dmbn tPmen t\m°p∂p. At±-l-Øn\p Hcp]pX\pw Hcp ]pXnbpw D≠v. Ch¿ inip-°-fmWv. Cu¥p-¶¬ ]Ip-Xn-im-J-bnse DWn-s®-dn-b-Xns‚ aq∂m-asØ ]pX≥ sNdn-bm≥17˛masØ hb-n¬ acn®p. DWn-s®-dn-b-Xns‚ \mem-asØ ]pX≥Cń-b∏v (sI.bp.tPmk^v _n.F) ]mem ]≈n CS-hI Ihn-bn¬IpSpw-_-Øn¬s∏´ shfp-tØ-S-Øp-]-d-ºn¬ sXmΩs‚ aIƒGensb hnhmlw sNbvXp ]nXm-hns‚ IqsS Xma-kn®p. 38˛masØhb-n¬ Cń-b∏v AIm-e-N-caw ]m]n®p. Cń-b-∏n\v sNdn-bm≥,tPmk^v F\v\o c≠p ]pX-∑m-cp≠v. aqØ-a-I≥ sNdn-bm≥_n.Fkvkn _n.C. F≥Pn-\o-b-dnwKv ]co£ ]mkmbn, c≠m-a≥tPmk^v _n.Fkvkn, _n.C sSIv\n-°¬ ]co£ ]mkmbn. c≠p-

t]cpw amXr-Kr-l-Øn¬ Xma-kn-°p∂p.

Cu¥p-¶¬ ]Ip-Xn-bn¬ imJ ˛CS-a-\-ØSw D]-imJ

_lp. am¿°-®≥ ˛ F´mw Xe-apd

Ggmw Xe-apd sIm®v sXmΩs‚ (sI.kn.tXmakv) aqØ-]p-X≥ t__n-sb∂v Hma-\-t∏-cp-≠m-bn-cp∂ sNdn-bm≥ 1918¬ P\n®p.]mem, sXmSp-]pg F∂n-hn-S-ß-fn¬ kvIqƒ hnZym-`ymkw sNbvXvFkv.Fkv.F¬.kn ]mkm-b-tijw 1942¬ sIm√-Øp≈ I∏q-®n≥Bi-a-Øn¬ sshZo-I-]-T-\-Øn\p tN¿∂v dh. ^m. am¿°v F∂t]cn¬ Adn-b-s∏´p. 1942˛45 hsc eØo≥, XXz-imkvXw F∂nh]Tn-®-tijw Xr»n-\m-∏-≈n-bn-ep≈ Aa-em-iaw F∂ I∏q-®n≥ÿm]-\-Øn¬h®v thZ-im-kvX-]-T-\hpw ]q¿Øn-bm°n 1948¬ ] -ta‰p. 38 h¿j-ßƒ \o≠p-\n∂ sshZoI Pohn-X-Ønse 28 h¿jhpwXr»n-\m-∏≈n iocw-K-Øp≈ Aa-em-i-a-Øn¬ Xs∂-bmWvAt±lw Pohn-®Xv. Ubm-s_-‰n°v tcmK-_m-[n-X-\m-bn-cp∂ am¿°-®≥ Aa-em-i-a-tØm-Sp≈ Xs‚ ASp∏w ên-X-cq-t]W ]I-Sn-∏n-®Xv Cß-s\-bmWv:

76


""F√m tZi-ß-fnepw th∏p ac-ß-fn√; Nne tZi-ß-fn-ep≈th∏v ac-Øns‚ Ce-Iƒ°v Ibv]p-ckw C√; F∂m¬ Aa-em-i-a-Ønse th∏p-a-c-Øns‚ Ce-Iƒ°v \√ Ibv]p-c-k-ap≠v. th∏neCSn-®p-]n-gn™v Nmdv Ign-°p-∂Xv Ubm-s_-‰n°v tcmK-Øn\p \√acp-∂mWv''. Xs‚ Akp-JsØ At±lw ]®-a-e-bm-f-Øn¬ ""N°chym[n'' F∂pw hnfn-®n-cp∂p!

am¿°-®≥ Xan-gv\m-Sns\ AXy-[nIw kvt\ln®p. anjy≥]h¿Ø-\-ß-fp-ambn Xan-gv\m- nse H´p-an° ÿe-ß-fnepw At±lwk©-cn-®n- p≠v. kmaq-ly-tk-h-\hpw kvIqƒ ]h¿Ø-\-ß-fp-ambn_‘-s∏ v At±lw Xr»n-\m-∏≈n IqSmsX XqØp-IpSn, ] vtImss´F∂o ]tZ-i-ß-fnepw Xma-kn®p. Xo¿∞m-S\ tIµ-ß-fmb thfm-¶Æn, sk‚ v tXmakv au≠v F∂n-hn-S-ß-fn¬ [ym\-Kp-cp-hmbn]h¿Øn®p. sk‚ v tXmakv au≠n¬h®v Im¬ I√n¬Xń apdn-hp-≠mbn sk]v‰n-°m-bXv aq¿—n®v ac-W-Im-c-W-ambn. 1986 sabvamk-Øn¬ Xs‚ 69˛masØ P∑-Zn-\-Øn¬ iocw-K-Øp-h®v am¿°-®≥ Cl-tem-I-hmkw shSn™p.

sI.‰n. ssa°nƒ (F´mw Xe-apd)sI.kn.tXmakv tXkym Zº-Xn-I-fpsS c≠m-asØ ]pX≥

ssa°nƒ XpS-ß-\mSv F¬.]n.kvIqƒ, sXmSp-]pg Kh. sslkvIqƒ,ap´w kwkvIrX kvIqƒ, Bephm Biaw kvIqƒ F∂n-hn-S-ß-fn¬ ]Tn®v imkvXn ]co£ ]mmbn. sIm®n-bn¬ \mhn-I-tk-\-bn¬ tN¿∂p. Fkv.Fkv.F¬.kn.bv°v Xpey-amb ]co£ Pbn®vtcmK-]-cn-N-cW hn`m-K-Øn¬ s]‰n Hmô-k-dmbn DtZym-K-°-b‰wInń. hne-Iq-Snb A]q¿∆ Huj-[-ß-fpsS kq£n-∏n¬ Ia-t°SvI≠v ]nSn-°-s∏´v tIkn¬ s]´p. ssa°nƒ tIkv Pbn-s®-¶nepwt\hn k¿∆o-kn¬\n∂pw ]pd-Ømbn. ]mem-bn¬ Cu¥p-¶¬ ]IpXnXd-hm- nse hoSpw ]dºpw t\m°n-\-SØn c≠p-h¿jw Ign-®-tijwssa°nƒ tPmen tXSn I¬°-´-bn -seØn. jmen-am¿ Sm¿t]mUIvSvkv Iº-\n-bn¬ tPmen°p tN¿∂p ssa°nƒ kq∏¿ssh-k¿ XkvXn-I-bn-seØn.

1958¬ ssa°nƒ Xriq¿ anjy≥ Izm¿t´-gvkn¬ Ccn-ßm-e-°p-S-°m-c≥ emk-dns‚ aIƒ eoesb hnhmlw Ign®p. Ah¿°vHma\ (tXkym) Fs∂mcp aI-fp-≠mbn. Hma\ ssa°nƒ _n.F.]Tn-®p. A¶-amen ap≠m-S≥ amXyp aI≥ tPmk^v 1985¬ hnhmlwsNbvXp. jmen-am¿ Iº-\n-bn¬\n∂v ]ncn™ tijhpw ssa°nƒI¬°-´m-bn¬ Xs∂ Xma-kn®p. 2000amt≠m-S-SpØv Ahn-sS-h®v

ac-W-s∏´p.

77


Cu¥p-¶¬ ]Ip-Xn-imJ˛CS-a-\-ØSw D]-imJ

sI.kn.tXmakv (sIm®v sXmΩ≥)W am°o-]p-fn-°¬ tXkym

_lp. am¿°-®≥ sI.‰n. ssa°nƒ sI.‰n. Cu∏≥(t__n sNdn-bm≥) W Ccn-ßm-e-°p-S-°m-c≥ W IS-\mSv NmØ≥Ip-t∂¬Aa-em-iaw, iocmKw emk¿ aIƒ eoe tXmakv ˛ adnbw aIƒXr»n-\m-∏≈n knknen

Hma\ (tXkym) sFhm≥ PnΩnH A¶-amen ap≠m-S≥amXyp aI≥ tPmk^v tPmhm≥ (]nb)

H Xpcp-Øn-sIm-®n-ØdtPmk^v ˛ tXkymaI≥ tPmtam≥

sI.‰n amXyp (Ip™p aØmbn) sI.-‰n. tXmakv (sXm-Ω-®≥ DΩ-®≥)W ap‰Øv tNm°m´v tPm¨ W hS-Ic Xtem-Snbn¬ aØmbnA∂Ω aIƒ tacn- Gen-°p´n aIƒ sken≥

tdmbn (tXmakv) cmPn tam≥kn (tXkym) UmenbW -sIm®n tImt∂mØv (Pq-en) H ]mem aqgbn¬ H Fd-Wm-IpfwtPm¨ aIƒ H tPmfn tXmakv aI≥ PntPm kXoivsPn shtdm\n aIƒ dnb (_©-an≥)

A≥Unb acnb tXmavAtPmbv tdmbn H Xe-\mSv Xmf-\m\n (A-\p-tamƒ)9-˛mw ¢mv hnZym¿∞n\n aI≥ tSman

tXmwk¨ tXmakv (A\n)W ate-∏-d-ºn¬ FkvX-∏m≥aIƒ an\n (ta-cn)

tUm¨ aIƒ aIƒ1-˛mw ¢mv Unb Zbm-tacnhnZym¿∞n\n LKG

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78


Cu¥p-¶¬ ]Ip-Xn-imJ ˛CS-a-\-ØSw D]-imJ

sI.‰n. Cu∏≥ (F´mw Xe-apd)

tXmakv tXkym Zº-Xn-I-fpsS aq∂m-asØ ]pX≥ Cu∏≥

XpS-ß-\mSv F¬.]n.kvIqfn¬\n∂pw \memw ¢mkv Pbn®v ap´w

kwkvIrX kvIqfn¬ tN¿∂p c≠p-h¿jw ]Tn®p. A∏≥ kzmX-

¥y-k-a-c-tk-\m-\n-bmbn \mSp-hn v t]mb-t∏mƒ ]T\w \n¿Øn hoSv

\S-Øn-∏n¬ AΩsb klm-bn®p. ]n∂oSv ]mem-bn¬ Cu¥p-¶¬

]IpXn Xd-hm- n-seØn A∏s‚ IqsS Ipd-®p-\mƒ Xma-kn®p. AXn-

\p-tijw tPmen tXSn ae-_m¿ taJ-e-bn-ep≈ A´-∏m-Sn-bn-seØn

AhnsS Xm¬°m-enI X]m¬ in]m-bn-bmbn ]Øp-h¿j-°m-e-

tØmfw tPmen t\m°n. \mń-te°p aS-ßn-h∂ Cu∏\v ]mem

Cu¥p-¶¬ ]IpXn Xd-hm-ńse hoSv hoX-Øn¬ Inń-b-Xn-\m¬

AhnsS ÿnc-Xm-a-k-am°n. 1976 am¿®n≥ Cu∏≥ IS-\m-ń¬

NmØ≥Ip-t∂¬ tXmakv ˛ adnbw aIƒ knkn-ensb hnhmlw

sNbvXp. Ch¿°v sFhm≥, PnΩn, tPmhm≥ (]nb) F∂n-ßs\

aq∂p a°-fp≠v. aqØ-a-I≥ sFhm≥ Ce-tŒm-Wn-Ivknepw jo‰v

sa‰¬ sh¬Unw-Knepw ]cn-io-e\w t\Sn-sb-¶nepw X¬°mew

hym]m-c-im-e-bn¬ IW-s°-gp-Øp-Im-c-\mbn tPmen sNøp∂p. A\p-

P≥ PnΩn d_¿ em‰Ivkv t]mk-knwKv Iº-\n-bn¬ tPmen

t\m°p∂p. Ah-cpsS ktlm-Zcn tPmhm≥ (]nb) Fw.F. ]co£

]mmbn Fd-Wm-Ip-f-Øp≈ e£van tlmkv]n-‰-en¬ ]n.B¿.H

Bbn tPmen sNøp∂p. ]nbsb, Nß-\m-t»cn Xpcp-Øn-bn¬

sIm®o-Ød hoń¬ tPmk^v ˛ sIm®p-tXkym aI≥ tPmtam≥

2011 tabv amk-Øn¬ hnhmlw sNbvXp. tPmtam≥ Fd-Wm-Ip-fØv

hnbm\n ]nse DtZym-K-ÿ-\mWv.

Cu∏≥ tN´≥ 2011 P\p-hcn 15˛mw XobXn Cl-tem-I-hmkw

shSn™p. ]mem Cf-t¥m´w ]≈n skan-tØ-cn-bn¬ kwkvI-cn®p.

79


sI.‰n. tXmakv (sXmΩ-®≥/DΩ-®≥) F´mw Xe-apd

sI.kn.tXmakv tXkym Zº-Xn-I-fpsS \mem-asØ ]pX≥

tXmakv XpS-ß-\mSv sk‚ v tXmakv Cw•ojv sslkvIq-fn¬\n∂v

Fkv.Fkv.F¬.kn. ]mmbn. sXmSp-]pg hSmØv Z¥-tUm-IvS¿

hn.hn.amXyp-hns‚ IqsS Z¥-Nn-In’ ]cn-io-en®v cPn-kvtS-j≥

hmßn ap´Øv U‚n-Ãmbn ]mIvSokv sNbvXp. a‰p ktlm-Z-c-ßƒ

Hmtcm kml-N-cy-ß-fn¬ hoSp-hn´p t]mb-t∏mƒ CS-a-Ø-S-Øn¬

ÿnc-ambn Xma-kn®v hoSv \S-Øn-∏n¬ sXmΩ-®≥ AΩsb klm-

bn®p. IqØm-´p-Ipfw hSIc Xtem-Snbn¬ aØmbn ˛ Gen-°pń

aIƒ skeo-s\ hnhmlw sNbvXp. Cu Zº-Xn-Iƒ°v tam≥kn

(tXkym), A\n¬ (tXmwk¨ tXmakv), Umenb, B≥Unb,

acnb (A\p-tamƒ) F∂n-ßs\ A©v k¥m-\-ß-fp≠v. s]ä-

°ƒ \mep-t]cpw \gvknw-Kn¬ ]cn-io-e\w t\Sn. A\n¬ N≈m-h-

b¬ sSIv\n-°¬ kvIqfn¬\n∂v πw_nw-Kn¬ ]cn-io-e\w t\Sn-sb-

¶nepw Ct∏mƒ Bwth F∂ Ata-cn-°≥ Iº-\n-bn¬ DtZym-Khpw

hnSp \S-Øn-∏p-ambn Ign-bp∂p. A\n¬ Be-t°mSv ate-∏-d-ºn¬

FkvX-∏m≥ aIƒ an\nsb (tacn-°pń) hnhmlw sNbvXp. Ch¿°v

Ist Std.bn¬ ]Tn-°p∂ tUm¨ F∂ ]pX\pw c≠v ]pXn-amcpw

(inip-°ƒ) D≠v. tXmakv ˛ sken≥ Zº-Xn-I-fpsS aqØ-a-Iƒ

tam≥knsb ]mem sk‚ v tXmakv IØo-U¬ ]≈n CS-hI

aqg-bn¬ tXmakv aI≥ PntPm hnhmlw sNbvXp. Ch¿°v aq∂p

k¥m-\-ß-fp≠v.

c≠m-asØ aIƒ Umen-bsb Fd-Wm-Ip-fØv I√p-¶¬ A¥-

∏m-bn-˛-d-Po\ aI≥ kXoiv (s_©-an≥) hnhmlw Ign®p. Cu Zº-

Xn-Iƒ°v c≠v ]pX-∑mcp≠v. Umenb Kƒ v taJ-e-bn¬ t\gvkmbn

tPmen sNbvXn-cp∂p. hnhm-l-tijw bp.Fkv.Fbn-seØn ¿Øm-

hn-s\m∏w UntSm-bv‰n¬ kz¥ambn hmßnb hoń¬ Xma-kn®v

tPmen XpS-cp∂p. aq∂m-asØ aIƒ B≥Unb \gvknwKv ]cn-io-

e\w Ign™v Kƒ^v taJ-e-bn¬ Ipd-®p-\mƒ tPmen t\m°n.

]n∂oSv t_mws_-bn¬ DtZym-K-ÿ-\mb Xe-\mSv Xmf-\m\nbn¬

tXma-kv-˛-G-en-bmΩ aI≥ tSman B≥Un-bsb hnhmlw sNbvXp.

Cu Zº-Xn-Iƒ°v Hcp aI-fp≠v. tXmakv ˛ sken≥ Zº-Xn-I-fpsS

\mem-asØ ]pXn acnb (A\p-tamƒ) _mwKvfq-cn¬\n∂pw \gvknwKv

80


_n.Fkvkn ]mkmbn Ct∏mƒ DØ-cm-JWvUv Kh. tlmkv]n-‰-

en¬ Ãm^v t\gvkmbn Ct∏mƒ Fd-Wm-Ipfw enn tlmkv]n-‰-en¬ tPmen sNøp∂p.

2010 Unkw-_¿ BZy-hm-c-Øn¬ ap´w SuWn¬h®v tdmU-]-I-S-Øn¬s∏´v hogvN-bn¬ Xebv°pw hmcn-sb-√p-Iƒ°pw tISp-]-‰nb \ne-bn¬ tIme-t©cn anj≥ Bip-]-Xn-bnse Xoh-]-cn-N-cW hn`m-K-Øn¬ Hcp amk-tØmfw NnIn-’-bn-em-bn-cp-s∂-¶nepwc£n-°m-\m-bn√; 2011 P\p-hcn 13\p A¥-cn®p. XpS-ß-\mSv sk‚ vtXmakv s^mtdm-\m-]≈n skan-tØ-cn-bn¬ 15\v ih-kw-kvImcw\SØn.

sI.‰n. amXyp (Ip™v aØmbn) F´mw Xe-apd

sI.kn.tXmakv tXkym Zº-Xn-I-fpsS A©m-asØ ]pX≥amXyp (Ip™p-a-Ømbn) XpS-ß-\mSv Cw•ojv sslkvIq-fn¬\n∂pwFkv.Fkv.F¬.kn. ]mkmbn ap´-Øp-\n∂p ssS∏vssd-‰nwKpw]Tn®p. ]©m-b-Øn¬ ¢m¿°mbn tN¿∂p. ]n∂oSv Xmeq°v B∏o-kn -te°v amdn . Ahn -sS -\n∂pw sIm®n -bn¬ ^nj-dokvUn∏m¿´vsa‚n¬ C≥kvs]-IvS-dmbpw XpS¿∂v Kk-‰Uv B∏o-k-dmbpw tkh-\-a-\p-jvTn®p. Kh. k¿∆o-kn¬\n∂p hnc-an-®-tijwamXyp Ipd-®p-Imew Fd-Wm-Ip-fØv tNmbokv Iº-\n-bn¬ Hmôkvamt\-P-cmbn tPmen t\m°n-bn-cp∂p. sXmSp-]pg ap´Øv tNm°m´vtPm¨ ˛ A∂Ω Zº-Xn-I-fpsS aIƒ tacnsb 1965¬ hnhmlwsNbvXv Fd-Wm-Ip-fØv Ff-a-°c (]mSw)bn¬ kz¥-ambn hoSv ]Wn-bn®v Xma-kn®p. amXyp tacn Zº-Xn-Iƒ°v tdmbn (tXmakv), cmPn(Pqen) F∂p c≠p a°-fp≠v.

tdmbn amXyp Fd-Wm-Ip-fØv hnZym- ym-khpw Ign™v _nkn-\-n¬ G¿s∏-ń -cn -°p∂p. If-a-t»-cn -bn¬ sIm®n≥ d_¿tImwπIvkv F∂ t]cn¬ d_¿ dot]m-k-nwKv ^mIvSdn \S-Øp∂p. tdmbn, Fd-Wm-Ip-fØv tXm∏pw-]Sn tImt∂mØv tPmäIƒ sPn (shtdm\n)sb hnhmlw sNbvXp. Cu Zº-Xn-Iƒ°vHº-Xmw-¢m-kn¬ ]Tn-°p∂ AtPmbv tdmbv Fs∂mcp aI-\p≠v.sPn AUz-t°-‰m-sW-¶nepw Ct∏mƒ ]mIvSokv sNøp-∂n√. amXyp-hns‚ aIƒ cmPn (Pqen)sb Ff-a-°c B‚Wn ˛ tdmknen aI≥tPmfn (tPmfn h¿Kokv) hnhmlw sNbvXp. cmPn Ff-a-°-c-bn¬

_yqń-]m¿e¿ \S-Øp∂p. Ip™p-a-Ømbn 2005 sabv amk-Øn¬

A¥-cn®p.

81


Cu¥p-¶¬ ]Ip-Xn-imJ˛Xos∏m-gn-°p∂v D]-imJ

sI.kn.h¿°nW I´-°bw ap]-bn¬

Nm®n (kn-kn-en)

sI.-hn. k°-dnbm sI.-hn. tPmk^v sI.-hn. amΩ≥W Xncp-h√m hmbv∏-\m-cn¬ (Ip-t™-∏v, sF∏v, tPmkv) W \ncWw ]qXn-tbm´vCu∏≥ ˛ Ipń-bΩ W Be∏pg ]pØ≥]p-c-bv°¬ sNdn-bm≥˛km-dmΩaIƒ Iq™q-™Ω (ta-cn) tP°p_p Nm≠n-˛-A-∂Ω aIƒ kzm\n (kq-k-Ω)

aIƒ Beokv (G-en-°p-ń)

tPm¨ k°-dnb F’n enn tPm¿÷v tPmk^v(tPm-bn-®≥) H hmgq¿ Xmc-aw-K-eØv H am\-¥-hmSn (tPm-Pp) W ssakq¿W sska¨ ]mSn-°v˛ aØmbn ˛a-dnbw aI≥ IpS-°-®nd cmakzman ]pjv]mB·v aIƒ A\ne tPmk^v (tPm) ^nen-∏v-˛-a-dnbw aIƒ joe(F-Un≥) aI≥ kndn-b°v

BZ¿iv IV std

A⁄p acnb tPm¨ A∂p Nn®p (kn-kn-en)H sNß-∂q¿ H Xncp-th-√m-a-Æn¬]qap-J-∏m-d-ºn¬ ]pØ≥]p-c-bv°¬\mWp- -am-[-h-∏-Wn-°¿ kJ-dn-b- -tim-imΩaI≥ hmkp-∏-Wn-°¿ aI≥ tPm¿÷v

an\n Fen-k-_Øv tPm¿÷v amΩ≥ tdmbn amΩ≥H ]pØ≥ho-ń¬ (tPmPn) W aptØmenDΩ-®≥˛ W am∂m¿ sXßn≥AΩnWn aI≥ a´-bv°¬ G_mlw tXm´-Øn¬Capt. ]n.-H. Nmt°m sIm®-∂mΩ tXma-kv˛(tam-\n) aIƒ Fen-k-_Øv dq_n aIƒ

(tc-J) \oa

tPmb¬ amΩ-≥ tPm¿÷v tdbm (inip) VIII std

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82


Cu¥p-¶¬ ]Ip-Xn-imJ ˛ N≈m-h-b¬(Xos∏m-gn-°p∂v) D]-imJ

sI.hn.k°-dnbm (Idnbm/kvIdnbm) F´mw Xe-apd

h¿°n ˛ Nm®n Zº-Xn-I-fpsS ]Ya ]pX≥ kvIdnb 1920¬

P\n®p. ]mem-bnepw ]n∂oSv tIm´bw Fw.Sn.skan-\mcn Cw•ojv

sslkvIq-fnepw ]Tn®v Fkv.Fkv.F¬.kn. ]mm-b-tijw D∏m-

∏≥ Cń sF∏ns‚ klm-b-tØmsS C¥y≥ sdbn¬th-bn¬

¢m¿°mbn tPmen-bn¬ ]th-in®p. sSÃp-Iƒ Pbn®v tÃj≥ amÃ¿

XkvXn-I-bn-seØn. 1948¬ Xncp-h√m NmØ-¶cn hmbv∏-\m-cn¬

Cu∏≥ ˛ Ipń-bΩ Zº-Xn-I-fpsS aqØ aIƒ Ip™q-™Ω

(tacn)sb hnhmlw sNbvXp. Ch¿°v F¬kn F∂ aIfpw tPm¨

(tPmbn-®\) F∂ aI\pw P\n®p.

]nXm-a-l≥ DWn-s®-dn-bXpw D∏m-∏≥ Cń sF∏pw t^m¿thUv

_m¶v F∂ ÿm]-\-hp-am-bp-≠m-bn-cp∂ tInepw IS-_m-≤yX

X¿°-Ønepw s]´v IjvS-s∏-´-t∏m-sg√mw kvIdnbm sdbn¬th

k¿ho-kn¬\n∂v Ah-[n-sb-SpØv \mń-seØn Ahsc klm-bn-®n-

cp-∂-Xn-\m-emImw kvIdn-b-bpsS A∏≥ h¿°n-bpsS hoX-Øn¬ h®n-

cp∂ Xo∏p-gn-°p∂v ]pc-bnSw Idn-bm-bp-tSbpw A\p-P-∑m-cp-tSbpw

t]cn¬ ]nXm-a-l≥ DWn-s®-dnb Fgp-Xn-h®p.

sdbn¬th tPmen-°m-eØv kvIdnbm ae-_m-dn¬ aÆm¿°mSv

Im™n-c-∏pg `mKØv kz¥-ambn hoSpw ]dºpw I≠hpw hmßn-

bn-cp∂p. Duń sh√nw-KvS-Wn¬ tÃj≥ amÃ-dmbn tPmen-bn-en-cn-

°p-tºmƒ kzbw hnc-an-°¬ ]≤Xn A\p-k-cn®v DtZymKw cmPn-

h®v kvIdn-bmbpw IpSpw-_hpw ae-_m-dn-seØn Xmakw XpSßn.

Ipd-®p-Im-e-Øn-\p-tijw Ahn-sS-\n∂pw IpSpw-_-k-taXw ssakq-

cn-seØn, A\p-P≥ sF∏ns‚ klm-b-tØmsS hoSp-h®v Xma-kn®v

tImtfPv hnZym¿Yn-Iƒ°p-th≠n ss]h‰v tlmÃ¬ \SØn. CXn-

\nsS \mń¬ A∏-≥ h¿°n-bpsS BtcmKyw tami-am-b-Xn-\m¬

IpSpw-_-k-taXw XpS-ß-\mSv N≈m-h-b-en¬ FØn hoSpw ]dºpw

t\m°n \S-Øp∂ Npa-Xe Gs‰-SpØp. A∏≥ h¿°n, aI≥ sF∏n-

t\m-sSm∏w Xma-kn-°m≥ ssakq-cn-te°pw amdn.

83


kvIdn-bm-bpsS aIƒ F¬kn tImb-º-Øq¿ H‰-∏mew F∂n-

hn-S-ß-fn¬ kvIqƒ hnZym-`ymkw ]q¿Øn-bm°n ssakq¿ doPn-\¬

tImtf-Pn¬\n∂pw _n.F._n.FUpw ]n∂oSv Fw.Fbpw ]mkmbn.

Xr»n-\m-∏≈n tlmfn-tImkv tImtf-Pn¬ eIvN-d¿ Bbn tPmen

t\m°p-tºmƒ, 1975 PqWn¬ hmgq¿ Xmc-aw-K-eØv aØmbn adnbw

Zº-Xn-I-fpsS aI≥ tPmk-^ns\ hnhmlw sNbvXp. At±lw

tkmtjym-f-Pn-bnepw F¬kn Xmc-aw-Kew Cw•ojv `mj-bnepw

]n.F®v.Un _ncpZw t\Sn. A[ym-]-\-hr-Øn-bn¬ G¿s∏- n-cn-°p∂p.

35 h¿j-tØmfw Im\-U-bn¬ ÿnc-Xm-a-k-am-°nb Cu Zº-Xn-

Iƒ°v ssa°nƒ F∂ ]pX\pw sae\n F∂ ]pXn-bp-ap≠v.

aI≥ tPm¨ (tPmbn-®≥) sXmSp-]pg Uot]mƒ Cw•ojv

sslkvIq-fn¬ kvIqƒ hnZym-`ymkw Ign™v ssakq¿ kn.]n.kn.

t]mfn-sS-Iv\n-°n¬ \n∂v Hmt´m-sam-ss_¬ F≥Pn-\o-b-dnw-Kn¬

Untπma ]mmbn Kƒ^v taJ-e-bn¬ c≠p-h¿j-tØmfw tPmen

sNbvX-tijw ssakq¿ Pmhm tamt´m¿ ssk°nƒ Iº-\n-bn¬

DtZym-K-ÿ-\mbn. tPmbn-®≥ ssakq¿ kn‰n-°-SpØv ÿnc-Xm-a-k-

am-°n-b-t∏mƒ \m´n-ep≈ hoSpw ]dºpw hn‰v kvIdnbm ]Xv\o-k-

taXw Ahn-tS°v amdn. hmb-\m-X-ev]-c-\m-bn-cp∂ kvIdn-bmbv°pw

]nXm-hn-s\-t∏mse \s√mcp ]pkvX-I-ti-Jcw D≠m-bn-cp∂p.

sI.hn.k°-dnb Ing-t°-°c Xmh-gn-N-cnXw F∂ ]pkvXIw FgpXn

1992¬ ]kn-≤o-I-cn®p. 1980 apX¬ lrtZmKw Ae- n-bn-cp-s∂-¶nepw

FgpØpw hmb-\bpw bmX-bp-ambn kZm I¿Ω-\n-c-X-\m-bn-cp∂

kvIdnbm 2003 s^_p-h-cn-bn¬ ac-W-Øn\p Iog-Sßn. ssakq¿

sk‚ v tPmk^v Zm-k\ ]≈n skan-tØ-cn-bn¬ ih-kw-kvImcw

\SØn.

Cu¥p-¶¬ ]Ip-Xn-imJ ˛ssakq¿ D]-imJ

tPm¨ k°-dnbm (tPmbn-®≥) HºXmw Xe-apd

F´mw Xe-apd k°-dnbm Ip™q-™Ω Zº-Xn-I-epsS ]pX-

\mbn 1959˛¬ P\n®p. aÆm¿°mSv, ssakq¿, sXmSp-]pg Uot]mƒ

Cw•ojv sslkvIqƒ F∂n-hn-S-ß-fn¬ kvIqƒ hnZym-`ymkw

84


]q¿Øn-bm°n ssakq¿ kn.]n.kn. t]mfn-sS-Iv\n-°n¬\n∂v Hmt´m-

sam-ss_¬ F≥Pn-\o-b-dnw-Kn¬ Untπmam t\Sn. Kƒ v taJ-e-bn¬

c≠p-h¿j-tØmfw tPmen sNbvX-tijw ssakq¿ Pmhm tamt´m¿

ssk°nƒ Iº-\n-bn¬ DtZym-K-ÿ-\mbn. am\-¥-hm-Sn-bn¬\n∂pw

ssakq-cn¬ ÿnc-Xm-a-k-am-°nb ^m¶v hn√-bn¬ sska¨ ]mSn-

°n-s‚bpw BKv\-n-s‚bpw ]pXn A\ne (FUn≥)sb 1989 HIvtSm-

_-dn¬ hnhmlw sNbvXp. Cu Zº-Xn-Iƒ°v 1991 G]n-en¬ ARvPp

acnb tPm¨ F∂ ]pXn P\n®p. ssakq-cn¬ kvIqƒ hnZym- ymkw

Ign™v ARvPp ]q\m knº-tbm-knkv C‚¿\m-j-W¬ bqWn-th-

gvkn-‰n-bn¬\n∂pw _n._n.F _ncpZw t\Sn.

ssakq¿ Pmhm tamt´m¿ ssk°nƒ ^mIvS -dn -bpsS

]h¿Ø\w \ne-®-t∏mƒ _n¿f bal Iº-\n-bn¬ tPmbn-®≥

Gcnbm amt\-P-cmbn tPmen sNbvX-tijw Ct∏mƒ IotÃm¨ Kq∏v

dnb¬ FtÃ‰v sUh-e-]vsa‚ v Iº-\n-bn¬ tPmen t\m°n-h-cp∂p.

k¶ev]m sk≥S¬ ]m¿°v F∂p t]cp≈ A∏m¿´vsa‚p-Ifpw

amfp-Ifpw AS-ßnb an\n Su¨ jn∏v sUe-h-]vsa‚ v Iº-\n-bpsS

Xe-h-\mbn Ct∏mƒ tPmen sNbvXp-h-cp∂p. amXm-hn-t\m-sSmØv

IpSpw-_-k-taXw ssakq¿ kn‰n-°-SpØv \mbn-Up-\-K-dn¬ Xma-kn-

°p∂p.


]^. sI.hn.tPmk^v (Ipt™∏v, sF∏v, tPmkv)

F´mw Xe-apd

h¿°n Nm®n Zº-Xn-I-fpsS ZznXob ]pX≥ tPmk v 1928¬

P\n®p. sXmSp-]pg, Xncp-h√ F∂n-hn-S-ß-fn¬ kvIqƒ hnZym-`ym-

khpw Nß-\m-t»cn sk‚ v _¿°vsa≥kv, ssakq¿ sk‚ v ntem-

an-\mkv F∂n-hn-S-ß-fn¬ tImfPv hnZym-`ym-khpw Ign™v ]Tn®

Iem-im-e-bn¬ Xs∂ t_m´Wn Un∏m¿´vsa‚n¬ Utam¨kvtS-

‰¿ XkvXn-I-bn¬ tPmen°p tN¿∂p. tPmk v Be-∏pg ]pØ≥]p-

c-bv°¬ tP°_v Nm≠n A∂Ω Zº-Xn-I-fpsS aIƒ Beo-kns\

(Gen-°p´n) 1957¬ hnhmlw sNbvXp. c≠p-h¿jw sk‚ v ^ntem-

85


an-\m-kn¬\n∂pw Ah-[n-sb-SpØv ]Tn®v ssakq¿ bqWn-th-gvkn-‰n-

bn¬\n∂pw Fw.Fkvkn _ncpZw t\Sn eIvN-d¿ XkvXn-I-bn-seØn.

]n∂oSv ]^-kdpw Un∏m¿´vsa‚ v Xe-h-\p-ambn k¿∆o-kn¬\n∂v

hnc-an®p. ssakq¿ kn‰n-°-SpØv F≥.B¿.saml-√-bn¬ kz¥-ambn

]Wn-bn® B≥hn-√-bn¬ Xma-kn-°p∂p.

tPmk^v ˛ Beokv Zº-Xn-Iƒ°v enn, A\p, Nn®p F∂o

aq∂p s]Ïp-ń-Ifpw tPmPp (tPm¿÷v) Fs∂mcp ]pX-\p-ap≠v.

enn t_m´-Wn-bn¬ Fw.Fkvkn _ncpZw t\Sn ssakq¿ alm-

dmWn tImtf-Pn¬ ]Tn-∏-°p-tºmƒ, ]mem-bn¬\n∂pw am\-¥-hm-Sn-

bn¬ IpSn-tbdn ÿnc-Xm-a-k-am-°nb IpS-°-®nd ^nen∏v kmdn-

s‚bpw `mcy adn-b-Øn-t‚bpw aI≥ kuØv C¥y≥ _m¶v DtZym-

K-ÿ≥ kndn-b°v _n.F.sb hnhmlw sNbvXp. Ah¿°v ]qP

Fs∂mcp ]pXnbpw hnthIv Fs∂mcp ]pX-\p-ap≠v.

c≠m-asØ ]pXn A∂p tPmk^v Fw.Fkvkn (kv]o®v

B‚ v lob-dnwKv) sNß-∂q-cn¬\n∂pw ate-jy-bn¬ IpSn-tbdn

AhnsS ÿnc-Xm-a-k-am-°nb ]qap-J-∏-d-ºn¬ \mWp ˛ am[-hn-∏-

Wn-°¿ Zº-Xn-I-epsS aI≥ hmkp-∏-Wn-°¿ _n.F.sb hnhmlw

sNbvXv ssakq¿ kn‰n-°-Sp-Øp≈ ^mw lukn¬ Xma-kn-°p∂p.

Cu Zº-Xn-Iƒ°v inev], IhnX F∂n-ßs\ c≠p s]ä-°-fp≠v.

hmkp-∏-Wn-°¿ ate-jy-bn¬ tPmen XpS-cp∂p.

aq∂m-asØ aIƒ Nn®p (knknen) _n.tImans\ Xncp-h√

Imhpw- mKw aÆn¬ ]pØ≥]p-c-bv°¬ kJ-dnb timimΩ aI≥

tPm¿÷v hnhmlw sNbvXp. Ccp-hcpw Zp_m-bn¬ tPmen sNøp∂p.

Ch¿°v kam¥m, sÃ^v\n F∂o c≠p a°-fp≠v.

""hnhm-ln-X-\m-Ip-tºmƒ Xp—-i-º-f-°m-c-\mb tPmk v km¿

tlmÃ¬ \S-Ønbpw ÿm]-\-ßƒ°pw hy‡n-Iƒ°pw sIń-S-ßƒ

]Wn-bn®v sImSpØpw Syqj-s\-SpØpw Nne-hns‚ hnShv \nIØn.

43˛mw hb-n-emWv ¢mtmsS Fw.Fkvkn _ncpZw t\Sn Ct±lw

DtZym-K-°-b-‰-Øn\p A¿l-\m-bXv. AXn-cm-hn-sebpw sshIo´pw

Cu c≠p ¢mkp-I-fn-embn Ccp-∂q-tdmfw t]¿°v Syqj-s\-SpØpw

15 Intem-ao-‰¿ AIse t]mbn c≠m-≠p-Iƒ ]Tn®v A¿l-amb

am¿°v t\Sn. A\p-tam-Z-\m¿l-amb, A\p-I-c-Wo-b-amb ITn\

]bXv\w.'' (Ing-t°-°c Xmhgn NcnXw ˛ t]Pv 100).

86


Cu¥p-¶¬ ]Ip-Xn-imJ ˛ ssakq¿D]-imJ

tPm¿÷v tPmk^v (tPmPp) _n.C. HºXmw Xe-apd

tPmk^v ˛ Beokv Zº-Xn-I-epsS ]pX≥ tPmPp ssakq-

dn¬ kvIqƒ hnZym-`ym-khpw Zmh¨Kmsc F≥Pn-\o-b-dnwKv tImtf-

Pn¬\n∂v _n.C (sa°m-\n-°¬)epw ]mmbn t•mtSm-WnIvkv B¿

& Un Un∏m¿´vsa‚n¬ tPmen-bn¬ ]th-in®p. sdan-MvS¨ Iº-\n-

bn¬ tPmen sNøp-tºmƒ, s\kte Iº\n DtZym-K-ÿbpw

ssakq¿ cma-kzman ˛ ]pjv]m Zº-Xn-I-fpsS aI-fp-amb joe

Fw._n.Fsb hnhmlw sNbvXp. ]pX-\mb BZ¿iv hnZym¿Yn-

bmWv. Ct∏mƒ tPmPp Be-∏pg hn.B¿.F¬ kvss]kkv t]mk-

knwKv B≥Uv FIvkvt]m¿ńwKv Iº-\n-bn¬ P\-d¬ amt\-P-cmbn

tPmen sNbvXp-sIm≠v Fd-Wm-Ipfw ˛ Im°-\m´v kz¥-ambn

hmßnb hoń¬ Xma-kn-°p∂p.


sI.hn.amΩ≥ (F´mw Xe-apd)

h¿°n ˛ Nm®n Zº-Xn-I-fpsS aq∂m-asØ ]pX≥ amΩ≥

1932¬ P\n®p. Xncp-h√ ]n≥kv am¿Øm-WvU-h¿Ω sslkvIq-

fn¬\n∂v kwÿm\ kvtImf¿jn-t∏msS Fkv.Fkv.F¬.kn.

]mkmbn. Beph bqkn-tI-tfPv, aZmkv InkvXy≥ tImtfPv F∂n-

hn-S-ß-fn¬ ]Tn®v _n.Fkvkn _ncpZw t\Sn. tIµ Kh¨sa‚ v

cmPy-c-£m-h-Ip-∏n\p Iogn-ep≈ Izmfn‰n I¨tSmƒ Ub-d-IvS-td-

‰n¬ sSIv\n-°¬ kq∏¿ssh-k-dmbn 1957¬ tPmen Inń. t_mws_,

aZmkv, _mwKvfq¿, Im¨]q¿, sIm®n F∂n-hn-S-ß-fn¬ tPmen

sNbvXp. 1986˛1992 hsc Fd-Wm-Ipfw _m©v B∏o-kns‚ B∏o-

k¿ C≥ Nm¿÷m-bn-cp∂p 1992¬ dn´-b¿ sNbvXp. N≈m-h-b¬

87


Ih-ebv°v ASpØv IpSpw-_-kz-Øn¬ Hml-cn-bmbn In´nb ÿeØv

hoSp-h®v Xma-kn-°p∂p.

amΩ≥ 1962 Unkw-_-dn¬ \ncWw ]qXn-tbm´v sNdn-bm≥ ˛

kmdmΩ aIƒ kzm\n (kqkΩ)sb hnhmlw sNbvXp. Cu Zº-Xn-

Iƒ°v an\n (Fen-k-_Øv) F∂ aIfpw tPmPn (tPm¿÷v), tdmbn

(sNdn-bm≥) F∂o c≠p ]pX-∑mcpw D≠v. an\n Fd-Wm-Ipfw,

Im¨]q¿ F∂n-hn-S-ß-fn¬ kvIqƒ hnZym- ymkw Ign™v aZm-kn¬

sshjvWh tImtf-Pn¬\n∂v _n.Fkvknbpw ]kn-U≥kn tImtf-

Pn¬\n∂v dmt¶msS Fw.Fkvkn (t_m´Wn)bpw ]mmbn. aZmkv

bqWn-th-gvkn-‰n-bn¬\n∂v Fw.^n¬ t\Sn. an\n hna≥kv InkvXy≥

tImtf-Pn¬ A≤ym-]n-I-bmbpw ]n∂oSv Fd-Wm-Ip-fØv F.hn.Sn.Iº-

\n-bn¬ dntk¿®v Akn-Ã‚mbpw ]h¿Øn®p. 1995¬ tIm´bw

knFw.Fkv tImtf-Pn¬ eIvN-d-dmbn tN¿∂p. 2010¬ t_m´-Wn-

bn¬ ]n.F®v.Un. _ncpZw t\Sn Atkm-kn-tb‰v ]^-k¿ XkvXn-

I-bn¬ tPmen sNøp∂p. amth-en-°-c-\n∂pw _mwKvfq-cn¬ Xma-k-

am-°nb ]pØ≥ho-´n¬ DΩ-®≥ ˛ AΩnWn Zº-Xn-I-fpsS aI≥

Iym]v‰≥ ]n.H.Nmt°m (tam\n) 1988¬ an\nsb hnhmlw sNbvXp.

Ch¿°v \oXn, \o¬ F∂o c≠p a°-fp≠v.

tPmPn (tPm¿÷v amΩ≥) Fd-Wm-Ipfw, Im¨]q¿ F∂n-hn-

S-ß-fn¬ kvIqƒ hnZym-`ymkw Ign™v sXmSp-]pg \yqam≥ tImtf-

Pn¬\n∂v _n.F.bpw sIm®n≥ bqWn-th-gvkn-‰n-bn¬\n∂v lnµn-bn¬

¢mtmsS Fw.F.bpw ]mmbn. 1995¬ alm-flm-Km‘n bqWn-th-

gvkn-‰n-bn¬\n∂v ]n.F®v.Un. _ncp-Zhpw t\Snb tPmPn Ipd-®p-\mƒ

am∂m\w sI.C.tImtf-Pn¬ Xm¬°m-enI XkvXn-I-bn¬ tPmen

sNbvX-tijw Imk¿tKmUv cmP-]pcw sk‚ v ]bv sS≥Xv tImtf-

Pn¬ lnµn eIvN-d-dmbn tN¿∂p. Ct∏mƒ Atkm-kn-tb‰v ]^-

k¿ XkvXn-I-bn¬ tPmen t\m°p∂p. 1996¬ tPmPn Xncp-h√m

am∂m¿ a´-bv°¬ G_lmw ˛ sIm®-∂mΩ Zº-Xn-I-fpsS aIƒ

tcJ (Fen-k-_Øv) Fw.Fn _n.FÕns\ hnhmlw sNbvXp.

Ch¿°v F´mw ¢mkn¬ ]Tn-°p∂ tPmb¬ amΩ≥ tPm¿÷v

Fs∂mcp aI-\p≠v.

amΩ≥ ˛ kzm\n Zº-Xn-I-fpsS Cfb aI≥ tdmbn aZmkv,

88


sXmSp]pg Uot]mƒ F∂n-hn-S-ß-fn¬ kvIqƒ hnZym- ymkw Ign™v

aqe-a‰w sk‚ v tPmk- vkn¬\n∂v ]oUnKn ]mmbn F≥S≥kv

]co-£-sb-gpXn AUvan-j\p tbmKyX t\Sn. tamU¬ F≥Pn-\o-b-

dnwKv tImtf-Pn¬ ]Tn-°p-tºmƒ Kpcp-X-c-amb BIvkn-U‚n¬s∏´v

Hcp h¿jw ]Tn-∏p-ap-Sßn.

1995¬ Iw]yq-´¿ F≥Pn-\o-b-dmbn tPmen Inń t_mws_-bn-

seØn. ]n∂oSv sF_nFw Iº-\n-bn¬ tPmen-Inń _mwKvfq-cn-te°v

amdn. AtX Iº-\n-bn¬ tPmen-bn-en-cnt° bp.Fkv.Fbn-te°v

t]mIm≥ Ah-kcw e`n®p. t_mÃ-Wn¬ tPmen-bn-en-cn-°p-tºmƒ

]mem aptØmen sXßn≥tXm-´-Øn¬ tXmakv ˛ dq_n aIƒ

\oasb 1999 Unkw-_-dn¬ hnhmlw sNbvXp. Cu Zº-Xn-Iƒ°v

tdbm Fs∂mcp aIƒ (inip) D≠v. tdmbn Ct∏mƒ Imen-t^m¿Wn-

bm-bn¬ sF.Un.Sn (C‚-tK-‰Uv Unsshkv sSIvt\m-fPn) Iº-\n-

bn¬ Ce-tŒm-WnIvkv Unssk≥ F≥Pn-\o-b-dmbn tPmen sNbvXp-

sIm≠v kz¥-ambn hmßnb hoń¬ Xma-kn-°p∂p.

Cu¥p-¶¬ ]Ip-Xn-imJ ˛sF°c D]-imJ

sI.sP.sNdn-bm≥ (F´mw Xe-apd)

Cń sF∏v Ipt™-en-bmΩ Zº-Xn-I-fpsS aqØ-]p-X≥ sNdn-

bm≥ 1944¬ P\n®p. kvIqƒ ˛ tImtfPv hnZym-`ymk ImeØv ]Tn-

∏n-s\m∏w kvt]m¿Svknepw sKbnw-knepw sNdn-bm≥ ]mhoWyw

\ne-\n¿Øn. saU-ep-Ifpw I∏p-Ifpw jo¬Up-Ifpw hmcn-°qń taf-

I-fn¬ Nmºy-\mbn. 1962¬ Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw F≥Pn-\o-b-dnwKv tImtf-

Pn¬ kvt]m¿Svkv tIzm´m-bn¬ AUvan-j≥ t\Sn. _n.Fkvkn

(F≥Pn) F∂ ]©-h-’c tIm¿gvkv ]mmb sNdn-bm≥ 1973¬

CS-a-‰Øv ]pen-°p-t∂¬ Idnbm ˛ ImX-ssd≥ Zº-Xn-I-fpsS aIƒ

ssee (tdmk)sb hnhmlw sNbvXp. ssee-tbm-sSm∏w tPmen

ÿe-amb Im\-Um-bn-se-Ønb sNdn-bm-®≥ Hm‚m-dntbm k¿°m¿

sshZypXn tIµ-Øn¬ hn`h kwtbm-P-I≥ (s^kn-en-‰okv

tIm˛Hm¿Un-t\-‰¿) Bbn DtZym-K-ÿ-\mbn. sNdn-bm≥ ˛ ssee

Zº-Xn-am¿°v kRvPbv ˛ tPmk^v sNdn-bm≥, tkmWnb Fen-k-

89


t_Øv sNdn-bm≥ F∂o c≠p a°-fp≠v. Ch¿ hf¿∂Xpw hnZym-

`ymkw sNbvXXpw Im\-U-bn-emWv. c≠p-t]-cp-tSbpw hnhm-lhpw

Ahn-sS-h®v Xs∂ \S∂p. tkmWn-bsb Umd≥ BWv hnhmlw

sNbvXXv. kRvPbv Imjmsb hnhmlw sNbvXp. Ah¿°v eq°m,

ARvPen, ^nen∏v F∂o aq∂p k¥m-\-ß-fp≠v.

sI.bp.tPmk^v (C´n sF∏v)

w- shfp-tØ-SØv ]d-ºn¬

Gen (Ipt™-en-bmΩ)

sI.sP.sNdn-bm≥ sI.sP.tPmkv (]m∏-®≥)

w ]pen-°p-t∂¬ ssee (tdmkv) W Gdp-ºp-dØv Ip™q-™Ω

(tdmk)

kRvPbv tkmWnb [\y hnZy Fw._n.F

w Imjm H - Umd≥ H tPmkv

sk_m-Ãy≥

(Pn°p) hn\oXv Fw._n.F

eq°m ARvPen ^nen∏v (]mem HDFC Fwtπmbn).

Cu¥p-¶¬ ]Ip-Xn-imJ ˛sF°c D]-imJ

sI.sP.tPmkv (]m∏-®≥) (F´mw Xe-apd)

C´n sF∏v ˛ Ipt™-en-bmΩ Zº-Xn-I-fpsS ZznXob ]pX≥

tPmkv (]m∏-®≥) 1945¬ P\n®p. ]mem sk‚ v tXmakv sslkvIq-

fn¬ kvIqƒ hnZym-`ym-khpw sk‚ v tXmakv tImtf-Pn¬\n∂v

]n.bp.kn.bpw ]mmbn am¿°p-I-fpsS ta∑-bn¬ Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw

F≥Pn-\o-b-dnwKv tImtf-Pn¬ AUvan-j≥ t\Sn. ]©-h-’c tImgvkv

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90


Bb _n.Fkvkn (F≥Pn ˛ sa°m-\n-°¬) ]mmbn, tImgn-t°m-

´p≈ amhq¿ dtbm¨kv ^mIvS-dn-bn¬ DtZym-K-ÿ-\mbn. c≠-c-

h¿j-tØmfw AhnsS tPmen sNbvX-tijw ]m∏-®≥ sIm®n≥

jn∏v bm¿Un¬ Akn. F≥Pn-\o-b-dmbn tN¿∂p. 1976 s^_p-h-cn-

bn¬ tPmkv sXmSp-]pg ap´w Gdp-ºp-dØv Hutk∏v ˛ tdmk aIƒ

Ip™q-™-Ωsb hnhmlw sNbvXp. Cu Zº-Xn-Iƒ°v [\y (Fen-

k-t_Øv) hnZy (tdmk), hn\oXv tPmkv tPmk^v F∂o aq∂p

a°-fp≠v.

sIm®n≥ jn∏ym¿Un¬\n∂pw dn´-b¿sNbvX tPmkv ]mem

SuWn-\-SpØv alm-dmWn Xntb-‰-dn-t\mSv tN¿∂v kz¥-am-bp≈

ho´n¬ Xma-kn-°p∂p.

tPmkv Ip™q-™Ω Zº-Xn-I-fpsS aqØ-a-Iƒ [\y ]mem

A¬t^m≥km tImtf-Pn¬\n∂v _n.Fkvknbpw tIm´bw

kn.Fw.Fkv tImtf-Pn¬\n∂v Fw.Fkvkn _ncp-Zhpw t\Sn. ]pfn-

¶p∂v aW-Ød ho´n¬ kÆn-®≥ ˛ A∂mΩ Zº-Xn-I-fpsS aI≥

tPmkv sk_m-Ãy≥ (Pn°p) [\ysb hnhmlw sNbvXp. Cu Zº-

Xn-Iƒ Cw•-≠n¬ Xma-kn-°p∂p. Cfb aIƒ hnZy ]mem

A¬t^m≥km tImtf-Pn¬\n∂v _n.Fkvknbpw Xncp-h√m XpI-

e-ticn amIv^mÃv tImtf-Pn¬\n∂v Fw._n.F.bpw ]mmbn

_mwKvfq-cn¬ tPmen sNøp∂p. aI≥ hn\oXv tPmkv tPmk v ]mem

sk‚ v tXmakv sslkvIq-fn¬\n∂v kvIqƒ ]T\w Ign™v Dg-

hq¿ sk‚ v Ão^≥kv tImf-Pn¬\n∂v _n.F.bpw sk‚ v In‰vkn¬

\n∂v Fw._n.Fbpw ]mmbn ]mem F®v.Un.F v.kn.bn¬ tPmen

sNøp∂p.

95


Ing-t°-°c ssItXm-en¬ imJ

Ing-t°-°c ]pØ≥]p-c-bv°¬ Gen ˛ Cu∏-∑m-cpsS aq∂m-

asØ aI≥ Cń sF∏pw mcy sIg-h≥Ipfw s\Sp-ºp-dØv aØmbn

aIƒ Genbpw kpam¿ 1895˛¬ ssItXm-en-te°p amdp-tºmƒ

Ah¿°v c≠p ]pX-∑m-cp≠v. apºv B hoń¬ Xma-kn-®n-cp∂ t]c-

∏s‚ t]cp-Im-c≥ apØ-a-I≥ Cń-sF∏pw c≠m-a≥ ape-Ip-Sn-°p∂

aØm-bnbpw. t\sc tN´≥ DWn-s®-dn-b-bnepw A\p-P≥ aØm-bn-

bnepw "\ndhpw hÆhpw Ipdhv, A©Sn c≠n-©p-Im-c≥ Cń sF∏n-

\mWv; sIń-h-∂-h-cn¬ IqSp-X¬ \ndw `mcybv°pw. DWn-s®-dn-b-Xn-

s\-t∏mse Cń-sF∏pw a\-bv°-°-≠-Ønse hoXw Dt]-£n®v h≠-

a-‰Øv hkvXp-hm-ßm≥ ian®p. XpS-ß-\m-ń-seØn tNcn-°¬

taSn®p. Nph-∂-πm-°¬ Nmt°m h¿Ko-kn-t\mSv 1910 Unkw-_-dn¬

25 G°¿ ae-hmcw hmßn. B[mcw \S-Øn-bXp Im\-Øp-Im-Sn\pw

Gev]n-®p-sIm-Sp-ØXv h≈n-∏m-d-bp-amWv. Im\-Øpw-ImSv ]pØn-¶¬

anJm-tb¬ ssIh-i-am-bn-cp∂p. AXv ssIhiw In´m≥ Cń-sF∏v

tIkp-sIm-SpØp. hn[n-bm-Im≥ B≠p-Iƒ \o≠p. F¶nepw 1912¬

as‰mcp B[mcw \SØn h≈n-∏md ÿnc-s∏-SpØn. AhnsS aqt∂-

°¿ BZy-th-en-°Iw XpSßn. 1914¬ aqt∂-°¿IqsS c≠mw then-

°Iw FSpØp. Aßs\ Btd-°¿ Cń sF∏v tZl-WvUn-∏n®p.

_m°n ImSmbn InS∂p. AXv aqØ-a-I≥ `mcym-k-taXw h∂p

]m¿Øp-I-gn™v tZl-WvUn-∏n®p I≠w \ncØn. 1910 ao\-Øn¬

Cń-sF∏v Imcn-t°mSv ]h¿Øn CS-∏-≈n-I-c-bn¬ sImc- n-bn¬ \mb-

∑m¿ ]fl-\m-`≥, IrjvW≥, DÆqen F∂n-h-tcmSp Ip‰n-°mSp ae-

hmcw 16 G°¿ hmßn. DÆq-en-bpsS A\p-P-Øn-bpsS ]mb-]q¿Øn-

bmb a°sf I£n tN¿Øn√. AXn\p tImbn. ÿew tZl-

WvUn-®n√. hmc-Øn\p sImSpØpw BZm-b-sa-SpØpw InS∂p. 1925¬

\mb¿Ø-d-hm- p-Im¿ Btfm-lcn mKn-°m≥ \nbaw h∂p. At∏mƒ

Hmtcm-cp-Ø-cp-tSbpw Hmlcn hmßn tIkv Xo¿Øp.

1914˛¬ Cń-sF-∏ns‚ aq∂pw \mepw k¥m-\-ß-ƒ Genbpw

tXma-kp-a-S°w Im\m-´p-]m-d-bv°-Sp-Øp≈ Ipd-®-[nIw Ipń-Isf

]mem Su¨ k¿°m¿ ae-bmfw ]≈n-°q-S-Øn¬ ÿe-an-√m-Ø-Xn-

\m¬ tN¿Øn√. ]nXm-°ƒ Iq´-l¿÷n-bn-eqsS ]cm-Xn-s∏´p.

96


C≥kvs]-IvS¿ Ahsc H∂n-®p-h-cpØn. Im\m- p-]md Xcn-imbn InS-

°p∂ ÿeØv Hcp kvIqƒ sIńSw ]Wn-bn-°m≥ D]-tZ-in®p.

A\p-hm-Zhpw klm-bhpw k¿°m-cn¬\n∂pw hmßn-s°m-Sp-°m-

sa∂p hmKvZm\w sNbvXp. ]nXm-°ƒ tbmKw IqSn. kvIqƒsI-ńSw

]Wn°v ssItXm-en¬ Cń-sF∏v, ]tg-ssI-tXm-en¬ Iptcy∏v,

Ipt∂¬ Cń-sF∏v, ]oSn-I-bn¬ Cń-sF∏v, ]pXp-a\ t]mØ≥,

tXm∏n¬ Ip™p-sIm®p sshZy≥, ]pØ≥]p-c-bv°¬ aØmbn,

sIm´m-c-Øn¬ Iptcy∏v sXmΩ≥ F∂n-hsc IΩn-‰n-°m-cmbpw Ing-

t°-°c ssItXm-en¬ Cń sF∏ns\ amt\-Pcpw JPm≥Pn-bp-ambpw

]Sn-™m-sd-°c sIm´m-c-Øn¬ Iptcy∏v sXmΩs\ skI- -dn-bmbpw

Xnc-s™-SpØp. 1915 am¿®v 22se 2342/63˛mw \º¿ DØ-c-hn≥]-

Imcw Xcn-in¬ sIńSw ]Wn-bm\pw klm-b-[\w 250 cq]bpw

k¿°m¿ A\p-h-Zn®p. ]ncn-s®-SpØpw ia-Zm\w \S-Ønbpw sIń-

Sw-]Wn ]ptcm-K-an®p. ac-∏Wn ASp-Øp≈ Cń-sF-∏ns‚ hoń¬h®v

\SØn. Ah¿°pw I√m-im-cn-am¿°pw a‰p ]Wn-°m¿°pw Cń-sF-

∏ns‚ hoń¬ Blmcw sImSpØp. A∂p Blm-c-an-√msX ]Wn-

∏o-cn√. skI-´dn sIm´m-c-am-bn-cp-s∂-¶nepw IW°pw Fgp-Øp-

IpØpw Cń-sF∏v \SØn. Ah At±-l-Øns‚ kq£n-∏n¬\n∂p

Inń. 1916 A≤y-b-\-h¿jm-cw-`-Øn¬ sIńSw Xo¿∂p. k¿°m¿,

A≤ym-]-Isc \nb-an®p. B B≠n¬ ]Tn-∏ocpw XpSßn. Cu∏≥km-

dm-bn-cp∂ BZy ]Y-am-≤ym-]-I≥. Atß-cpsS mcy A≤ym-]n-Ibpw.

kao] hoSp-I-fnse (Ing-t°-°-c-I-fn-tebpw) Ipń-Iƒ ChnsS

]Tn®p. Ing-t°-°c ]pØ≥]p-c-bv°¬ \mep ktlm-Z-c-cnepw IqSp-

X¬ kap-Zmb k`m tkh-\-ßƒ \S-Øn-bXv Cń-sF-∏mWv.

Cń-sF-∏ns‚ aqØ-a-I≥ Cń-sF∏pw c≠m-a≥ aØm-bnbpw

]mem Su¨ k¿°m¿ ae-bmfw ]≈n-°q-S-Øn¬ ]Tn®p \memw-

Xcw Pbn®p. ]≈n hI sk‚ v tXmakv Cw•ojv kvIqfn¬ tN¿∂p.

A∂Xv anUn¬ kvIqfmWv. sk°‚n¬ ]Tn-°p-tºmƒ Cń-sF∏v

]T\w \n¿Øn A∏s‚ klm-b-Øn-s\Øn. aØmbn tX¿Uv Pbn®v

Nß-\m-F-t»cn sk‚ v _¿°p-sa≥kn¬ tN¿∂p. C.Fkv.F¬.kn

Pbn®p. A∂Xv sslkvIq-fmWv. AhnsS s]‰n-sk-an-\m-cn-bn¬

tN¿∂p ]utcm-ln-Xy-]-T\w XpSßn. hcm-∏pg skan-\m-cn-bn¬

]q¿Øn-bm°n. Cń-sF∏v Ggm-t®-cn¬ s\Sp-º≈n s]mdn-©p-hns‚

97


aIƒ adn-b-Øns\ IeymWw Ign®p. Cń-sF-∏ns‚ GI-a-Iƒ,

hoń¬ Ip™mΩ F∂p-hn-fn-°p∂ Gensb s]cp-h-¥m-\Øv hS-

°-bn¬ tPmk-^ns‚ aI≥ kvIdn-bm-sb-s°m≠v sIń®p. Gen-˛-

kvI-dnb Zº-Xn-Iƒ°v Ip™q™v (tPm-k-^v), Ipń-b-®≥, F∂o

c≠m¨ a°-fmWv D≈-Xv. Ip™q™v Imf-sIń Xpcp-Øn-bn¬

A∂-°p- nsb hnhmlw sNbvXp. tPmk- v- -A-∂-°pń Zº-Xn-Iƒ°v

kvIdn-bm-®≥ (_m¶v DtZym-K-ÿ≥), amØ-®≥ (F-©n-\o-b¿),

sSÕn (Ir-jn, I®-h-Sw) F∂o aq∂m¨ a°fpw c≠v s]ä-°-fp-

am-Wp-≈-Xv. Ip™q™v 1989 BKÃv 26-˛\v \ncym-X-\m-bn. s]cp-h-

¥m\w ]≈n-bn¬ kwkvI-cn -®p. A∂-°p-ń -˛ -C -fb aI≥

sSÕnbpsamØv I∏mSv Xma-kn-°p-∂p. kvIdn-b- -Gen Zº-Xn-I-fpsS

c≠m-asØ ]pX≥ Im™n-c-∏≈n Icn-∏m-∏-d-ºn¬ tagvknsb

hnhmlw sNbvXp. Ah¿°v aq∂mÏp-ń-I-fm-Wp-≈-Xv. Irjnbpw

I®-h-S-hp-ambn s]m≥Ip-∂Øv Xma-kn-°p-∂p. aq∂m-asØ aI≥

tXmakv ]mem sk‚ v tXma-kn¬\n∂v C.Fkv.F¬.kn. Pbn®p.

Nß-\m-t»cn sk‚ v _¿°p-sa≥kn¬\n∂v F v.F. t\Sn B‘m-

an-jy-\n¬ tN¿∂p s\√q-cn¬ ]´-Øn\p ]T\w XpSßn. \mem-a≥

tZhkym (sIm®v) tX¿Un¬h®v ]T\w \n¿Øn Irjn ]cn-io-en-

°p-tºmƒ ]hn-Øm\w Ign-™m-en¬ sNdn-bm-t‚bpw adn-b-Øn-

t‚bpw aIƒ Nm®nsb (A∂Ω) IeymWw Ign®p. sIm®v hnhm-

ln-X-\m-bn-°-gn™v A∂p-hsc ssItXm-en¬ Xma-kn-®n-cp∂ aqØ-

a-I\pw `mcybpw XpS-ß-\m-ń¬ h≈n-∏m-d-∏-d-ºn¬ ]Wn-bn-®n-cp∂

sIm®p ]pc-bn-te°v amdn-Øm-a-kn®p. Cń sF∏v hmßnb h≈n-

∏m-dbv°pw Ip‰n-°m-Sn\pw tIp-≠m-bXv FgpXn. acWw hsc Cń-

sF-∏n\p Ht∂m ct≠m AXn-e-[n-Itam tIp-Iƒ \S-Øm-\p-≠m-

bn-cp∂p. Ah-bv°mbn At±lw sXmSp-]p-gbpw aqhm-‰p-]p-gbpw ]d-

hqcpw Xncp-h-\-¥-]p-cØpw t]mbn h∂n-cp∂p. Pn⁄m-kp-hmb

Atß¿ Cu bmX-I-fn¬ ]pXnb Adn-hp-Iƒ t\Sn ]ÿm-\-ßƒ

]Tn®p. Ah \mń¬ \S-∏m°n. Cń-sF-∏ns‚ A©m-asØ aI≥

h¿°n BZyw ]mem IS-°-®nd Ipcy≥ aIƒ A∂sb IeymWw

Ign®p. Ipń P\n-°pw-apºv \yqtam-Wnb _m[n®v Ah¿ acn®p.

c≠m≠v Ign™p c≠m-aXpw aptØmen amtX-∏-≈n¬ hmg-th-en-

°-IØv h¿°n-bp-tSbpw adn-b-Øn-t‚bpw aIƒ Gen-°p-ńsb

hnhmlw sNbvXv amXm-]n-Xm-°-tfmsS ssItXm-en¬ Xma-kn®p.

98


h¿°n-bpsS c≠mw hnhm-lm-\-¥cw t\sc aqØ tN´≥, mcy Ipń-

Iƒ ktaXw ap´w CS-∏-≈n-bn¬ Ip‰n-°m-´p-]-d-ºnse sIm®p-]p-c-

bn-te°v 1937˛¬ amdn-Øm-a-kn®p.

Cń-sF∏v ssItXm-en-te°p amdn-Øm-a-kn-°p-tºmƒ hoXw

Inńb Cf-t¥m´w tNcn-°¬ ]mXn tZl-WvUn-®n-cp∂p. _m°n

]n∂oSv Cń-sF∏v X\n®p Xo¿Øp. 1912¬ Cń-sF∏v IpSpw-_-tbmKw

IW-°≥ (skI-´dn) Bbn Xnc-s™-Sp-°-s∏´p. Atß¿ IW-°-

\m-bn-cn-t°-bmWv BZy amt\-P¿ Ing-t°-°c ]oSn-I-bn¬ BK-

kvXn-bpsS hoSpw ]dºpw IS-Øn\p teew sNbvXXpw IpSpw-_-

tbmKw ]nSn-®Xpw. BKkvXn I√n-S-]q-X-bnse Xs‚ ]dºv CuSpw

Cń-sF-∏ns\ BƒPm-ay-hp-ambn sImSpØv ]mem Aßm-Sn-bn¬

Kp≠n-I-°m-c≥ inh-cm-a-ø-tcmSpw ISw hmßn-bn-cp∂p. hkvXp-

hn¬\n∂v CuSm-°p-∂-Xnepw Ffp∏w Pmay-°m-cs\ ]nSn-°p-∂-Xm-

sW∂v Adn-bm-am-bn-cp∂ hncp-X≥ ]´¿ ap\-kn-∏¬ tIp-sIm-

SpØv hn[n t\Sn. t\mókv in]m-bn°p ssIa-S°p sImSpØv

""apt´¬h®v aS-°n®p.'' hmd-≠n¬ Cń-sF-∏ns\ ]nSn-°m≥ DØ-c-

hp-hmßn. Hcp Rmb-dmgvN ImØn-cp∂p. Ip¿_m\ I≠v ap≠m-

¶¬]-≈n-bn¬\n∂v Cd-ßnb Cń-sF-∏ns\ ]nSn-IqSn. Cń-sF∏v

Abm-fp-sam-∂n®p \S∂p. At∏mƒ Nßm-Xn-am¿ ]tg-ssI-tXm-en¬

Iptcy-∏-®\pw Ipt∂¬ Cń-sF∏pw Pmayw sImSpØv hnSp-hn®p.

Ah¿ B XpI sIń-h®p. BKkvXn ]dºv Cń-sF-∏n\v Xosd-

gpXn sImSpØp. B ]d-ºnse Hcp πm¥Sn hn‰v Cń-sF∏v kvt\ln-

X-cpsS ISw-hoń. B ]dºv ssItXm-en¬ "hmd-≠p-]-dºv' F∂p

Adn-b-s∏-ń-cp∂p. CXmWv Cń-sF∏v aI≥ aØmbn A®\v ]X-

ta-\n-bmbn sImSp-ØXv.

1912˛¬ Cń-sF∏v tIn-\p-th≠n Xncp-h-\-¥-]p-c-sØ-Øn-b-

t∏mƒ sX°v tIm´m-dn¬ \mSm-∑m¿ s\bvØp-ime \S-Øp-∂Xv

t]mbn-°≠p. aSßn ]mem-bn¬ h∂v IpSpw-_-tbmKw tN¿∂-t∏mƒ

Hcp s\bvØp-ime XpS-ßp∂ Bibw Ah-X-cn-∏n®p. tbmKw AXv

AwKo-I-cn®p. ]Xn-\n-[n-I-fmb Ing-t°-°c ]pen-a-e-°p-t∂¬

sXmΩ≥ssh-Zy\pw Ipºp-°¬ BK-kvXn-bp-sam-∂n®v ho≠pw

tImt´m¿ t]mbn \mS-∑msc Iqń-s°m-≠p-h∂v 1913¬ s\bvØp-ime

XpS-ßn-bXv Fgp-Xn-bt√m. 1917¬ Cń-sF∏v ]pXp-a\ ss]tem-tbmSp

99


ssItXm-en¬ AXn-cn-ep≈ Ipdp-h-¥m-\hpw ]oSn-I-bn¬ BK-kvXn-

bpsS ASp-Øp≈ ]ø-∏-Xnbpw hmßn. 1931¬ Cń-sF∏v ssh°w

ISp-Øp-cpØn ASpØv Bbmw-Ip-Sn-bn¬ \mev]-Xp-]d Icn-\new

hmßn. AXv ]m´-Øn\p sImSpØp. ]m´-°m-c≥ s\√v ssItXm-

en¬ sIm≠p-h∂p Af-∂p-h∂p. ]n∂oSv AXv hn‰v Bbmw-Ip-Sn°v

t]mIp-tºmƒ AhnsS dmń¬ Ib-dp-]n-cn-°p-∂Xp I≠p. Bim-cn-

amsc hcpØn dm´p-≠m°n ssItXm-enepw Ib-dp-]ncn XpSßn. Np‰p-

]m-Sn-ep≈ ]e hoSp-I-fnepw A∂p NIcn No°epw X√epw dmń¬

Ib-dp-]n-cnbpw Iptd-\m-f-tØ°v \S-∂n-cp∂p.

1933¬ Cń-sF∏v Xs‚ h°o¬ kZ-ky-Xn-e-I≥ Sn.sI.thep-

∏n-≈sb ImWm≥ Xncp-h-\-¥-]p-cØv At±-l-Øns‚ B∏o-kn¬

sN∂-t∏mƒ h°o¬ Hcp tbmK-Øn\p t]mIm≥ Cd-ßp-I-bmWv.

Cń-sF∏pw IqsS t]mbn. tIp-Im-cy-ßƒ hgn°p ]d™p. ]c-

kv]c klm-b-kw-L-ßƒ XpS-ßp-∂Xpw \S-Øp-∂Xpw Bbn-cp∂p

tbmK-Ønse hnjbw. Cń-sF∏v F√mw i≤n-®p-tI v Dƒs°m≠p.

1934¬ Xm≥ ap∂m-fmbn ]Wn-bn® Im\m-´p-]m-d-]-≈n-°q-S-Øn¬

tbmKw IqSn. Atß-cp-Xs∂ ]kn-U‚pw Ing-t°-°c hey-]o-Sn-I-

bn¬ sXmΩ≥ skI- -dn-bp-ambn ]c-kv]c klm-b-kwLw XpSßn.

1934 apX¬ 1937hsc Cń-sF-∏m-bn-cp∂p ]kn-U‚ v, B kwLw

hf¿∂v ]S¿∂p ]¥-en-®-XmWv Ct∏mƒ ]mem ]´-W-Øn¬ tIµ

˛ _m©v B∏o-kp-Ifpw a‰p-ap≈ Ing-X-Sn-bq¿ kl-I-cW kwLw

_m¶pw _m©p-Ifpw. ]´-W-Øn¬ k¿°m¿ Bip-]-Xn°p hS-

°p-h-i-ap≈ tIµ B∏o-kn¬ BZy ]kn-U‚ns‚ Ombm-]Sw

kq£n-®n-´p≠v. B ]mc-ºcyw XpS-cp∂p. sshZn-I-c-√mØ a°fpw

sIm®p-a-°fpw Ah-c-h-cpsS ]h¿Ø-\-tI-µ-ß-fn¬ ]c-kv]c

klm-b-kwLw `mc-hm-ln-I-fmbn. Cń-sF∏v aq∂p-X-hW ]mem

hen-b-]≈n ssI°m-c-\m-bn-cp∂p. A∂v AXv saXm-k-\-∏-≈n-b√.

Cf-t¥m´w, Iho-°p∂v, ap≠m-¶¬, s\√n-bm\n Hs° AXns‚ Ipcn-

ip-]-≈n-Ifpw AXv hen-b-]-≈n-bp-amWv. ]n∂o-SmWv Ipcn-ip-]-≈n-

Iƒ CS-h-I-Ifpw hen-b-]≈n saXm-k-\-hp-am-bXv. sk‚ v tXmakv

sslkvIq-fnse aq∂mw-\ne Xń-So-®Xv Cń-sF∏v ssI°m-c-\mWv.

Cń-sF∏v ]tXyI Nnń \S-Øn∏p ssI°m-c-\p-ambn. tIp-Iƒ

\SØn Xg-°hpw ]g-°hpw D≈ Cń-sF∏v, Xh-W-hcn sI´m-Ø-

100


hsc t\cn¬I≠p ]d-™n´pw t\mókv Ab-®n´pw apS°w hcp-

Øn-bm¬ amXw Ah-cpsS t]cn¬ tIkp-sIm-Sp-°pI F∂ ]cn-

jvImcw \S-∏m°n. ]gb ]mem hen-b-]≈n (AXv C∂pw s]mfn-

®p-am-‰msX kq£n-°p-∂p≠v). aZv_-lm-bnse sshZyp-X-Zo-]-ßƒ

Cń-sF-∏ns‚ kw`m-h-\-bmWv. 1935¬ Cń-sF∏v ssItXm-en¬

NmhSn ]Wn-bn®p. ]n∂oSv AXn-semcp apdn-bn-emWv Xma-kn-®n-cp-

∂Xv. ]mem sk‚ v tXmakv tImtfPv XpS-ßn-b-tijw saXm≥

sk_m-Ãy≥ hb-en¬, ]mem hnImcn sIm´p-Im-∏n≈n sXmΩ-®≥,

Iøm-e-bv°Iw tXmam-®≥ apX-emb ]ap-J¿ ssItXm-en¬ sIń-S-

\n¿ΩmW ]ncn-hn-s\Øn. Cń-sF∏v bmsXmcp kΩ¿Zhpw IqSmsX

kk-t¥mjw 1500 cq] kw`m-h\ sNbvXp. AtX-hsc Hcp hy‡n

\¬Inb G‰hpw henb kwJym-bn-cp∂p AXv.

Cf-In-\n-∂n-cp∂ Hcp ]√v Cń-sF∏v X\nsb sImSn-en\p

]dn®p. AXv ]gpØv tamW apgp-h≥ hym]n®p. NnIn-’n-∏n-°m≥

Atß¿ Iq´m-°n-bn√. B AkpJw h¿≤n®v 1957 Pq¨ 28\p acn®p.

AΩ-hgn ktlm-Z-c≥ ]mem saXm-\-®s‚ apJy Im¿Ωn-I-Xz-Øn¬

]nt‰∂p Cf-t¥m´w ]≈n skan-tØ-cn-bn¬ AS°n. mcy 1968 P\p-

hcn 17\p acn®p. Ah-tcbpw Ahn-sS-bmWv AS-°n-bXv.

Cu¥p-¶-t∏mXn ]dºp hn‰v _m¶p-ISw ho´m≥ ssa°nƒ Idn-

bm-am¿ ian®p. hmtß-≠-h¿ hm°p-am‰n. At∏mƒ sF°c

hnev°m≥ Ah¿ iaw XpSßn. D∏m-∏≥ FXn-cmbn tIv ^b¬

sNbvXp. B hnev]\ \S-∂n√. Ipt™-en-bmΩ ]Øp sk‚ v hn‰v

ISw-ho-ń-bXv Fgp-Xn-bt√m. bp≤m-\-¥cw hkvXp-hne I≠-am\w

IqSn. ISw Aßs\ s]cp-In-√t√m. ]e e£-ßƒ C∂p hne-bp≈

hkvXp A∂v ]nSn-bm-hn-ebv°v t]mbn-√t√m F∂v Bizm-k-\n-izm-

k-ß-tfmsS Hm¿Ωn-°p∂p. ssItXm-en¬ hey-∏m-∏s‚ tIp-sI-

´p-Iƒ t\m°m≥ Ah-Im-in-Iƒ kΩ-Xn®p. ]pXp-a-\-bpsS l¿Pn,

tX\-Ωm-h-\p-am-bp≈ Icm¿,Im\m- p-]m-d-bpsS IW-°p-Iƒ, Cßs\

]e hne-tb-dnb tcJ-Iƒ Cu KŸ-c-N-\bv°v DXIn. hyh-lm-c-

àw \nµy-ambn Icp-Xp-∂-h¿ AXv mhn-bn¬ hcp-Øp∂ \∑ ImWp-

∂n√. ]nXm-hn-s\-t∏mse h¿°nbpw Ingp-X-Sn-bq¿ ]c-kv]c klmb

kl-I-c-W-kwLw ]h¿Ø-I\pw IΩn-‰n-bw-K-hp-am-bn-cp∂p. hoSn-

\-SpØv B∏okpw ]pI-∏p-c-bp-ap≈ d_¿ ˛ kwkvI-cW ˛ hn]-

101


W\ kwLw kPo-h-]-h¿Ø-I-\m-bn-cp∂p. Ing-t°-°c IpSpw-_-

tbmKw ]kn-U‚m-bn-cp-∂Xpw AXn\p Imcy-amb t\´-ßƒ hcp-

Øn-bXpw FgpXn.

Cń-sF-∏ns‚ Cf-b-a-I≥ h¿°n amXm-]n-Xm-°-tfmsS Xd-hm-

ń¬ Xma-kn-®Xv Fgp-Xn-bt√m. Im\m-´p-]md \memw-Xcw Pbn®v

sk‚ v tXma-kn¬ C.Fkv.F¬.kn. hsc ]Tn® h¿°n ]co-£-

sb-gp-XmsX ]T\w \n¿Øn. t\sc tN´≥ sIm®pw thsd t]mb-

tijw ]nXmhpw aI-\pw-IqSn ]mem sIm‰-t¶m-Sp-h-kvXp-°ƒ At\z-

jn-°p-tºm-gmWv \mj-W¬ πm‚nwKv Iº\n Hml-cn-Iƒ FSp-

ØXpw AXns‚ ]Wn-Iƒ°p IqSn-bXpw. Cń-sF∏v ]mem henb

]≈n ssI°m-c-\m-b-t∏mƒ Acn-∏-\m-gn°p t]m°v Hgn-hm°n.

Ing-t°-°c ssItXm-en¬]me sIm‰-t¶mSv D]-imJ

Gen-°pń h¿°n Zº-Xn-am¿°v \memWpw Bdp-s]-Æp-ambn

]Øp a°ƒ P\n®p. BZy PmX≥ Cu∏-®≥ Im\m- p-]m-dbpw ]mem

sk‚ v tXmakv sslkvIqƒ tImtf-Pp-I-fnepw ]Tn®v UnKn t\Sn.

]n∂oSv aZmkv InkvXy-\n¬\n∂v IW-°n¬ _n.F. tlmtWgvkpw

]mem sk‚ v tXma-kn¬\n∂v Ãm‰n-Ãn-Ivkn¬ Fw.F.bpw Pbn®p.

]mem sk‚ v tXmakv tImtf-Pn¬ eIvN-d-dmbn tPmen kºm-Zn®p.

Cu∏-®≥ ]pd-∏pg hb-‰m- n¬ tPmk v aIƒ eoem-Ωsb IeymWw

gn®p. Ch¿°v tPm¿Pv Cu∏≥ (kPn), tPmk^v Cu∏≥ (]`p)

F∂o c≠mä-°-fp≠v. kPn Fw._n._n.Fkv Pbn®v tIm´bw

saUn-°¬ tImtfPv Bip-]-Xn-bn¬ lukv k¿P-\mWv; ]`p

F≥Pn-\o-b-dnwKv ]T\w ]q¿Øn-bm°n. Cu∏-®≥ sIm‰-t¶mSv hoXw

Inńb hkvXp-hn¬ hoSp-h-bv]n®p Xma-kn-°p-tºmƒ Ah-[n-bn¬

ss\Po-cn-bm-bn¬ A≤ym-]-I-\mbn. AhnsS tPmen Hcp sIm√w

XnI-bp∂ Znhkw Imd-]-I-S-Øn¬ acn®p. arX-tZlw 25˛mw Znhkw

\mń¬ sIm≠p-h∂p ssItXm-enepw kzh-k-Xn-bn-epw-h®v At¥ym-

]-Nm-c-ßƒ A¿∏n®p. Cf-t¥m´w skan-tØ-cn-bn¬ kwkvI-cn®p.

102


a°ƒ hntZ-i-Øm-b-Xp-sIm≠v eoemΩ Fd-Wm-Ipfw s\Sp-ßm-S≥

A∏m¿´vsa‚ v It®-cn-∏-Sn-bn¬ Xma-kn-°p∂p.

a°ƒ c≠mä-°ƒ. 1. tUm. kPn Cu∏≥ bp.Fkv.Fbn¬

NnIn-’-I-\mWv. `mcy enPp Fw.F. hcm-∏pg hnX-b-Øn¬ A¥-

∏mbn amπ s]ÆΩ aIƒ. a°ƒ: tPm Cu∏≥, Fen-k-_Øv

Cu∏≥. sNdnb ¢mp -I -fn¬ ]Tn -°p∂p. hnemkw:

[email protected]. Ph: 0018657699251.

2. ]`p Cu∏≥ _n.sSIv F≥Pn-\o-b-dmbn bp.Fkn¬ tPmen.

`mcy enj _n.sSIv. I≠-»mw-I-Shv tXm´p-¶¬ t]mƒ ˛Beokv

Zº-Xn-I-fpsS aIƒ. a°ƒ: 1. tPmjz, 2. sIhn≥. 3. kdo\ F√m-

hcpw sNdn-b-Ip-ń-Iƒ. hnemkw: [email protected]. Ph: 001

9143801221.

h¿°n-bpsS aqØ-a-Iƒ s]ÆΩ (sI.hn.Fen-k-_Øv)

_n.Fkvkn, _n.FUv _ncp-Z-ßƒ t\Sn aZmkv ssaem-∏q¿

^m≥kn-kvI≥ aT-Øn¬ tN¿∂p. 1961¬ k`m-hkvXw kzoI-cn®p.

BhUn sk‚ v tPmk vkv lb¿ sk°≥Udn kvIqƒ So®-dmbpw

]n≥kn-∏-embpw A\-h[n h¿jw tkh-\w-sNbvXp. dn´-b¿sa‚n-

\p-tijw k`-bpsS Xr»n-\m-∏-≈n-bv°-SpØv s]c-º-eq-cp≈ lb¿

sk°≥Udn kvIqƒ ]n≥kn-∏-embn 15 h¿j-tØm-f-ambn tkh\w

sNøp∂p. 3000˛tesd hnZym¿Yn-Ifpw AXn-\m-h-iy-amb So®nwKv,

t\m¨ So®nwKv Ãm^p-ap≈ \√ hnP-b-i-X-am\w ]pe¿Øp∂

kvIqfm-WnXv. CubnsS knÃ-dns‚ kph¿Æ-Pq-_nen sN∂-bn¬h®v

BtLm-jn-°p-I-bp-≠mbn. henb Btcm-Ky-]-iv\-ß-sfm-∂p-an-

√msX knÃ¿ Xs∂ tPmen-bn¬ apgp-h≥ hym]r-X-bm-bn-cn°p∂p.

Ah-cpsS A\p-PØn Ipń-b-Ωsb hnf-°p-amSw ]nW-a-dp-In¬

ssa°nƒ tXkymΩ aI≥ amXyp _n.Fkvkn, _n.FUv hnhmlw

sNbvXp. hnf-°p-amSw sslkvIqƒ A≤ym-]-I-\m-bn-cp∂ amXyp-

hn\pw Ipń-b-Ωbv°pw \mev Bä-°fpw Hcp s]Ïp-ń-bp-am-Wp-

≈Xv. AXn¬ aqØ BÏpń \ncym-X-\mbn. Ipń-bΩ tcmKw

aqew 2004 HIvtSm-_¿ 16\p \ncym-X-bmbn. amXyp dn´-b¿sNbvXv

hni-a-Po-hnXw \bn-°p∂p.

Ipń-b-Ω-bpsS A\p-PØn A∂-Ωsb (Ip-™-∂) Bc-°p-g-

103


\n∂pw Fd-Wm-Ip-fØv Xma-kn-°p∂ amtX-°¬ tXmav PUvPn-

bpsS aI≥ ]mem sk‚ v tXmav s]m^. amXyp Sn amtX-bv°¬

(kÆn) Fw.Fkvkn hnhmlw sNbvXp. Ah¿°v kptcjv F∂

aI\pw _nµp F∂ aI-fp-am-Wp-≈Xv. kptcjv tkm^v‰v shb¿

F≥Pn-\o-b¿ Bbn _mwKvfq-cn¬ tPmen sNøp∂p. aIƒ _nµp

lb¿ sk°≥Udn kvIqƒ A≤ym-]-I-bmWv. s]m^. amXyp dn´-

b¿ sNbvXv Ct∏mƒ Nq≠-t®cn F≥Pn-\o-b-dnwKv tImtf-Pn¬ A[ym-

]-I-\mbn tPmen sNøp∂p. Ip™∂ 2004˛¬ tcmKw-aqew \ncym-X-

bmbn.

1948 am¿®v Hº-Xn\p P\n® tPm¿÷mWv Gen-°p´n h¿°n-

am-cpsS ASpØ aI≥. Im\m-´p-]m-d-\n∂v \memw-X-chpw ]mem

sk‚ v tXmakv sslkvIq -fn¬\n∂v Fkv.Fkv.F¬.kn.

¢mtmSpw AtX t]cnse tImtf-Pn¬\n∂v ]oUn-Knbpw Pbn®p

sI.hn.tPm¿Pv Ae-l-_mZv Bÿm-\-ambn ]h¿Øn-°p∂ sk‚ v

t]mƒ skmssk-‰n-bn¬ tN¿∂p. Ae-l-_m-Znse Ah-cpsS ÿm]-

\-Øn¬ ]Tn®v ]X-]-h¿Ø-\-Øn¬ Untπma t\Sn. 1970˛¬ BZy

hX-]-Xn-⁄bpw 1976¬ \nXy-hX ]Xn-⁄bpw \SØn. 1977

am¿®v 20\p ]utcm-lnXy ]´-ta‰p. 1976 s^_p-h-cn-bn¬ tPm¿÷-

®≥ tdmanse KnKdn k¿∆-I-em-im-e-bn¬ ssZh-imkvX Kth-jW

hnZym¿Yn-bmbn. 1984¬ kz¥w ]_‘w \qdp-i-X-am\w am¿°n\p

\ymbo-I-cn®p. k¿∆-I-em-ime Atß¿°v ]n.F®v.Un ]Zhn \¬In.

A\-¥cw A¥¿t±-iob kwkvImc hn\n-ab ]≤-Xn-bpsS kmº-

Øn-I-k-lm-b-tØmsS P¿Ω-\n-bn¬ Xma-kn®v Xt±-i-`m-jbpw

kwkvIm-chpw ]Tn®p. C‰en, _n´≥, ^m≥kv, bp.Fkv.F, Im\U,

P¿Ω\n, HmkvSnb, kzn‰vk¿e‚ v, ]me-kvXo≥, km≥a-cot\m F∂o

cmPy-ß-fn¬ ]cy-S\w \SØn. P¿Ω-\n-bn¬ Bdpw Ata-cn-°-bn¬

aq∂pw amk-ßƒ CS-h-I-`-cWw \SØn.

sshZn-I-hn-Zym¿Yn-bm-bn-cns° A[ym-]-I-\mbn tkh\w

\SØn. hnhn[ ]X-am-kn-I-I-fn¬ teJ-\-sa-gpXn. At\Iw ]pkvX-

I-ß-fpsS kºm-Z-I-\mbn. B \mfp-I-fn¬, tIhew 24˛mw hb-n¬,

""Zn lu≠v Hm^v slh≥'' (^m≥knkv tXmwk¨) F∂ Ihn-X-

bpsS Bkzm-Z\w ]pkvX-I-am°n ]kn-≤o-I-cn®p. ""\ns∂ Xs∂

sa®-s∏-Sp-ØpI'' F∂ ]pkvX-I-]-c-º-c-bn¬ kvt\lw, ]Xymi,

104


ImcpWyw F∂o D]-hn-[¿Ω-ßsf B[m-c-am°n ]Øp ]pkvX-I-

ßƒ ]kn-≤o-I-cn®p. s\lvdp, en¶¨, am¿´n≥ eqY¿InwKv F∂o

alm-∑m-sc-°p-dn®v ]pkvX-I-ßƒ cNn®p. CXn-\Iw Cw•o-jn¬ Ccp-

]Xpw amXr-`m-j-bmb ae-bm-f-Øn¬ \mepw ]pkvX-I-ßƒ Cu

A\p-Kr-loX KŸ-Im-c≥ cNn-®n-´p≠v. ""au\-Øns‚ kwKoXw''.

""kz¿§-hm-Xn-ep-Iƒ'', ""kvt\l-Zo]w'', ""PohnXw Hcp ]m¿∞\'' ˛

Cu ae-bmf ]pkvX-I-ßƒ k∂ym-k-km-lnXy hn`m-K-Øn¬s∏Spw.

tUm. ssItXm-en-ens‚ IrXn-Iƒ H∂v Xan-gn-te°pw cs≠Æw

lnµn-bn-te°w hnh¿Ø\w sNbvXp. ]sØÆw sXep-¶n-te°v

X¿÷a \S-°p∂p. ]e IrXn-Ifpw Bdp-X-h-W-hsc ]p\:]kn-

≤o-I-cWw Ign™p. CXn-\Iw tUmIvS-dpsS IrXn-I-fpsS Bdp

e£-Øn-e-[nIw tIm∏n-Iƒ hn‰-gn-™n-´p≠v. C\nbpw ajn h‰n-bn-

´n-√mØ Cu A\p-Kr-loX Xqen-I-bn¬\n∂pw a‰-t\Iw IrXn-Ifpw

\ap°p ]Xo-£n°mw. A®Sn BZn-bmb am≤y-a-ß-fn-eqsS aX-]-

Nm-c-W-amWv sk‚ v t]mƒ skmssk-‰n-bpsS ]h¿Ø\w. AXn\p

C¥y-bn¬ ]e-bn-SØpw temI-Øm-I-am-\hpw imJ-I-fp≠v.

]ptcm-ln-X-\m-b-tijw A®≥ c≠m-≠p-Iƒ t_mws_

ssa\¿ skan-\m-cn-bp-tSbpw A©m-≠p-Iƒ Ae-l-_mZv taP¿

skan-\m-cn-bp-tSbpw sdIvS-dm-bn-cp∂p. A∂v c≠p ]kn-≤o-I-c-W-

ß-fpsS ]Xm-[n-]cpw as‰m-∂ns‚ Iu¨kn-enwKv Imcy-Z¿in-bp-

ambn tkh\w \SØn. AtX-Im-eØv Ae-l-_mZv doP-W¬ sk‚ v

tPmk v skan-\mcn s]m -k¿, sk‚ v t]mƒ skmssk‰n ]mtZ-

inI Iu¨kn-e¿, kwÿm\ Iu¨kn-e¿, Bkq-X-W-hn-`mKw

skI- dn F∂o ÿm\-ßƒ hln®p Ct∏mƒ tUm. ssItXm-en¬

sk‚ v t]mƒ skmssk-‰n-bpsS C¥y-bnse F√m ]kn-≤o-I-c-W-

ß-fp-tSbpw apJy s]mXp-]-Xm-[n-]-cmWv. Ct∏mƒ t_mws_-bn¬

skmssk-‰n-bpsS DØ-c-hm-Zn-Xz-s∏´ tPmen sNøp∂p.

105


Ing-t°-°c ssItXm-en¬ Imfn-ImhvD]-imJ

h¿°n Gen-°pń Zº-Xn-am-cpsS B‰w k¥m\w amØ-®≥

(sI.hn. amXyp) Im\m- p-]m-dbpw ]me sk‚ v tXmakv sslkvIqƒ

tImtf-Pp-I-fnepw ]Tn®v _n.Fkvkn _ncpZw t\Sn. Irjn Imcym-

Zn-I-fn¬ ]nXm-hns\ klm-bn-®p-h-cp-tºmƒ 1974¬ ]mem Icq¿

Rmh≈n tiJ-c-Øn¬s∏´ Iq¥m-\Øv Nm≠n Gen-am-cpsS ]pXn

F¬kn (Fen-k-_Øv) _n.F.sb hnhmlw sNbvXp. hnhm-ln-X-

\mb aqØ-tN-´≥ Cu∏-®≥ t\csØ amdn-Øm-a-kn®p. F¬kn

hnhm-lm-\-¥cw Xs∂ B hen-b-Ip-Spw-_-\m-Y-bmbn. AΩ-bn-√msX

hf¿∂-Xn-\m-emhmw, amØ-®\v Ing-t°-°-c-°m-cpsS s]mXp-_-e-

lo-\-X-bmb ""aqt°-e-cniw'' C√. Ccp-]-Xp-I-fn¬ Adp-]-Xns‚

£abpw ]Iz-Xbpw ]m]n-®n-cp∂p. mcy F¬kn tbmPn® CWbpw

XpW-bp-amWv. Xncp-ta-\n-b-®≥ hoń¬ Xma-kn-°p-tºmƒ aq∂p

\mem-≠p-Iƒ F¬kn Xmev]-cy-]q¿∆w hr≤-]-cn-N-cWw \SØn.

Hcp hymg-h- -°mew Xd-hm- n¬ ]nXm-hp-samØv Xma-kn-®-Xn-\p-tijw

A\p-Ps‚ hnhm-lm-\-¥cw 1987˛¬ F¬knbpw amØ-®\pw BZy-

PmX ]pXn-am-cp-samØv ae-∏pdw Pn√-bn¬ Imfn-Im-hn-te°v Xmakw

am‰n. Ct∏mƒ Icp-hm-c-°p≠v hnt√-Pn¬ t]mØ≥Im-ń-ep≈

ÿeØv tXm´w ]nSn-∏n-°p∂p. A\p-P≥ tSman-bp-tSbpw Afn-b≥

kÆn amtX-bv°-t‚bpw ÿe-ß-fpsS Npa-X-ebpw amØ-®-\mWv.

1973˛77¬ tImßm-ń¬ d_¿tXm´w D≠m-bn-cp-∂-t∏mƒ AXns‚

Npa-Xe amØ-®\pw tSman-°p-am-bn-cp∂p. ASp-Ø-Imew hsc hmS-

I-ho-ń-em-bn-cp∂ amØ-®≥ CubnsS kz¥-ambn H∂p hmßn. Cu

Zº-Xn-am-cpsS aqØ-a-Iƒ \nΩn (Fen-k-_Øv amXyp) AS-bv°m-

°p≠v sslkvIq-fn¬\n∂v Fkv.Fkv.F¬.kn. Pbn®p. \nΩn ]T-

\-tijw aÆm¿°mSv Nc-Wm-Ip-t∂¬ Ae-Ivkm-≠¿˛adnbw aI≥

_nPp-hns\ hnhm-lw-sNbvXp. Ah¿°v Hcp aI-\p≠v. c≠m-asØ

]pXn acnb amXyp-hns\ tIm´bw ]mºmSn ]me-°p-t∂¬ Im™n-

c-a-‰-Øn¬ tPmk^v ˛ eqkn aI≥ kvIdnb (PnΩn) Fw._n.F

hnhmlw sNbvXp. aI≥ Zo]Iv amXyp Fw._n.F. Ign™v tImgn-

t°mSv tPmen sNøp∂p.

106


h¿°n ˛ Gen-°p-ń-am-cpsS \mem-asØ aIƒ F¬ksb

(^ntem-an\) Im™n-c-∏≈n Xº-e-°m´p tX°pw-tXm-´-Øn¬

t__n-®\pw (amXyp) ASpØ ]pXn ]pjv]sb (sIm®p-tXky)

IS-\mSp ]qh-Øp-¶¬ amXyp aI≥ tPmk^pw IeymWw Ign®p.

]pXnb BNm-c-ßƒ \S-∏m-°p-∂-Xn¬ D’p-I-\mb h¿°n hnhm-

l-Øn-\p-apºv ]pjv]sb sIń-°-b-td≠ hoSp sIm≠p-t]mbn

ImWn®p. s]Æp-Im-W¬ A√, Hcp hn[-Øn¬ s]Æp h∂p ebn-

t°≠ sNdp-°s‚ hoSpw a‰p-at√ ImtW-≠Xv? Bdm-asØ aIƒ

kmen (sken≥ tPm¿Pv) Fw.F.sb sXmSp-]pg Imcn-t°m-´p-]m-S-

Øn¬ Ip™m-t°m-®≥ adn-bmΩ aI≥ tPmk v _n.C IeymWw

Ign®p. G‰hpw Cfb aI≥ tSman (sI.hn.tXmakv) Im\m-´p-]m-

dbpw sk‚ v hn≥k‚ v Cw•ojv aoUnbw kvIqfnepw ]n®v

Fkv.Fkv.F¬.kn. Pbn®v ]mem sk‚ v tXma-kn¬ ]oUn-Kn°p

]Tn-°p-tºmƒ ]T\w \n¿Øn. ho´p-Im-cy-ß-fn¬ kl-I-cn®p Ign-

bp-tºmƒ ]mem CS-h-I-bn¬ hS-t°¬ tPmk^v adn-bmΩ aIƒ

tamfΩ (tacn)sb IeymWw Ign®p. tSman Ing-X-Sn-bq¿ _m¶n-s‚bpw

]mem an¬°v _m¿ skmssk-‰n-bp-sSbpw Ub-d-IvS¿ t_m¿Uv

saº¿ Bbn-cp-∂p.

Ch¿°v sd∂n (tPm¿Pv tXmakv), A®p (tPmk^v tXmakv)

F∂o c≠p BÏp-ń-Ifpw Hcp s]Ïpńbpap≠v (ARvPen),

tSman 1998¬ \ncym-X-\mbn. aqØ-a-I≥ sd∂n Fw.-_n.-F. Ign™v

Fd-Wm-Ip-fØv tPmen sNøp-∂p. c≠m-a≥ A®p Sn®n-bn¬ F©n-

\o-b-dnw-Kn\v ]Tn-°p-∂p. aIƒ ARvPen _n.-tIm-an\v ]Tn-°p-∂p.

h¿°n-bpsS mcy Gen-°pń 1961¬ tSm¨kn¬ (IWvT-ho°w)

ikvX-In-bm-\-¥cw Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw saUn-°¬ tImtfPv Bip-

]-Xn-bn¬h®v acn®p. tN´≥ Xncp-ta-\n-b-®\pw AkvtX¥n s\√n-

°m-´-®\pw ImWm-s\-Øn-b-t∏m-gmWv acn-®Xv. Ah¿ h∂ Imdn¬

arX-tZlw ssItXm-en¬ sIm≠p-h∂p. At¥ym-]-Nmcw A¿∏n®v

Cf-t¥m´w ]≈n skan-tØ-cn-bn¬ kwkvI-cn®p. ]m]vXn-bmb ]pX-

∑m¿ klm-b-Øn-\n-√m-™-Xn-\m¬ h¿°n a°-fpsS ]T-\-Ønepw

]mem ]cn-k-c-ß-fnse ]d-ºp-Ifpw sIm‰-t¶m-Sp-I-≠hpw i≤n-®p-

I-gn™p. 1962˛63 Xd-hmSv Adbpw \ncbpw Hme-s°´pw s]mfn®v

hm¿°-s°-ńSw ]Wn-bn®p. aq∂pw \mepw ]pX-∑m¿ klm-b-Øn-

107


s\-Øn-b-tijw 1973˛¬ ]me-°mSp Pn√-bn¬ tImtßm-ń¬,

A∂sØ t]meokv sF.Pn. cmPs‚ 50 G°¿ d_¿tXm´w hmßn.

At∏mƒ h¿°n-bpsS \mj-W¬ πm‚wKv Iº\n Hml-cn-Iƒ Hcp-

e£w cq]m sImSpØv sI.Fw.amXyp FSpØp. 1977¬ B tXm´w

hn‰p. 1979˛¬ h¿°nbpw _‘p-°m-c≥ Ip¥m-\Øp Nm≠nbpw acp-

a-I≥ kÆn amtX-bv°-\pw-IqSn ae-∏pdw Pn√ Icp-hm-c-°p≠v hnt√-

Pn¬ t]mØ≥ImSv ]gb d_¿tXm´w 70˛e[nIw G°¿ hmßn.

]e \qem-am-e-Ifpw \oßn AXv ssIhiw In´m≥, 1981 Bbn.

Ct∏mƒ a°ƒ amØ-®\pw tSman°pw 20 hoXw G°¿ ÿew

Ahn-sS-bp≠v. amØ-®≥ Imfn-Im-hn¬ Xma-kn®p tXm´w ]nSn-∏n-

°p-∂Xv FgpXn.

Ing-t°-°c ssItXm-en¬ XpS-ß-\mSvh≈n-∏md D]-imJ

h≈n-∏m-d-]-d-ºnse sIm®p-]pc icn°pw Be-bn¬ XpS-ßp∂

IpSn-tb-‰-°m-cs‚ H∂m-asØ hoSm-bn-cp∂p. Ing°v Z¿i-\-h-iØv

A[nIw hoXn-bn-√mØ hcm¥. ]n∂n¬ c≠p apdn-Iƒ; \nc-bmWv

`nØn; hS-t°Xv ]Øm-b-apdn, AXn\p \Sp-hn¬ Hcp hmXn¬; Ccp-

h-iØpw \nc tN¿Øv ]Øm-b-ßƒ. sX°v InS-∏p-ap-dn°v Ipd-®p-

IqSn hen-∏-ap≠v. AXn\p hSt° AcnI tN¿∂v ap∂nepw ]n∂nepw

hmXn-ep-Ifpw sXt° A‰w ASpØp \nc-bn¬ Ing°pw ]Sn-™mdpw

P\-ep-I-fp≠v. InS-∏p-ap-dn-bpsS ]Sn-™msd hmXn¬ s\Sp-\o-f-Øn¬

Nm¿Øn-sb-Sp-ØXv ap°m¬ ]¶pw aÆn-jvSn-I-bm¬ AS-hm-°nb

ASp-°-f-bn-te-°mWv. hSt° ]¶v ASp-°-fbpw sXt°Xv Xpd∂

Nmbn-∏p-amWv. Nmbn-∏n¬ s\√p-Ip-Øm≥ \ne-a-Wbpw Ah-bv°m≥

\ne-a-W-°p-gn-bp-ap≠v. ASp-°-fbv°v Nmbn-∏n-te°v Xpd-°p∂ hmXn-

ep≠v. A©Sn aq∂n-©p-Im-c≥ Cń sF∏n\p tX°p-Im-X-ens‚

\ndhpw HXp-ßnb DSepw ]fp-¶p-an-gn-I-fp-amWv. Ccp-\n-d-°mcn `mcy

X≠nbpw Xchpw Xs∂. F√m-h-tc-bpw-t]mse Ac-bn-e√, apebv°v

sXm´p-Xm-sg-bmWv Cń-sF∏v ap≠p-Sp-°mdv. Ipfncv IqSp-X-em-sW-

¶n¬ I£w-hsc ""DS'' Ibdpw. A-embn ASp°p sRmdn-bn´p

apdn-bp-Sp-°p∂ `mcy henb hrØn-sa-\-°m-cn-bmWv. Ch¿ aqØ-a-

I≥ HuX-°p -ńbpw (tPmk^v) c≠m-a≥ ]m∏-®\p

108


(^m≥knkv)samØv taev]-d™ hoń¬ hmkw XpSßn.

1924 apX¬ kpam¿ Bdm-≠p-sIm≠v I≠w FSp-°m≥ h≈n-

∏md sh≈m-c-¶√p tXm´-cnIv Hgn-®n´v _m°n apgp-h≥ Cń-sF∏v

tZl-WvUn®p. ae-¶c tXm´-Øn¬ d_¿ hbv°p-∂Xv A\p-I-cn®v

Cń-sF∏pw d_¿ h®p. XpS-ß-\m-ń¬ BZyw d_¿ sh®Xv Cń

sF∏mWv. ]pXnb then-°Iw hbv°m≥ tNcn-°¬ Cń-sF∏v

At\z-jWw XpSßn. Cń-sF-∏ns‚ kl-]mTn ]pen-b-∂q¿°m-c≥

Cc-hn-∏n-≈-bm-bn-cp∂p h≈n-∏m-d-bpsS Icw-sI- p∂ Imc-t°mSv ]hr-

Øn-°-t®-cn-bnse amk-∏Sn. Abmƒ Ing°v \K-cw-]md dntk¿hpw

hS°pw ]Sn-™mdpw sXmSp-]pg dntk¿hpw sX°v s]m´≥]Sn ae-

bp-amb t]mØp-a‰w 300 G°¿ k¿t∆ 774/1 dh-\yq-h\w sIm≠p-

t]mbn ImWn®p. hf-°q-dp≈ IdpØ aÆv; \nc-∏mb ÿew, Cń-

sF-∏n\p CjvS-s∏´p. Abmfpw Ab¬°mcpw ]cn-N-b-°mcpw h∂p.

Ah¿ B B≠n¬ B ]tZiw apgp-h≥ shń-®p´p hoXn®p. h≥hnf

sImbvsX-SpØp. ASp-Ø-bm-≠n¬ Fw.F¬.kn. ao\m-´q¿ amWn-h-

°oepw Iq´-cp-saØn. Ah¿°v hnØn-Sm≥ H´pw CSw Inń-bn√. dh-

\yq-h-\hpw Xcnipw sXfn-°m\pw Irjn-bn-d-°m\pw ]´-b-Øn\p

At]-£n-°m\pw I¿j-I¿°v A\p-hm-Z-ap-≠m-bn-cp∂p. Xl-

kn¬Zm¿ ÿew ]cn-tim-[n®v \ntcm-[-\-Icw NpaØpw. ]n∂oSv

]Xn®p sImSp°pw. dh\yq h\-ssI-tb‰w A[n-I-am-b-Xn-\m-emhmw.

31˛5˛ 1929¬ AXv \ntcm-[n®v k¿°m¿ DØ-c-hn´p. DØ-chv D≤-

cn®v Fw.F¬.kn ao\m-´q-cm≥ Znhm≥Pn°v ]cmXn Ab®p. Znhm≥

t]jvIm¿°pw Atß¿ Xl-kn¬Zm¿°pw DNnX \S-]-Sn-Iƒ°v

DØ-c-hn´p. hnh-c-a-dn™ ssIh-i-°m¿ Xß-fp-tSXv ]gb ssItø-

‰-am-sW∂v sXfn-bn-°m≥ ]mb-amb ssXIƒ ae Ib‰n FØn®p

]nSn-∏n®p. sXmSp-]pg Xl-kn¬Zm¿ ÿew ]cn-tim-[n®v ssItb‰w

1932\p tij-am-sW∂v hn[n®p. AXn\p A\p-Iq-e-ambn samgn-sIm-

SpØ Cc-hn-∏n-≈sb Cń-sF∏v ASn®p. h≈n-∏md Cń-sF∏v, Xs‚

A∏≥ Ing-t°-°c ssItXm-en¬ Cu∏≥ Cń-sF-∏n\p 1923 apX¬

61 G°¿ 71 sk‚ v ÿew ssIh-i-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂pw a‰pw

ImWn®v h°o¬ F≥.\mcm-b-W-]-Wn-°¿ aptJ\ tIm´bw

t]jvIm¿°v hn[n ]p\¿hn-Nm-c-Wbv°v l¿÷n sImSpØp. 31˛05˛

1929˛se DØ-c-hn\p 31˛5˛39˛se t`Z-K-Xnbpw Cu∏≥ Cń-sF∏pw

109


a‰pw sImSpØ l¿Pn-I-fpsS ]I¿∏p-Ifpw 104˛mw \º¿ k¿t∆

]m¿ń em‚ v cPn-Ã¿ ]I¿∏pw lmP-cm°n. ssIh-i-°m¿

t]jvIm¿°pw No v skI- -dn°pw Znhm≥Pn°pw alm-cm-Pm-hn\pw

Iq´ \nth-Z-\-ßƒ Ab®p. ]p\¿hn-Nm-cW \SØn. tcJ-Iƒ icn-

bm-sW-¶n¬, hne-∏n-Sn-∏p≈ Na-b-ßƒ Ds≠-¶n¬ ]´bw sImSp-

°m≥ t]jv°m¿°v DØ-chp h∂p. tIm´bw t]jv°m¿ Sn.Nm≠n

em‚ v cPn-Ã-dn¬ Cu∏≥ Cń-sF-∏ns‚ t]¿ t\cn¬I≠p t_m≤y-

s∏´p. sXmSp-]pg Xl-kn¬Zm¿ ]p\¿hn-Nm-c-W-bv°p-tijw 30

G°¿ ÿew \ntcm-[-\-Icw NpaØn ]Xn-®p-sIm-Sp-°m≥ hn[n®p.

\me-©m-≠p-IƒIqSn h≈n-∏md Cń-sF∏v t]mØ-a‰w tZlWvUw

XpS¿∂p \SØn. \nc-¥cw Im‰p Nodn-ho-ip∂ B ÿeØv ae-º-

\n-bn√. hr£-ßƒ hf-cn√. s\¬Ir-jnt° DXIq. AXn-\m¬ AXv

]n∂oSp ]m´-Øn\p sImSpØp. BZy B≠n¬ aqØ-a-I\pw AXn-

\-SpØ c≠p sIm√-ß-fn¬ A\p-P≥ sIm®pw t]mbn ]m´w ]ncn®p.

aq∂p-`m-KØpw dnk¿hv h\-ß-fn¬\n-∂n-d-ßp∂ arK-ßƒ Irjn

\in-∏n°pw. Imh¬ hfsc IjvS-amWv. AXn-\m¬ Bcpw ]m -Øn\p

FSp-°m-Xmbn. ÿew Dt]-£n®p k¿°m-cn-te°v Fgp-Xn-s°m-SpØv

Icw Hgn-hm°n. ae-º\n C√mØ ae-hmcw tZl-WvUn-°m-\p-f-Af

kwcw`w ]cm-P-b-s∏´p.

t]mØp-a‰w Dt]-£n-®p-h∂ h≈n-∏md Cń-sF∏v \o°n-bn-

ń-cp∂ sh≈m-c-¶√p tXmS-cnIv I≠w \ncØp XpSßn. h≈n-∏md

]d-ºns‚ hSt° AXncv sh≈m-c-¶-√p-tXmSpw, Ing-t°Xv ]mc-

∏m≥tXm-Sp-amWv. N≈m-h-b¬ Ih-e-bn¬\n∂p h∂p sh≈m-c-¶√p

tXmSp-]mew IS-∂Xpw CS-Xp-h-iØv ImWp∂ HXp°v ]Sn-I-fn-d-

ßn-bm¬ tXm´p-Xocw tN¿∂v Ing-t°m´p \ofp∂ \S-∏p-h-gn-bn-embn.

AXn-eqsS \S∂v Ae-cn-tØm-Sns‚ H‰-Ø-Sn-∏mew IS-∂m¬ hnim-

e-amb h≈n-∏md I≠-Øn-seØn. he-Xp-h-iØv hf-™p-]p-f™p

Ic-b-cnI tN¿∂v Hg-In-tbm-Sp∂ ssItØmSv. CS-Xp-h-iØv t\sc

\o≠p XmWp-Xm-Wp-t]mbn ]mc-∏m≥tXmSp Ic-sb-Øp∂ hoXn-tb-

dnb \S-h-cºv. AXn\pw hS°v ]md ASn-Ø-ńse ]e-]e Db-c-]-

Sn-I-fn-te°v B¿Ø-e-®p-ho-gp∂ ip`-Pew hoWp-≠m-Ip∂ At\-

I-a-t\Iw sIm®p-sIm®p \o¿®m-´-ßƒ \nc-¥cw hmcn-hn-X-dp∂

kv^Sn-I-P-e-apØp ]qØn-cn-Iƒ. Ic tN¿∂v Db¿s∂m-cp-Ip∂

110


ssItØm- n¬\n∂pw \S-h-c-ºn-te°pw t\sc ap∂n¬ ]c-∏m≥tXm-

´p-I-c-bn-te°pw ˛ hS-t°m´pw Ing-t°m´pw ˛ sNdp-h-c-ºp-I-fm¬

Ifw-Ifw Xncn-°-s∏´ ]®-∏-c-h-Xm\n ]mS-ßƒ. angn-I-fp-b¿Øn-bm¬

t\sc ap∂n¬ sIm√w-Ip-∂ns‚ IdpØ Ij≠n. sX°v Ingt°

aqe-bn¬ D®n-bn¬ aq∂p henb ape-I-fp≈ IpSb-Øq¿ae.

AXn¬\n∂pw ]Sn-™m´p \ofp∂ taep-Imhv F≈pºw Ip∂p-Iƒ.

IpS-b-Øq¿a-ebpw taep-Im-hp-Ip∂pw tbmPn-°p∂ Nfp-°n-eqsS

Zqsc-\n∂p FØn-t\m-°p∂ IS-Np-cpń. t]cp-t]mse AXns‚

BIrXn Npcp-ńb ioe-°p-S-bp-tS-XmWv. F≈pºw Ip∂n\pw ]Sn-

™mdv H‰-°-√mbn Dcp∂ sImS-°√v. AXn\pw ]Sn-™mdp ]∂n-

°p∂pw s]mtdm-f-°p∂pw \ofp∂p. hnim-e-amb ]®-∏-c-h-Xm-\n-∏m-

Shpw Np‰pw Hgp-Ip∂ ]fp-¶p-tXm-Sp-Ifpw sas√ Db¿∂p-b¿∂p \oem-

Imiw Npw_n-°p∂ Ip∂p-Ifpw ae-bp-sam-°-°qSn AXn at\m-l-

c-Zriyw krjvSn-°p∂p. ae-sh≈ IpØn-sbm-gp-°n¬ FSp-Øp-t]m-

ImsX henb henb I√p-Iƒ ASp-°n-bn´v c≠p ao‰¿ Db-c-Øn¬

H∂-c-In-tem-ao-‰¿ Zqc-Øn¬ \of-ap≈ Iøme, A√; AIØv Xmßp-

I-√n´p kna‚n-SmØ Icn-¶¬ `nØn \me-©m-≠p-IƒsIm≠v Cń-

sF∏v sIń®p. AXbpw Xs∂ B≠p-I-fn¬ ]me-°m-S≥ Ipfw-

tXm-≠n-Iƒ taSp shń-t°mcn Npa∂p Ip≠p-I-fn-en´p. I≠w

\ncØn. I≠n FSp-Ø-tijw AXn\p sXt°-°-c-bn¬ Db-c-Øn¬

hS-t°m´p Z¿i-\-ambn henb hoSpw ASp-°-f-s°´pw ]Wn-bn®p;

ap‰w \ncØn sIń®p. ]n∂oSv Imcy-amb ]Wn-sbm∂pw Cń-sF∏v

FSp-∏n-®n√.

ap´w ]c-kv]c klm-b-kwLw ÿm]I t\Xm-°-fn-sem-cm-

fmb Cń-sF∏v AXns‚ c≠mw ]kn-U‚m-bn-cp∂p. ]n∂oSv ]e

XhW IΩn‰n saw_dpw ]kn-U≥cpw Bbn-´p≠v. Ct∏mƒ ap´w

k¿hokv kl-I-cW _m¶pw a‰p-ambn ap´w Ih-e-b-SpØv kz¥w

Ccp-\ne sIń-S-Øn¬ ]i-kvX-ambn tkh\w \S-Øp∂ ÿm]\w

hf¿Øp-h-ep-Xm-b-XmWv. 1934˛35Ifn¬ A∂p Fw.F¬.kn.bmbn-

cp∂ Ad-°pfw tPm¨ I´-°-b-hp-samØv D’m-ln®v, ]b-Xv\n®v;

Cń sF∏v ap´w N¥ ÿm]n®p. N¥-Zn-h-k-ß-fnepw Rmb-dmgvN

Cd-®n-sh´pw ÿncw DW-°-ao≥ IS-bp-ap≠v. N¥-bn¬.

Aº-Xn -e -[nIw B≠p-Iƒ Cń -sF∏v XpS -ß-\m´ v

111


am¿tØmΩm «olm ItØm-en°m s^mtdm-\m-]-≈n-bpsS IΩn-‰n-

bw-Khpw ]e-h´w ssI°m-c\pw s]cp-∂mƒ ]kp-tZ-¥nbpw a‰p-

ambn. AXns‚ ]pXp-°n-∏-Wn°pw sk‚ v tXmakv F¬.]n., bp.]n.

sslkvIq-fp-I-fp-tSbpw c≠p I\ym-kvXo-a-T-ß-fp-tSbpw ]≈n-ta-S-

I-fp-tSbpw ˛ ]g-bXpw ]pXn-bXpw ˛ dmWn-Kncn Bip-]-Xn-s°-ń-S-

ß-fp-tSbpw ]Wn-Iƒ°v Imcy-amb kw`m-h-\-Ifpw ia-Zm-\-ßfpw

\S-Øn-bn-´p≠v. FXtbm hg-°p-Ifpw A`n-]m-b-`n-∂-X-Ifpw At±-

l-Øns‚ a≤y-ÿ-X-bn¬ sI -Sßn. \nc-¥c ¿Ør-]o-U-\-Øm¬

kln-sI´p ]cn-t°‰p hoSp-hn- n-dßn h≈n-∏md A`bw tXSnb A\p-

P≥ Xo∏p-g-°p-t∂¬ h¿°n-bpsS `mcy Nm®nsb h¿°n-bpsS

A]oXn Imcy-am-°msX kwc-£n® D]hn ]hr-Ønbpw IrX-⁄-

X-tbmsS kvacn-°p∂p.

]mbm-[n-Iy-Øn¬ CS-Xp-hiw Xf¿∂v Cń-sF∏v aq∂m-≠p-

Iƒ ]s‰ InS∂p. Atß¿°v B AkpJw XpSßn Hcm≠p Ign™v

AtX AkpJw _m[n®v mcybpw InS-∏n-embn. A∂p AXoh i≤-

tbmsS Atem-∏Xn Bbp¿thZ NnIn-’-Iƒ \SØn ]cn-N-cn®p

IqsS Xma-kn-®n-cp∂ acp-a-Iƒ tXkym-tbbpw aI≥ amΩ-t\bpw

Ah-cpsS amXr-]n-Xr- n-‡n-tbbpw £a-tbbpw FX hmgvØn-bmepw

A[n-I-am-In√. Cń-sF∏v 1974 P\p-hcn Hº-Xn\pw `bmcy 1975

sk]vXw-_¿ Fń\pw acn®p. Ccp-h-tcbpw XpS-ß-\m´v s^mtdm-

\m-]≈n skan-tØcn Nm∏-en-\p-≈n¬ AS°n. h≈n-∏md Xmakw

XpS-ßn-b-tijw C-h¿°v Gen-°pń (knÃ¿ skdm- nb) Fs∂mcp

aIfpw amΩ≥ (sI.sF.tXmakv) Fs∂mcp aI-\pw-IqSn ]nd∂p.

aq∂m-asØ aI≥ amΩ-\mWv amXm-]n-Xm-°-tfmsS h≈n-∏md

Xma-kn-®Xv. XpS-ß-\mSv ]p≈n-hI sk‚ v tXmakv F¬.]n., bp.]n.

kvIqfp-I-fn¬ ]Tn®v sslkvIq-fn¬ hnZym-`ymkw \S-Øp-tºmƒ

amΩ≥ ]T\w \n¿Øn. Irjn-co-Xn-Iƒ ioen-®p-I-gn-bp-tºmƒ IS-

\mSp ]m≠n-bm-am-°¬ tPmk^v˛adnbw aIƒ tXkym-Ωsb

I√ymWw Ign®p. Ch¿°n tKkn (sI.Sn.adn-bmΩ), emen (Gen-

bmΩ tXmakv) F∂o c≠p ]pXn-am¿ P\n®p. aqØ-a-Isf Ad-

°pfw I®n-d-a‰w tXmakv A∂Ω aI≥ tPmk^pw c≠m-asØ

]pXnsb tN¿∏p-¶¬ ]I-tem-a‰w imJ sXmgp-Øp-¶¬ tPmk^v

˛ A∂Ω aI≥ kndn-b°pw IeymWw Ign®p. ZØmbn h≈n-∏md

112


Xma-kn-°p∂ emen ˛ kndn-bIv Zº-Xn-am¿°v A\p (A∂Ω),

tPmkp-Ipń (sPÃn≥) F∂ c≠p a°-fm-Wp-≈Xv. AXn¬ A∂Ω

(A\p) πkv Sp hnZym- ymkw Ign™v I¿Ω-eo-Øm-a-T-Øn¬ (]mem)

tN¿∂p k`m-hkvXw kzoI-cn®v I\ym-kvXo-bmbn tkh\w

sNøp∂p. aI≥ tPmkp-Ipń _n.tImw ]T\w gn™v Ct∏mƒ Xncp-

h-\-¥-]p-cØv tlm´¬ amt\-Pvsa‚ v hnZym¿Yn-bmWv. amΩs‚ aqØ-

a-I-fmb tKkΩ ˛ tPmkv (I®n-d-a‰w) Zº-Xn-am¿°v ‰ntPm

(tXmakv), t‰mWn (sUma-\nIv) F∂ c≠mä-°-fmWv. AXn¬

‰ntPm tkm^v‰v shb¿ F≥Pn-\o-b-dnwKv ]mmbn sNss∂-bn¬

Snkn-Fkv Iº-\n-bn¬ F≥Pn-\o-b-dmbn tPmen sNøp∂p. A\p-

P≥ t‰mWn t]mfn-sS-Iv\n°v hnZym¿∞n-bmWv. ]c-kv]c klmb

kwLw Ub-d-IvSdpw tIm¨Kkv aWvUew Ωn‰n ]kn-U‚p-ambn

]h¿Øn-®n- p≈ amΩ≥ \njv]£ a≤y-ÿ-s\∂v P\-k-ΩXn t\Sn-

bn-´p≈ kXy-k-‘\pw P\-]n-b-\p-amWv.

Ing-t°-°c ssItXm-en¬awKew Umw D]-imJ

h≈n-∏md Cń-sF∏v adnbw Zº-Xn-am-cpsS aqØ-a-I≥ HuX-

°pń Xd-hm- n¬ Xma-kn®p. Im\m- p-]md \memw-Xcw Pbn®p ]mem

sk‚ v tXmakv sslkvIqƒ ]Tn-°p-tºmƒ ]T\w \n¿Øn h≈n-

∏md h∂v Irjn-Im-cy-ß-fn¬ ]nXm-hns\ klm-bn®p. Af-\m-´p-

Ic Cf-t¥m´w CSI hcn-°-am-°≥ tXmakv ˛ adnbw aIƒ A∂-

Ωsb IeymWw Ign®p. Ch¿°v Nn∂Ω (hn.B¿.Nn∂Ω),

Ip™q™v (sI.sP.tPmk^v) F∂o c≠p a°-fp≠v. _n.Fkvkn

_ncpZw t\Snb Nn∂Ω AcoX sk‚ tPm¿Pv tImtfPv KŸm-e-

b-Øns‚ Npa-X-e-bn¬ Ccn-°p-tºmƒ Ah-[n-sb-SpØv ]Tn®p tImgn-

t°mSv k¿h-I-em-im-e-bn¬\n∂pw sse_dn kb≥kn¬

Fw.F._ncpZw t\Sn. Acp-hn-Øpd tImtf-Pn¬\n∂pw slUv

sset_-dn-b-\mbn dn´-b¿sNbvXp. Ahn-hm-ln-X-bmWv. am∂m\w

Nmhd Ipcym-t°mkv tImtf-Pn¬\n∂v _ncpZw t\Snb Ip™q™v

Aco-X-b-SpØv hmc-WØv tPmk^v ˛A∂-°pń aIƒ tkm^n

(^ntem-an\) sb hnhmlw sNbvXp. Ch¿°v ]nb Fen-k-_Øv,

_m_p tPmk^v, Pqen-b‰v tPmk^v F∂o aq∂p a°-fp≠v. ]nb

129


t\gvknwKv hnZym-`ymkw ]q¿Øn-bm°n Xriq¿ Nnd-bn¬ hoń¬

sP≥ks\ hnhmlw sNbvXv Xriq-cn¬ Xma-kn-°p∂p. _m_p

F≥Pn-\o-b-dnwKv hnZym-`ymkw Ign™v _mwKvfq-cn¬ F≥Pn-\o-b-

dmbn tPmen sNøp∂p. h≈n-∏md ]dºv hoXw Inń-b-Xn¬ hoSp

]Wn-bn®v Xma-kn-®n-cp∂ HuX-°pń AXv hn‰v awKew Uman¬

hf∏pw hoSpw d_¿tØm-´-ßfpw hmßn. Ct∏mƒ _mw•q-cn¬ Xma-

kn-°p∂ ]nb˛P≥k¨ Zº-Xn-Iƒ°v tPmb≥ (4 hb-v), InÃo\

(9 amkw) F∂ c≠p-Ip -ń -I-fp -≠v. Cfb aIƒ Pqen -b‰v

A¬t^m≥km tImtfPv hnZym¿∞n-\n-bm-Wv. 1997 \ncym-X-\mb

HuX-°p- nsb sk‚ v tkthygvkv s^mtdm\ N¿®v awKew Uman¬

kwkvI-cn-®p. Ip™q™pw IpSpw-_hpw awKew Uman¬ Xma-kn-

°p-∂p. AXp-t]mse A∂-Ωbpw Nn∂-Ωbpw Hcp-an®v awKew

Uman¬Xs∂ Xma-kn-°p-∂p.

Ing-t°-°c ssItXm-en¬aqhm-‰p-]pg D]-imJ

h≈n-∏md adnbw Cń-sF-∏p-am-cpsS c≠m-asØ aI≥

sslkvIq-fn¬ ]Tn-°p-tºmƒ ]T\w \n¿Øn ]´m-f-Øn¬ tN¿∂p.

ssk\n-tI-h-\-Øn-ep-≠m-bn-cp∂ Idp-Ip‰n ss]\m-SØv At]w ˛

A∂-°pń aIƒ ¢mcsb hnhmlw sNbvXp. ]´m-fw-hn´p Ipd-®p-

\mƒ Im™n-c-∏pg henb C©n-°p∂p tXm´-Øn¬ klm-bn-®n-

cp∂p. Hcm≠p Ign™v Ahn-Sw-hn´v t]m∂v h≈n-∏md hoXw Inńb

hkvXp-hn¬ hoSp ]Wn-bn®p Xma-kn®p. AXv hn‰v ae-∏pdw Pn√-

bn¬ aWn-aq-fn°p IpSn-tbdn. aq∂p-\mev B≠p-Iƒ Ign™v AXpw

hn‰p.

aqhm-‰p-]pg ]´-W-Øn¬ F´mw hm¿Un¬ hoSp hmßn ]cn-

jvI-cn®p ]Wn-bn®v Xma-kn®p. 1990 sabv 17˛mw XobXn Icƒkw-

_-‘-amb Akp-J-Øm¬ acn®p. hnb-∂-bnepw bp.Fkv.Fbnepw

D≠m-bn-cp∂ a°ƒ h∂-tijw arX-tZlw aqhm-‰p-]pg tlmfn amKn

]≈n skan-tØ-cn-bn¬ AS°n. 1986¬ ASpØv B\n-°m- n¬ Btd-

°¿ ]dºp hmßn. kmº-Øn-I-ambn ]s‰ XI¿∂ ]m∏-®≥ ]®-

]n-Sn-°m≥ hntZ-iØp tPmen-bp≈ a°ƒ Ab® XpI-Iƒ D]-I-

cn®p. hoSn-t\mSv tN¿Øv Iptd apdn-Ifpw c≠mw-\n-ebpw ]Wn-bn®v

130


`mcy ¢mc-Ω Xma-kn-°p∂p. ]m∏-®s\ kw_-‘n®v H∂v ]tXyIw

]d-bm-\p-≈Xv, At±lw AXym-h-iy-Im-eØv hmßnb IS-ß-sf√mw

a°ƒ hntZ-iØv tPmen-I-fn-embn ]Ww Ab-®-t∏mƒ Bcpw Bh-

iy-s∏-SmsX Ah-c-h-cpsS hoSp-I-fn¬ sIm≠p-sN∂p sImSp-Ø-

XmWv. AXn¬ Atßcpw a°fpw A`n-\-µ-a¿ln-°p-∂p. ]e DØ-

a¿Æcpw In´m-°-S-ß-fmbn Fgp-Xn-Ø-≈n-b-h-bm-bn-cp∂p Ch. hnb-

∂-bn¬ C‚¿\m-j-W¬ At‰m-anIv Du¿÷-tI-µ-Øn¬ tPmen

sNbvXn-cp∂ sI.F^v.tPmkv BWv aqØ-a-I≥. tPmkv XpS-ß-

\mSv, F¬.]n., bp.]n, sslkvIq-fp-I-fn¬ ]Tn®v Fkv.Fkv.F¬.kn

Pbn®v Nß-\m-t»cn sk‚ v _¿°p-sa≥kn¬\n∂v _n.Fkvkn,

Fw.Fkvkn _ncp-Z-ßƒ t\Sn.

hnb-∂-bn¬ FØn-b-Xn-\p-tijw \yq¢n-b¿ ^nkn-Ivkn¬

Fw.FUv _ncpZw hnb-∂-bn¬ bqWn-th-gvÃn-bn¬\n∂pw ]q¿Øn-

bm-°p-Ibpw XpS¿∂v hnb∂ bqWn-th-gvkn-‰n -bn¬ Xs∂

]n.F®v.Unbpw ]q¿Øn-bm°n. hnZym¿∞n Bbn-cn-°p-tºmƒ Xs∂

Adn-b-s∏-Sp∂ Hcp kmaqly ]h¿Ø-I-\m-bn-cp∂p. tPmkn\v 1970¬

Nß-\m-t»cn ap\n-kn-∏m-en‰n G‰hpw \√ kmaqly ]h¿Ø-I-

\p≈ ]pc-kvImcw \¬In BZ-cn-®n-cp∂p. tImf-Pn¬ ]Tn-®Xv tPmkv

kzbw kmº-ØnIw Is≠-Øn-bm-bn-cp∂p. X\n°pw A\p-

P≥am¿°pw hntZ-iØv tPmen-Iƒ kºm-Zn-®Xv tPmkmWv. AXn¬

At±lw A\-\y-amb Ignhpw Iqdpw sXfn-bn®p. hnb-∂-bn¬ FØn-

b-Xn-\p-tijw At±-l-Øns‚ Iem˛ kmwkvIm-cnI kmaqly aX

Imbn-I-cw-K-ß-fn-ep≈ ]h¿Ø-ßƒ XpS¿∂p-sIm-≠n-cp∂p. ][m-

\-a¥n hmPvt]-bn-bpsS `c-W-Im-eØv G‰hpw \√ kmaqly

]h¿Ø-\-Øn-\p≈ Ahm¿Un\p tPmkv Xnc-s™-Sp-°-s∏- n-cp∂p.

Xriq¿ ]pen-t°m-ń¬ B‚Wn ˛ sIm®∂w Zº-Xn-I-fpsS aIƒ

sIm®p-tXkym Fw.Fkvkn-bmWv mcy. hnhm-l-k-a-bØv sIm®p-

tXky hnae tImtfPv Xriq-cn¬ ck-X-¥-hn-`mKw eIvN-d-dmbn

]h¿Øn-°p-I-bm-bn-cp∂p. 2007 hsc tPmkv hnb∂ bqWn-th-gvÃn-

bnepw bp.F∂n-ep-ambn ]h¿Øn®p. sIm®p-tXkym HmkvSn-b≥

Kh¨sa‚ns‚ Iogn¬ Kth-jW et_m-d-´-dn-bn¬ imkvX-⁄-

bmbn ]h¿Øn®v c≠p-t]cpw 2007¬ tPmen-bn¬\n∂v hnc-an®v \mń-

seØn. \mń-se-Ønb tPmkv \n¿Ωe ]ªnIv kvIqfnepw hna-e-

131


Kncn ]ªnIv kvIqfnepw A≤ym-]-I-\mbn ]h¿Øn-®-tijw

Ct∏mƒ tImX-aw-Kew kn_n.FkvC kvIqfn¬ ]n≥kn-∏-embn

]h¿Øn-°p∂p. \mń¬ h∂-Xn-\p-tijw _n.FUv ]co£ ]i-

kvX-ambn ]mkm-b-Xn-\p-tijw Ct∏mƒ Fw.FUv hnZym¿Yn-Iq-Sn-

bmWv. tPmkv ˛ sIm®p-tXkym Zº-Xn-Iƒ°v ^m≥kokv

ssl≥dnIv tXmakv (sStPm), B‚Wn entbm-t]mƒUv Fa-dnIv

(kmtPm) F∂o c≠mä-°fpw sSn ¢mcokv A∂ (sSn) F∂

s]Ïp- n-bp-am-Wp-≈Xv. AXn¬ sStPm F≥Pn-\o-b-cnwKv ]mkmbn

tkmfn (F-en-k-_-Øv) Fs∂mcp HmkvSn-b≥ s]Ïp-ńsb

hnhmlw sNbvXv hnb-∂-bn¬ A¥¿tZ-iob ÿm]-\-Øn¬ F≥Pn-

\o-b-dmbn tPmen t\m°p∂p. Ah¿°v ^m≥kokv PqWn-b¿

Fs∂mcp BÏp-ń-bp≠v. c≠m-asØ aI≥ kmsPm saUn-°¬

hnZym-`ym-k-Øn-\p-tijw hnb-∂-bn¬ tUmIvS-dmbn tPmen

sNøp∂p. aIƒ sSn Fw.F.bpw Fw.Fknbpw ]i-kvX-amb coXn-

bn¬ ]mmbn Xe-tbm-e-∏-dºv s]mXn-bn¬ ]∂n-t°m-ń¬ Ipcy≥

˛ X¶Ω Zº-Xn-I-fpsS ]pX≥ dn¶p-hns\ hnhmlw sNbvXv

kzn‰vk¿e-≠n¬ F≥Pn-\o-b-dmbn tPmen sNøp∂p. dn¶p

kzn‰vk¿e≠v Kh¨sa‚ns‚ Btcm-Ky-h-Ip-∏n¬ tkh\w

sNøp∂p. Ah¿°v \oen Fs∂mcp s]Ïp-ń-bp-≠v.

tPmkv hnb-∂bv°v t]mIpw-apºv Fgp-ØpIpØv aptJ\ A\p-

P≥ At]w _n.Fkvkn°v ss\Po-cn-bm-bn¬ A≤ym-]I tPmen

t\Sn Ab®p. At]w Ah-[n-bn¬ h∂-t∏mƒ Rmd-bv°¬ hmfq-

cm≥ tPmk^v adnbw aIƒ tacn-°pń _n.Fkvkn, _n.FUns\

IeymWw Ign®p. Ahcpw AhnsS A[ym-]n-I-bmbn. At]w Iw]yq-

-dn¬ Fw.Fk.v ]Tn-°m≥ Ata-cn-°-bn¬ t]mbn. IqsS-t∏mb tacn-

°pń t\gvknwKpw ]Tn®v Pbn®v AhnsS t\gvkmbn tPmen

sNøp∂p. Ah¿°v ^m≥kokv At]w (]ms©), ¢mc At]w

F∂o c≠p Ipń-I-fm-Wp-≈Xv. Hlmtbm tÃ‰v Bjve‚ v Iayq-

Wn‰n tImtf-Pn¬ A≤ym-]-I-\m-bn-cns° UnKn ]mmb aIƒ

A\p-hn-t\m-sSm∏w saUn-°¬ F≥S≥kv ]co£ Fgp-Xp-Ibpw

A∏\pw aIƒ°pw dmt¶m-Sp-IqSn AUvan-j≥ Inń-b-t∏mƒ c≠p-

t]cpw Hcp-an®v Htc ¢mkn¬ ]Tn®v 2001¬ c≠p-t]cpw tUmIvS¿am-

cmbn. tUmIvS¿ At]w Ct∏mƒ Ata-cn-°-bn¬ tUmIvS-dmbn

132


tkh\w sNøp∂p. aIƒ tUmIvS¿ A\p-hns\ tUmIvS¿ tlmUvPv

F∂ Ata-cn-°≥ tUmIvS¿ hnhmlw sNbvXp. Ah¿°v aq∂p

sIm®p-Ip-ń-I-fm-Wp-≈Xv. At]-ans‚ GI-a≥ ^m≥kokv

(]ms©) ]i-kvX-amb coXn-bn¬ F≥Pn-\o-b-dnwKpw Fw._n.Fbpw

]mmbn ]t£, Ata-cn-°-bn¬ P\p-hcn F´mw-Xo-bXn 2004¬ Hcp

Imd-]-I-S-Øn¬ ac-W-s∏´p. ¢mc ˛ ]m∏-®≥ Zº-Xn-I-fpsS aq∂m-

asØ aI≥ Ip™p-a-Ømbn (sI.F^v.amXyp) XpS-ß-\mSv sk‚ v

tXmakv sslkvIq-fn¬\n∂pw Fkv.Fkv.F¬.knbpw tImgn-t°mSv

sSIv\n-°¬ C≥Ãn-‰yq-ń¬\n∂pw Untπm-abpw ]mmbn hnb-∂-

bn¬ tPmen-bn-emb At±lw s\øm-‰n≥Ic amXyp ˛adnbw aIƒ

¢mcsb hnhmlw Ign®p. ]n∂oSv Ata-cn-°-bn¬ t]mbn Iw]yq-´¿

kb≥kn¬ UnKn kºm-Zn®v amXyp IpSpw-_-k-taXw hnb-∂-bn¬

FØn HmkvSn-b≥ Iº-\n-bn¬ Iw]yq-´¿ F≥Pn-\o-b-dmbn tPmen

sNøp∂p. Ah¿°v kvanX, knsPm F∂ c≠v a°-fm-Wp-≈Xv.

kvanX F∂ aIƒ Fw._n.F. ]mmbn hnb-∂-bn-semcp Iº-\n-

bn¬ tPmen sNøp∂p. knsPm Ata-cn-°-bn¬ D]-cn-]-T\w \SØn

Cdn\m Fs∂mcp djy≥ s]Ïp-ńsb hnhmlw sNbvXv Ata-cn-

°-bn¬ tPmen-sNbvXv IpSpw-_-k-taXw Xma-kn-°p∂p. amXyp

HmkvSn-b-bnse Adn-b-s∏-Sp∂ Hcp Iem kmwkvIm-cnI kmaqly

]h¿Ø-I-\mWv.

]m∏-®≥ ˛ ¢mc Zº-Xn-I-fpsS \mem-asØ Ipń tacn-sb∂

aI-fmWv. tacn-°pń 1973¬ Fkv.Fkv.F¬.kn.Pbn®v I¿Ω-eoØm

k\ym-kn\n k`-bpsS Xe-t»cn cq]-X-bnse sk‚ v tPmk^v

t]mhn≥kn¬ tN¿∂p. k`-hI tX°pw-Ip-‰n-bn-ep≈ ]T-\-tI-µ-

Øn¬ ]cn-io-e\w \SØn. 1974 Unkw-_¿ 28\p ]Ya hX-hm-

KvZm\w \SØn. k`m-h-kvXhpw knÃ¿ Pb F∂ t]cpw kzoI-

cn®p. ]n∂oSv ]me-°mSv tagvkn tImtf-Pn¬ ]oUnKn ]T\w \SØn.

et_m-d-´dn sSIv\o-jy≥ tImgvkpw Pbn®p. 1978 apX¬ 1983 hsc

sk‚ v tPmk^v anjy≥ Bip-]-Xn-bn¬ tkh\w \SØn. 1983¬

I¿Æm-S-I-Ønse \c-knwl cmP-]pcw CS-h-I-bn-ep≈ k`-hI

]pjv]m-ip-]-Xn-bn-te°v amdn. 1986 apX¬ DUp∏n temw_m¿Uv

kvamcI Bip-]-Xn-bn¬ t\gvknwKv ]Tn®v H∂mw-¢m-kn¬ ]mmbn.

1990 apX¬ am\-¥-hmSn ]hn-iymw-K-ambn ]pjv]m-ip-]-Xn-bn¬

133


tkh\w sNbvXp-sIm-≠n-cnt° P¿Ω-\n-bn-te°v t]mIp-Ibpw P¿Ω-

\n-bn¬ 13 h¿jsØ tkh-\-Øn-\p-tijw 2007¬ \ń¬ Xncn-s®Øn

Xe-t»cn t]mhn≥kn¬ tkh\w sNbvXp-sIm-≠n-cn-°-bm-Wn-t∏mƒ.

¢mc ˛ ]m∏-®≥ Zº-Xn-I-fpsS a°-fn¬ A©m-asØ Bƒ

tXmakv (Ip™n-sXm-Ω≥) F∂ ]pX-\mWv. XpS-ß-\mSv, aWn-aqfn,

aqhm-‰p-]pg F∂n-hn-S-ß-fn¬ sslkvIqƒ hnZym-`ymkw ]q¿Øn-

bm°n. XpS¿∂v ]nd-hØv emt_m-d-´dn hnZym-`ym-khpw ]q¿Øn-

bm°n hnb-∂-bn-seØn tPmen-bn¬ ]th-in®p. Ip™n-sXm-Ω≥

XpS-ß-\mSv hmg-Nm-cn-°¬ tPm¨ adn-b-°pń aIƒ B\n-b-Ωsb

hnhmlw Ign®p. Ch¿°v ¢mcnkv, ^m≥knkv (Ip´-∏mbn) F∂

c≠p a°-fm-Wp-≈Xv. AXn¬ ¢mcnkv kvIqƒ Hm^v _mk-en¬

_tbm saUn-°¬ A\m-en-knkv hnZym¿Yn-\n-bmWv. ^m≥kokv

(Ip´-∏mbn) kqdn®v bqWn-th-gvkn-‰n -bn¬ F°-tWm-anIvkv

hnZym¿∞n-bmWv. Ch-cn-t∏mƒ kzn‰vk¿e-≠n¬ _mk-en-emWv

tPmen sNøp-∂Xv. B\n-b-Ωbv°v hnb-∂-bn¬ tPmen t\Sn-s°m-

Sp-ØXv tPmkmWv. IqSmsX kmº-ØnI hnj-a-X-bn-em-bn-cp∂ XpS-

ß-\mSv hmg-Nm-cn-°¬ IpSpw-_-Ønse aq∂p A\p-P-Øn-am-scbpw

Ip™n-sXm-Ω\pw B\n-b-Ωbpw IqSn hnb-∂-bn¬ tPmen-bn-em°n.

¢mcΩ ˛ ]m∏-®≥ Zº-Xn-I-fpsS a°-fn¬ Bdm-a-sØ-bmƒ

tXkym-°p-ń-sb∂ aI-fmWv tXkym-°pń _n.Fkvkn, _n.FUv

]mkmbn sIm´-°mSv sNd-bØv Xm©≥ sIm®p-h-doXv ˛ A∂w-

Ipń Ia≥ hn≥sk‚ v Fw.Fnsb hnhmlw Ign®p. `¿Øm-hp-

samØv Ata-cn-°-bn¬ tPmen sNøp∂p. ¢mcΩ ]m∏-®≥ Zº-Xn-

I-fpsS a°-fn¬ Ggm-a-sØ-bmƒ tPm¿PvIpń F∂ ]pX-\mWv

(sI.F^v.tPm¿Pv). \n¿Ωem tImtf-Pn¬\n∂pw _n.F _ncp-Z-sa-

SpØ tPm¿Pp-Ipń sXmSp-]pg Be-t°mSv \ºym-]-d-ºn¬ ]pXp-

t»cn tPm¨ ˛ adn-bmΩ aIƒ emen (tacn)sb hnhmlw Ign®p.

amXm-]n-Xm-°sf kwc-£n®v aqhm-‰p-]pg hoń¬ 2007 hsc Ign-bp-

I-bm-bn-cp∂p. emen tPm¿÷vIpń Zº-Xn-Iƒ°v an\p ¢mc, A\p-

a-cnb F∂ c≠v s]ä-°fpw ^m≥kokv (DÆn-Ip-´≥) F∂

]pX-\p-am-Wp-≈Xv. an\p _n.Fkvkn t\gvknwKv ]mkmbn sImńbw

Bip-]-Xn-bn¬ tPmen sNøp∂p. At]w IpSpw-_mw-K-ßƒs°√mw

Ata-cn-°≥ hnkbv°pw Ko≥ Im¿Un\pw At]-£n-®n-cp∂p.

134


AXn≥]-Imcw tPm¿PvIp-´nbpw emenbpw _n.Fkvkn t\gvknwKv

]mkmb A\p-a-dn-bbpw kvIq¬ hnZym¿Yn-bmb DÆn-Ip- -\p-samØv

2007 apX¬ Ata-cn-°-bn¬ Xma-kn®v tPmen sNøp∂p. ¢mcΩ ˛

]m∏-®≥ Zº-Xn-I-fpsS a°-fn¬ F´m-asØ Bƒ sk_m-Ãy≥

^m≥kokv F∂ ]pX-\mWv. At±lw _n.F.bpw Fw.F.bpw ]i-

kvX-amb coXn-bn¬ ]mmbn saUn-°¬ hnZym¿Yn-bmbn hnb-∂-

bn-seØn. Ahn-sS-\n∂pw Ata-cn-°-bn¬ t]mbn ]i-kvXam coXn-

bn¬ t\gvknwKpw AXns\ XpS¿∂v saUn-kn≥ ]Tn®v saUn-°¬

tUmIvS-dmbn. sk_m-Ãy≥ Im™mWn Xm≠Ω ]utemkv Zº-

Xn-I-fpsS aIƒ joe Fw.Fnsb hnhmlw sNbvXp. joe Ata-

cn-°-bn-seØn kn.F.]Tn®v Ata-cn-°≥ Akw-ªn-bn¬ A°u-

≠‚mbn tPmen sNøp∂p. tUmIvS-dmbn tPmen sNøp∂ sk_m-

Ãy\pw joebv°pw kmap-sh¬ F∂ ]pX-\mWv (kmap) D≈Xv.

kmap kvIqƒ hnZym¿Yn-bmWv.

¢mc ˛ ]m∏-®≥ Zº-Xn-I-fpsS ]Xn-\mep a°fn¬ Hº-Xm-

asØ Bƒ Beokv (Beokv ^m≥kokv) _n.Fkvkn, _n.FUv

aWn-a-e-bn¬\n∂pw Xncp-h-ºm-Sn°v IpSn-tb-dnb Be-∏m´p tXmakv

adnbw aI≥ tXmakv Fw.F hnhmlw sNbvXp. hnZym¿Yn-I-fmb

aq∂p a°-tfm-sSmØv Ct∏mƒ Ata-cn-°-bn¬ tPmen sNbvXv Xma-

kn-°p∂p.

¢mcΩ ]m∏-®≥ Zº-Xn-I-fpsS ]Xn-∂m-ep-a-°-fn¬ ]Øm-a-

sØ-bmƒ t]mfn (t]mƒ ^m≥kokv) BWv. t]mfn aWn-aqfn, aqhm-

‰p-]pg F∂n-hn-S-ß-fn¬ kvIqƒ hnZym-`ymkw ]q¿Øn-bm°n. aqhm-

‰p-]pg \n¿Ωem tImtf-Pn¬\n∂pw _n.tImapw ]mmbn. 1991¬

hnb-∂-bn-seØn. t]mfn tN¿Øe Ip∂p-Xd tPmk v _nPoØ

aIƒ \nΩnsb hnhmlw sNbvXp. Ch-cpsS hnhmlw hnb-∂-bn¬

h®p \S∂p. Ah¿°v ]mSn°v (tam\p), km≥Z (tamfp) F∂o

c≠p kvIqƒ Ip´n-I-fm-Wp-≈Xv. hnb-∂-bn-seØn hnb∂ bqWn-

th-gvkn-‰n-bn¬ XpS¿∂p ]Tn® \nΩnbpw t]mfnbpw a°-tfm-sSmØv

hnb-∂-bn¬ Xma-kn®v tPmen sNøp∂p.

¢mc ˛ ]m∏-®≥ Zº-Xn-I-fpsS ]Xn-s\m-∂m-asØ Bƒ

^nen∏v t\cn P\n®v A[n-I-\mƒ Ign-bp-∂-Xn-\p-aptº acn®p.

135


¢mc ]m∏-®≥ Zº-Xn-I-fpsS a°-fn¬ ]¥-≠m-asØ Bƒ

A∂-°pń (A∂-Ipń ^m≥kokv) ]oUnKn ]Tn-®-tijw 1986¬

I¿Ω-eoØm k\ym-kn-\o-k- -bn¬ tN¿∂p A∞n-\n-bmbn B≥kv

acnb F∂ t]¿ kzoI-cn®p. k -hI tX°pw-Ip‰n ]T-\-tI-µ-Øn¬

]cn-io-e\w \SØn. 1989¬ Ccn-ßm-e-°pS ISp-ßm-®nd enkyq aTw

hI sSbn-\nwKv kvIqfn¬ tN¿∂v 1991¬ Untπma t\Sn. Ct∏mƒ

ae-∏pdw Pn√-bn¬ Icp-hm-c-°p-≠n-\-SpØv sk‚ v tacokv aTw-hI

kvIqfn¬ A≤ym-]n-I-bmWv. ¢mc ˛ ]m∏-®≥ Zº-Xn-I-fpsS ]Xn-aq-

∂m-a-sØ Bƒ sken≥ (sken≥ ^m≥kokv) F∂ aI-fmWv.

aqhm-‰p-]pg \n¿Ωem tImf-Pn¬ _n.Fkvknbpw aWn-∏m-en¬ _n.-

FUpw ]Tn®v Bc-°pg kvIqfn¬ ]Tn-∏n-°p-I-bm-bn-cp∂p. 1995¬

Bc-°pg πmtØm-´-Øn¬ entbm-W≥ F∂ AUz-t°-‰ns\

hnhmlw sNbvXp. Ah¿°v ^m≥¶n-en≥, Unssh≥ F∂o c≠p

BÏp- n-I-fmWv. 2010¬ Ah¿ Ata-cn-°-bn-te°v IpSn-tbdn. ¢mc

˛ ]m∏-®≥ Zº-Xn-I-fpsS ]Xn-∂mep a°-fn¬ ]Xn-\m-em-asØ Bƒ

sUman-\nIv kmhntbm BWv. aµ-_p-≤n-bmb kmhntbm ]Sn-™msd

tImSn-°p-fØv ^mZ¿ sPbnwkv hS-t°-ens‚ t\Xr-Xz-Øn¬ \S-

Ø-s∏-Sp∂ kvt\l- -h-\n¬ Ign-bp∂p. Ahp-[n-k-a-bØpw ]tXyI

hnti-j-Zn-\-ß-fnepw aqhm-‰p-]pg hoń¬ h∂v Nne-h-gn-°p∂p. F√m

A\p-P-∑m-scbpw hnb-∂-bn¬ FØn-®Xpw AhnsS tPmen-bp≈

\kmWn bph-Xn-I-sf-s°m≠v hnhmlw Ign-∏n-®Xpw tPmkmWv.

tPmkpw IpSpw-_hpw Ct∏mƒ hb-mb AΩ-bp-tSbpw aµ-_p-≤n-

bmb kmhn-tbm-bp-sSbpw kwc-£Ww Gs‰-SpØv aqhm-‰p-]pg hoń¬

Ign-bp∂p. s]mXp-]-h¿Ø-I-\m-bn-cp∂ ]m∏-®s‚ a°ƒ ]tXy-

In®v tPmkv, amXyp, tXmakv, t]mfn F∂n-h¿ Iem˛kmwkvIm-

cnI kmaqly kwL-S-\-I-fn¬ ]apJ ÿm\-ßƒ hln®v bqtdm-

∏n¬ ]h¿Øn-°p-\\p. Ah-sc√mw Ing-t°-°c IpSpw-_-Øns‚

biv h¿[n-∏n-°p∂p.

h≈n-∏md adnbw ˛ Cń-sF-∏p-am-cpsS GI-a-Iƒ Gen-°pń

XpS -ß-\mS v F¬]n, bp.]n , sslkvIq -fp -I -fn¬\n∂pw

Fkv.Fkv.F¬.kn. Pbn®p. 1948 Pqsse 15\p Nß-\m-t»cn cq]-X-

bn-em-bn-cp∂ I¿Ω-eoØm k∂ym-kn-\o-k- -bpsS XpS-ß-\mSv imJ-

bn¬ BZyw tN¿∂ A¿∞n-\n-I-fn¬ Hcm-fmbn. skdm-^nb F∂

136


t]¿ kzoI-cn®p. k -hI B¿∏q-°c h-\-Øn¬ ]cn-io-e\w \SØn

1950 sabv 18\p ]Ya hX-hm-KvZm\w \SØn. 1950¬ Xs∂ Nß-\m-

t»cn sk‚ v _¿°p-am≥kn¬ tN¿∂p 1955¬ _n.Fkvkn _ncpZw

t\Sn. 1953 sabn¬ \nXy-h-X-hm-KvZm\w sNbvXp. 1955 apX¬ 1956

Pqsse hsc cma-]pcw tkIUv lm¿´v sslkvIq-fn¬ A≤ym-]n-

I-bm-bn-cp∂p. ae-_m¿ IpSn-tb-‰-°m¿°p-th≠n Xe-t»cn cq]X

ÿm]n-X-am-b-t∏mƒ Xncp-h-ºm-Sn-bn¬ aTw ÿm]n-°m≥ 1956 Pqsse

]Øn\v AhnsS FØn. aTw ÿm]n®p. Pqsse 11 apX¬ 1980 hsc

Xncp-h-ºmSn tkIUv lm¿´v sslkvIq-fn¬ A≤ym-]n-I-bmbn

tkh\w \SØn. 1957¬ ]mem-bn¬ Bcw-`n® sSbn-\nwKv tImtf-

Pn¬ BZy-hn-Zym¿Yn-I-fn¬ Hcm-fmbn. IW°v, Cw•ojv hnj-b-ß-

fn¬ _n.FUv t\Sn-bn-cp∂p. 1963 apX¬ 1967 hsc Xncp-h-ºmSn aT-

Øns‚ tijvTØn, sk‚ v tPmk^v t]mhn≥kns‚ doP-W¬

kp∏o-cn-b¿ F∂o Npa-X-e-Iƒ hln®p. 1980¬ FSq¿ sk‚ v Sokm

aT-Øn-te°v amdn AhnsS sslkvIqƒ A≤ym-]n-I-bmbn. 1986¬

k`-bpsS P\-d¬ Nm]v‰-dn¬ Hcp P\-d¬ Iu¨kn-e-dmbn Xnc-

s™-Sp-°-s∏´p. 1986¬ A≤ym-]nI tPmen-bn¬\n∂p s]≥j≥ ]‰n-

b-Xn-\p-tijw k`-bpsS Bephm Xmbn-°m-´p-I-c-bn-ep≈ au≠v

Im¿Ω¬ P\-d-te-‰n-em-bn-cp∂p. 1991¬ \S∂ sXc-s™-Sp-∏n¬

skdm -^n -bm -Ωsb ho≠pw Xe-t»cn sk‚ v tPmk^v

t]mhn≥kns‚ s]mhn≥jym-fmbn Xnc-s™-SpØp. Ct∏mƒ

Bÿm\w Xncp-h-ºm-Sn-bn-emWv. Ch¿ tdmapw ]me-kvXo≥\m-Sp-

Ifpw kµ¿in-®n-´p≠v. Ct∏mƒ Xncp-h-ºmSn aT-Øn¬ hnia

PohnXw \bn-°p-∂p.

Ing-t°-°c ssItXm-en¬ sImt®en ˛ C´n-sF-∏p-am-cpsS

c≠m-asØ aI≥ aØmbn ]mem Su¨ k¿°m¿ ae-bmfw ]≈n-

°q-S-Øn¬ \memw-Xcw Pbn®p. ]mem henb ]≈n-hI sk‚ v tXma-

kn¬\n∂pw tX¿Uv t^mdhpw Nß-\m-t»cn sk‚ v _¿°p-

am≥kn¬\n∂pw C.Fkv.F¬.kn.bpw t\Sn. 1921¬ aØmbn Nß-

\m-t»cn s]‰n skan-\m-cn-bn¬ tN¿∂p. kpdn-bm\n, eØo≥ `mj-

Iƒ ]Tn®v 1923¬ hcm-∏pg skan-\m-cn-bn¬ ] -Øn\p ]T\w XpSßn.

A∂p Nß-\m-t»-cn-bnepw Xriqcpw amXta kpdn-bm\n tdma≥

ItØm-en°m saXm-∑m-cp≈q. At∂ aØmbn siΩm-»\p ^en-

137


X-kn-≤n-bp≠v. klr-Z-b-\mb Imfm-t»-cn-]n-Xmhv skan-\mcn Ah-

[n-°m-eØv kc-k-\mb aØm-bn-s»-Ωm-»-s\-IqsS Xma-kn-∏n-®n-

cp∂p. ]d-™p-tI´ A∂sØ Hcp IY tN¿s°s´; ]nXmhpw

siΩm-»\pw hnko-Øbv°v hn√p-h-≠n-bn¬ t]mIp-I-bmWv. ]nXmhv

Hcp enXw ]d™p. ""Ing-t°-°c Cu Ic-sb√mw Imf-h-≠n-bn¬

a≠p-∂t√m.'' Ccp-hcpw Nncn®p. XpS¿∂v siΩm-»≥ Aa¿Øn-b-

a¿Øn Nncn-®p-sIm-≠n-cp∂p. ""F¥m, Xm≥ C\nbpw Nncn AS-°m≥

hnj-an-°p-∂Xv?'' ""AXp ]d-™m¬ ]nXmhp tZjy-s∏-Sptam?; t]Sn-

bp≠v.'' ""Bcv? Rmt\m? Xm≥ b-s∏-SmsX ]d; Nncn-°m≥ Rm\pw

IqSmw'' ""Cu Imf Imfm-t»-cnsb hen-°p-∂t√m Ft∂m¿ØmWv.''

]nXmhv, "_te t`jv' ]d™p. Ccp-hcpw H∂n®v B¿Ø-´-l-kn®p.

h≠n-°m-c≥ F¥p sNbvtXm! Ah¿ hgn-hn-j-a-X-b-dn-bmsX ]≈n-

bn-seØn.

1928 Unkw-_¿ 23˛mw\p At±lw Iio»m ]´w G‰p. aØm-

bn-b-®s‚ kl-]m-Tn-Iƒ 24 t]cp-IqsS At±-l-tØm-sSm∏w Kpcp-

∏´w kzoI-cn®p. F√m-h-cp-tSbpw ]pØ≥ Ip¿_m\ H∂n®v BtLm-

j-ambn hcm-∏p-g-bn¬h®v \SØn. A®s‚ AΩ-b-∏-∑mcpw AΩm-

bn-b-Ωm-h-∑mcpw tN´\pw mcybpw Ip™p-ßfpw A\p-P\pw \thm-

Ubpw Ab¬°m-cp-sams° hf-h-c-bp≈ Hcp sI´p-h≈w \ndsb

Bfp-Iƒ ]mem tXmWn-°-S-hn¬\n∂p Ibdn. aq∂mw-\mƒ Ah¿

hcm-∏p-g-sbØn. CSn-®-Ω-¥nbpw (th∏n-e-°´n) De-Øp-I-dn-Ifpw

tamcp-Im-®n-bXpw Ah¿ FSp-Øn-cp∂p. Nq≠-I-fn¬ [mcm-f-ambn

In´nb ao≥ hdpØpw Idn-sh®pw Ah¿ Bkz-Zn®p. tNmdp h≈-

Øn¬ h®p. ]Ir-Xn-bpsS hnfn-Iƒ AXn\p kuI-cy-ap≈ ÿe-

ß-fn¬ h≈w ASp-∏n®p \SØn. A∂v C∂-sØ-t∏mse ASp-∏n-®-

Sp-∏n®v BƒØm-a-k-an-√t√m. hcm-∏p-g-bn¬ Xma-k-Øn\p hosS-

SpØp. £Ww skan-\m-cn-°m¿ sImSpØp. 25 tXmtWm-kp-I-fn¬

\h-ssh-Zn-I¿ ]Ya Znhy-_-en-b¿∏n®p. Hmtcm ]´-°m-c-t‚bpw

_‘p-an-Xm-Zn-Isf Atß¿ Ip¿_m\ sNm√p∂ AƒØm-cbv°p

t\sc \n¿Øpw. A∂v A\ysc ]≈n-bn¬ Ib-‰n√. aS-°-bmX

ssh°w-hsc h≈-Ønepw XpS¿∂v _nepw \SØn. Aßs\

bmXm-t¢-i-a-dn-bmsX aµ-am-cp-X-t\‰v ]Ir-Xn-c-a-Wo-b-Xbpw ]®-

ao\pw btYjvSw £n®v hnip≤ I¿Ω-Øn¬ kw_-‘n®v a\-»m¥n

138


t\Sn hnt\m-Z-bmX \S-Ønb kwXr-]vXn-tbmsS Ah¿ aS-ßn-

sbØn. hoSpw ASp-°-f-bp-ambn Ign-™n-cp∂ kvXoIƒ \∂mbn

BÀm-Zn-®n-cn-°Ww.

Ing-t°-°c sIm®-®≥ IS-\mSv, cma-]pcw s^mtdm-\m-]-≈n-

I-fn¬ AkvtX-¥n-bmbn CS-h-I-`-cWw ]cn-io-en®p. siΩm-»-\m-

bn-cnt° Xs∂ kp]-cn-Nn-X-\mb Ing-t°-°c aØmbn A®s\

Imfm-t»cn ]nXmhv Atß-cpsS kz¥w CS-hI Cf-t¥m´w hnIm-cn-

bm°n. hnko-Øbv°v h∂-t∏mƒ kzmK-X-Øn\p adp-]Sn ]d-bth

]nXmhv, Cßs\ ]kw-Kn®p. ""Hcp-Im-eØv I¬Zmb k`m-hn-`m-K-

Øns‚ ]pem-Øn-bm-bn-cp∂ Cf-t¥m-´-Øns‚ A[n-]s\ hnIm-cn-

b-®-s\-∂√, Xncp-ta-\n-b-®≥ F∂p hnfn-°-W-sa∂p \ap°v Xm¬∏-

cy-ap≠v.'' ]n∂oSv F√m-hcpw Atßsc "Xncp-ta-\n-b-®≥' F∂p hnfn-

®p-Xp-Sßn. Ing-t°-°c aØm-bn-b-®s\ Adn-bm-Ø-h¿IqSn Xncp-

ta-\n-b-®s\ Adn-™n-cp∂p. A®s‚ A∏s‚ AΩbpw ]mem cq]-

X-bpsS BZy saXm≥ am¿ sk_m-Ãy≥ hb-en-ens‚ A∏\pw

Bß-f-s]-ß-∑m-cm-bn-cp∂p. ]mb-°q-Sp-X¬ A®-\m-bn-cp∂p. amWn-

°pń Bbn-cn-°p-tºmƒ apX¬ A®\p am¿ hb-en-ens\ \√ ]cn-

N-b-amWv. Atß¿ BZy-Ip¿_m\ A¿∏n-®-t∏mƒ t]c-I≥ Xncp-

ta-\n-b-®-\m-bn-cp∂p. amWn-°p-ń-b-®≥ tdman¬\n∂p saXm-\mbn

h∂-t∏mƒ Xncp-ta-\n-b-®≥ c≠mw-h´w Cf-t¥m´w hnIm-cn-bmWv.

]e ssIa-Wn-°mcpw saXms\ sN∂p-I≠p ssIapØn, Xncp-ta-

\n-b-®\p t]mbn ImWm≥ kuI-cy-s∏-ń√. Aß-s\-bn-cns° Hcp

kmbm-l-\-Øn¬ AXm, saXm-\-®s‚ Im¿ ]≈n-ap-‰Øv! hmXn¬

Xpd∂p \S-∂-Sp-°p∂ saXms‚ ssIapØn A®≥ Cßs\ kzmK-

a-cpfn: ""Atßm-ń-d-ßtWm Ctßm´p...'' hmNIw apgp-an-∏n-°m≥

saXm-\-®≥ kΩ-Xn-®n√. ""AXt√ ]gb amWn-°pń Ctßm-´p-h-

∂Xv Xncp-ta\o'' am¿ hb-enepw kµ¿`m-\p-k-cWw Db¿∂p. Cf-

t¥m´w, B¿∏q-°c, ]qh-cWn, hnf-°p-amSw, IS-πm-a‰w, sNΩ-e-

a‰w (ChnsS aT-ÿm-]\w \SØn) ho≠pw Cf-t¥m´w Ch-bmWv

A®≥ hnIm-cn-bm-bn-cp∂ CS-h-I-Iƒ. aq∂mw-h´w Cf-t¥m´w hnIm-

cn-]Zw Zo¿L-\mƒ hln-®-tijw saXms‚ A\p-hmZw hmßn CS-

h-I- -cWw Dt]-£n®v AhnsS ]≈n-ap-dn-bn¬ hni-a-Po-hnXw \bn®p.

ho≠pw saXms‚ A\p-hmZw hmßn Xma-khpw \nXy _en-b¿∏-

139


Whpw kz¥w hoSp ssItXm-en-em°n. Aßs\ Ign-bp-tºmƒ aptº

_m[n-®n-cp∂ ]talw aq¿—n®p. `c-W-ßm\w tacn-Kncn Bip-]-

Xn-bn¬ ]ptcm-ln-X¿°p amX-amb apdn-bn¬ Hcp amk-Øn-e-[nIw

InS∂p. B Ime-ØmWv GI ktlm-Zcn Ip™mΩ ap≠-°-bØv

acn-®Xv. A®≥ AS-°n\p t]mbn Bip-]-Xn-bn-te°p aSßn.

]talw \nb-¥-W-Øn-em-bXpw ssItXm-en-te°v Xncn-®p-t]m∂p.

c≠p Znhkw Ign™v s^_p-hcn 23˛mw\p cmXn lrtZm-K-_m-[-

bp-≠mbn. AXpw aptº D≠m-bn-cp∂p. ho≠pw tacn-Kn-cn-bn-em°n.

]nt‰∂p cmhnse, s^_p-hcn 24\p 8.15\p kz¥-°m-cp-tSbpw kplr-

Øp-°-fp-tSbpw a≤y-Øn¬\n∂v Xncp-ta-\n-b-®≥ \nXy-\n-Z-bn-te°v

Du¿∂n-dßn. am¿ hb-en-ens‚ ][m\ Im¿Ωn-I-Xz-Øn¬ Cf-t¥m´w

]≈n-b-IØv I_-d-S°n. ap∏-Xmw-\mƒ …m_n-So-en\pw saXm-\-®≥

h∂n-cp∂p.

I£n-h-g-°p-Iƒ A®≥ `cn-®n-cp∂ CS-h-I-Isf Xo≠n-bn-cp-

\-\n√. n∂n-∏n®p cn-°p∂ \bw A®≥ kzoI-cn-®n-cp-∂n√. DNnX

D]-a-Iƒ kµ¿`m-\p-k-cWw Dƒs°m-≈n®v ên-X-k-Ωn-i-amb

sNdp- m-j-W-ß-fn-eqsS Adnhpw sFI-a-Xyhpw hnX®pw hnizm-khpw

kvt\lhpw sImbvXpw A®≥ CS-h-I-Iƒ cn®p. n∂n-®n-cp-∂-hsb

hnf°n tbmPn-∏n®p. CXm-bn-cp∂p A®s‚ `c-W-ssien. B efn-

X-Po-hn-X-t]an B¿`mSw BK-ln-®n√. ]qh-c-Wn-bn¬\n∂pw A®\p

hnf-°p-am-S-Øn-\m-bn-cp∂p am‰w. ]qh-c-Wn-°m¿ Imdp-I-fpsS AI-

º-Sn-tbmsS hf-™-h-gn°v A®s\ hnf-°p-am-S-sØ-Øn-°m≥ ]cn-

]m-Sn-bn-ń-cp∂p. sshIp-t∂-csØ bmX-b-b∏v tbmK-Øn¬ \µn

Adn-bn®v A®≥ ]kw-Kn®p. '' Cu tbmKw Xo¿∂m-ep-S≥ Rm≥

]Xnhp sshIp-t∂c \SØw XpS-ßp-I-bmbn.

]nb-s∏-´-h¿ F√m-hcpw Ft∂m-sSm∏w h∂p Fs∂ Fs‚

]pXnb CS-h-I-bn-em-°m≥ ]tXyIw Xmev]-cy-s∏-Sp∂p. ""Ah¿

F√m-hcpw ên-X-ßƒ ]d™pw Hm¿Ω-Iƒ Ab-hn-d-°nbpw Ipdp-

°n\p \S∂v hnf-°p-am-S-sØØn. Atßm´p ]pd-∏-Spw-apºv A®s‚

s]ń-Ifpw InS-°bpw X´p-ap´p kmam-\-ßfpw Imf-h-≠n-bn¬ Ib-

‰n-bn-cp∂p. Iń¬, tai, Itk-cm-Zn-Iƒ CS-h-I-°m¿ ]≈n-ap-dn-bn¬

Icp-Xn-bn-cn-°pI ]Xn-hm-Wt√m. I£n-h-g°v IØn-\n¬°p-tºm-

gmWv A®≥ hnf-°p-am-S-sØ-Øn-bXv. ]≈n ]pXp-°n-∏-Wn-bm-bn-

140


cp∂p ]iv\w. BbnsS ]pØ≥Ip¿_m\ sNm√nb ]mem cq]-X-

bnse GI F≥Pn-\o-bm-d-®s\, ]t≠ Adn-bp∂ saXm-t\mSv

]d™v A®≥ AkvtX-¥n-bm°n. A\p-Kr-loX Kmb-I\pw NnX-

Im-c-\pw-Iq-Sn-bmb s\√n-t°m´p tImgn-sIm-Øn-°-e-®≥ hc® mhn

]≈n πm≥ F√m-hcpw CjvS-s∏´p. A®≥ H∂n-∏n-°-ens‚ H∂mw-

]Sn Ibdn. Cßs\ Icp-X-temsS \b-Øn¬ \oßn CS-h-I-bnse

I£n-h-g°pw at\m-l-c-amb ]≈n-∏-Wnbpw A®≥ Xo¿Øp. 1958

apX¬ 1968 hsc siΩmipw AkvtX-¥n-bp-ambn A®s‚ At¥-

hm-kn-bm-bn-cp∂ s\√n-t°m´p tImgn-sIm-Øn-°-e-®≥ kZbw tiJ-

cn-®p-X∂ Xncp-ta-\n-b-®s‚ ^en-X-ß-fnepw Imcy-amX ]`m-j-W-

ß-fnepw NneXv tN¿°s´.

s\√n-t°m-Ss‚ A∏≥ acn-®-Xn¬ A\p-tim-N\w Adn-bn®v

A®s‚ IsØØn. AXn¬ ""F√m kwkvIm-c-th-f-I-fnepw Cº-

Øn¬ CuW-Øn¬ apg-ßm-dp≈ sIm®ns‚ i_vZ-Øn\p

ImtXm¿Øp; (At±lw Fs∂ hm’-ey-]q¿∆w Hma-\-t∏-cmWv hnfn-

®n-cp-∂Xv) tI´n√. ImcWw, F\n-°-dnbmw. kz¥w ]nXm-hns‚ ac-

W-Øn-ep≈ Zp:Jw. sIm®p Zp:Jnt°≠. Pohn-X-Ønse Hcp XØzw

FgpXmw. P\n-®p-hoW inip-hn\v H∂pw sNøm≥ høm. hf-cp-tºmƒ

Ian-gp∂p. ssII-fn¬ s]mßp∂p. \mep Imen-t∑¬ \o¥p∂p. Ccn-

°p∂p, ]nSn-s®-Wo-°p∂p. BcmWv ]cn-N-cn®v ]cn-io-en-∏n-°p-∂-

h¿? amXm-]n-Xm-°ƒ. Ing-h-cmbn Ign-bp-tºmgpw Ah¿°v inip-°-

sf-t∏mse H∂pw X\nsb sNøm≥ hø. At∏mƒ AΩ-b-∏-∑m-cpsS

]cn-N-cWw kvacn-°p∂p. sImXn-°p∂p. Ah¿ ]c-tem-I-ØmWv;

Ahsc A\p-K-an-°p∂p; AXmWv acWw.""

hm¿jnI [ym\m-h-km\w A®s‚ ]kwKw: ""C∂p \ΩpsS

[ym\w kam-]n-°p-I-bmWv. \√ Ipº-kmcw \SØn hn.Ip¿_m\

ssIs°m≠v F√m-hcpw hoSp-I-fn-te°p t]mIpw. ]gb Pohn-X-ta-

J-e-I-fn-te°v ]pXnb ]Xn-⁄-I-fp-ambn. t_m¿Unw-Kn-te°v/

tlmÃ-en-te°v aIs\/aIsf bmX-bm-°p∂ AΩ-sb-t∏mse Xncp-

k` \nßsf bmX-bm-°p∂p. AΩ ]dbpw: ""AhnsS sN∂m¬

IØ-b-bv°Ww, h√-t∏mgpw FÆ tX®p-Ip-fn-°Ww, ]mepw ap´bpw

kvs]jy¬ hmßn Ign-°Ww.'' Xncp-k`m amXmhv Hm¿Ωn-∏n-°p∂p:

FgpØv ]m¿∞\ apS-°-cpXv, tX®p-Ipfn Ipº-kmcw \S-ØWw,

kvs]jy¬ Znhy-Im-cpWyw kzoI-cn-°Ww.""

B Rmb-dmgvN Gh≥tKm-en-tbm≥ hmb-\bpw ]kw-Khpw

im_-Øm-N-c-W-sØ-°p-dn-®m-bn-cp∂p. \nß-fpsS BtSm amtSm Ipgn-

bn¬ hoWm¬ Ab¬°m-tcbpw kvt\ln-X-tcbpw hcpØn Ib-‰p-

I-bnt√ F∂ mKw hni-Zo-I-cn-®p-h∂ A®≥ "tIma' I≠-t]mse

\n¿Øn ]Xps° ]d™p. ""\Ω-fm-sW-¶n¬ Imcym-¶s\ hcpØn

F¥p-Xcpw F∂p Xnc°pw.'' ÿew ÿncw Cd-®n-sh-´p-Im-c≥

"Imcym-¶≥' ]≈n-bn-ep≠v. P\w Aa¿Øn-®n-cn®p. A®≥ H∂pw

Adn-bm-Ø-t]mse ]kwKw XpS¿∂p.

hnf-°p-amSw ]≈n-°-Sp-Øp≈ Hcp hońse Znh-k-°q-en-°m-

c≥ IpSpw-_-\m-Y≥ ]Wn-I-gn™p \º-dn¬ Ibdn Uok-e-Sn®v

hosSØn sXdn hnfn-°pI ]Xn-hm-bn-cp∂p. ]≈n-ap-‰Øv Ifn-°p∂

B hońse Ipń-Isf hnfn®v A®≥ ]d™p: ""\nß-fpsS Nm®≥

Htc sXdn-bm-Wt√m Znh-khpw ]d-bpI: C\n ]pXn-bh ]d-bWw.

Rßƒ°pw A®\pw ]Tn-°m-at√m F∂v A®≥ ]d-™-Xmbn ]d-

bWw. \msf cmhnse Nm®≥ ]Wn-°p-t]m-Ipw-apºv, Ah¿ Aßs\

sNbvXp. sXdn-hnfn ]ns∂ tIń√. Ipń-Iƒ ]Tn-®m-h¿Øn°pw,

A®≥ i≤n-°p∂p F∂ Nn¥ Abm-fpsS AI-°Æp Xpd-∏n-®n-cn-

°Ww.

""Xncp-ta-\n-b-®≥ hnf-°p-am-S-Øn-cn-°p-tºmƒ AkvtX-¥n-bmb

Rm\pw Hcp-an®v ]e Ing-t°-°c hoSp-Ifpw kµ¿in®p. A∂v F√m-

hcpw Xs∂ [cn-°m-dp≈ sh¥nßm Imip-cq-]-ßƒ Bcp-tSbpw

Igp-Øn¬ I≠n√. Fs∂ hmcm-dp≈ A®s\ H∂p sIm®m-°-W-

sa∂v F\n°v IpkrXn tXm∂n. A®s‚ IpSpw-_mw-K-ß-fpsS hnizm-

k-cm-lnXyw Rm≥ ên-X-a-b-ambn kqNn-∏n®p. ""Fs‚ sImt®,

then NmSp∂ Imen-I-fpsS Igp-Øn-emWv sImń (ac-aWn) sIt´-

≠Xv. Ing-t°-°-c-°m¿ acym-Z-°m-cmWv; sImń sIt´-≠-Xn√.''

A®s‚ \¿Ωw F∂ sIm®m°n.""

lrtZm-Kn-bmb A®≥ Bip-]-Xn-bn¬ InS∂p NnIn-’-bn-

emWv. t£am-t\z-j-W-Øn\p ]e-cp-saØn. F√m-hcpw "Fßs\,

Ipd-hpt≠m?'' F∂p Xnc°n. A®≥ ""D≠v'' XpS¿∂v \o≠ au\w.

A®≥ AXv `RvPn®p. ""F¥m Ipd-sh∂p Bcpw tNmZn-®n-√t√m?

141


142


tfml Ducn Xq°n-bn-cp∂p. Ioi-bn-ep-≠m-bn-cp∂ A™q-dp-cq]m

ImWm-\n√; AXm Ipdhv'' F√m-hcpw IqsS A®\pw B¿Øp-Nn-

cn®p. GXv \n¿`m-Kyhpw ên-X-Øn¬ Ae-bn®v Nncn-°m\pw Nncn-

∏n-°m\pw A®\p hi-am-bn-cp∂p.

A®≥ sNΩ-e-a-‰-sØØn \me©p amk-ßƒ Ign™v Ahn-

SsØ Ipcn-ip-]≈n ]Wn-Xo¿∂p. aXn-ep-IqsS ]qcvØn-bm-b-t∏mƒ

aq∂n¬ Hcp sIm®p-ap‰w. ]Xn-hmbn ]≈n-ap-dn-bn¬ hcp∂ sNdp-∏-

°mcpw A®\pw ]qs®-Sn-°-ºp-Ifpw hnØp-I-fp-ambn h∂v, \´p-\-

\®p. hf¿∂-t∏mƒ sNdp-∏-°m¿°v AXn-s\mcp t]cn-SWw. Km‘n

]m¿°v, s\lvdp ]m¿°v, Xncp-ta\n ]m¿°v, ]e t]cp-Ifpw \n¿tZ-

in-°-s∏´p. HSp-hn¬ A®s‚ A`n-]mbw: ""]n.F¬.Un.tam≥ ]m¿°v'

A®s\ Hcp sXΩmSn, "]pe-bm-Sn-tam≥' F∂p hnfn-®Xv Ah¿°pw

Adnbmw. AXns‚ a[p-c-ambn ]Xo-I-cWw Ahcpw AwKo-I-cn®p.

`c-W-ßm\w tacn-Kncn ]cn-Nm-cn-I-am¿ saUn-°¬ kntÃgvkv

A®s‚ mj-bn¬ "taSn-°¬ kntÃgvkm"Wv. A®s‚ _n√n¬ c‡-

]-cn-tim-[\ ]Øp-cq]m. A®≥: ""At∏mƒ, \nßƒ°pw Hm¥v tNmc

IpSn-°pw-t]mse tNmc-sb-Sp-°m\pw Adnbmw, At√?'' knÃ¿:

""AsX¥m At®m?'' ""Bcpw kndn-©p-sIm≠v Fs‚ tNmc FSp-

Øn-√t√m.'' B ]Øp-cq] Ipdhp sNøm≥ A®≥ Bh-iy-s∏-tS-

≠n-h-∂n√.

CS-h-Imw-K-ß-fn¬ A®s‚ kzm[o\w sXfn-bn-°p∂ Hcp

kw`hw: IpSn-In-S-∏p-Im-c≥ ]pXp-In-kvXym-\n°v A¥y-Iq-Zm-ibv°v

]d-ºp-Sa hn[-h-bpsS aI≥ tImtf-Pp-Ip-am-c≥ ]mXn-cmbv°v A®s\

Xń-apń DW¿Øn Cd°n. ""Ah\p s]s -∂mtWm AkpJw h∂Xv?

sshIo v \mw XΩn¬ I≠t√m; Ft¥ ]d-™n√''˛ A®≥ Xnc°n.

""At∏m-g-h\p t\cnb ]\ntb D≠m-bn-cp-∂p≈q. A®m.'' ""]ns∂

s]s´∂p IqSn, Du¿≤≥ hen-®p-Xp-S-ßntbm?'' ""F∂m¬, F\n°v

Atß-tem-I-Øp-\n∂p Adn-bn∏v Inń-bn-√®m''. A®≥ kwkmcw

\n¿Øn Hcp-ßn-bn-dßn. AS°p Ign™v Ahs‚ AΩ A®s‚

ASp-Øp-h∂p. A®≥ Ifn-bm-sb-t∂mWw ]d™p: "aI≥ anSp-°-

\m-Wt√m! A¥y-Iq-Zm-ibv°v Fs∂ hnfn-°m≥ h∂-t∏mƒ F¥m

hnhcw Ft∂mSp t\csØ ]d-™n√ F∂p tNmZn®p. Ah\v

143


Atß-tem-I-Øp-\n∂v Adn-bn∏v Inń-bn-s√∂p ]d™v Fs∂

tXmev]n®p.'' AΩ hoń¬ sN∂ DS≥ aIs\ hnfn®v, ""\o F¥mSm

A®-t\mSv [n°mcw ]d-™Xv; A®s‚ apºn¬ ap´p-IpØn £a

]d-™n-s√-¶n¬ taen¬ \o F\n°v aI\pw Rm≥ \n\°v AΩ-

bp-a√''˛ AΩ-bpsS A¥y-im-k\w! B amXr- -‡≥ hnj-an®p. hncp-

X≥ F∂mepw hnń√. A®≥ ap‰Øv a‰v c≠v A®-∑m-tcm-Sp-IqSn

\n¬°p-tºmƒ \mS-Io-b-ambn ap´p-IpØn £am-]Ww XpSßn.

A®≥ Ahs\ FWo-∏n®p: ""sk_mÃym, \n\°v tZjyw h∂p;

Rm\pw NqSmbn, \ap-°Xv ad°mw: B \¿Ω ]nb≥ DZm-c-a-\-kvI-

\p-am-bn-cp∂p.

]pXp-°n-∏-Wn-bn® hnf-°p-amSw ]≈n-°q-Zm-ibv°v IqSn-b-hsc

kzmKXw sNbvXv A®≥ sNbvX ]kwKw IqSn FgpXn, Gsd

Fgp-Xm≥ hI-bp≈ CXv \n¿Øs´. kzmK-X-a-cp-fn-b-tijw. A®≥

Hcp IY-bn-te°p IS∂p ˛ ""aI\pw AΩbpw \√ hcn-°-®° NX-

bmsX Cd-°n-sh®v ]gp-∏n-°m≥, Ib-dp-ambn Cdßn. Akm-am\y

hen-∏-ap≈ B N°-Xm-bvØ-Sn-bn¬ Ipd®v Db-c-Øn-emWv InS∏v.

apI-fnepw Xmsgbpw Ih-c-ßƒ D≠v. kuI-cy-am-bn-cp∂p sRń\p

sIń-Sm\pw apdn-°m\pw ASp-Øn-S-an√. aI≥ Ib-dns‚ A‰-hp-ambn

apI-fn-esØ Ih-c-bn-eqsS Ib-dn´v sRń¬ Hcp hn[-Øn¬ `Z-

ambn sIń-bp-d-∏n®p. at‰-b‰w ssIbn¬\n∂p Du¿∂p-t]m-ImsX

Np‰n _e-ambn ]nSn-°m≥ AΩsb Hm¿Ωn-∏n®p. Du¿∂n-dßn Hcp-

hn-[-Øn¬ sR´p I≠n®p. N° ]Xps° Xmtgm- n-dßn AΩ-bpsS

\ne-hn-fn-tI´ aI≥ ]cn-`-an®p Iotgm´p t\m°n. AhnsS Ib-dns‚

A‰Øv AΩ Rm∂p InS-°p∂p. ]mbm-[n-Iy-Øm¬ £oWn-®p-W-

ßnb AΩbv°pw N°bv°pw I\w ka-am-bn-cp∂p. \ΩpsS ]≈n-

∏-Wn-bpsS hc-hp-Nn-ehpw CXp-t]mse ka-amWv. AXn-\m-emWv

]≈n-b¶w samssk-°n-SmsX aW¬ hncn-®n-cn-°p-∂Xv. AXn¬ ap´p-

Ip-Øp-tºmƒ Xcn-Iƒ Xpf-®p-I-bdpw. thZ\, Ipd-®p-IqsS kw`m-

h\ Xcm≥ \nßsf Hm¿Ωn-∏n°pw. F√m-hcpw Ign-hp-t]mse X∂n-

´p≠v. C\nbpw ]ncn-hn-\n-dßn hnImcn \nßsf _p≤n-ap-ń-°-bn√.

F√m-h¿°pw Fs‚ \µn; Rm≥ \n¿Øp∂p.""

]X-ta-\n°v I√-S-]qX hmd-≠p-]-dºv hn¬t°-≠n-h∂p. sIm‰-

t¶m´v A©c G°¿ Rc-f-°m-´p-]-dºv A®≥ kz¥w t]cn¬

144


hmßn. sNdp-∏w-ap-X¬ hfsc h¿j-ßƒ IqsS Xma-kn®p ]cn-N-

cn® hmen-b-°m-c≥ sNº-fn-bn¬ ]n©p-hn\p Rc-f-°m-Sn-\-SpØv

I√-d-bv°¬ ]m∏-bpsS Xd-hm-Sp-hoSpw, ]dºv c≠c G°dpw hmßn

kΩm-\n®p. Ahs‚ hnhm-lhpw \S-Øn-s°m-SpØp. 17.3.1898 ¬

P\n® aØmbn A®≥ (Xn-cp-ta-\n) hm¿≤-Iy-Im-eØv Xd-hm-´n¬

Xma-kn-°p-Ibpw 21.2.1982-˛¬ ac-W-s∏-Sp-Ibpw ASpØ Znhkw Cf-

t¥m´w ]≈n-bn¬ kwkvI-cn-°-s∏-Sp-Ibpw sNbvXp.

Ing-t°-°c ssItXm-en¬ sImt®en ˛ C´n-sF-∏p-am-cpsS

\memw k¥m\w, aq∂mw ]pX≥ sXmΩ-®≥ ]mem ]´Ww ae-

bmfw ]≈n-°qSw, ]mem sk‚ v tXmakv F∂n-hn-S-ß-fn¬ ]Tn®v

C.Fkv.F¬.kn Pbn®p. Nß-\m -ticn sk‚ v _¿°p -

am≥kn¬\n∂pw F v.F.Pbn®p. B‘-an-jy-\n¬ tN¿∂p. s\√q¿

taP¿ skan-\m-cn-bn¬ ]utcm-lnXy ]T\w \SØn. 1938 Unkw-

_¿ 13\p aZmkv ssaem-∏q¿ aØn-bmkv saXm-t∏m-eo-Ø-bn¬\n∂v

]´-ta‰p. s\√q-cnepw kz¥w CS-hI Cf-t¥m-´-Ønepw ]pØ≥

Ip¿_m\ BtLm-jn®p. A∂v tN´≥ aØm-bn-b-®≥ AhnsS BZy-

X-hW hnIm-cn-bmWv. B‘m anjy≥ A∂p U®p-an-jy-\-dn-am-cpsS

Npa-X-e-bn-emWv. ]m°me, s]cp-ap√, Nndme, s\√q¿, IS∏ Cßs\

]e CS-h-I-I-fnepw ^m. tXmakv Ing-t°-°c hnIm-cn-bm-bn-cp∂p.

c≠p-h- -ambn Ccp-]Xv B≠p-I-fn-e-[nIw At±lw ]m°mem hnIm-

cn-bm-bn-cp-∂n-´p≠v. BZy-X-hW AhnsS hnIm-cn-bm-bn-cp-∂-t∏mƒ

IeymWw Ign-∏n® ]e-cp-tSbpw a°sf c≠mw-h´w hnIm-cn-bm-b-

t∏mƒ hnhm-ln-X-cm°n. ]m°me sk‚ v tPmk^v aTw ÿm]n-

®Xv At±-l-amWv. AhnsS Bbn-cn-s°-bmWv At±-l-Øns‚ ]utcm-

lnXy cP-X-Pq-_nen BtLm-jn-®Xv. c≠m≠v At±lw s\√q¿

IØo-U¬ hnIm-cn-bm-bn-cp∂p. A°m-eØv aZ¿ sXtc-k-bpsS D]-

hn-bpsS ktlm-Z-cn-am-cpsS aTw s\√q-cn¬ ÿm]n-°m≥ t\XrXzw

\¬In. hnIm-cn-ÿm\w Hgn-™-tijw At±lw Cu aT-Øns‚

Nmtπ-\-bn-cp∂p. hnImcn P\-dmƒ ÿm\w At±lw \nc-kn®p.

tam¨kn-t™m¿ ]Zhn Atß¿°p e`n®p. c≠p saXm-∑m-cpsS

D]-tZ-i-I\pw cq]Xm Iu¨kn-e-dp-ambn At±lw tkh\w \SØn.

A®s‚ ]utcm-lnXy kph¿Æ-Pq-_nen s\√q-cnepw 1988 Unkw-

_¿ 15\p kz¥w CS-hI Cf-t¥m-´-Ønepw BtLm-jn®p. acn-°p-

145


∂-Xn\p c≠m-≠p-apºp apX¬ A®≥ s\√q¿ sF.Sn.sF amt\-P-

cm-bn-cp∂p. hfsc h¿j-ßƒ (hnhm-l-ti-jhpw) A®s‚ hmen-b-

°m -c -\m -bn -cp∂ Nn∂-ø-bpsS aI≥ tPmkv sIm≠sb

Fkv.Fkv.F¬.kn.bpw Sn.Sn.kn..bpw ]Tn-∏n®v At±lw A≤ym-]-

I-\m°n. ]mb-am-b-tijw \mń-te-bv°p≈ bmX-I-fn¬ tPmkv

sIm≠ A®s\ A\p-K-an-®n-cp∂p. aptº D≠m-bn-cp∂ lrtZm-Khpw

c‡-k-Ω¿Zhpw h¿≤n®v A®≥ 45 Znh-k-ßƒ s\√q¿ Bip-]-

Xn-bn¬ InS∂p NnIn-’n®p. At∏mgpw "sIm≠' ipiq-j-bvs°Øn.

1989 G]n¬ 23\p A®≥ s\√q-cn¬ A¥-cn®p. A¥y-\m-fp-I-fn¬

Xma-kn-®n-cp∂ s\√q¿ sF.Sn.sF hf-∏n¬ kwkvI-cn-°-s∏´p. hI-

X-bn-√mØ Xpd∂ ]Ir-X-am-bn-cp∂p Atß¿°v. kXyw BtcmSpw

apJw t\m°msX Xpd-∂p-]-dbpw; Imepjyw hbv°n√. ho≠pw

ImWp-tºmƒ hnS¿∂ Nncnbpw \ońb Ic-ß-fp-ambn kzmKXw

sNøpw. sXep¶v, Xan-gv\m-Sp-I-fn¬ ]ptcm-ln-Xsc "kman-bm¿'

F∂mWv hnfn-°pI. AXn-\m-emImw A®≥ hońepw \mńepw "kman-

bm-c-®≥ "F∂ t]cn-emWv Adn-b-s∏-ń-cp-∂Xv. 8.6.1906 ¬ P\n®

A®≥ hm¿≤Iy kl-P-amb Akp-J-Øm¬ 23.04.1989-˛¬ ac-W-

s∏-Sp-Ibpw ASpØ Znhkw Zo¿L-Imew tkh\w sNbvX s\√q¿

]≈n-bn¬ AS°w sNø-s∏-Sp-Ibpw sNbvXp.

Ing-t°-°c ssItXm-en¬ap´w Ip‰n-°m´v D]-imJ

Ing-t°-°c ssItXm-en¬ Cń-sF∏v ˛ sImt®-en-am-cpsS

\mem-asØ aI≥ sIm®v (sI.sF.tZhky) sRm≠n-am-°¬ Ih-

e-bn¬ Ifcn \S-Øn-bn-cp∂ hmcym-cm-i-s‚-IqsS aq∂p-\mep amkw

]Tn®p. At∏mƒ Nn≠-Øn\p ka-b-ambn. Nn≠-Øn\p Bim≥ Ipń-

I-sf-s°m≠v \mcmbw hngp-ßn-∏n°pw F∂p klm-]m-Tn-Iƒ

]m™p `b-s∏-SpØn. t]Sn®v If-co-t∏m°p \n¿Øn. If-cn-bn¬

tN¿°p-∂-Xn\p \ne-sØ-gp-Øn-\n-cp-ØpI F∂mWv ]d-bmdv. c£m-

I¿Ømhv A∂p Ipńbpw Adn-bp-ambn If-cn-bn¬ sN√pw. Acn

\ne-Øp-hn-cn®v Ipńsb aSn-bn-en-cpØn Bim≥ AXn\p ap∂n-en-

cn°pw. Ipń-bpsS Nq≠m-Wn-hn-c¬ ]nSn®v "lcnio KW-]-Xmsb

\a: Ahn-Lv\-akvXp'' F∂v Fgp-Xn°pw. \km-Wn-°p-ń-I-fm-sW-

146


¶n¬ ""Xºp-cm≥ XpW'' F∂p IqSn Fgp-Xn°pw. ]nt‰∂p apX¬

IpSp-°-bn¬ s]mXp-a-W-ep-ambn Ipń-Iƒ If-cn-bn¬ hcpw. AXv

hncn®v Bim≥ A£-c-ßfpw A°-ßfpw Ah-bpsS s]cp-°-ßfpw

Fgp-Xn-∏n°pw. AXn-\mWv "Nn≠w' F∂p ]d-bpI. A∂v Bim\v

Ahepw tXßmbpw ]ghpw i¿°-cbpw Z£nW sImSp-°Ww. [\-

ÿn-Xn-bp-≈-h¿ A∂p kl-]m-Tn-Iƒ°v Ah¬ \\-®Xpw ]ghpw

a‰pw sImSp°pw. Ct∏mƒ Nn≠-Øns‚ A∂v Fgp-Xnb Hmebpw

H∂mw ]mT-]p-kvX-Ihpw kvtf‰pw I√p-tImepw A\p-K-ln®p sImSp-

°p-I-bmWv ]nXhv. B¨s]Ïp-ń-Iƒ°v A∂v H‰-ap-≠mWv

thjw. \kmWn s]Ïp-ń-Iƒ AXv sRmdn™p ASp-°n´v

DSp°pw. Ah-cpsS BÏp-ń-I-fpsS Xe sam´-b-Snt®m A∏tam

]n\n-ktam shń-bn-cn°pw. lnµp-Ip-ń-I-fpsS Xe-bn¬ IpSp-abpw

ImXn¬ IpSp-°\pw ImWpw. kº-∂-cpsS s]Ïp-ń-I-fpsS Igp-

Øn¬ Ig-h® X¶-°mtim ]Ømt°m [cn-®n-cn°pw. F√m-hcpw

Hme-°p-S-bmWv sIm≠p-h-cnI. "\oXn-kmc"hpw "Aa-tci"hpw

InkvXym-\n-°p-ń-Isf "\pjvIm-chpw' Bim≥ ]Tn-∏n°pw.

tZhkym Ifcn ]T\w Ign™p Im\m-´p-]md \memw Xcw

Pbn®v ]mem sk‚ v tXma-kn¬ t^m¿Øn¬ ]Tn-°p-tºmƒ ]hn-

Øm\w aWn-b-Ωm-°¬ Ign-™m-en¬ CØm°v ˛ adnbw aIƒ

Nm®n (A∂)bpambn Ieym-Wm-tem-N\ h∂p. Dd-∏n®p. a\--aXw

]hn-Øm\w ]≈n-bnepw hnhmlw ap≠m-¶epw \SØn. Xe-®nd

aØm-bn-b-®≥ sIń®p. sIm®v, IeymWw Ign™v Ipd-®p-\m-fp-

IƒIqSn ¢mkn¬ t]mbn. ]ns∂ ]T\w \n¿Øn. Irjn-Im-cy-ß-

fn¬ ]nXm-hns\ klm-bn®p Xd-hm- n¬ Xma-kn®p. Cu Zº-Xn-am¿°v

1932˛¬ A®mΩ, tacn F∂o Cc´ s]Ïp-ń-Iƒ P\n®p. Ah-

cpsS A\p-P-Øn-am¿ B\n (A∂Ω)bpw Ip™mΩ (tXkym)bpw

]nd∂p. A\p-P≥ h¿°n-bpsS c≠mw hnhm-lhpw Ign-™mWv

tZhkym ˛ Nm®n-am¿ ap´w CS-∏≈n Ip‰n-°m-´p-]-d-ºn-te°v amdn-

Øm-a-kn-®Xv. Ch¿°v ]n∂oSv Ip™q™n (¢mcΩ) tdmkΩ F∂o

c≠p ]pXn-am¿IqSn P\n®p. Ip‰n-°m- n¬ Xmakw XpS-ßn-bXv ]oSn-

I-a-ń¬ aS-°p-X-ń-I-fp-ambn ]Wn-bn-®n-cp∂ ]pc-bn-emWv. c≠m-≠p-

Iƒ Ign™v 1942¬ Xń-Iƒ am‰n hmXn¬ ˛ P\-ep-Iƒ h®p. H‰-ap-

dn-bmbn InS-∂n-cp∂ AIw `nØn-sIń apdn Xncn®p. IqsS ASp-°-

f-s°´pw ]Øm-b-ap-dnbpw \mep-h-i-tØ°v Nm¿Øp-Ifpw \oń-∏n-

Sn-∏n®p. 1951¬ sX°p-h-iØv NmhSn ]Wn-bn-∏n®p. Xmbv]p-c-bpsS

147


ta¬°qSv Db¿Øn-bXv 1968˛emWv. Ct∏mƒ Ip‰n-°m v hoSns‚ apºn-

eqsS I\ym-a-ebv°v Sm¿ tdmUp≠v. ap´w ˛ Icn-¶p∂w tdmUn¬

]c-∏m≥tXm-Sn-¶¬ h∂p-tN-cp∂ a¨]mX ]Sn-°¬h®v Sm¿tdm-

Up-ambn tbmPn-°p∂p. tZhkym ÿew apgp-h≥ tZl-WvUn®p.

Ipd®p ÿeØv d_¿ hbv]n®p AXv ]p\:Irjnbpw \SØn. Ipd-

®p-ÿew I≠-sa-SpØp. ]Sn-°¬ Ipd®v I≠w-IqSn hmßn.

GXm\pw B≠p-Iƒ tXßm-°-®-h-Shpw sIm]-sh´pw \S-Øn-bn-

cp∂p. ]©m-bØv tIµ-amb ap´w Ih-e-bn¬ ]oSn-I-Ø-d-Iƒ hmßn

c≠p ]oSn-I-Ifpw ]Wn-bn®p.

i¶-c-∏n≈n ˛ kn_n-Kncn ]≈n-°-Ωn-‰n-bw-Khpw ssI°m-c-\p-

am-bmWv tZhky s]mXp-]-h¿Ø\w XpS-ßn-bXv. ]≈n ]pXp-°n-

]-Wn-bn-®Xv 1943˛emWv. A∂p-ap-X¬ 1951 hsc Atßm¿ ssI°m-

c-\m-bn-cp∂p. ]n∂oSv ]≈n-apdn (hnIm-cn-h-kXn) ]Wn-bn-®-t∏mgpw

sIm®m-bn-cp∂p ssI°m-c≥. ]e-X-hW ]≈n-°-‰n-bw-K-am-bn-´p≠v.

kz¥w tPyjvT≥ h≈n-∏md Cń-sF∏pw a‰pw tN¿∂v XpS-ßnb

"ap´w ]c-kv]c klmb kwLw' ]h¿Ø-\-c-ln-X-am-bn-cp∂p.

Ab¬°m-c≥ Nµ≥Ip-t∂¬ Ipcym-t°mkpw a‰pw tN¿∂v

tZhkym AXv ]p\-cp-≤-cn®p. 1950¬ AXns‚ ]kn-U‚mbn.. 1963

hsc kwLw Ub-d-IvS-dm-bn-cp∂p. A°m-e-ØmWv kwLw kz¥w

sIńSw H∂mw-\ne ]Wn-bn-®Xv. 1963¬ tZhkym ap´w ]©m-bØv

aq∂mw-hm¿Uv saw_-dmbn Xnc-s™-Sp-°-s∏´p. XpS¿∂v 15 B≠p-

Iƒ sshkv ]kn-U‚m-bn-cp∂p. A°m-eØv ]©m-bØv B∏okv,

ap´w k¿°m¿ Bip-]Xn, sl¬Øv sk‚¿, ]e ]©m-bØv

tdmUp-Iƒ F∂n-h-bpsS ]Wn-bn¬ kl-I-cn®p. ap´w aWvUew

tIm¨Kkv ]kn-U‚mbpw tZhky ]h¿Øn-®n-´p≠v.

tZhky Nm®n-am-cpsS aqØ Cc´ s]ä-°ƒ A®m-Ωbpw

tacnbpw Xd-hm´v ]mem ssItXm-en¬ Xma-kn®v Im\m-´p-]m-d-bn¬

]Tn®v \memw-Xcw hnP-bn®p. XpS¿∂v XpS-ß-\mSv sk‚ v tXmakv

sslkvIq-fn¬ ]Øp-hsc ]Tn®v ]T\w \ndpØn. XpS¿∂v ]Tn-°p-

hm\pw hnhm-ln-X-cm-Ip-hm\pw BK-ln-®n√. aT-Øn¬ tNcm-\m-bn-

cp∂p Xm¬∏cyw. XpS-ß-\mSv aT-°m¿ ]Xta\n kwJy-sIm≠v

ASp-Øn√. Nß-\m-ticn ¢mc aT-°m¿ Ah-cpsS Hcp imJ s]cp-

h-¥m-\Øv XpS-ßm≥ ÿew hmßn-s°m-Sp-Øm¬ tN¿°m-sa∂v

kΩ-Xn®p. tZhky hS-t°¬ kvIdnb aptJ\ ÿew hmßn-s°m-

148


SpØp. 1942¬ A®mΩ s_\o-k-sb∂pw tacn Uman≥ F\v\pw t]cp-

Iƒ kzoI-cn®v Nß-\m-t»cn ¢mc aT-Øn¬ tN¿∂p. BZy hX-hm-

KvZm-\hpw t\mhn-jn-tb‰w Nß-\m-t»-cn-bn¬ \SØn. 1945¬ \nXy-

h-X-hm-KvZm\w \SØn. s]cp-h-¥m\w, I´-∏\, AW-°c, shfn-®n-

bm\n aT-ß-fn¬ Ah¿ Hcp-an-®m-bn-cp∂p. AXn-\p-tijw _\ok

Im™n-c-∏≈n s]mSn-a‰w aT-Ønepw Uman≥ ]ºm-hen aT-Ønepw

tkh\w A\p-jvTn®p. Ct∏mƒ c≠p-t]cpw s]cp-h-¥m\w ¢mc-a-T-

Øn¬ hni-a-Po-hnXw \bn-°p∂p.

Ch-cpsS A\p-P-Øn-am¿ B\nbpw Ip™mΩ(tXkymΩ)bpw

Hcp-an-®m-bn-cp∂p ]T\w. Ah¿ Im\m-´p-]md \memw Xchpw XpS-

ß-\mSv sk‚ v tXma-n¬\n∂pw Fkv.Fkv.F¬.knbpw Pbn®p.

ASp-Ø-bm-≠n¬ B\n XpS-ß-\mSv ]qh-Øn-¶¬ Im\-Øpw-

Im-ń¬ aØmbn ˛ IXo\ aI≥ aØm-bnsb hnhmlw Ign-®p.

B\n aØmbn Zº-Xn-Iƒ°v km_p, kmen, kn_n, kn¬hn,

k¨Pp F∂o A©p-a-°-fm-Wp-≈Xv. AXn¬ km_p sslkvIqƒ

hnZym-`ymkw Ign™v _nkn-\kv \S-Øn-s°m-≠n-cns° \ncym-X-

\mbn. kmensb Ip‰n-bm-Sn-bn¬ IZ-fn-°mSv AUz. t\m_nƒ

hnhmlw sNbvXp. t\m_nƒ ]n∂oSv \ncym-X-\mbn. AUz.

kn¬hnsb ]mem Imcym-¶¬ AUz. tXma-kp-Ipń hnhmlw Ign®p.

B\nbpw aØm-bnbpw Ct∏mƒ Bä-°-fmb kn_nbpw k¨Pp-

hp-samØv Ie-b-¥m-\n-b-Sp-Øp≈ Nne-hn¬ Xma-kn-°p∂p.

Ip™mΩ (tXkymΩ) aphm-‰p-]pg \n¿Ωem tImf-Pn¬

]Tn®v _n.Fkvknbpw ]mem sk‚ v tXmakv sSbn-\nwKv tImtf-

Pn¬\n∂pw _n.FUpw t\Sn. Hcp h¿jw tXm´-bv°m´v sslkvIq-

fn¬ A≤ym-]n-I-bm-bn-cp∂p. ASp-Ø-bm-≠n¬ sXmSp-]pg hmg-°pfw

\od-ºpg hoń¬ h¿°n ˛ adnbw aI≥ sFk°v tPm¿Pv

_nFkvkn, _n.FUns\ hnhmlw sNbvXp. hnhn[ kvIqfp-I-fn¬

A≤ym-]-I-\mbpw ]n∂oSv FCH Bbn sFk°v tPm¿Pv

]h¿Øn®p. Ct∏mƒ Ccp-hcpw \od-ºpg hoń¬ hni-a-Po-hnXw

\bn-°p∂p. Ip™mΩ ˛ sFk°v Zº-Xn-Iƒ°v \mep a°-fm-Wp-

≈Xv. AXn¬ _nPp sFk°v Z¥-tUm-IvS-dmbn ]h¿Øn-°p∂p.

c≠m-asØ ]pXn Fw.F, _n.FUv hnhm-l-tijw B‘-bn¬

A≤ym-]n-I-bmbn tPmen sNøp∂p. aq∂m-a≥ c≥Pn hmg-°pfw hniz-

tPymXn F≥Pn-\o-b-dnwKv tImf-Pn¬ tPmen sNøp∂p. \mem-a-ØXv

149


Zo]-sb∂ ]pXn-bmWv. Nß-\m-t»cn hmg-∏-≈n-bn¬ hnhmlw

sNbvX-b®p.

Ch-cpsS A\p-PØn am¿ ¢mc-Ωbpw tdmk-Ωbpw ap´w

kwkvIrX hnZym-ebw k¿°m¿ ]≈n-°q-S-am-b-t∏mƒ AXn¬ ]Tn®v

\memw-Xcw Pbn®p. XpS-ß-\mSv sk‚ v tXmakv sslkvIq-fn¬\n-

∂mWv Ccp-hcpw Fkv-F-kv-F¬kn hnP-bn-®Xv. ¢mcΩ XpS¿∂v

aqhm-‰p-]pg \n¿Ω-e-bn¬\n∂pw _n.Fkvkn _ncp-Zhpw lnµn-bn¬

Fw.F.bpw FSpØp. ap´w CS-∏≈n Nµ≥Ip-t∂¬ Ipcym-t°mkv

˛ IXn -°pń tem\-®≥ Fw.Fkvkn, F¬.F¬._n,

sF.B¿.Fns\ IeymWw Ign®p. C≥Iw SmIvkv Hmô-k-dmbn

k¿ho-kn¬ ]th-in® Ipcym-t°mkv tIc-f-Øns‚ No^v C≥Iw

SmIvkv IΩo-j-W¿ ]Z-hn-bn-seØn ]ikvX Pohn-X-Øn-\p-tijw

Ct∏mƒ Fd-Wm-Ipfw IS-h-¥-bn¬ hni-a-Po-hnXw \bn-°p∂p.

Ah-cpsS sP∂n F∂ ]pXn kn.F.]mkm-b-Xn-\p-tijw B™n-

e-°¬ em¬ tkhy-dns\ hnhmlw Ign®p. Xºn-sb∂ ]pX≥

(sI.kn.tPmkv) ae-bmf at\m-c-a-bn¬ tPmen sNøp∂p. aq∂m-asØ

Bƒ se\n F∂ ]pXn-bmWv. Snap F∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp∂ se\n bp.F.C.

tÃm°v FIvkvtN-©n¬ Fw._n.F. _ncp-Zm-\-¥cw tPmen

sNøp∂p.

tdmkΩ ]T\w \ndpØn hoń¬ Xma-kn®p. 1971¬ ap´w Ih-

f-°m-ń¬ BKkvXn ˛ tdmkΩ aI≥ tPm¿PvIp-ńsb hnhmlw

sNbvXv Ip‰n-°m´p Xma-kn-°p∂p. Ch¿°v t_m_n, tdmkvtacn

F∂ c≠p-a-°-fm-Wp-≈Xv. t_m_n apcn-°m-t»cn ]Xn-°m-ń¬

enPnsb hnhmlw sNbvXp. amXm-]n-Xm-°-tfm-sSmØv Ip‰n-°m v Xma-

kn-°p∂p. tdmkv tacn cma-]pcw tat®-cn¬ tPmbnsb hnhmlw

sNbvXv cma-]p-cØv Xma-kn-°p∂p. tPm¿PvIp-ń°v ap´-Øn¬ aq∂p

I®-h-S-ÿm-]-\-ß-fp≠v. ap´w kl-I-cW kwLw Ub-d-IvS-dmbpw

tPm¿÷p-Ipń tkh\w A\p-jvTn-®n- p≠v. tZh-ky-bpsS mcy Nm®n

hm¿≤-Iy-k-l-P-amb Akp-J-ß-fm¬ Ah-i-X-bm-bn-cp∂p. 1991

Pqsse Ah-km\ BgvN hoWv Imsem-Sn™p. Hcp amk-Øn-e-[nIw

sXmSp-]pg apX-e-t°mSw ¢mc aTw hI Bip-]-Xn-bn¬ InS∂p

NnIn-’n®p. hoń¬ aS-ßn-sbØn IpSpw-_mw-K-ß-fp-sSbpw sdUv

tImkv kwL-S\ ASp-Øp-\n∂v ipiq-jn-°m≥ Ab® t\gvkn-

s‚bpw ]cn-N-c-W-Øn¬ Ign-bp-tºmƒ 1991 sk]vXw-_¿ c≠n\p

150


acn®p. i¶-c-∏≈n kn_n-Kncn tZhm-eb skan-tØ-cn-bn¬ kwkvI-

cn-°-s∏´p. ap´w ]©m-bØv sshkv ]kn-U‚mbpw a‰pw ]h¿Øn-

®n-´p≈ tZhky 1994 \hw-_¿ 24\p \ncym-X-\mbn. \hw-_¿ 25\p

i¶-c-∏≈n kn_n-Kncn tZhm-eb skan-tØ-cn-bn¬ kwkvI-cn-°-

s∏-Sp-Ibpw sNbvXp.

D). ]pØ≥]p-c-bv°¬ Xd-hmSv

]pØ≥]p-c-bv°¬ aØmbn

Bdmw Xe-apd ]pØ≥]p-c-bv°¬ aØmbn ]Sn-™m-td-°c

imJ-bn¬s∏´ Nocmw-Ip-gn-bn¬ sXmΩs‚ aIƒ A∂sb hnhmlw

sNbvXv \Sp-hnse sISp-º≥]p-c-bn-S-Øn¬ ]pØ≥]p-c-bv°¬ Xma-

k-am°n. ]nXr-kz-Øn\p ]pdta At±lw a\-bv°¬I-≠-Ønepw

aqe-a-‰Øpw tNcn-°¬hmßn tZl-WvUn-°p-Ibpw Nq≠-t®-cn-∏p-

c-bn-S-ßfpw \ne-ßfpw hmßn-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. A≤zm-\-io-e-\mb

Hcp Irjo-h-e-\mWv At±lw. sIm√-h¿jw 1092˛¬ Bcw-`n® Ing-

t°-°c IpSpw-_-tbmKw cq]o-I-cn-°p-∂-Xn\pw AXn\p Ipc-ß≥ae

]pc-bn-S-Øn¬ Hcp sI´n-S-Øn-\p-th≠ ÿew kuI-cy-s∏-Sp-Øp-

∂-Xn\pw ap≥ssI-sb-Sp-Ø-h-cn¬ Hcm-fmWv io. aØmbn.

At±-l-Øn\p Cu∏≥, sXmΩ≥, Hutk∏v, aØmbn, h¿°n

F∂ A©p-]p-X-∑mcpw, Gen, _nPoØm F∂o c≠p ]pXn-am-cp-

ap-≠mbn. Hutk∏pw _nPo-Ømbpw Cc´ ktlm-Z-c-ß-fmWv. aqØ-

]pXn Gensb ]mem CS-hI amS-∏m´p ]Xp-∏-≈n¬ Nmt°m-bpsS

aI≥ Ipcy≥ hnhmlw sNbvXp. c≠m-asØ ]pXn _nPo-Ømsb

Ing-X-Sn-bq¿I-c-bn¬ aÆq-cmw-]-d-ºn¬ tPmk^v hnhmlw sNbvXp.

Cu∏≥

aØm-bn-bpsS ]Ya ]pX≥ Cu∏≥ ]Sn-™m-td-°c imJ-

bn¬s∏´ sIm´m-c-Øn¬ sXmΩs‚ aIƒ adn-b-Øns\ (Ip™p-

s]Æv) hnhmlw sNbvXv ]nXr-K-l-Øn¬Øs∂ Xma-kam°n.

Cu∏≥ s]mXp-P-\-k-Ω-X\pw [¿Ωn-jvT\pw ]tcm-]-Imc Xev]-c-

\p-amb Hcp t\Xm-hmWv. At±-l-Øn\p aØmbn, Hutk∏v, sXmΩ≥

F∂o aq∂p ]pX-∑mcpw A®mΩ, A∂Ω F∂o c≠p ]pXn-amcpw

173


D≠v. aqØ-]pXn A®m-Ωsb Ihn-°p∂p ]≈n-bn-S-hI IZ-fn-°m-

ń¬ sNdn-bms‚ aI≥ tPmk^v hnhmlw sNbvXp.

c≠m-asØ ]pXn A∂Ω (Nn∂Ω)sb ]mem hcn-°-am-°¬

Ipcym-®s‚ aI≥ tXmav hnhmlw sNbvXv ]g-b-∂qcn¬ Xma-kn-

°p∂p.

amXyp (amΩ≥)

Cu∏s‚ aqØ-]p-X≥ amΩ≥ (amXyp) ]mem-bn¬ ]Sn-™m-

td-°c imJ-bn¬s∏´ ]tgm¿ ssIX-h-b-en¬ Ipcym-t°m-kns‚

aIƒ A∂-Ωsb hnhmlw sNbvXv ae-_m-dn¬ aÆm¿°mSv Ccp-

º-I-t®m-e-bn¬ Xma-kn-°p∂p. amΩ\v tPmk^v (Ipń-®≥), Ipcym-

t°mkv (tPmbn-®≥), tXmav (tSman -®≥) amXyp (amØ-

®≥),temd≥kv F∂o A©p ]pX-∑mcpw tacn (emen), A∂Ω

(tamfn) F∂o c≠p ]pXn-am-cp-amWv a°ƒ.

amΩs‚ aqØ-]p-X≥ tPmk^v (Ipń-®≥) c-W-ßm\w XI-

Sn-tb¬ tXman(A∏-®≥)s‚ aIƒ A∂ (h’Ω)sb hnhmlw

sNbvXv Im™n-c-∏p-g-bn¬ Xma-kn-°p∂p. Ipń-®\v \oXp (A∂‰v)

F∂ ]pXnbpw Inc¨ (amXyp), tSmw F∂o c≠p ]pX-∑m-cp-amWv.

]pXn \oXp (A∂‰v) hns\ Xfn-∏-d-ºn¬ \ºym-]-d-ºn¬

tPmWn aI≥ tXmav (knPp) hnhmlw Ign®p. Ccp-hcpw Ct∏mƒ

Ata-cn-°-bn-emWv.

Ipń-®s‚ aqØ-]p-X≥ Inc¨ Fw._n.F Ign™v Fd-Wm-

Ip-fØv tPmen sNøp∂p. Cfb ]pX≥ tSmw Fd-Wm-Ip-fØv F≥Pn-

\o-b-dnw-Kn\p ]Tn-°p∂p.

amΩs‚ c≠m-asØ ]pX≥ Ipcym-t°mkv (tPmbn-®≥)

aÆm¿°m´v hm®m-]-d-ºn¬ tXma-ns‚ aIƒ A∂ (B\n)sb

hnhmlw sNbvXv Im™n-c-∏p-g-bn¬ Xma-kn-°p∂p. tPmbn-®\p

Zo]p, Acp¨, Cu∏≥ F∂o aq∂p ]pX-∑m-cmWv a°ƒ.

aqØ-]p-X≥ Zo]p \njsb hnhm-lw-sNbvXv Fd-Wm-Ip-fØv

Xma-kn-°p∂p. Zo]p-hn\p tPml≥ Fs∂mcp ]pX-\p≠v. c≠m-

asØ ]pX≥ Acp¨ Fw._n.F Ign™v Xncp-h-\-¥-]p-cØv

174


tPmen sNøp∂p.

Cf-b-]p-X≥ Cu∏≥ _n.tIman\p ]Tn-°p∂p. amΩs‚ aq∂m-

asØ ]pX≥ tXmav (tSman-®≥) CS-a-‰Øv aWvU-]-Øn¬ Ipń-

®s‚ (Fw.hn.tXmav) aIƒ Po\ (tdmknen)sb hnhmlw sNbvXv

Im™n-c-∏p-g-bn¬ Xma-kn-°p∂p. tSman°p A∂p F∂ ]pXnbpw

amΩ-®≥, A`n-tjIv F∂o c≠p ]pX-∑m-cp-amWv.

]pXn A∂p ^pUv sSIvt\m-f-Pn°v tImb-º-Øqcn¬

]Tn-°p∂p. ]pX-∑m¿ c≠p-t]cpw hnZym¿Yn-I-fmWv.

amΩs‚ \mem-asØ ]pX≥ amXyp (amØ-®≥) Ipcy-\mSv

a‰-Øn¬ tPmbn, Ip™q-™Ω Zº-Xn-I-fpsS aIƒ _n\p-hns\

hnhmlw sNbvXv Ccp-º-I-t®m-e-bn¬ Xma-kn-°p∂p. amØ-®\v

A\o‰m F∂ s]Ïp-ńbpw AanØv F∂ BÏp-ń-bp-ap≠v.

c≠p-t]cpw ]Tn-°p∂p.

amΩs‚ A©m-asØ ]pX≥ temd≥kv tImX-aw-Kew Ce-

™n-°¬ hoń¬ kÆn, Nn∂Ω Zº-Xn-I-fpsS aIƒ kp\n-Xsb

hnhmlw sNbvXv s]m≈m-®n-bn¬, IpSpw_w hI tXm´hpw NIn-cn-

t®m¿ mIvS-dnbpw t\m°n \S-Øp∂p. temd≥kn\p Sm\nb (B≥a-

cnb) F∂ s]Ïp-ńbpw Xcp¨, tSmtPm F∂o c≠p Bä-°-

fp-amWv. Ch¿ hnZym¿∞nIfmWv.

amΩs‚ aqØ-a-Iƒ tacn (emen)sb sh≈n-°p-f-ßc πm°q-

-Øn¬ tZhy, adn-bmΩ Zº-Xn-I-fpsS aI≥ tUm. ]n.Un.tPmk v

hnhmlw sNbvXv ]me-°mSv Icn-º-bn¬ Xma-kn-°p∂p. tUm.

]n.Un.tPmk^v t\X-tcmK hnZ-Kv[-\mWv. amΩs‚ Cf-b-]pXn

A∂Ω(tamfn)sb Cucm-‰p-t]´ ]pfn-°¬ ]n.Fw.tXmakv, tacn

Zº-Xn-fpsS aI≥ AUz. tPm¿÷v ]pfn-°≥ (h°-®≥) hnhmlw

sNbvXv Acp-hn-Øp-d-bn¬ Xma-kn-°p∂p. amΩ≥ 1991 HIvtSm-_¿

30\p hml-\m-]-I-S-Øn¬ acn®p. Ccp-º-I-t®me ]≈n skan-tØ-

cn-bn¬ kwkvI-cn®p.

tPmk^v (Ipt™∏v)

Cu∏s‚ c≠m-asØ ]pX≥ tPmk^v (Ipt™∏v) ]me-

∏≈n CS-hI Iqń-bm-\n-bn¬ tZh-kym-bpsS aIƒ cmP-Ωsb

175


hnhmlw sNbvXv Im™n-c-∏p-g-bn¬ Xma-kn-°p∂p. Ch¿°v

tPmk^v (kÆn), sk_m-Ãy≥ (kn_n), amXyp (sPΩn) F∂o

aq∂p ]pX-∑mcpw hnae, Fanen F∂o c≠p ]pXn-am-cp-amWv a°ƒ.

Ipt™∏n(tPmk v)s‚ aqØ-]p-X≥ kÆn (tPmk v) Fcp-

taen Ccp-∏-°m´v C.]n.^nen-∏ns‚ aIƒ adn-b-Ωsb hnhmlw

sNbvXv Im™n-c-∏p-g-bn-ep≈ ]nXr-Kr-l-Øn¬ Xma-kn-°p∂p.

kÆn°v sIhn≥ F∂ BÏp-ńbpw sFdn≥, sadn≥ F∂ c≠p

s]Ïp-ń-I-fp-amWv a°ƒ. aq∂p-t]cpw hnZym¿Yn-I-fmWv. kÆn

Ccp-º-I-t®m-e-bn¬ ]h¿Øn-°p∂ Ko≥hmen Hmbn¬kns‚ amt\-

PnwKv ]m¿´-W-dmWv.

Ipt™-∏ns‚ c≠m-asØ ]pX≥ kn_n dm∂n B\-Øm\w

amXyp aIƒ ]n¶nsb hnhmlw sNbvXv Nß-\m-t»-cn-bn¬ Xma-kn-

°p∂p. kn_n Nß-\m-t»cn Fkv._n. tImf-Pn¬ ]Tn-∏n-°p∂p.

kn_n°v ‰nb F∂ s]Ïp-ńbpw tPm F∂ BÏp-ń-bp-amWv

a°ƒ.

Ipt™-∏ns‚ aq∂m-asØ ]pX≥ sPΩn tImgn-t°mSv hmcyw-

]-d-ºn¬ ]tc-X-\mb amXyp aIƒ caysb hnhmlw sNbvXp. Ccp-

hcpw Zp_m-bn¬ tPmen sNøp∂p. Ch¿°v Cj F∂ s]Ïp-

ńbpw tPmk^v F∂ BÏp-ń-bp-ap≠v. Cj H∂mw-¢mkv

hnZym¿Yn-\nbmWv.

Ipt™-∏ns‚ aqØ-]pXn hna-esb s\Sp-¶p-∂w Im´q¿ hoń¬

tPm¨ aI≥ ^m≥kokv (hmh-®≥) hnhmlw sNbvXv s\Sp-¶p-

∂Øv Xma-kn-°p∂p.

Ipt™-∏ns‚ c≠m-asØ ]pXn Fan-ensb Im™n-c-∏≈n

Ipcn-ipw-aq-ń¬ sUman-\nIv aI≥ sk_m-Ãy≥ (tZh-kym-®≥)

hnhmlw sNbvXv Im™n-c-∏≈n shfn-®n-bm-\n-bn¬ Xma-kn-°p∂p.

Ipt™∏v 1989 Unkw-_-dn¬ ac-W-a-S™p. Im™n-c-∏pg

]≈n skan-tØ-cn-bn¬ kwkvI-cn®p.

tXmav (tXmam-®≥)

Cu∏s‚ aq∂m-asØ ]pX≥ tXmav (tXmam-®≥)

176


]me∏n≈n CS-hI Iqń-bm-\n-bn¬ Nmt°m-®≥ ˛ tdmkΩ aIƒ

tkm^nsb hnhmlw sNbvXv ]mem-bn-ep≈ ]pØ≥]p-c-bv°¬ Xd-

hm-ń¬ Xma-kn®p. tXmam-®≥ 20˛03˛2008¬ acWw ]m]n®p. ]mem

IØo-U¬ ]≈n skan-tØ-cn-bn¬ kwkvI-cn®p. tXmam-®\v

Cu∏≥, tXmakv, tP°_v tXmakv, tSmw tXmakv F∂o aq∂p

]pX-∑mcpw aRvPp tacn tXmakv, tdmjn\n (s]m∂n) F∂o c≠p

s]ä-°-fp-amWv a°ƒ.

tXmΩm-®s‚ aqØ-a-I≥ Cu∏≥ tXmav Fw.Un.Fkv

]mkmbn tIm´-bØv I™n-°p-gn-bn¬ Z¥m-ip-]Xn \S-Øp∂p.

Cu∏≥ t_mws_ eqbnk, tImdnb aIƒ tUm. sP∂n-^¿

_n.Un.Fkns\ hnhmlw sNbvXp. Ch¿°v dnb, Znb F∂o c≠p

s]ä-°-fmWv. c≠p-t]cpw hnZym¿∞n-I-fmWv. t^m¨: 9447157317.

tXmam-®s‚ c≠m-asØ ]pX≥ tP°_v tXmakv Fw.kn.F

]mkmbn t_mws_ F≥.kn.Bdn¬ sF.Sn.taJ-e-bn¬ tPmen

sNøp∂p. Sn tP°_v Ab¿°p-∂Øv IpS-I-t»-cn¬ tPmkv, en√n-

°pń aIƒ dmWnsb hnhmlw sNbvXv t_mws_-bn¬ Xma-kn-

°p∂p. tP°-_n\p t\l F∂ ]pXn-bp≠v. ]Tn-°p∂p. t^m¨:

09619339010.

tXmam-®s‚ aq∂m-asØ ]pX≥ tSmw tXmakv Fw.Fn.

(sF.Sn) ]mkmbn Ata-cn-°-bn¬ \yqtbm¿°n¬ tPmen sNøp∂p.

tSmw Fd-Wm-Ipfw Ing-t°-Ø-e-°¬ Cń-cm-®≥ ˛ h’Ω aIƒ

enk tSmans\ hnhmlw sNbvXp. t^m¨: 0015164247634.

tXmam-®s‚ aqØ ]pXn aRvPp tacn tXma-kns\ Fd-Wm-

Ip-fØv IÆn-Im´v tPmkv ˛ sUbvkn Zº-Xn-I-fpsS aI≥ _nPp

hnhmlw sNbvXv Fd-Wm-Ip-fØv Xma-kn-°p∂p. t^m¨: 0484 ˛

2356259.

tXmam-®s‚ Cfb ]pXn tdmjv\n (s]m∂n)sb CS-a‰w Ipcp-

hn-\m-°p-t∂¬ amØ-®≥ ˛ IXn-°pń aI≥ amØ≥ hnhmlw

sNbvXv CS-a-‰Øv Xma-kn-°p∂p. t^m¨: 09944155079.

sXmΩ≥ (Ggmw Xe-apd)

Bdmw Xe-apd ]pØ≥]p-c-°¬ aØm-bn-bpsS c≠m-asØ

177


]pX≥ sXmΩ≥ ]hn-Øm\w ]≈n CS-hI Ce-hp-¶¬ ]m∏s‚

aIƒ A∂sb hnhmlw sNbvXv Ing-t°-°c Itcm-´p-ho-ń¬ Xma-

kn®p. Cu hnhm-l-Øn¬ amXyp F∂ ]pX\pw tdmk, Gen F∂o

c≠p ]pXn-amcpw D≠mbn. At∏mƒ mcy ac-W-a-S™p. AXn-\m¬

aptØmen ]≈n CS-hI \mK-\q-en¬ Ip∂pw-]p-dØv Nmt°m-bpsS

aIƒ Gensb ]p\¿hn-hmlw sNbvXp. Ch¿°v Cu∏≥, Nmt°m,

tPm¿÷v, ^m≥knkv F∂o A©p ]pX-∑mcpw Gen-bmΩ F∂

]pXnbpw P\n®p.

sXmΩs‚ H∂m-asØ ]pXn tdmk `c-W-ßm\w tacn-Kncn

saUn-°¬ anj-\n¬ tN¿∂p Ah-cmWv knÃ¿ B¬a.

c≠m-a-sØ-]pXn Gen fmew ¢mc-a-T-Øn¬ tN¿∂p knÃ¿

_∂‰v F∂ t]cn¬ I\ym-kvXo-bmbn.

aq∂m-asØ ]pXn Gen-bmΩ (Ip™mΩ) _n.Fkvknsb

Xncp-h-\-¥-]p-cØv ]q¥pd A¬t^m≥kv aI≥ hnP-b≥ hnhmlw

sNbvXv Xncp-h-\-¥-]p-cØv Bim-\-K-dn¬ Xma-kn-°p∂p.

sI.Sn.amXyp (sIm®p-aØ) F´mw Xe-apd

Ggmw Xe-apd sXmΩs‚ aqØ-]p-X≥ amXyp ]mem ]≈n-bn-

S-hI Iqń-bm-\n-bn¬ sk_m-Ãys‚ aIƒ tamfnsb hnhmlw

sNbvXv ]mem-bn-ep≈ Itcm-t -ho- n¬ Xd-hm- n¬ Xma-kn®p. ]n∂oSv

ae-_m-dn¬ Ccp-º-I-t®m-ebv°v Xmakw am‰n. Sn amXyp-hn\v tXmakv,

kn_n F∂o c≠mä-°fpw A∂Ω, s_‰n, tdmk F∂o aq∂p

s]Ïp-ń-I-fp-ap≠v.

amXyp-hns‚ aqØ-]p-X≥ tXmakv (tXmam-®≥) Ipcy-\mSv a‰-

Øn¬ Idn-bm-®≥ aIƒ \m≥knsb hnhmlw sNbvXv Ccp-º-I-

t®m-e-bn-ep≈ ]nXr-Kr-l-Øn¬ Xma-kn-°p∂p. tXmakv Ccp-º-I-

t®me Ko≥hmen Hmb¬kns‚ ]m¿´vW-dmWv. k®n≥ F∂

]pX\pw KoXp, \nbm F∂o c≠p s]ä-°-fp-amWv.

]pX≥ k®n≥ F≥Pn-\o-b-dnw-Kn\p sNtºcn hna¬ tImf-

Pn¬ ]Tn-°p∂p.

tXma-kns‚ aqØ-]pXn KoXp sIm®n≥ cmP-Kncn tImf-

178


Pn¬\n∂pw Fw.sSIv ]mkmbn KoXp-hns\ aqe-a-‰Øv hmg-Nm-cn-

°¬ Hutk-∏-®≥ (tPmkv hn. tPmk^v) Beokv Zº-Xn-I-fpsS

aI≥ t]w hnhmlw sNbvXp. ]pXn \nbm ]Tn-°p∂p.

amXyp-hns‚ aqØ-]pXn A∂Ω (B≥kn)sb CS-a-dpIv Iq´p-

¶¬ Ip™-∏≥ (tPmk^v)s‚ aI≥ tPmk^v k°dn-bmkv (Idn-

bm-®≥) hnhmlw sNbvXp CS-a-dp-In¬ Xma-kn-°p∂p.

amXyp-hns‚ c≠m-asØ ]pXn s_‰vknsb tImX-aw-K-eØv

]me-Ød tPmWns‚ aI≥ amXyp hnhmlw Ign®v ]co-°-Æn-bn¬

Xma-kn-°p∂p.

aq∂m-asØ ]pXn tdmk (dn≥kn)sb A¶-amen a™] hS-

°pw-tN-cn-bn¬ h¿°nbpsS aI≥ tPmkv hnhmlw sNbvXv Xh-f-

∏mdbn¬ Xma-kn-°p∂p.

amXyp-hns‚ Cf-b-]p-X≥ kn_n hb-\m-ń¬ ap≈w-sIm-√n-

bn¬ Xd-∏Øv tPmkns‚ aIƒ kn‘p-hns\ hnhmlw sNbvXv

_mwKvfq-cn¬ Xma-kn-°p∂p. Ccp-hcpw _mwKvfq-cn¬ tPmen

sNøp∂p. kn_n°v tdmkn‰, A\o‰ F∂o c≠p s]ä-°-fmWv.

Ccp-hcpw ]Tn-°p∂p.

Cu∏≥ tXmakv (Cu∏-®≥) ˛ F´mw Xe-apd

Ggmw Xe-apd sXmΩs‚ c≠m-asØ ]pX≥ Cu∏≥ Im™n-

c-∏pg awKen Có-c-bpsS aIƒ tdmkn-en‚ns\ hnhmlw sNbvXv

Im™n-c-∏p-g-bn¬ Xma-kn-°p∂p. Cu∏≥ \s√mcp πm‚dpw

cmjvSob kmaq-ly-cw-K-ß-fn¬ kPo-h-ambn ]h¿Øn-°p-∂-h-\p-

amWv. Cu∏\v Hcp s]Ïp-ńbpw aq∂p Bä-°-fp-amWv. Zo]m

F∂ ]pXnbpw ]Zo]v, ]im¥v, ]Xm]v F∂o ]pX-∑m-cp-amWv

a°ƒ.

]pXn Zo]sb Ccn-ßm-e-°pS ssXh-f-∏n¬ eqbnkv aI≥

PnPp hnhmlw sNbvXp. Ccp-hcpw Ata-cn-°-bn¬ lqÃ-Wn¬ tPmen

sNøp∂p. Ch¿°v Pm°v, sdbv®¬ F∂o c≠p a°-fp≠v. Ch¿

]Tn-°p∂p.

Cu∏s‚ aqØ-]p-X≥ ]Zo]v, hmbm-´p-]-dºv Icp-h≥Nm¬

179


Ag-IØv (tahnS) tXma-kp-Ip-ń-bpsS aIƒ \oXp-hns\ hnhmlw

sNbvXv ]me-°mSv Xma-kn-°p∂p. C-h¿°v Chm≥ Fs∂mcp ]pX-

\p≠v.

Cu∏s‚ c≠m-asØ ]pX≥ ]im¥v ]≈n-°-tØmSv (aqgq¿)

aqßm-am-°¬ ]tc-X-\mb tPmkns‚ aIƒ Pnjsb hnhmlw

sNbvXv _mwKvfq-cn¬ Xma-kn-°p∂p. ]im-¥n\p antj¬, tdmj≥

F∂o c≠p ]pXn-am-cp≠v.

Cu∏s‚ Cfb ]pX≥ ]Xm]v \gvknwKv Ign™v Cw•-≠n¬

tPmen sNøp∂p.

Nmt°m (Nmt°m-®≥)

sXmΩs‚ aq∂m-asØ ]pX≥ Nmt°m kpJ-an-√mØ Bfm-

bn-cp∂p. 2006 \hw-_-dn¬ ac-W-a-S™p. Ccp-º-I-t®me ]≈n skan-

tØ-cn-bn¬ kwkvI-cn®p.

tPm¿÷v (tPm¿÷p-Ipń)

sXmΩs‚ \mem-asØ ]pX≥ tPm¿÷v (tPm¿÷p-Ipń)

Fen-hmen Iq¥m-\Øv Ip™-∏≥ ˛ GeΩ Zº-Xn-I-fpsS aIƒ

en-Ωsb hnhmlw sNbvXv Im™n-c-∏pg Ccp-º-I-t®m-e-bn¬ Xma-

kn-°p∂p. tPm¿÷n\p aq∂p s]ä-°-fmWv. hn\oX, kwKoX,

\hnX F∂n-h-cmWv a°ƒ.

tPm¿÷ns‚ aqØ-]pXn hn\o-Xsb sIm√w XS-Øn¬ hoń¬

]^. temd≥kv ssa°n-fns‚ aI≥ ssa°nƒ hnhmlw sNbvXp.

Ch¿ _mwKvfq-cn¬ Xma-kn-°p∂p. Ch¿°v Hcp Ipń-bp≠v.

c≠m-asØ aIƒ kwKo-Xsb I√-Sn-t°mSv ]q≠n-°p-fØv

t__n-®≥ aI≥ Zo]p hnhmlw sNbvXp. Ch¿ _mwKvfq-cn¬ Xma-

kn-°p∂p. aq∂m-asØ ]pXn \anX _n.sSIv ]Tn-°p∂p.

AUz. sI.Sn.tXmakv (tSman)

Ggmw Xe-apd sXmΩs‚ A©m-asØ aI≥ tXmakv (tSman)

hnf-°p-amSw sNº-I-t»-cn¬ amXyp-hns‚ aIƒ Gen (emen)sb

hnhmlw sNbvXv Im™n-c-∏pg Ccp-º-I-t®m-e-bn¬ Xma-kn-°p∂p.

180


cmtJjv, cRvPnXv F∂o c≠mä-°fpw aocm, Xmcm F∂o c≠p

s]ä-°-fp-amWv. cmtJjv _n.sSIv Ign™v _mwKvfq-cn¬ tPmen

sNøp∂p. cRvPnXv _n.tIman\p ]Tn -°p∂p. ]pXn aocm

Bbp¿thZw UnKn Ign™v lukv k¿P≥kn sNøp∂p. Xmc

saUn-kn\p ]Tn-°p∂p.

^m≥knv (tSmWn)

sXmΩs‚ Cfb ]pX-\mb ^m≥knv (tSmWn) ]md-tØm v

Ipcn-ipw-aq-ń¬ (]pfn-am-°¬) tXma-kns‚ aIƒ acn-b-tKm-tcØn

(Pm≥kn)sb hnhmlw sNbvXp Ccp-º-I-t®m-e-bn-ep≈ ]nXr-Kr-

l-Øn¬ Xma-kn-°p∂p. tSmWn ]e kmaqly kwL-S-\-I-fp-tSbpw

Xe-∏Øv ]h¿Øn-°p∂p Ccp-º-I-t®me Ko≥hmen Hmbn¬kns‚

]m¿´vW-dmWv. tSmWn°v aq∂p s]ä-°-fmWv. en‚p, anen, \b\

F∂n-h-cmWv ]pXn-am¿.

aqØ-]pXn en‚p Fw._n.F ]mkmbn.en‚p-hns\ aWn-ae

πm°m´v sken≥ ˛ ]tc-X-\mb amXyp ]n.tPmk^v aI≥ Ipcy≥

hnhmlw sNbvXp. anenbpw \b-\bpw hnZym¿∞n-I-fmWv.

sXmΩ≥ 1998 P\p-hcn 11\p acWw ]m]n®p. Ccp-º-I-t®me


Hutk∏v (HuX) Ggmw Xe-apd ˛ Ipdp-aÆv

Bdmw Xe-apd aØm-bn-bpsS aq∂m-asØ ]pX≥ Hutk∏v

(HuX) `c-W-ßm\w ]≈n-bn-S-hI ]d-ap-≠-bn¬ Ipcys‚ aIƒ

adn-b-Øns\ hnhmlw sNbvXv Ipdp-aÆv a\-bv°-°-≠-Øn¬ Xma-

kn-°p∂p. Hutk-∏n\p amXyp, Ipcy≥, tPmk^v, tXmakv F∂o

\mep ]pX∑m-cp≠v.

sI.sP.amXyp (amØ-∏≥) ˛ F´mw Xe-apd

Ggmw Xe-apd Hutk-∏ns‚ aqØ-a-I≥ amXyp (sI.sP.amXyp

Fw.F) ]Sn-™m-td-°c imJ-bn¬s∏´ taep-Im-hn¬ sXt°-°-

≠-Øn¬ Cu∏s‚ aIƒ tacn-°p-ńsb hnhmlw sNbvXv Im™n-

c-∏pg Xma-kn-°p∂p. amXyp-hn\p Cu∏≥ F∂ ]pX\pw an\n, \nΩn

F∂o c≠p ]pXn-am-cp-amWv.

]pX≥ Cu∏≥ Acp-hn-Øpd πmtØm-´-Øn¬ h¿°n-bpsS

181


aIƒ do\sb hnhmlw sNbvXp. Ccp-hcpw Ata-cn-°-bn¬ tPmen

sNøp∂p. Cu∏\v InÃo\ F∂ ]pXn-bp≠v. ]Tn-°p∂p. amXyp-

hns‚ aqØ-]pXn an\nsb Bc-°pg tN¿t°m v Hutk-∏-®s‚ aI≥

tSman hnhmlw sNbvXv Fd-Wm-Ipfw If-a-t»-cn-bn¬ Xma-kn-°p∂p.

Cfb ]pXn \nΩn Fw._n._n.Fkv Ign-™p-\n¬°p-∂p.

sI.sP.Ipcy≥ (Ipcym-®≥)

Hutk-∏ns‚ c≠m-asØ ]pX≥ Ipcy≥ ]mem I∏mSv

CS-hI Nqc-\m´v Nm≠n-bpsS aIƒ s]Æ-Ωsb hnhmlw sNbvXv

a\-°-°-≠-Øn¬ Xma-kn-°p∂p. Ipcy\p tPmkv (tPmbn-®≥) F∂

]pX\pw tacn (tamfn) F∂ ]pXn-bp-ap≠v.

Ipcys‚ ]pX≥ tPmbn-®≥ XnS-\mSv Rmb¿Ip-fØv tUm.

h°-®≥, tagvkn-bΩ aIƒ knt\m-ansb hnhmlw sNbvXv a\-°-

°-≠-Øn-ep≈ ]nXr-Kr-l-Øn¬ Xma-kn-°p-\\p. tPmbn-®\v \n∂p

s¢b¿, dn∂p acnb F∂o c≠p ]pXnam-cp≠v. Ch¿ hnZym¿∞n-I-

fmWv. ]pXn tamfnsb hmI-°mSv aÆq¿ Ipt™∏v, tdmkΩ aI≥

km_p hnhmlw sNbvXp. Ipcy≥ 19˛5˛2001¬ acn®p. Ipdp-aÆv ]≈n

skan-tØ-cn-bn¬ kwkvI-cn®p.

dh. ^m. tPmk^v

Hutk-∏ns‚ aq∂m-asØ ]pX≥ tPmk^v (dh. ^m.

tPmk^v Ing-t°-°c) ]mem cq]-X-bn¬ CS-hI sshZn-I-\mbn

1969¬ \h-]qP A¿∏n®p. Ct∏mƒ XpS-ß-\mSv sk‚ v tXmakv

s^mtdm-\m-]≈n hnIm-cn-bmbn tkh-\-a-\p-jvTn-°p∂p.

sI.sP.tXmav (tXmam®≥)

Hutk-∏ns‚ \mem-asØ ]pX≥ tXmakv ]mem ]≈n-bn-S-

hI Iq´n-bm-\n-bn¬ sk_m-Ãy≥, Gen-°p´n Zº-Xn-I-fpsS aIƒ

eqknsb hnhmlw sNbvXv a\-bv°-°-≠-Øn-ep≈ ]nXr- -h-\-Øn¬

Xma-kn-°p∂p. tXma-n\p tPmkv, kn_n, amXyp F∂o aq∂p ]pX-

∑mcpw acnb F∂ ]pXn-bp-ap≠v.

tXma-kns‚ aqØ-]p-X≥ tPmkv Acp-hn-Øpd hmfn-πm-°¬

tPmk^v, Benkv aIƒ kn≥kp-hns\ hnhmlw sNbvXp a\-°-

182


°-≠-Øn¬ Xma-kn-°p∂p. tPmkn\p A¬t^m≥km F∂

]pXnbpw tSmw F∂ ]pX-\p-ap≠v. Ch¿ Ip™p-ß-fmWv.

tXma-kns‚ c≠m-asØ ]pX≥ kn_n Fen-hmen ssaem-

Sq¿ tPmk^v ˛ Sok Zº-Xn-I-fpsS aIƒ tkmWnsb hnhmlw

sNbvXv a\-°-°-≠-Øn¬ Xma-kn-°p∂p. kn_n°v tXmakv F∂

]pX\pw Sm\nb F∂ ]pXn-bp-ap≠v. tXma-ns‚ ]pXn acnb

Fw.tImw Ign-™p-\n¬°p-∂p.

sI.Fw.amXyp (Ggmw Xe-apd)

Bdmw Xe-apd ]pØ≥]p-c-°¬ aØm-bn-bpsS \mem-asØ

]pX≥ amXyp (sI.Fw.amXyp _n.Fkvkn) Im™n-c-∏-≈n¬ Icn-

∏m-∏-d-ºn¬ sNdn-bms‚ aIƒ s]ÆΩ _n.F.sb hnhmlw sNbvXv

Im™n-c-∏pgbn¬ Xma-k-am-°n. Im™n-c-∏p-g-bn-ep≈ Zn \mj-W¬

πmt‚-j≥ Iº-\n-bpsS amt\-PnwKv ]m¿ vW-dm-bn-cp∂p. Sn amXyphpw

ktlm-Z-c-∑mcpw IqSn Im™n-c-∏p-g-bn¬ Hcp ]≈nbpw tlmkv]n-

‰epw ]Wn-bn®v s]mXp-P-\-ßƒ°mbn hn´p-sIm-Sp-Øn-´p≠v. amXyp

1986 HIvtSm-_¿ 24\p ac-W-a-S™p. Im™n-c∏pg skan-tØ-cn-bn¬

kwkvI-cn®p. amXyp-hn\p amXyp Fs∂mcp ]pX\pw A°Ω F∂

Hcp ]pXn-bp-ap≠v.

amXyp-hns‚ ]pX≥ tUm. amXyp amXyp Fw._n._n.Fkv

ssX°m-´p-t»cn Aø-\mSv ]mdm-bn¬ ]n.sI.tPm¿Pv Xc-I≥ aIƒ

tdmk-Ωsb hnhmlw sNbvXv Im™n-c-∏p-g-bn-ep≈ ]nXr-`-h-\-

Øn¬ Xma-kn-°p∂p. Sn amXyp \√ Hcp Irjn-°m-c-\mWv. B[p-

\nI coXn-bn¬ F√m-hn[ Irjn-Ifpw \S-Øp∂p. amXyp-hn\v hnthIv

tPm¿÷v amXyp F∂ ]pX\pw tdmjv\n, tdmkn F∂o c≠p ]pXn-

am-cp-ap≠v. amXyp-hns‚ ]pX≥ hnthIv Be-∏p-g-bn¬ A°-c-Ifw

tXma-kns‚ aIƒ So\sb hnhmlw sNbvXp.

amXyp-hns‚ aqØ-]pXn tdmjv\nsb Nß-\m-t»-cn¬ tImt®-

cn¬ sk_m-Ãy≥ aI≥ c≥P≥ hnhmlw sNbvXv apwss_-bn¬

Xma-kn-°p∂p.

c≠m-asØ ]pXn tdmknsb Xº-e-°mSv IX-b-\m´v

]utemkv aI≥ amXyp hnhmlw sNbvXv sNss∂-bn¬ Xma-kn-

183


°p∂p. sI.Fw.amXyp-hns‚ ]pXn A°-Ωsb Nme-°pSn ]cn-bmcw

IÆw-]n-≈n¬ tem\-°p™v aI≥ t]mƒ hnhmlw sNbvXp. Ch¿

Im™n-c-∏p-g-bn¬ Xma-kn-°p∂p.

sI.Fw.h¿°n aqe-a‰w (Ggmw Xe-apd)

Xot°mbn CS-bmSn sXmΩ≥ ˛ adnbw aIƒ adn-bsØ

hnhmlw sNbvXp. A©p a°ƒ. aq∂p s]Æpw c≠v BWpw. mcy

acn-°p-I-bm¬ ]p\¿hn-hmlw sNbvXp. h[p sXmSp-]pg Ieq¿ Imc-

°p-t∂¬ A∂ aØmbn aIƒ tXkym. c≠mw hnhm-l-Øn¬

acnb F∂ s]Ïpń D≠v. acn-bsb FS-bm-Sn-bn¬ the-Øp-t»-

cn-bn¬ (Xot°mbn) amXyp hnhmlw sNbvXp. Xot°m-bn¬ Xma-

kn-°p-∂p.

sI.Fw.h¿°n-bpsS aqØ aIƒ tacn h¿°nsb tahnS amfn-

tb-°¬ tPmk^v ˛ tXkym aI≥ tPmk^v hnhmlw sNbvXv

tahnSbn¬ Xma-kn-°p∂p. c≠m-asØ ]pXn Ip™m-Ωsb Bc-

°pg amtX-°¬ Ipcym-t°mkv ˛ A∂ aI≥ amXyp hnhmlw

sNbvXp Bc-°pgbn¬ Xma-kn-°p∂p.

aq∂m-asØ ]pXn kn. A∂‰v `c-W-ßm\w tacn-Kncn anj-

\n¬ tN¿∂p.

aqØ-]p-X≥ sI.hn.amXyp CS-a-dpIv Nocm-¶pgn amWn A∂

aIƒ tdmk-Ωsb hnhmlw sNbvXv ]pc-bn-S-Øns‚ Ing-°p-h-iØv

]tXyI sIń-S-Øn¬ Xma-kn-®n-cp∂p. Sn amXyp 13˛3˛98¬ acn®p.

Sn amXyp-hn\v Bdp-a-°ƒ c≠mWpw \mep s]Æpw aqØ-a-

Iƒ tamfn F∂p hnfn-°p∂ tacnsb hnhmlw Ign-®n√. ]nXr-Kr-

l-Øn¬ Xma-kn-°p∂p.

aqØ-a-I≥ s_∂n-sb∂p hnfn-°p-∂ sI.Fw.tPm¿÷v Ipf-

amhv F.Sn.tPm¨ ˛tacn aIƒ tagvknsb hnhmlw sNbvXv Xd-hm-

ń¬ Xma-kn-°p∂p. c≠p a°ƒ. HcmWpw Hcp s]Æpw. F√m-hcpw

hnZym¿∞n-Iƒ 1. tdmkv acnb tPm¿÷v, 2. amXyqkv tPm¿÷v.

c≠m-asØ aIƒ tUmfn (A∂) 18.09.1989¬ AIme arXyp

]m]n®p. aq∂m-asØ ]pXn tdmk-Ωsb D∏p-Xd ISp-t¥mSv

184


tPmk^v ˛ tacn-°pń aI≥ tPmk^v hnhmlw sNbvXv D∏p-X-d-

bn¬ Xma-kn-°p∂p. c≠m-asØ ]pX≥ _nt\mbn (am\p-h¬)

4˛6˛98¬ AIme arXyp ]m]n®p. aq∂m-asØ ]pXn dmWn F∂p

hnfn-°p∂ sIm®p-tXky kntÃgvkv Hm^v sk‚ v tPmk^v Hm^v

sk‚ v tacn (Fkv.sP.Fkv.Fw) k\ymk kaq-l-Ønse AwK-

amWv.

5. Ggmw Xe-apd h¿°n-bpsS Cfb aI≥ tPm∏n-sb∂p hnfn-

°p∂ sI.hn. tPmk^v Cf-ßpfw apdn-™m-e-°¬ aØmbn A∂

aIƒ tXkymsb hnhmlw sNbvXv Cfßp-fØv mcym-Kr-l-Øn¬

Xma-kn-°p∂p. Sn tPm∏n°v \mep a°ƒ. c≠mWpw c≠p s]Æpw.

aqØ-]p-X≥ km_p F∂p hnfn-°p∂ tPm¿÷v hmg-°pfw ]p∂-

°-∏-S-hn¬ (\Sp-°c) tPm¨ A∂-°pń aIƒ euensb hnhmlw

sNbvXv aqe-a-‰Øv Xma-kn-°p∂p. Sn km_p-hn\v \mep Ipń-Iƒ

F√m-hcpw hnZym¿∞n-Iƒ.

1. sS 2. B≥ 3. tPmk v 4. tPm¨kv. c≠m-asØ ]pX≥

kÆn-sb∂p hnfn-°p∂ tPmk^v aWn-b-©nd kvIdnbm eqkn

aIƒ sd‰nsb hnhmlw sNbvXv Cf-ßp-fØv ]nXm-hns‚ IqsS

Xma-kn-°p∂p. aq∂p Ipń-Iƒ. tPm∏n, dmWn, dqWn (hnZym¿Yn-

Iƒ). aqØ-]pXn tacnsb ]b-∏m¿ HmS-°¬ ssa°nƒ ˛ sXømΩ

aI≥ tPmbn hnhmlw sNbvXp. c≠m-asØ ]pXn tkmWnb F∂p

hnfn-°p∂ tXkymsb sNdp-tXm-´-Øn¬ (Ing-°≥ a‰w) tXkym

˛ B‚Wn aI≥ Idn-bm-®≥ hnhmlw sNbvXv Ing-°≥ a‰-Øn¬

Xma-kn-°p∂p.

195


]oSn-I-bn¬ IpSpw_w]oSn-I-bn¬ Cń sF∏v (\memw Xe-ap-d)

Ing-t°-°c Itcm-t -ho- n¬ Cń-b-bv]ns‚ ZznXo-b-]p-X≥ Cń-

bbv]v ImWn-tb-°m-´p-I-c-bn¬ ]mem-∏≈n CS-hI IpSp-ºp-Im-ń¬

N¥n-c-°m-cs‚ aIƒ adn-b-Øns\ hnhmlw Ign®v hS-s°-s°-Sp-

º≥ ]pcn-bn-S-Øn¬ Ccn-°p∂ ]oSn-I-bn¬ Xma-kn®p. ]nXm-hmb

aq∂mw Xe-apd Ing-t°-°c Itcm-t´-ho-ń¬ Cń-bbv]v 1029˛m-am≠v

[\p-am-k-Øn¬ acn®v ]mem hen-b-]-≈n-bn¬ kwkvI-cn-°-s∏´p.

]oSn-I-bn¬ Cń-bbv]v I®-hSw \S-Øp∂ ImeØv Xncp-hn-

Xmw-Iq-dnse Znhm≥ t]jv°m¿ apX-emb ][m\ DtZym-K-ÿ-∑m¿

ao\-®n¬ kµ¿in-°m≥ hcp-tºmƒ ]cn-N-c-W-Øn-\mbpw a‰pw taep-

Im-hn-ep≈ ae-b-c-b-∑msc hf-sc-b-[nIw ]oUn-∏n-®n-cp∂p. Ah¿

So. Cń-b-bv]ns‚ ]°¬ ]cm-Xn-s∏- -Xns‚ e-ambn At±lw tIm -

b-Øp-\n∂pw ]≈-Øp-km-bv]ns\ hcp-Øp-Ibpw kmbv]v taep-Im-

hn¬ Hcp N¿®p-an-j≥ ]≈n ÿm]n®v Ahsc kn.Fw.Fn¬

tN¿Øv D≤-cn-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. Cu hnhcw taeq-Im-hp-]-≈n-bn¬

Hcp ]am-W-tc-J-bmbn kq£n-®n- p≠v. \memw Xe-ap-d-°m-c\pw ISp-

ºp-Im- n¬\n∂p hnhmlw sNbvX-bm-fp-amb Cń-bbv]v 1052˛mam≠p

acWw ]m]n®p. \memw Xe-apd ]oSn-I-bn¬ Cń-b-bv]n\p Cń-

bbv]v, Nmt°m, sXmΩ≥ F∂p aq∂p ]pX-∑m-cp-≠mbn. Nmt°m

Ahn-hm-ln-X-\m-bn-cp∂p; Imem-¥-c-Øn¬ k¿∏-Zw-i-ta‰p acn®p.

]oSn-I-bn¬ Xd-hmSv

]oSn-I-bn¬ Cń- sF∏v (A©mw Xe-ap-d)

]oSn-I-bn¬ Cń- sF-∏ns‚ aI≥ ]oSn-I-bn¬ Cń- sFbv]v

Nß-\m-ticn Xmeq-°n¬ Im¿Øn-I-∏≈n IpSpw-_-amb shńØp-

cp-tØ¬ IÆp-ssh-Zys‚ aIƒ Gensb hnhmlw sNbvXp. ]nXr-

Kr-l-Øn¬ Xma-kn®p. Sn. Cń- sF∏n\p butk∏v, Cń- sF∏v

F∂p c≠p ]pX-∑mcpw adnbw, A®mΩ, Gen, tXkym F∂p

196


\mep ]pXn-am-cp-ap-≠mbn. H∂m-asØ ]pXn adn-b-Øns\ `c-W-

ßm\w ]≈n-bn-S-hI "B°n-am-∏nf'bmb amdm-a-‰-Øn¬ Hutk∏p

hnhmlw sNbvXp. c≠m-asØ ]pXn A®m-Ωsb hmg-°pfw Ic-

bn¬ sNm≈m-a-T-Øn¬ hnhmlw sNbvX-b®p. Hcp sIm√w Ign™v

k¥m-\-an-√msX hn[h-bm-bn-Øo-cp-Ibpw ]nXr-Kr-l-Øn¬ Xma-kn®v

1957˛ s^. 22˛mw XobXn acn®v Cfw-tXm-´w-]-≈n-bpsS ih-t°m-´-

bn¬ kwkvI-cn-°-s∏-Sp-Ibpw sNbvXp aq∂m-asØ ]pXn Gensb

Ipd-hn-e-ßm-Sp-]-≈n-bn-S-hI ]I-tem-a‰w IpSpw-_-amb tIm´-bn¬

Be-∏m´p hnhmlw sNbvX-b®p. \mem-asØ ]pXn tXkysb

]Sn-™m-td-°c imJ-bn¬s∏´ taS-bv°¬ Cń-b-hncm hnhmlw

sNbvXp.

dh. ^m. Hutk∏v IØ-\m¿ (Bdmw Xe-ap-d)

A©mw Xe-apd Cń- sF∏ns‚ ]pX≥ Hutk-∏ns\ (dh.

^m. tPmk v) Xncp-h-√m-bn¬ tImhq¿ IpSpw-_-°m-cp-am-bp≈ _‘-

Øm¬ Ah¿ "ss\\m≥' F∂pw kwt_m-[\ sNbvXn-cp∂p. Sn.

Hutk∏v \memw Xe-apd Itcm-t´-ho-ń¬ h¿°n-bpsS XrXo-b-]p-

X≥ tbml-∂m-\p-sam-∂n®v fmew ]pØ≥∏-≈n-bn-S-hI IWn-bm-

cm-IØp s]._.amWn-a-ev]ms‚ IqsS taeqkv saXm-t∏m-eo-Øm-

bpsS Iogn¬ sshZnI ]T\w XpSßn. s]._.Gen-bm-ta-eqkp

saXm-t\mSp (_mt_¬ ]mXn-b¿°o-kns‚ Iogn¬) ]´hpw kzoI-

cn®p. sIm√-h¿jw 1053˛mam≠v hr›n-I-amkw 8˛mw XobXn BWv

Cfw-tXm-´w-]≈n ÿm]\w. taeqkp aev]m-\mb IWn-bm-cm-IØp

amWn aev]ms‚ t]c-W-bm¬ \memw Xe-apd Itcm-t -ho- n¬ h¿°n-

bpsS ]cn-i-a-^-e-ambn ÿm]n-®-Xm-WnXv. CS-a-‰Øp sXm≠-\m´v

At¥m-\n-b-®-\mWv am¿ A_vZntim saXm-t∏m-eoØm BbXv.

At±lw 1069˛mam-≠n-Sbv°v Xr»n-h-t]-cq¿h®v Ncaw ]m]n®p. ]oSn-

I-bn¬ Hutk∏p siΩm-»\pw Itcm-t -ho- n¬ tbml-∂m≥ siΩm-

»\pw am¿ A_vZotim saXm-t∏m-eo-Øm-bn¬ \n∂pw ]´w kzoI-

cn®p Ip¿_m\ sNm√p-I-bp-≠mbn. _. Hutk-∏-®≥ am¿

A_vZotim saXm-t∏m-eo-Øm-bpsS ac-Wm-\-¥cw Cfw-tXm´w ]≈n-

bn¬ Xma-kn®v AXns‚ `cWw \S-Øp-Ibpw ]n∂oSv ]≈nbpw

197


kzØp-°fpw tdma≥ ItØm-en-°m-k- bv°p hn´p-sIm-Sp-Øp-sIm≠v

B k`-bp-ambn sFIy-s∏-Sp-Ibpw sNbvXp. R≠p-]md, shń-ap-

Iƒ, \oeq¿, Ihn-°p∂p apX-emb ]≈n-I-fn¬ hnIm-cn-bm-bn-cp-∂n-

´p-≠-t±lw. At±lw 1944 am¿®v amkw 17˛mw XobXn 79˛masØ

hb-n¬ \ncym-X-\mbn. ]mem henb ]≈n-bn¬ kwkvI-cn-°-s∏´p.

Cfw-tXm´w ]≈n-bpsS ÿm]\w Ign™ L´-Øn-emWp,

]Sn-™m-td-°c imJ-bn¬s∏´ sh´p-Im-ń¬ _. Cu∏-®s‚ ]cn-

i-a-Øm¬ Ihn-°p-∂p-]-≈nbpw sIm´m-c-Øn¬ _. butk-∏-®s‚

]cn-i-a-Øm¬ ap≠m-¶¬∏-≈nbpw ]Wn Ign-°-s∏-´Xv.

]oSn-I-bn¬ Cń- sF∏v (Bdmw Xe-ap-d)

]oSn-I-bn¬ Cń- sF∏ns‚ ZznXob ]pX≥ Cń sF∏vv "Fd-

tIm∂n am∏nf'bmb aptØmen Ic-bn¬ s\øqcp tImbn-∏p-d-Ømb

If-∏p-c-bv°¬ De-l-∂s‚ aIƒ tXkym (Nm®n)sb hnhmlw

sNbvXv ]oSn-I-Ø-d-hm-ń¬ Xma-kn®p. Ct±-l-amWp sIm.h.

1087˛mam≠v Nnß-amkw H∂mw-Xo-bXn FgpXn 1088˛mam≠v Nnß-

amkw H∂mw-Xo-bXn cPn-Ã-dm-°nb "Ing-t°-°c IpSpw-_-]-cn-]m-

e\ DS-ºSn"bpsS ImcW `qX\pw, 1092˛mam≠v apX¬ \S-Øn-t∏m-

cp∂ Sn IpSpw-_-tbm-K-Øns‚ P\-bn-Xmhpw sIm.h¿jw 1106 Ipw`-

am-k-Øn¬ Fgp-Xnb "Fd-tIm∂n ]pØ≥]pc IpSpw-_-N-

cnX"Øns‚ I¿Ømhpw At±-l-amWv. AXns‚ ssIsb-gp-Øp-]-

Xn-bn¬ \n∂mWv Fd-tIm∂n ]pØ≥]pc IpSpw-_-Øns‚ Ncn-X-

te-J-\-Imew hsc-bp≈ ]q¿∆-N-cn-X-sØ-∏-‰nbpw AtXm-S-\p-_-

‘n® kam-¥c kw`-h-ß-sf-∏-‰nbpw ]kvXmh tbmKy-amb hn[-

Øn-ep≈ hnhcw e`n-®n-´p-≈Xv. A°m-c-W-Øm¬ A\-¥c Xe-ap-

d-°m¿ At±-l-tØmSv hf-sc-b-[nIw IS-s∏-´-h-cmWv. k`m-N-cnX

kw_-‘-ambpw tImSXn hyh-lm-c-kw-_-‘-ambpw A\\y km[m-

c-W-amb ]mWvUnXyw kn≤n-®-h\pw Hcp \S-\-I-em-\n-]p-W-\p-am-

bn-cp∂p At±lw. Hcp \S-\-I-em-k-anXn Xs∂ At±-l-Øns‚ amt\-

Pvsa‚n¬ ]h¿Øn-®n-cp∂p. At±-l-Øn\p Cń-bbv]v, sXmΩ≥,

198


De-l-∂≥, h¿°n F∂ \mep ]pX-∑m-cp-≠mbn. ]i-kvX-\mb

Bdmw-X-e-apd Cń-bbv]v 1961 G]n¬ 27˛mw XobXn 88˛masØ hb-

kn¬ acn®v Cfw-tXm-´w-]-≈n-bpsS ih-t°m-´-bn¬ kwkvI-cn-°-

s∏´p. At±-l-Øns‚ mcy tXkym 1955 am¿®v amkw 9˛mw XobXn

acn®v Sn.ih-t°m-´-bn¬ Xs∂ kwkvI-cn-°-s∏´p.

sI.-sF. Cń- sF∏v (Ggmw Xe-ap-d)

Cń-b-bv∏ns‚ aqØ-]p-X≥ Ggmw Xe-apd Cń-bbv∏v ]mem-

bn¬ IpS-°-®n-d-°p-Spw-_-Øn¬s∏´ ]Xp-∏-≈n¬ Nmt°m-bpsS

aIƒ Gensb hnhm-lw-sNbvXv \oeq¿ ISphm A≈p-]p-c-bn-S-Øn¬

Xma-k-am°n. Sn.Cń-b-bv∏n\p Cń-bbv∏v, sXmΩ≥ F∂ c≠p ]pX-

∑mcpw tXkym, A∂, adnbw F∂ aq∂p ]pXn-amcpw P\n®p. aqØ-

]pXn tXkymsb ]mem-∏-≈n-bn-S-hI "Xd-bn¬ am∏nf"bmb Rmh-

≈n¬ ]tg-S-Øp-ho-ń¬\n∂pw sXmSp-]pg ap´w-]-≈n-bn-S-h-I-bn¬

Xma-kn-°p∂ Ipcp-hn-f-bpsS aI≥ h¿°n hnhmlw sNbvXp. c≠m-

a-Ø-hƒ A∂ (A®mΩ)sb ]mem CS-hI "hb-e-s°m-ºn¬

am∏nf""bmb ]p√m- p-\n∂pw hmgq¿ Xma-kn-°p∂ amWn-bpsS aI≥

tPmk^v hnhmlw sNbvXp. aq∂m-asØ ]pXn adn-bsØ cma-]p-

cØp hf-h-\m´v IpSpw-_-Øn¬s∏´ sImX-º-\m-\n-bn¬ ]pt≈m-

en¬ Ipcym-t°m-bpsS aI≥ tPmk^v hnhmlw sNbvXp.

Cń sF∏v

aqØ-]p-X≥ F´mw Xe-apd Cń- sF∏v IS-\m-ń¬ ]me-Øpw-

Xe IpSpw-_-Øn¬s∏´ ]qh-Øp-¶¬ tZh-kym-bpsS aIƒ

tXkymsb hnhmlw sNbvXv \oeqcv Xma-kn-°p-∂p. tXkym 2010

sk]vXw-_¿ 30-˛\p acWw ]m]n®v \oeq¿ ]≈n-Ip-Spw-_-°-√-d-

bn¬ kwkvI-cn®p. Ch¿°v k¥m-\-ß-fn-√.

sI.-sF. tXmakv

ZzoXn-b-]p-X≥ sXmΩ≥ sNßfw ]≈n-bn-S-hI tIme-Sn-°p-

Spw-_-Øn¬s∏´ `K-h-Xn-]-d-ºn¬ Ipń-b-Ωsb hnhmlw sNbvXp.

\oeq¿ Xma-kn-°p∂p. sXmΩ\p am¿ń≥ (kmPp), tPmk v (kn_n),

kvIdnbm (kPn) F∂ aq∂p ]pX-∑mcpw Gen (s_‰n), jo_m

199


F∂o c≠p ]pXn-amcpw D≠mbn.

sXmΩs‚ BZy- mcy Ipń-bΩ acn-®p-t]m-b-Xn-\m¬ c≠m-aXv

Im™n-c-∏≈n A©n-en∏ ]p¬t]¬ tPmk^v aIƒ tXkysb

hnhmlw sNbvXp. Cu hnhm-l-Øn¬ tXky (enkv) F∂ Hcp

]pXn-bp≠v. enkv Fw.F hnZym¿Yn-bmWv.

sXmΩs‚ H∂m-asØ ]pX≥ am¿ń≥ (kmPp) Nnd-°-Shv

Ip∂-∏-≈n¬ kme-ns‚ aIƒ knnsb hnhmlw sNbvXp. Ccp-

hcpw t_mws_-bn¬ tPmen sNøp∂p. Ch¿°v InÃo\, A\p

(Sok) F∂o c≠p ]pXn-am-cp≠v. Ccp-hcpw hnZym¿Yn-I-fmWv.

sXmΩs‚ c≠m-asØ ]pX≥ kn_n ]q™m¿ sNdp-h-≈n¬

tPmkv aIƒ sSknsb hnhmlw sNbvXv \neq¿ Xma-kn-°p∂p.

Ch¿°v tPmk^v, tXmakv F∂o c≠p ]pX-∑m-cp≠v. Ccp-hcpw

]Tn-°p∂p.

sXmΩs‚ aq∂m-asØ ]pX≥ kvIdnb (kPn) Ad-°pfw

ssaem-Sq¿ A_m-l-Øns‚ aIƒ tdmjs\ hnhmlw sNbvXp.

\oeq¿ Xma-kn-°p∂p. Ch¿°v tXmakv (sU\n≥) F∂ ]pX\pw

Uo\m tacn F∂ ]pXn-bp-ap≠v. Ccp-hcpw Ip™p-ß-fmWv.

sXmΩs‚ aqØ-]pXn s_‰n ico-c-kp-J-an-√msX ]nXm-hns‚

IqsS Xma-kn-°p∂p. c≠m-asØ ]pXn jo_sb Ad-°p-fØv Ipf-

Øn-\m¬ tPmk-^ns‚ aI≥ jnPn hnhmlw Ign®p. Ch¿ Nme-

°pSn sNń-Ip-fØv Xma-kn-°p∂p.

sI.-sF. sXmΩ≥ (Ggmw Xe-ap-d)

]oSn-I-bn¬ Cń- sF∏ns‚ ZzoXnb ]pX≥ sXmΩ≥ tIm´bw

Ab¿°p∂w Ic-bn¬ ""Fd-tIm∂n am∏nf""bmb IpS-I-t»-cn¬ ]Sn-

™m-td-°c nen-t∏mkn(t]mØ≥)s‚ aIƒ A∂Ωsb hnhmlw

sNbvXp. s]mcp-t∂m-en-emb ]pXp-a\ aØmbn t]mØs‚ hI-bm-

bn-cp-∂Xpw ]nXr-hn-ln-X-ambn Inń-b-Xp-amb ]ø-∏-Xn-°¬ ]pc-bn-

S -Øn¬ Xma-kn-°p∂p. A°m-eØp Ing-t°-°c IpSpw-_-

Øn¬\n∂pw k¿-h-I-em-imem hnZym- ymkw kn≤n® Npcp°w t]cn-

sem-cm-fmWv At±lw. Ing-X-Sn-bq¿ kl-I-cW kwL-Øns‚ P\-

200


bn-Xmhv At±-l-amWv. B kwL-Øns‚ BZysØ skI- dn At±-

l-am-bn-cp∂p. Ing-t°-°c IpSpw-_-tbmK sI´n-S-Øns‚ \n¿Ωm-

W-Øn-\mbn D’m-ln-®-h-cn¬ ]ap-J-\m-t±lw. sXmΩ≥ 1983 \hw-

_¿ amkw 14-˛mw XobXn acn®v 15-˛mw XobXn Cfw-tXm´w ]≈n

skan-tØ-cn-bn-ep≈ IpSpw-_-I-√-d-bn¬ kwkvI-cn-®p. sXmΩs‚

`mcy A∂Ω 1984 Unkw-_¿ 21 \v acn®v Cfw-tXm-´-]-≈n-bn-ep≈

IpSpw-_-I-√-d-bn¬ kwkvI-cn-®p. Sn. sXmΩ\v tPmk^v (Ip™v)

tXmakv F∂ c≠p ]pX-∑m-cp≠v.

sI.‰n tPmk^v (Ip-™v)

aqØ-]p-X≥ tPmk^v Fw.F _ncp-Z-[m-cn-bmWv. sXmΩs‚

aqØ-]p-X≥ tPmk^v (Ip-™v) `c-W-ßm\w Aºmd Ie-b-Øn-

\m¬ sI.-Fw. tPmk-^ns‚ aIƒ kme-Ωsb hnhmlw sNbvXv

]nXr-K-l-amb ]ø-]-Xn-°¬ ]pc-bn-S-Øn¬ Xma-kn-°p-∂p. kmeΩ

Fw.-F-kv.-kn. _ncp-Z-[m-cn-Wn-bm-Wv. tPmk- n\v B≥en, knØmc,

aoc, tcmlnX F∂o \mep ]pXn-am-cp-≠v. aqØ-]pXn B≥ensb

(Fw.-F-kv.-kn.) Fd-Wm-Ipfw Fkv.-B¿.-Fw. tdmUn¬ Cucm-‰p∏pg

s]m^. h¿Ko-kns‚ aI≥ tPm¨kv Fw.-_n.-F. hnhmlw sNbvXp.

Ch¿°v sPdn F∂ ]pX-\p-≠v. Ch¿ _l-dn-\n¬ tPmen sNøp-

∂p. tPmk-^ns‚ c≠m-asØ ]pXn kn-Ømcsb (Fw.-F-kv.-kn.,

Fw.-^n¬) IqØm-´p-Ipfw C©-°p-gn-bn¬ kJ-dnbmbpsS aI≥

kndnƒ kvIdnb hnhmlw sNbvXp. Ch¿°v ¢n≥kv Fs∂mcp ]pX-

\p-≠v. Ccp-hcpw KpP-dm-Øn¬ tPmen sNøp-∂p. tPmk- ns‚ aq∂m-

asØ ]pXn aoc Fw.-_n.-F. Ign™v _mw•q-cn¬ Fw.-^n-en\v ]Tn-

°p-∂p. \mem-asØ ]pXn tcmlnX sIm√w ‰n.-sI.-Fw. F©n-\o-

b-dnwKv tImtf-Pn¬ \n∂v knhn¬ F©n-\o-b-dnw-Kv ]mm-bn.

sI.-‰n. tXmakv

sXmΩs‚ c≠m-asØ ]pX≥ tXmakv (tXmam-®≥) `c-W-

ßm-\-Øp-\n∂pw ]q™m-‰n¬ Xma-kn-°p∂ ]me-a-‰-Øn-emb Bem-

\n-°¬ A_m-l-Øns‚ aIƒ tacn (s]ÆΩ)sb hnhmlw

sNbvXp. sXmSp-]pg Ie-b-¥m-\n-bn¬ Xma-kn-°p∂p.

tXma-kn\p sPn Fs∂mcp ]pXn amX-am-Wp-≈Xv.

sPnsb tN¿∏p-¶¬ a‰-Øn-emb aW-ep-¶¬ sIm®p-a-‰-Øn¬ho-

ń¬ Ipcy≥ Nn∂Ω Zº-Xn-I-fpsS aI≥ kÆn kndn-b°v hnhmlw

Ign®p Ie-b-¥m-\n-bn¬ Xma-kn-°p∂p. kÆn Fw.F. Fw_nF

_ncp-Z-[m-cn-bmWv. kÆn hnZypXv sa‰m-enIv enan-‰Uv Iº-\n-bpsS

tIcf doPn-b-W¬ skbn¬kv amt\-P-cmbn tPmen sNøp∂p.

Ch¿°v sIhn≥ F∂ ]pX\pw t\mhnb, tdmWnb F∂o c≠p

]pXn-am-cp-ap≠v. Ch¿ hnZym¿Yn-I-fmWv.

tXmakv 2000 apX¬ IpSpw-_-tbmKw skI-´-dn-bmbn h¿°v

sNøp∂p. 2001¬ IpSpw-_-tbmKw AUkv _p°v A®-Sn®p ]pd-

Øn-d-°n-bXv tXma-kns‚ Aim¥ ]cn-i-a-Øm-emWv. sXmSp-]pg

sFFwF ªUv _m¶v 2004¬ XpS-ßp-hm≥ ]cn-i-an-®-h-cn¬ apJy-

]-¶p-h-ln-®n-´p≠v. Ct∏mgpw ªUv _m¶ns‚ amt\-PnwKv IΩn‰n

saw_-dmWv. 2000¬ IpSpw-_-tbmK sIń-S-Øns‚ Np‰p-a-Xn¬ sI´p-

∂-Xn\pw sIńSw s]mfn-®p-ta-bp-∂-Xn\pw \∂m-°p-∂-Xn\pw Aim-

¥-]-cn-iaw \S-Øn-bn-´p≠v. Ct∏mƒ IpSpw-_-N-cnXw ]cn-jvI-cn®v

]pd-Øn-d-°p-∂Xv tXma-kns‚ ta¬t\m-´-Ønepw ]cn-i-a-Øm-ep-

amWv. Ie-b-¥m-\n-bn¬ ]e kmaqly kmwkvIm-cnI kwL-S-\-I-

fp-sSbpw ap≥]-¥n-bn¬ tXma-kp≠v.

sI.-sF. tPm¨ (Ip-™n-tem)

Cń- sF∏ns‚ XrXob ]pX≥ De-l-∂≥ (Ip™ntem) IS-

\m-ń¬ ]mtd-Ωm-°¬ IpSpw-_-Øn¬s∏´ hmfn-πm-°¬ tPmk-

^ns‚ aIƒ adn-b-Øns\ hnhm-lw-sNbvXv sh≈n-bm-am-‰Øv ]∂n-

a‰w CS-h-I-bn¬ Imcn-t°m´p tNcn-°-en¬ Xma-kn-°p-Ibpw ]n∂oSv

AhnSw hn‰v Nme-°pSn sh≈n-°p-f-ßc Xma-kn®p.

De-l-∂\p tPmk v (sIm®v), sXmΩ≥, De-l-∂≥ (t__n),

tZhky (tPmbn), tPm¿Pv F∂o A©p ]pX-∑mcpw adnbw (amΩn),

A∂ (A®mΩ), tXkym, Ipń-bΩ, s]ÆΩ, ntem-an\m (h’Ω)

F∂o Bdp ]pXn-amcpw P\n®p. aqØ-]pXn adnbw (knÃ¿ tacn

saem\n) am¿Øm-WvUØv tUmt´gvkv Hm^v tacn F∂ aT-Øn¬

tN¿∂p I\ym-kvXo-bmbn. c≠m-asØ ]pXn A∂ (A®mΩ)sb

201


202


ssae-s°mºp ]≈n-bn-S-hI Iocn-°m´v ho-ń¬ amWn-bpsS aI≥

amXyp hnhmlw sNbvXp. aq∂m-asØ ]pXn tXkymsb Ipdhn-f-

ßm-´p-]-≈n-bn-S-hI Ipcn-b\mSv I-c-bn¬ ]I-tem-a‰w IpSpw-_-

Øn¬s∏´ a‰-Øn¬ Hutk-∏ns‚ aI≥ amXyp hnhmlw sNbvXp.

\mem-asØ ]pXn Ipń-bΩ sIm√w Xmeq-°n¬ sImń-bØp aT-

Øn¬ tN¿∂p I\ym-kvXo-bmbn. A©m-asØ ]pXn s]ÆΩ

(knÃ¿ sa¿en) aqhm-‰p-]pg hmg-∏-≈n-a-T-Øn¬ tN¿∂p I\ym-kvXo-

bmbn. Bdm-asØ ]pXn ^ntem-an\ (h-’-Ω-sb) ]md-°m-t´¬

h¿Kokv A∂Ω Zº-Xn-I-fpsS aI≥ hn≥k‚ v hnhmlw sNbvXp.

Ip©ntem 1997 P\p-hcn 18\p acn®p, Aº-t\mfn ]≈n skan-


De-l-∂ms‚ `mcy adnbw 1971 Pqsse \men\p acn®p ]∂n-

a‰w ]≈n skan-tØ-cn-bn¬ kwkvI-cn®p.

tPmk^v(sIm-®v)

Ip©n-tem-bpsS aqØ-]p-X≥ tPmk v (sIm®v) ssae-s°mºv

hdp-ß-e-°pSn Nmt°m A∂Ω Zº-Xn-I-fpsS aIƒ A∂-°p- nsb

hnhmlw sNbvXv alm-cm-jvS-bn¬ \mkn-°n¬ Xma-kn-°p∂p.

Ch¿°v AtPjv F∂ Hcp ]pX-\p≠v. AtPjv _n.Fkvkn

\gvknwKv Ign™v _mwKvfq-cn¬ tPmen sNøp∂p. tPmk^v 2004

Unkw-_-dn¬ acWw ]m]n®p. Nme-°pSn Aº-t\mfn ]≈n skan-

tØ-cn-bn-ep≈ IpSpw-_-°-√-d-bn¬ arX-tZlw kwkvI-cn®p. tPmk-

^ns‚ `mcy A∂-°pń 2008 sabv 14\p acn®v \mkn-°n¬ kwkvI-

cn®p.

tXmakv (tXmam-®≥)

De-l-∂ms‚ ]pX-∑m-cn¬ c≠m-a≥ tXmakv sXmSp-]pg I√m-

\n-°¬ ]≈n CS-hI ap≠-bv°¬ tPmk- ns‚ aIƒ tacn (t__n-

°pń)sb hnhmlw sNbvXv Nme-°pSn sh≈n-°p-f-ßc Xma-kn-

°p∂p. tXma-kn\p tacn (ss\kv), \nΩn F∂ c≠p ]pXn-amcpw

ss\Pp F∂ ]pX-\p-ap≠v. aqØ ]pXn ss\kns\ Ccn-ßm-e-°pS

]p√q¿ Nn‰n-e-∏n≈n tIm°m´v ss]e-∏≥ aI≥ sPbn≥ hnhmlw

203


Ign®p. ss\kns‚ hnhmlw Ign™v 37˛mw Znhkw s]s´-s∂mcp

AkpJw h∂v 1997 Pqsse 31\p acWw ]m]n®p. Aº-t\mfn ]≈n-

bn¬ kwkvI-cn®p.

tXma-kns‚ c≠m-asØ ]pXn \nΩnsb Ipdp-∏-¥d If-cn-∏-

d-ºn¬ t]mƒ aI≥ kp_n≥ hnhmlw Ign®p. Ccp-hcpw hnb-∂-

bn¬ tPmen sNøp∂p. \nΩn°p sUbnkv F∂ ]pX-\p≠v.

tXma-kns‚ ]pX≥ ss\Pp Bº-√q¿ aÆw-t]´ Nn‰n-e-∏≈n

tIm°m´v d∏mbn aIƒ tjm^nsb hnhm-lw-sNbvXv ]nXm-hns‚

IqsS Xma-kn-°p∂p. Ch¿°v Ae≥ F∂ ]pX\pw Akn≥ F∂

]pXn-bp-ap≠v. Ccp-hcpw Ip™p-ß-fmWv.

De-l-∂≥ (t_-_n)

Ip™n-tem-bpsS aq∂m-asØ ]pX≥ De-l-∂m≥ (t__n)

Ggm-t®cn sNń-bm-Ip-t∂¬ AK-Ãn≥, A∂-°pń Zº-Xn-I-fpsS

aIƒ sUbn-knsb hnhmlw sNbvXv Xncp-∏q-cn¬ Xma-kn-°p∂p.

t__nbv°v tacn (Pnv), Pn\p (B\n), Sok (Nn©p) F∂o aq∂p

]pXn-am-cm-Wp-≈Xv. aqØ ]pXn Pnns\ hS-°m-t©cn N°m-e-

°¬ tPm¿Pv, kmdmΩ Zº-Xn-I-fpsS aI≥ tPm¿Pv (PnØp)

hnhmlw Ign®p. c≠m-asØ ]pXn Pn\p-hns\ Ccn-ń-bn¬ ]md-

bn¬ Gen-°p-ń-bpsS aI≥ kn≤p hnhmlw Ign®p. Pn\p dnbm-

Zn¬ \gvkv Bbn tPmen sNøp∂p. kn≤p sslZ-cm-_m-Zn¬ tPmen

sNøp∂p. t__n-bpsS Cfb aIƒ Nn©p _n.Fkv.kn. \gvknwKv

]T\w Ign-™p-\n¬°p∂p.

tZhkym (tPmbn)

Ip©n-tem-bpsS \mem-asØ ]pX≥ tZhkym (tPmbn) sXmSp-

]pg Be-t°mSv amfn-tb-°¬ ss]en-°pń, tXky Zº-Xn-I-fpsS

aIƒ tdmkn-ensb hnhmlw sNbvXp. Ccp-hcpw kzn‰vk¿e≥Un¬

tPmen sNøp∂p. Ch¿°v Zo]m, Zo\m F∂o c≠p ]pXn-amcpw

Zn\n¬ F∂ ]pX-\p-ap≠v. aqØ-]pXn Zo]m \gvknwKv D]-cn-]-T\w

Ign™v kzn‰vk¿e≥Un¬ tPmen sNøp∂p. ]pXn Zo\mbpw ]pX≥

Zn\nepw ]Tn-°p-∂p.

204


tPm¿÷v

Ip©n-tem-bpsS A©m-asØ ]pX≥ tPm¿Pv s\∑md Ip‰n-

bd B‚-Wn-bpsS aIƒ en√nsb hnhmlw sNbvXv Nme-°pSn

sh≈n-°p-f-ßc Xma-kn-°p∂p. tPm¿Pn\v tPm_n, tPman≥ F∂o

c≠p ]pX-∑m-cp≠v. tPm¿Pv 1995 P\p-hcn 14\p AkpJw aqew

acn®p. Aº-t\mfn ]≈n skan-tØ-cn-bn-ep≈ IpSpw-_-°-√-d-bn¬

kwkvI-cn®p. aqØ-]p-X≥ tPm_n _n.Fkv.kn. \gvknwKv ]T\w

Ign™v tPmen sNøp∂p.

sI.-sF. h¿°n (Ggmw Xe-ap-d)

Cń- sF∏ns‚ \mem-asØ ]pX≥ h¿°n (sI.sF.h¿°n

_n.Fkvkn, _n.FUv) c-W-ßm\w CS-hI B°n-am-∏n-f-bmb amdm-

a-‰-Øn¬\n∂pw s\cn-b-ßm\w Ic-bn¬ Xma-kn-°p∂ amWn-bpsS

aIƒ adn-b-Øns\ hnhmlw sNbvXp Xd-hm-ń¬ Xma-k-am°n.

1935˛¬ A[ym-]-I-hrØn Bcw-`n®p. ]mem sk‚ v tXmakv

F¬.]n.kvIqƒ, \oeq¿ sk‚ v tPmk^vkv F¬.]n.kvIqƒ, Ad-

°pfw sk‚ v tXmakv anUn¬ kvIqƒ, ]mem sk‚ v tXmakv

sslkvIqƒ F∂o hnZym-e-b-ß-fn¬°qSn IS∂v ]hn-Øm\w

sk‚ v ssa°nƒ sslkvIq-fn¬ \n∂pw dn´-b¿ sNbvXp. 1953˛¬

_n.Fkvkn _ncp-Zhpw 1969¬ _n.FUv _ncp-Zhpw t\Sn. 1952˛57

Ime-L-´-Øn¬ At±lw ]mem ap\n-kn-∏¬ Iu¨kn¬ AwK-am-

bn-cp∂p. A°m-e-Øn¬ B¿.hn.tXmΩkv tdmUv, Cfw-tXm-´w-]≈n

tdmUv, ]pen-a-e-°p∂p tdmUv apX-emb ap\n-kn-∏¬ tdmUp-Iƒ

s]mXp-P-\-k-l-I-c-W-tØmsS shń®v hml-\-K-Xm-K-X-tbm-Ky-am-

°p-Ibpw ]pen-a-e-°∂p tdmUn¬ Ce-Œn-kn‰n k¿hokv sse\pw

hgn-hn-f-°p-Ifpw AXXv Npa-X-e-°m¿ aptJ\ G¿s∏-Sp-Øp-Ibpw

sNbvXp. Sn. Ggmw Xe-apd ]oSn-I-bn¬ Cń sF∏v h¿°n-bmWv

kz]n-Xm-hn-\m¬ enJn-X-amb Ing-t°-°c IpSpw-_-N-cnXw \ho-I-

cn®v Fd-tIm∂n ]pØ≥]pc IpSpw-_-N-cn-X-Øns‚ c≠mw-`mKw

(Ing-t°-°c imJ-bpsS NcnXw) Xbm-dm-°n-bXv. At±lw \n¿∆-

ln® tkh\w Fd-tIm∂n ]pØ≥]pc IpSpw_w F°m-ehpw IrX-

⁄-Xm-]q¿hw kvacn-°p-∂-XmWv. Sn. h¿°n°v tPmk^v tPm¿Pv

205


(Ip™q™v), amWn (amWn-®≥) F∂ c≠p ]pX≥amcpw tXkym

(eoemΩ), A∂ (A®mΩ), adnbw (tamfn), ^ntem-an\m (t__n-

°pń) F∂ \mep ]pXn-am-cp-ap≠v.

sI.sF h¿°n 2010 am¿®v 15˛mw XobXn acWw ]m]n®p.

16˛mw XobXn Cfw-tXm´w ]≈n skan-tØ-cn-bn-ep≈ IpSpw-_-°-√-

d-bn¬ kwkvI-cn®p. h¿°n-bpsS `mcy adnbw (tacn) 2010 HIvtSm-

_¿ 16\p acn®v Cfw-tXm´w ]≈n skan-tØ-cn-bn-ep≈ IpSpw-_-°-

√-d-bn¬ kwkvI-cn®p.

h¿°n-bpsS aqØ-]pXn tXky (eoemΩ)sb aÆbv-°-\mSv

]≈n CS-h-I-bn¬ sImSI-\mSn IpSpw-_-Øn¬s∏´ ]me-bv°-Ø-d-

∏n¬ aØm-bn-bpsS aI≥ Pbnwkv hnhm-lw-sNbvXv Im™n-c-∏pg

Ccp-º-I-t®me CS-h-I-bn¬ Xma-kn-°p∂p.

h¿°n-bpsS c≠m-asØ ]pXn A∂ (A®mΩ)sb ]≈n-°-

tØm´v B\n-°mSv CS-h-I-bn¬ amS-∏-≈n-a-‰-Øn¬ Nmt°m-bpsS

aI≥ tPmk^v hnhmlw sNbvXp. h¿°n-bpsS aq∂m-asØ ]pXn

tacn (tamfn)sb ssh°w sImX-hd CS-h-I-bn¬ sIma-cIw

IpSpw-_-amb kh-cymcp aµn-c-Øn¬ h¿°n-bpsS aI≥ tkhy¿

hnhmlw sNbvXp. \mem-asØ ]pXn ntem-an\ (t__n-°pń)sb

am∂m\w hn√q∂n CS-hI Xpcp-Øn-am-en-bn¬ A_m-l-Øns‚ aI≥

amXyp hnhmlw sNbvXp. t__n-°pń A´-∏mSn kvIqfn¬ So®-

dmWv. A´-∏m-Sn-bn-emWv Xmakw.

tPmk^v (Ip-™q-™v)

h¿°n-bpsS aqØ-a-I≥ tPmk^v tPm¿Pv (Ip™q™v)

ssI\-Icn ]me-a-‰-Øn¬ tPmk- ns‚ aIƒ tdmk-Ωsb hnhmlw

sNbvXv Xd-hm-ń¬ Xma-k-am°n. Ip™q-™n\v tPm¿Pv (tPm¿Pp-

Ipń) F∂ Hcp aI-\p≠v. tPm¿Pp-Ipń Ce-tŒm-WnIvkv F≥Pn-

\o-b-dnwKv Ign™v Fd-Wm-Ip-fØv Hcp kzImcy Iº-\n-bn¬ tPmen

sNøp∂p. Ip™q™v (tPmk^v) 2007 P\p-hcn 31\p lrZ-bm-Lm-

Xw-aqew acWw ]m]n®p Cfw-t¥m´w ]≈n skan-tØ-cn-bn-ep≈

IpSpw-_-°-√-d-bn¬ kwkvI-cn®p.

206


FΩm-\p-h¬ (amWn-®≥)

h¿°n-bpsS ]pX-∑m-cn¬ c≠m-a-\mb FΩm-\p-h¬ (amWn-

®≥) a™] awKen ho´n¬ tPmk-^ns‚ aIƒ Geoiz

(ssek)sb hnhmlw sNbvXp. ]nXr-hn-ln-X-ambn In´nb Cfw-

tXm´w aptØmen ]pc-bn-S-Øn¬ Xma-kn-°p∂ amWn-®\v B≥

tdmkv (A\p) F∂ ]pXn-bp≠v. A\p Iw]yq-´¿ F≥Pn-\o-b-dnw-

Kn\p hmg-°p-fØv ]Tn-°p∂p.

227


]oSn-I-ssI-X-h-b-en¬sXmΩ≥ (A©mw Xe-ap-d)

\memw Xe-apd ]oSn-I-bn¬ Cń sF∏ns‚ XrXo-b-]p-X≥

sXmΩ≥ abn-em-Sq¿ am∏n-f-bmb Ggm-t®-cn¬ s\Sp-º-≈n¬\n∂pw

hnhmlw sNbvXv sXt°-ssI-X-h-b¬ ]pc-bn-S-Øn¬ Xma-kn-®p.

At±lw Hcp tImS-Xn-\n-b-a-]-WvUn-X\pw hm‹nbpw tImS-Xn-bn¬

hyh-l-cn-°p∂ h°o-ep-am-bn-cp-∂p. sXmΩ\v BK-kvXn, Cń sF∏v

sXmΩ≥, DWns®dn-bXv F∂n-ßs\ \mep ]pX-∑mcpw amΩn, A∂,

Gen, tdmk F∂ \mep ]pXn-amcpw D≠m-bn. aqØ ]pXn-bmb

amΩnsb ]mem Aßm-Snbn ]\-bv°¬ hnhmlw sNbvX-b-®p.

hm¿≤-Iy-Im-eØn ]nXr-Kr-l-Øn¬ Xma-kn-®p-a-cn-®p. c≠m-a-sØ-

]p-Xn A∂sb amdn-bnSw Ic-bn¬ thß-∏-≈n¬ sXmΩ≥ hnhmlw

sNbvXp. aq∂masØ-]pXn Gen ico-cm-kzmÿyw \nanØw Ahn-

hm-ln-X-bmbn ]nXr-Kr-l-Øn¬ Xma-kn-®p. \mem-a-sØ-]pXn

tdmksb Ce™n Ic-bn¬ XS-Øn¬ ]mXm-ºpg Hutk∏p

hnhmlw sNbvXp.

BKkvXn

A©mw-X-e-apd sXmΩs‚ aqØ-a-I≥ BKkvXn c≠p

hnhmlw Ign-®p. BZy-ambn ]Sn-™m-td-°c imJ-bn¬s∏´ sh´p-

Im-ń¬ Nocmw-Ip-gn-bn¬\n∂pw DWn-s®-dn-b-Xns‚ aIƒ tdmksb

hnhmlw sNbvXv Cu¥p-¶¬ ]IpXn ]pcn-bn-S-Øn¬ Xma-kn-®p.

a°-fn-√msX `mcy acn-°-bm¬ c≠m-a-Xmbn tahnS Fd-tIm-∂n-°p-

Spw-_-Øn¬s∏´ sF°-c-\n∂pw Gensb hnhmlw sNbvXp. IS-

_m-≤y-X-aqew GI-ÿm-h-c-am-bn-cp∂ sXs°-Cu-¥p-¶¬ ]IpXn

]pc-bnSw Ing-t°-°c IpSpw-_-tbm-K-Øn\v Xosd-gp-Xn-sIm-SpØv

IpSpw-_-tbm-K-Øns‚ ta¬t\m-´-Øn¬ IS-_m-≤yX Xo¿°p-Ibpw

aq∂p-\m-ep-h¿jw Ign™v Ah-sc-Øs∂ XncnsI Gev]n-°p-Ibpw

sNbvXp. BK-kvXn°v sXmΩ≥ Fs∂mcp ]pX\pw A®mΩ

Fs∂mcp ]pXnbpw P\n-®p. Pzc-∏\n ]nSn-s]´v `mcybpw ]pXnbpw

acn-®p.

228


sXmΩ≥

sXmΩ≥ am™q¿ Ic-bn¬ tNe-¶-cn-Ip-Spw-_-Øn¬s∏´ ap´-

Øp-ho-ń¬ Ip™q-™ns‚ aIƒ tXkymsb hnhmlw sNbvXv

]nXm-hns‚ IqsS Cu¥p-¶¬ ]IpXn ]pc-bn-S-Øn¬ Xma-k-am-°n.

Sn. sXmΩ\v BK-kvXn, t__n, amXyp, tPm¿÷v F∂ \mep ]pX-

∑mcpw Gen Fs∂mcp ]pXnbpw D≠m-bn. ]pXn Gensb (X-¶-

Ω) Ing-t°-I-c-im-J-bn¬s∏´ Cfw-tXm´-Øn¬ sXmΩs‚ aI≥

a\-bv°-°-≠-Øn¬ Xma-kn-°p∂ amXyp hnhmlw sNbvXp.

BKkvXn (A-∏-®≥)

sXmΩs‚ aqØ-a-I≥ BKkvXn (A-∏-®≥) ]q™m¿ aWn-

bw-Ip∂v InS-ß-Ømsg tPmk-^ns‚ aIƒ s]Æ-Ωsb hnhmlw

sNbvXv sXmSp-]pg Nne-hn¬ Xma-kn-°p-∂p. BK-kvXn°v tXy

(tUm¨kn) F∂ ]pXnbpw PÃn≥ F∂ ]pX-\p-ap-≠v. ]pXn

tUm¨knsb Aºmd \nc-t∏¬ Ip∂Øv (]p-fn-°¬) tPmkv tPmk-

^ns‚ aI≥ ]Imiv tPmkv hnhmlw sNbvXp. Ccp-hcpw _mw•q-

cn¬ tPmen sNøp-∂p. ]pX≥ PÃn≥ \gvknwKv ]T\w Ign™v

tKmh-bn¬ tPmen sNøp-∂p.

tXmakv (t_-_n)

sXmΩs‚ c≠m-asØ ]pX≥ tXmakv (t_-_n) taep-Im-

hn¬ h´-a-‰-Øn¬ Ip™q™v aIƒ tKnsb hnhmlw sNbvXv

]∂n-a-‰Øv Xma-kn-°p-∂p. t__n°v PnΩn, Pn¬k¨ F∂o c≠p

]pX-∑mcpw [\y F∂ ]pXn-bp-ap-≠v. aqØ ]pX≥ PnΩn sX°pw-

`mKw h´-°p-t∂¬ h¿°n tPm¿÷ns‚ aIƒ tacn (\n-kvan) sb

hnhmlw sNbvXv ]nXr-Kr-l-Øn¬ Xma-kn-°p-∂p. ]pXn- [\y

\gvknwKv Ign-™v _mw•q¿ sk‚ v a¿Ømkv tlmkv]n-‰-en¬ tPmen

sNøp-∂p. Pn¬k¨ hnZym¿∞n-bm-Wv.

amXyp (am-Øp-°p-ń)

sXmΩs‚ aq∂m-asØ ]pX≥ amXyp (am-Øp-°p-ń) I∏mSv

]pXn-bm-]-d-ºn¬ sXmΩn-°p-™ns‚ aIƒ tacn-°p-ńsb hnhmlw

229


sNbvXv sXmSp-]pg Nmem-t»-cn¬ Xma-kn-°p-∂p. amXyp-hn\v tXmav

(a-\p) Fs∂mcp ]pX-\p-≠v.

tPm¿÷v

sXmΩs‚ \mem-asØ ]pX≥ tPm¿÷v No\n-°pgn hmfn-

bw-πm-°¬ aØmbn aIƒ euensb hnhmlw sNbvXv ]mem-bn¬

]nXr-Kr-l-Øn¬ Xma-kn-°p-∂p. tPm¿÷n\v tXmav (A-e≥),

amXyp (sj-bn≥) F∂o c≠p ]pX-∑m-cp-≠v. c≠pt]cpw hnZym¿∞n-

I-fm-Wv. 2010 HIvtSm-_¿ 17-˛mw XobXn sXmΩs‚ `mcy tXkymΩ

acn®v Cfw-tXm´w ]≈n knan-tØ-cn-bn-ep≈ IpSpw-_-I-√-d-bn¬

kwkvI-cn-®p.

Cń sF∏v (Bdmw Xe-ap-d)

A©mw Xe-apd sXmΩs‚ c≠m-asØ ]pX≥ Cń sF∏v

""Xd-bn¬ am∏nf''bmb hmbva-‰-Øn¬ IpSpw-_-Øn¬ tZh-ym-bpsS

aIƒ Gensb hnhmlw sNbvXv ssIX-h-b-en¬ Ipt∂¬]p-c-bn-S-

Øn¬ Xma-kn-®p. Ipt∂¬ Cń sF∏n\v sXmΩ≥, tZh-kym, Hutk-

∏v, aØm-bn, h¿°n, Cń sF∏v F∂o Bdp ]pX-∑mcpw amΩn, adn-

bw, A∂-°p-ń, Gen F∂ \mep ]pXn-amcpw P\n-®p. aqØ ]pXn

amΩnsb ao\-®n¬ Ic-bn¬ ""hb-e-s°m-ºn¬ am∏nf'' bmb ]p√m v

h¿°n-bpsS aI≥ sXmΩ≥ hnhmlw sNbvXp. c≠m-asØ ]pXn

adnbw (kn-Ã¿ tImte-Øp- m-bn) BPvao-cn¬ qZmkn Bi-a-Øn¬

tN¿∂v I\ym-kvXn-bm-bn. aq∂m-asØ ]pXn A∂-°p- nsb ss]I-

bn¬ Ip‰n-°m v hoń¬ sXmΩs‚ aI≥ tPmk v hnhmlw sNbvXp.

\mem-asØ ]pXn Gen-°p- nsb ]mem-bn¬ s]mcp-t∂m-en¬ IpSpw-

_-Øn¬s∏´ ]pXp-a\ t]mØs‚ aI≥ aWn-ae Xma-kw Nmt°m

(Im-°q) hnhmlw sNbvXp.

sXmΩ≥ Cń sF∏v (Ggmw Xe-ap-d)

Cń sF∏ns‚ aqØ-]p-X≥ Ggmw Xe-apd sXmΩ≥ ]mem

CS-hI I´-°-bØv amØs‚ aIƒ adn-b-Øns\ hnhmlw sNbvXv

Ad-°p-fØv Xma-kn-®p. sXmΩ\v Cń-°p-™v, tPm¿÷v, t__n,

tPmWn F∂o \mep ]pX-∑m-cpw, tacn, en√n, Gen-bmΩ,

230


A¬t^m≥k F∂o \mep ]pXn-amcpw P\n-®p. aqØ ]pXn tacnsb

]mem ]pØ≥]≈n CS-h-I-bn¬ \n∂pw Ad-°p-fØp Xma-kn-°p∂

Ipcn-ipw-aq-ń¬ aØm-bn-bpsS aI≥ a-Ømbn hnhmlw sNbvXp.

c≠m-asØ ]pXn en√n Amw anj-\n¬ tN¿∂p I\ym-kvXn-bm-

bp. aq∂m-asØ ]pXn Gen-bmΩ (Sr. Gaincarla) tImgn-t°m´v aT-

Øn¬ tN¿∂p I\ym -kv Xo -bm -bn . \mem -asØ ]pXn

A¬t^m≥km (kn-kn-en)sb sXmSp-]pg Hf-a‰w ]men-bØv tPmk-

^ns‚ aI≥ tPmkv hnhmlw Ign®p.

Cń°p™v (F´mw Xe-ap-d)

sXmΩs‚ aqØ ]pX≥ Cń-°p™v hmg-°p-fØv \ºym]d-

ºn¬ h¿°n-bpsS aIƒ adn-bsØ hnhmlw sNbvXv Im™m¿

Rc-fw-]p-g-bn¬ Xma-kn-°p-∂p. C´p-°p™v 1978 Unkw-_¿ amkw

11- mw XobXn acn®v Ad-°pfw ]g-b-]≈n knan-tØ-cn-bn¬ kwkvI-

cn-®p. Cń-°p-™n\v _m_p, jn_p, _nPp F∂o aq∂v ]pX-∑mcpw

Pn, hn≥kn, kn≥kn F∂o aq∂v ]pXn-amcpw P\n-®p.

Cń-°p-™ns‚ aqØ ]pX≥ _m_p Bc°pg s]ßm-∏n-

≈n¬ dmWnsb hnhmlw sNbvXv ]nXr-Kr-l-Øn¬ Xma-kn-°p-∂p.

_m_p-hn\v \o\m, \oXm, \nΩnb F∂o aq∂v ]pXn-am-cp-≠v. ]pXn

\o\m _n.-sSIv Ign-™p-\n¬°p-∂p. ]pXn \oXm _mw•q-cn¬ _n.-F-

kv.-kn. \gvknw-Kn\v ]Tn-°p-∂p. \nΩnb H∂mw ¢mn¬ ]Tn-°p-∂p.

C´p-°p-™ns‚ c≠m-asØ ]pX≥ jn_p tXm]mw-IpSn ]pfn-

b-∑m-°¬ kvIdn-bm-bpsS aIƒ tagvknsb hnhmlw sNbvXp. Ccp-

hcpw e≠-\n¬ tPmen sNøp-∂p. jn_p-hn\v tPmhn≥, Pn_n≥

F∂o c≠mä-°-fp-≠v. Ccp-hcpw hnZym¿∞n-I-fm-Wv.

Cń-°p-™ns‚ aq∂m-asØ ]pX≥ _nPp IpS-b-Øq¿

Im≠mh\w hoń¬ \n∂pw B≥knsb hnhm-lw -sNbvXv Im\-

Um-bn¬ tPmen sNøp-∂p. Ch¿°v A≥Un F∂ ]pX\pw A∂

F∂ ]pXnbp-ap-≠v. Ccp-hcpw Ip™p-ß-fm-Wv.

Cń-°p-™ns‚ aqØ-]Xn sPnsb ]mem-bn¬ ]¥-∏-≈n¬

h°®≥ aI≥ A_mlw (t_-_n-®≥) hnhmlw sNbvXp.

c≠m-asØ ]pXn hn≥knsb s\Sp-¶p∂w ]pXn-bm-]-d-ºn¬

231


tPm¿÷ns‚ aI≥ amXyp hnhmlw sNbvXp. Ccp-hcpw A[ym-]-I-

cm-Wv. tImgn-t°mSv Xma-kn-°p-∂p.

aq∂m-asØ ]pXn kn≥knsb ]mem-bn¬ \n∂pw sNdp-]pg

Xma-kn-°p∂ Ing-t°-°c ssItXm-en¬ sNdn-bm≥ aI≥ kPn

hnhmlw sNbvXp. Ccp-hcpw knwK-∏q-cn¬ tPmen sNøp-∂p.

tPm¿÷v

sXmΩs‚ c≠m-asØ ]pX≥ tPm¿÷v C≥Uy≥ anen-´dn

k¿∆o-kn¬ Fb¿t^m¿kn¬ tPmen sNbvXp hnc-an-®-tijw

Ct∏mƒ Ata-cn-°-bn¬ sSIvkm-kn¬ tPmen sNøp-∂p. tPm¿÷v

]∂n-a‰w \nen-b-d-bn¬ Ip´n-bpsS aIƒ tXkym (s]-Æ-Ω) sb

hnhmlw sNbvXp. s]Æ-Ωbpw Ata-cn-°-bn-em-Wv. Ch¿°v

t_m_≥ F∂ ]pX\pw sa¿en≥ F∂ ]pXn-bp-ap-≠v. Ccp-hcpw

Ata-cn-°-bn¬ tPmen sNøp-∂p.

t__n

sXmΩs‚ aq∂m-asØ ]pX≥ t__n tImX-aw-K-eØv aßm v

Ipcym-t°mkns‚ aIƒ h’-Ωsb hnhmlw sNbvXv ]nXr-Kr-l-

Øn¬ Xmakn-°p-∂p. Ch¿°v sXmΩ≥ (jm-Pp) Ipcym-t°mkv

(tjm-_n) F∂o c≠p ]pX-∑mcpw sSkven, ssj_n F∂o c≠p

]pXn-am-cp-am-Wv.

t__n-bpsS aqØ aI≥ jmPp FSXzm ap´m¿ Bdp-]-d-bn¬

kvIdn-bm-®≥, X¶Ω Zº-Xn-I-fpsS aIƒ tkmWnsb hnhmlw

sNbvXv ad-bq-cn¬ Xma-kn-°p-∂p. jmPp-hn\v sÃ√, sU√ F∂o

c≠p ]pXn-amcpw Atemjn F∂ ]pX-\p-ap-≠v. Ch¿ ]Tn-°p-∂p.

t__n-bpsS c≠m-asØ ]pX≥ tjm_n ao¶p∂w ]mtd-°p-

Sn-bn¬ tPmk-^v-˛-G-eΩ aIƒ knPnsb hnhmlw sNbvXv ]nXr-

Kr-l-Øn¬ Xma-kn-°p-∂p. tjm_n°v B≥a-cnb F∂ ]pXnbpw

B¬hn≥ F∂ ]pX-\p-ap-≠v. Ch¿ ]Tn-°p-∂p.

t__n-bpsS aqØ-]pXn ssj_nsb Fen-hmen hS-t°´v

Pbnwkv hnhmlw sNbvXp. c≠m-asØ ]pXn sSkvensb Nme-

°pSn sh‰n-e-∏md ]≈Øv tXma-v, adn-b-°p´n Zº-Xn-I-fpsS aI≥

232


tdm_n≥ hnhmlw sNbvXp.

t__n 1998 Pq¨ 22-˛\v Im¿ A]-I-S-Øn¬ ac-W-a-S™p.

Ad-°pfw ]gb ]≈n knan-tØ-cn-bn¬ kwkvI-cn-®p.

tPmWn

sXmΩs‚ Cfb ]pX≥ tPmWn ]pfn-¶p∂v ]mbn-°fw hen-

b-X-d-bn¬ aØm-bn, adn-b-°p´n Zº-Xn-I-fpsS aIƒ knknen (tN-

®-Ω)sb hnhmlw sNbvXv Im™m-‰n¬ Xma-kn-°p-∂p. tPmWn°v

A\n¬ (tXm-a-v) aØmbn (A-\o-jv) F∂o c≠p ]pX-∑mcpw adn-

bmΩ (A-\p-tamƒ) F∂ ]pXn-bp-ap-≠v.

tPmWn-bpsS aqØ ]pX≥ A\n¬ Ggp-ap´w Ad-°-tØm-´-

Øn¬ ]tc-X-\mb tPmkns‚ aIƒ tacn (]o-Xn) sb hnhmlw

Ign®v Im™m-‰n¬ Xma-kn-°p-∂p. A\n-en\v tXmΩkv (In-tÃm)

F∂ ]pX-\p-≠v. inip-hm-Wv.

tPmWn-bpsS c≠m-asØ ]pX≥ A\ojv h≠-a‰w ]≈n-bn-

S-hI ]¥-bv°¬ tPmkns‚ aIƒ _nPn‰v (kuay) s\ hnhmlw

Ign-®p. Ch¿ A_p-Zm-_n-bn¬ tPmen sNøp∂p. ]pXn A\p-tamƒ

\gvknwKv ]T\w Ign-™p-\n¬°p-∂p.

tPmWn 1988/94 h¿jw Im¥-√q¿ ]©m-bØv ]kn-U‚m-bn-

cp-∂p.

tZhkym (Ggmw Xe-apd)

Bdmw Xe-apd C´n sF∏ns‚ c≠masØ ]pX≥ tZhkym

c≠p hnhmlw Ign-®p. ]mem-bn¬ ""Xd-bn¬ am∏nf''bmb ]Sn-™m-

td-X-øn¬ h¿°nbpsS aIƒ Gensb BZy-hn-hmlw sNbvXp Ad-

°p-fØv Xma-k-am-°n. tZh-kym°v BZy hnhm-l-Øn-¬ tPmkv

F∂ ]pX\pw A®mΩ, A∂-Ω, s]Æ-Ω, tacn F∂o \mep

]pXnamcpw D≠m-bn. BZy `mcy acn-®-Xn-\m¬ c≠m-aXv ]q™m-

‰n¬ hb-en¬ tZh-kym-bpsS aIƒ Gensb c≠mw hnhmlw Ign-

®p. c≠mw hnhm-l-Øn¬ tXmav (Ip-™v), t__n, amXyp F∂o

aq∂v ]pX-∑mcpw tXym, A¬t^m≥km F∂o c≠p ]pXn-amcpw

P\n-®p.

233


tZh-kym-bpsS aqØ ]pXn A®m-Ωsb `c-W-ßm-\Øv Ie-

b-Øn-\m¬ IpSpw-_-Øn¬s]´ aT-Øn¬ ]d-ºn¬ ]m∏-®≥

hnhmlw sNbvXp. c≠m-asØ ]pXn A∂Ω BPvao¿ anjy-\n¬

tN¿∂p I\ym-kvXobmbn.

tPmkv

tZhkym-bpsS aqØ-]p-X≥ tPmkv Ipcp-hn-\m¬ ]≈n-bn-S-

hI am∏-e-I-bn¬ t]mØs‚ aIƒ A∂-Ωsb hnhm-lw -sNbvXv

BZyw ad-bq-cpw, ]n∂oSv B ÿew hn‰v NnØn-c-]pcw sN¶p-fØv

Xma-kn-°p-∂p.

tPmkn\v B\n, tagv-kn, Pn≥kn, ]pjv], \o\ F∂o A©p

]pXn-amcpw jnPp F∂ ]pX\pw P\n-®p.

jnPp Ieq¿ Xøn¬ hoń¬ h¿§o-kv, tacn aIƒ ko\sb

hnhmlw sNbvXv NnØn-c-]pcw sN¶p-fØp Xma-kn-°p-∂p. jnPp-

hn\v A¬\m Fs∂mcp ]pXn-bp-≠v.

tPmkns‚ aqØ ]pXn B\nsb sN¶p-fØv If-∏p-c-°¬

tPmk^v aI≥ t__n hnhmlw sNbvXp.

c≠m-asØ ]pXn tagvknsb Ad-°pfw πm°q- -Øn¬ NpΩm¿

tZhym aI≥tPmbn hnhmlw sNbvXp. aq∂m-asØ ]pXn Pn≥kn

Akp-J-ambn Xd-hm-ń¬ Xma-kn-°p-∂p. \mem-asØ ]pXn

]pjv]sb Icn-¶p∂w shń-°m-ń¬ t__n-bpsS aI≥ t\m_nƒ

hnhmlw sNbvXp. A©m-asØ ]pXn ko\sb tImgn-t°mSv aÆ-

\m¬ tkmP≥ hnhmlw sNbvXp. tPmkv 1996 \hw-_-dn¬ acn®v

IpØp-]md ]≈n knan-tØ-cn-bn¬ kwkvI-cn-®p.

tXmakv (Ip™v)

tZh-kym-bpsS c≠m-asØ ]pX≥ tXmav (Ip-™v) Imfn-

bm¿ Xmg-sØ-°p-Sn-bn¬ ]utem-kv a¿Ø Zº-Xn-I-fpsS aIƒ tacn

(s]-Æ-Ω)sb hnhmlw sNbvXv ad-bq-cn¬ Xma-kn-°p-∂p. Ip™n\v

am≥k¨, a\ojv F∂o c≠m¨ a°-fm-Wv. c≠p-t]cpw tZhn-Ip-

fØv AUz-tI-‰vkmbn ]mIvSokv sNøp-∂p. ]pX≥ am≥k¨

_mw•q-cn¬ \n∂pw tacn (tl-a) sb hnhmlw sNbvXp. am≥k¨

234


tXmav (Nn-WvUp) sk_m-Ãy≥ F∂o c≠m¨ a°-fp-≠v. Ch¿

Ip™p-ß-fm-Wv. c≠m-a≥ a\ojv cmP-Ip-amcn IpØ-\m-∏-≈n-bn¬

t__n-bpsS aIƒ sado\ (Pn-\p) hns\ hnhmlw sNbvXp.

tZhkym (t_-_n)

tZh-kym-bpsS aq∂m-asØ ]pX≥ tZhkym (t_-_n) ]ocp-

ta-ń¬ `mcXv Kymkv GP≥kn \S-Øp-∂p. ]ocp-ta-ń¬ \n∂pw

tacnsb (sU_n eX) hnhmlw sNbvXp. t__n°v sk_m-Ãy≥

(Umd¨) F∂ Hcm¨ Ipń-bp-≠v. hnZym¿∞n-bm-Wv. t__n 2002-

˛¬ lrZ-bm-LmXw aqew ac-W-a-S-™p. Ad-°pfw ]g-b-]≈n knan-

tØ-cn-bn¬ kwkvI-cn-®p.

amXyp sI. sk_m-Ãy≥

tZh-kym-bpsS \mem-asØ ]pX≥ tUm. amXyp sI.-sk-_m-

Ãy≥ tImb-º-Øq-cn¬ Xma-kn-°p-∂p. amXyp Nß-\m-t»cn ]mbn-

∏m´v tXm´m-bn-°-S-hn¬ A_mlw tacn aIƒ ennsb hnhmlw

sNbvXp. amXyp-hn\v aco-m, saeo\ F∂o c≠p s]ä-°-fm-Wv.

Ccp-hcpw ]Tn-°p-∂p. amXyp tImb-º-Øq-cn¬ Hcp tIµ Kh. Kth-

jW ÿm]-\-Øn¬ tPmen sNøp-∂p.

tZh-kym-bpsS ]pXn tPmfnsb Bc-°pg X´m-cp-Ip-t∂¬

]utem-kv, tacn Zº-Xn-I-fpsS aI≥ tP°_v hnhmlw Ign-®p.

aqhm-‰p-]p-g-bn¬ Xma-kn-°p-∂p. tPmfn Fkv.-_n.-‰n.-bnepw tP°_v

Fkv.-_n.-sF.-bnepw tPmen sNøp-∂p. tZh-kym-bpsS Cfb ]pXn

Pm≥knsb hmg-°p-fØv hS-tImSv an‰-Øm-\n-°¬ amXyp (tUm-

bn¬) hnhmlw sNbvXp.

tZhkym 1995 ¬ acWw ]m]n-®p. Ad-°pfw ]gb]≈n knan-

tØ-cn-bn¬ kwkv°-cn-®p.

tPmk^v (Ip-™v) (Ggmw Xe-apd)

Bdmw Xe-apd Cń sF∏ns‚ aq∂m-asØ ]pX≥ tPmk^v

(Ip-™v) c≠p hnhmlw Ign-®p. ]mem-bn¬ Xd-bn¬ am∏n-f-bmb

Rmh-≈n¬ Xo°pgn hb-en¬ Nmt°m-bpsS aIƒ A®m-Ωsb

BZyw hnhmlw sNbvXp. ]kvXpX mcy acn-®-t∏mƒ tImX-\-√q¿

235


]≈n-bn-S-hI It®m-en-Ip-Spw-_-Øn¬s∏´ Xøn¬ tPmk-^ns‚

aIƒ tacnsb ]p\¿hnhmlw sNbvXv ]m-em-bn¬ sRm≠n-am-°¬

Ih-e-bn-ep≈ hcn-°-am-°¬ ]pc-bnSw hmßn Xma-kn-®p. BZy hnhm-

l-Øn¬ Nn∂Ω Fs∂mcp ]pXnbpw c≠mw hnhm-l-Øn¬ km_p,

B‚Wn F∂o c≠p ]pX-∑mcpw P\n-®p. ]pXn Nn∂-Ωsb ao\-

®¬ Ing-]-d-bm¿ Ic-bn¬ \n∂pw Fen-°p-fØv Xma-kn-°p-∂p.

s]ms∂-Sp-Øp-I-t√¬ tZh-kym-bpsS aI≥ aØmbn hnhmlw

sNbvXp.

tPmk^v (Ip-™v)s‚ c≠mw hnhm-l-Ønse aqØ-]p-X≥

km_p Ing-]-d-bm¿ s]cp-hm®nd tPmk v Ipcp-hnf tXymΩ Zº-

Xn-I-fpsS aIƒ s_≥knsb hnhmlw sNbvXv Ing-X-Sn-bq¿ Im¿Ω¬

tlmkv]n-‰-en\v kao]w Xma-kn-°p-∂p. km_p, Ct∏mƒ tIm˛-Hm-

∏-td-‰ohv Un∏m¿´p-sa‚n¬ tPmen t\m°p-∂p. km_p-hn\v tPml≥

F∂ ]pX\pw l∂ F∂ ]pXn-bp-ap-≠v. Ch¿ Ip™p-ß-fm-Wv.

tPmk-^ns‚ c≠m-asØ ]pX≥ B‚Wn (t_-_n-®≥)

]mem-bn¬ CS-tbmSn ]d-ºn¬ ^m≥kokv˛Nn∂Ω Zº-Xn-I-fpsS

aIƒ kn\nsb hnhmlw sNbvXv ]nXr-K-l-Øn¬ Xma-kn-°p-∂p.

B‚-Wn°v t\l, \nJnX F∂o c≠p-]p-Xn-am-cp-≠v. Ch¿ Ip™p-

ß-fm-Wv. B‚Wn ]mem-bn¬ Smh¬ GP≥kn \S-Øp-∂p. `mcy

kn\n Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw skI-´-dn-tb-‰n¬ tem°¬ ^≠v HmUn‰v

Un∏m¿´p-sa‚n¬ Iºyq-´¿ Hm∏-td-‰-dmbn tPmen-t\m-°p-∂p.

sI.-sF. aØmbn

C´n sF∏ns‚ \mem-asØ ]pX≥ aØmbn s]m^. sI.-

sF. aØmbn (Fw.-F-kv.-kn.) aWn-ae Ipf-Øq¿ IpSpw-_-Øn¬s∏´

sNΩ-c-∏≈n¬ amXyp-hns‚ aIƒ A®m-Ωsb hnhmlw sNbvXp

]mem-bn¬ Xma-kam°n. sI.-sF. aØmbn°v tPmk^v (jm-Pn),

amXyp (k-Pn) F∂o c≠p ]pX-∑mcpw Gen (en-n), sSn F∂o

c≠p ]pXnamcpw D≠v. sI.-sF. aØmbn ]mem sk‚ v tXmakv

tImtf-Pn¬ s]m^-kdmbn-cp-∂p. 1975-˛¬ \ncym-X-\m-bn.

sI.-sF. aØmbn-bpsS aqØ ]pX≥ jmPn sI. amXyqkv

ISp-Øp-cpØn ap≠-I-∏-d-ºn¬ Fw.-kn. sNdn-bm≥, Gen-bmΩ Zº-

Xn-I-fpsS aIƒ sseksb hnhmlw sNbvXv ]mem-bn¬ Xma-kn-

236


°p-∂p. jmPn kuØv C≥Uy≥ _m¶v tN¿∏p-¶¬ imJm amt\-P-

cmbn tPmen sNøp-∂p. jmPn°v Acp¨, sPdn≥, hnth-Iv, tXPv

F∂o \mev Bä-°-fm-Wv. aqØ-a-I≥ Acp¨ ^cn-Zm-_m-Zn¬

F¬ & ‰n. Iº-\n-bn¬ F≥Pn-\o-b-dmbn tPmen sNøp-∂p. c≠m-

asØ ]pX≥ sPdn≥ ]q\-bn¬ Fw.-_n.-_n.-F-kv. \v ]Tn-°p-∂p.

aq∂m-asØ ]pX≥ hnthIpw \mem-asØ ]pX≥ tXPpw ]Tn-

°p-∂p.

sI.-sF. aØmbn-bpsS c≠m-asØ ]pX≥ kPn sI. amXyqkv

tImSn-°pfw tXm´p-]m´v ]n.-hn. tPmk-^v-˛-F-en-bmΩ Zº-Xn-I-fpsS

aIƒ Beo-kns\ hnhmlw sNbvXp. kPn tIme-t©cn knss¥‰v

C≥U-kvSokv enan-‰-Uns‚ P\-d¬ amt\-P-cmbn tPmen sNøp-∂p.

`mcy Beokv Xpcp-Øn-∏≈n sk‚ v tacokv kvIqfn¬ A≤ym-]n-

I-bmbn tPmen sNøp-∂p. Ch¿°v Xcp¨ F∂ ]pX\pw tkmWp

F∂ ]pXn-bp-ap-≠v. ]pX≥ Xcp¨ Im°-\m´v cmP-Kncn F≥Pn-\o-

b-dnwKn\v ]Tn-°p-∂p. ]pXn tkm\p kvIqfn¬ ]Tn-°p-∂p.

sI.-sF. aØmbn-bpsS aqØ-]pXn ennsb sXmSp-]pg sNń-

∏-d-ºn¬ AK-Ãn≥, en√n-°pń Zº-Xn-I-fpsS aI≥ tPmWn hnhmlw

sNbvXp.

c≠m-asØ ]pXn sSnsb ]mem aq∂m\n sNº-I-Øn-\m¬

amXyp tdmkΩ Zº-Xn-I-fpsS aI≥ t_mkv hnhmlw sNbvXp.

Cń sF∏ns‚ A©m-asØ ]pX≥ h¿°n ico-c-kp-J-an-

√msX sNdp-∏-Ønse ac-W-a-S-™p.

Cń sF∏v (Hu-tk-∏-®≥)

Cń sF∏ns‚ Bdm-asØ ]pX≥ Cń sF∏v ]mem-bn¬

hS-°≥ IpSpw-_-Øn¬ Nmt°m-bpsS aIƒ en√n-°p- nsb hnhmlw

sNbvXv ]mem-bn¬ Xma-kn-°p-∂p. Cń sF∏n\v tPmk^v (km-

_p) sk_m-Ãy≥ (kn-_n) F∂o c≠p ]pX-∑mcpw A∂ (ip-`),

ko_m F∂o c≠p ]pXn-am-cp-am-Wv. aqØ-]p-X≥ km_p sImcw-

Ip-Øn-am-°¬ Ipcym-t°m-kns‚ aIƒ euensb hnhmlw sNbvXp.

Ch¿°v tPmk-^v, Ipcy≥ F∂o c≠p ]pX-∑m-cp-≠v. c≠p-t]cpw

]Tn-°p-∂p. km_p 47-˛masØ hb-n¬ \ncym-X-\m-bn.

237


Hutk-∏-®s‚ c≠m-asØ ]pX≥ kn_n ]hn-Øm\w

sXt°-°q‰v Nmt°m˛^ntem Zº-Xn-I-fpsS aIƒ kpasb hnhmlw

sNbvXv aZm-kn¬ Xma-kn-°p-∂p. Ch¿°v tacn, ntem-an\m F∂o

c≠p s]ä-°-fm-Wv. Ccp-hcpw kvIqƒ hnZym¿∞n-I-fm-Wv.

Hutk-∏-®s‚ aqØ-]pXn ip`sb sXt°-°q‰v sk_m-Ãy≥,

tdmkΩ aI≥ tPmkv hnhmlw sNbvXp.

c≠m-asØ ]pXn ko_sb Icn-°n-tem-ń¬ tZh-ym, tacn

aI≥ tPmkv hnhmlw Ign-®p. Ccp-hcpw Zp_m-bn¬ tPmen sNøp-

∂p. Hutk-∏-®≥ \ncym-X-\m-bn.

sXmΩ≥ (B-dmw- X-e-ap-d)

]oSn-I-ssI-X-h-b-en¬ (A©mw Xe-apd) sXmΩs‚ XrXo-b-

]p-X≥ sXmΩ≥ Nn‰m¿I-c-bn¬ sh≈cn-ßm-´p-am-∏n-f-bmb ImSp-

\n-eØv Hutk-∏ns‚ aIƒ A∂sb hnhmlw sNbvXv hS-s°-

s°-Sp-º≥ ]pc-bn-S-Øn¬ (Ip-Sn-en-∏-d-ºn¬) Xma-kn-®p. At±lw

Bbp¿t∆Z sshZy-imkvXw ]Tn-®n-cp-∂p. At±lw acn-®p-t]m-bn.

sXmΩ\v tPmk- v, tXmakv F∂ c≠p ]pX-∑m-cpw, amΩn, tXkym,

adn-bw, _nPo-Øm, A∂, A®mΩ F∂ Ggp ]pXn-amcpw D≠m-

bn. H∂m-asØ ]pXn amΩnsb Acp-hn-Øpd hen-b-ho- n¬s∏´ h≈n-

°m-∏n¬ Idp-h-®s‚ aI≥ h¿°n hnhmlw sNbvXp. c≠m-asØ

]pXn, tXkym-sb, ]mem-bn¬ “Xd-bn¬ am∏nf” bmb Rmh-≈n¬

a™-°p-t∂¬ tPmk-^ns‚ aI≥ Ip™u-tk∏p hnhmlw

sNbvXp. aq∂m-asØ aIƒ adn-b-Øns\ `c-W-ßm-\Øp sIm√≥

]d-ºn¬ sXmΩ≥ hnhmlw sNbvXp. A[n-I-Imew Ign-bpw-aptº

k¥m-\-an-√msX Ahƒ acn-®p. \mem-asØ ]pXn _nPo-Ømsb

IS-\mSv ]≈n-bn-S-hI Ip∂-Øq¿ Nm≠nbpsS aI≥ sk_m-Ãy≥

hnhmlw sNbvXp. A©m-asØ ]pXn A∂-°p-ńsb am∂m-\Øp

XS-Øn¬ eq°m-bpsS aI≥ tPmk^v hnhmlw sNbvXp. Bdm-

asØ ]pXn Gen-°p-ńsb Nß-\m-t»-cn¬ IØo-Z¬ ]≈n CS-

hI Be-∏p-d-Øp-Im-ń¬ aØm-bn-bpsS aI≥ tXmakv hnhmlw

sNbvXp. Ggm-asØ ]pXn A®m-Ωsb ac-ßm- p-]-≈n-bn-S-hI Xmg-

tØ¬ Ipcym-t°m-kns‚ aI≥ h¿°n hnhmlw sNbvXp.

tPmk^v (Ip-t™-∏v)

238


]Ya ]pX≥ tPmk^v D≈-\mSp ]≈n CS-hI shf-f-cn-

ßm-´p-Ip-Spw-_-amb ]\-¥m-\Øp tPmk-^ns‚ aIƒ tXkysb

hnhmlw sNbvXv ZØhIm-i-ambn `mcym-Kr-l-Øn¬ Xma-kn-°p-

∂p. tPmk- n\v tXma-kv, tPmk- v, sk_m-Ãy≥ F∂ aq∂p ]pX-

∑mcpw, tdmk, A∂-°pń F∂ c≠p ]pXn-am-cp-ap-≠v. ]pX≥

tXmakv t]Wm´p-I-c-bn¬ Dgp-h-\m¬ IpSpw-_-Øn¬ tPmk- ns‚

aIƒ Gensb hnhmlw sNbvXp. tXma-kn\p tPmk^v F∂ Hcp

]pX\pw emen F∂ ]pXnbpw P\n-®p.

tPmk-^ns‚ c≠m-asØ ]pX≥ tPmk^v _n.-F-kv.-kn.

ho´p-Im-cy-Øn¬ G¿s∏- n-cn-°p-∂p. aq∂m-a≥ sk_m-Ãy≥. H∂m-

asØ ]pXn tdmk-Ωsb sXmSp-]pg A©n-cn-°-c-bn¬ ]mW-¶m-´p-

ho- n¬ tPmk v hnhmlw sNbvXp. c≠m-asØ ]pXn A∂ I\ym-

kvXo-bm-bn.

tXmakv

Bdmw-X-e-apd sXmΩs‚ ZznXob ]pX≥ tXmakv Nß-\m-

t»-cn¬ IØo-U¬ CS-hI Ifn-°¬ A_m-l-Øns‚ aIƒ tacn-

sb- hnhmlw sNbvXv ssae-s°m-ºn¬ Xm-a-kn-°p-∂p. tXma-kn\v

tPmk^v (s_∂n) F∂ Hcp ]pX-\pw, (tj¿en) A∂-Ω, tacn

(Pm≥kn), skeo≥ (tPm-fn), F∂o aq∂p ]pXn-am-cp-ap≠v.

tXmakv 2008 \hw-_-¿ 6 \v acWw ]m]n-®p. ssae-s°mºv

]≈n knan-tØ-cn-bn¬ kwkvI-cn-®p. aqØ ]pXn A∂Ω (tj¿en)

sb Nß-\m-t»-cn-bn¬ Nº-°pfw ]pØ≥]-d-ºn¬ ]n.-sP. B‚Wn

IXn-°pń Zº-Xn-IfpsS aI≥ tPmk^v B‚Wn hnhmlw Ign-

®p. Ccp-hcpw sNs∂-bn¬ Xma-kn-°p-∂p. tPmk v B‚Wn sÛ-

d¬ _m¶v amt\-P-cmbn tPmen t\m°p-∂p.

c≠m-asØ ]pXn tacn(-Pm≥kn) sb Icn-a-Æq¿ Ac-b-°p-

t∂¬ amXyp, _nPn‰v Zº-Xn-I-fpsS aI≥ tPmfn amXyp hnhmlw

sNbvXp sXmSp-]pg Im™n-c-a-‰Øv Xma-kn-°p-∂p. Pm≥kn sXmSp-

]pg Xmeq-°v Hmôkn¬ tPmen sNøp-∂p. tPmfn CSp°n If-

IvtS-‰n¬ tPmen sNøp-∂p. aq∂m-asØ ]pXn tPmfn tImgn-t°mSv

ap°Øv ]m°p-gn-bn¬ Hutk-∏v, Gen-°pń aI≥ amXyp (am-Øp-

239


°p- n) hnhmlw sNbvXv tImgn-t°mSv saUn-°¬ tImtf-Pn¬ slUv

t\gvkv Bbn tPmen sNøp-∂p. tam≥kns‚ aI≥ s_∂n

hmg°pfw Imcyma-Tw, t]mƒ, tXykym-°pń Zº-Xn-I-fpsS aIƒ

_o\sb hnhmlw sNbvXv ssae-s°m-ºn¬ Xma-kn-°p-∂p.

s_∂n°v Bcym F∂ Hcp ]pXn-bp-≠v. Bcy t\gvknw-Kn\v

]Tn-°p-∂p.

-DWn-s®-dn-bXv

]oSnI ssIX-h-b-en¬ sXmΩs‚ \mem-asØ ]pX≥ DWn-

s®-dn-bXv c≠p hnhmlw Ign-®p. BZyw `c-W-ßm-\Øp CS-∏m-Sn-

°-c-bn¬ hmfn-πm-°¬ IWn-bmw-]-Sn-°¬ kvIdn-bm-bpsS aIƒ adn-

b-Øns\ hnhmlw sNbvXp. ssIX-h-b-en¬ Xd-hm-ń¬ Xma-k-am-

°n. B hnhm-l-Øn¬ sXmΩ≥, sNdn-bm≥, Cń-sF∏v F∂ aq∂p

]pX-∑m-cpw, A®mΩ F∂ Hcp ]pXnbpw P\n-®p. mcy acn-®-t∏mƒ

DWn-s®-dn-bXv Ing-X-Sn-bq¿ Ic-bn¬ Ing-t°-S-Øp-ho-ń¬ \n∂v Ing-

X-Sn-bq¿ sNºn-fm-bn¬ hoń¬ hnhmlw sNbvX-Xpw, hn[-h-bm-bn-

Øo¿∂-Xp-amb tdmksb hnhmlw sNbvXp. tdmk a°-fn-√msX

acn-®p. DWn-s®-dn-bXv hmIm-\n-bn¬ imJ-bn¬s∏´ s\√n-ae Cń-

sF∏ns‚ ]pc-bnSw hmßn Ahn-tSbv°p Xmakw am‰n.

]pXn A®mΩ ico-c-kp-J-an-√msX Ahn-hm-ln-X-bmbn ]nXr-

Kr-l-Øn¬ Xma-kn-°p-∂p. aqØ ]pX≥ sXmΩ≥, cma-]p-c-Øp-

\n∂pw sXmSp-]pg ap´Øp Xma-kn-°p∂ Xd-bn¬ am∏nf bmb ]≈n-

hm-Xp-°¬ \n∂pw hnhmlw sNbvXp. a°-fn-√msX sXmΩ≥ acn-

°-bm¬ `mcy ]p\¿ hnhmlw Ign-®p.

sI.-bp. sNdn-bm≥

c≠m-asØ ]pX≥ sNdn-bm≥ ]b-∏m¿ Ic-bn¬ abn-em-Sq¿

Nmt°m-bpsS aIƒ adnbØns\ hnhmlw sNbvXp. sNdn-bm\v

tdmbn, kÆn, Pbnw-kv, sk_m-Ãy≥, kPn, sdPn F∂n-ßs\

Bdp-]p-X-∑m-cpw, tagvkn, emen, eqkn, eo\m F∂o \mep ]pXn-

am-cp-ap-≠v.

sNdn-bms‚ aqØ-]p-X≥ tdmbn tImX-aw-Kew aßm v amXyp,

s]ÆΩ aIƒ F¬k-Ωsb hnhmlw sNbvXp tdmbn°v tcJ,

240


dnb F∂o c≠p ]pXn-am-cp-ap-≠v. ]pXn -tc-Jsb Im™-ßm´v ]c-

∏-hm-g-Nm-cn-°¬ am\p-h¬, A∂Ω ZºXnIfpsS aI≥ kPohv hn.

am\p-h¬ hnhmlw sNbvXp. c≠m-asØ ]pXn dnb ]Tn-°p-∂p.

sNdn-bms‚ c≠m-asØ ]pX≥ kÆn ]mem sh≈-cn-ßm´p

s]m. kÆn,- X-¶Ω Zº-Xn-I-fpsS aIƒ A\n-Xsb hnhmlw

sNbvXp. kÆn kuØv C¥y≥ _m¶v _mw•q-cn¬ tPmen sNøp-

∂p. A\nXm _mw•q¿ sF.-F-kv.-B¿.H bn¬ kb‚n-Ãm-Wv.

Ch¿°p AJn¬, \nJn¬, F∂o c≠p ]pX-∑m-cp-≠v. Ccp-hcpw

]Tn-°p-∂p.

sNdn-bms‚ aq∂m-asØ ]pX≥ Pbnwkv ae-_m¿

Bet°m´v H‰ssØ If-∏pc Nmt°m, Gen aIƒ AUz. Nn∂-

Ωsb hnhmlw sNbvXp. Xfn-∏-d-ºn¬ Xma-kn-°p-∂p. Ch¿°v

kmµ, kma F∂o c≠p ]pXn-am-cp-≠v. Ccp-hcpw kn.F bv°v

]Tn-°p-∂p. Pbnwkv Ct∏mƒ IÆq¿ tIcfm tIm¨Kv Pn√m

skI-´-dn-bm-Wv.

sNdn-bms‚ \mem-asØ ]pX≥ sk_m-Ãy≥ (tZ-h-kym-®≥)

Nn‰m-cn-°m¬ _oa-\Sn- a-Sp-°-°p-gn-bn¬ tPmk-^v, tXkym Zº-Xn-

I-fpsS aIƒ B≥knsb hnhmlw sNbvXp. an¥p≈n tIm-gn-®m-

en¬ Xma-kn-°p-∂p. Ch¿°p \nJn-X, taLv\ F∂o c≠p s]ä-

°-fm-Wv. \nJnX kn.-F. °p ]Tn-°p-∂p. taLv\ kvIqfn¬ ]Tn-°p-

∂p.

sNdn-bms‚ A©m-asØ ]pX≥ kPn Ing-t°-°-c-bmb

ssIsXm-en¬ Cń-°p-™v, adn-b-°pń Zº-Xn-I-fpsS aIƒ

kn≥knsb hnhmlw sNbvXp. Ccp-hcpw kn¶-∏q-cn¬ tPmen sNøp-

∂p. Ch¿°v sIhn≥ F∂ ]pX\pw kvt\l F∂ ]pXn-bp-ap-≠v.

Ccp-hcpw Ip™p-ß-fm-Wv.

sNdn-bms‚ Bdm-asØ ]pX≥ sdPn ]mem-cn-h´w apf-°¬

sk_m-Ãy≥, Fen-k-_Øv Zº-Xn-I-fpsS aIƒ sP\ns\ hnhmlw

sNbvXp. Ccp-hcpw Ipssh-‰n¬ tPmen sNøp-∂p. Ch¿°v sa¬hn≥,

am¿ń≥ F∂o c≠p Ipń-I-fp-≠v.

sNdn-bms‚ aqØ-]pXn tagvknsb aÆm¿°m´v Im™n-c-

241


Øp-¶¬ ^©p-Ipń sXømΩ aI≥ Ahn-cm-®≥ hnhmlw Ign-®p.

sNdn-bms‚ c≠m-asØ ]pXn emensb Icn-¶p∂w Nº-

∏≈n BKkvXn Gen aI≥ AUz. tUm. sk_m-Ãy≥ Nº∏≈n

hnhmlw Ign-®p Im°-\m´v Xma-kn-°p-∂p. AUz. sk_m-Ãy≥

ssltIm¿ń¬ ]mIvSokv sNøp-∂p. emen F^v.-F. kn.-‰n-bn¬

F©n-\o-b¿ Bbn-cp-∂p. Ch¿°p AJn¬ (Akhil), \nJn¬ (Nikhil)

F∂n-ßs\ c≠mä°-fp-≠v.

sNdn-bms‚ aq∂masØ ]pXn eqknsb Ip‰n-bmSn ]pc-bn-

S-Øn¬ tXma-kv, Nn∂Ω Zº-Xn-I-fpsS aI≥ tSmw tXma-kv

hnhmlw Ign-®p. Ch¿°v tSmWn F∂ BÏp-ńbpw B≥tacn

F∂ s]Ïp-ń-bp-ap-≠v.

sNdn-bms‚ \mem-asØ ]pXn eo\sb s]cp-ºm-hq¿ hncp-

∂n-\mØv ss]en, X¶Ω Zº-Xn-I-fpsS aI≥ jmPn hnhmlw Ign-

®p. Ch¿°v a¿en≥, adn≥, F∂o c≠p-Ip-ń-I-fp-≠v.

sI.-bp. Cń sF∏v

aq∂m-asØ ]pX≥ Cń sF∏v (sI.-bp. Cń-bbv∏v _n.-F-

kv.-kn) tN¿∏p-¶¬ tIme-Sn-bn¬ IpSpw-_-Øn¬s∏´ Imcm-a-bn¬

Nmt°m-bpsS aIƒ X¶Ω _n.-F-kv.knsb hnhmlw sNbvXv ae-

_m-dn¬ aÆm¿Im´p Xma-kn®p Irjn \S-Øp-∂p. Cń- sF∏n\p

km_p F∂ Hcp ]pX\pw tPmfn, sPn, Pm≥kn, PnPn, Pb

F∂o A©p ]pXn-amcpw P\n-®p.

Cń- sF∏ns‚ aI≥ km_p Nß-\m-t»cnbn¬ ]mem°p-

t∂¬ tPm_ns‚ aIƒ _oasb hnhmlw sNbvXv ]nXr-Kr-l-Øn¬

Xma-kn-°p-∂p. km_p Ct∏mƒ aÆm¿°m´v I√Sn (Fw.-C.-F-kv)

tImtf-Pn¬ ]Tn-∏n-°p-∂p. km_p-hn\v c≠mä-°fpw Hcp s]Æp-

am-Wv. sF∏v km_p, tPmkv km_p F∂n-ßs\ ]pX-∑mcpw \nZnb

km_p F∂ ]pXn-bp-am-Wv.

sF∏v km_p Fw.-Un.-Fkv \v Fd-Wm-Ipfw AarXm\µ-

abn tImtf-Pn¬ ]Tn-°p-∂p. sF∏v km_p Xriq-cn¬ s]√n-t»cn

hn≥sk‚ v aIƒ hn\n-Xsb hnhmlw Ign-®p. sF∏v km_p-hn\v

sIhn≥ sF∏v F∂ HcmÏp-ń-bp-≠v.

242


tPm_v km_p nkn-Ivkn¬ aZm-kn¬ sNss∂ bqWn-th-

gvkn-‰n¬ ]n.-F-®v.Un sNøp-∂p. \nZnb km_p awK-em-]p-cØv

tkm^v‰vshb¿ F©n-\o-b¿ Bbn tPmen t\m°p-∂p.

C´n sF∏ns‚ aqØ-]pXn tPmfn Nß-\m-t»cn ]mem-°p-

t∂¬ ]tc-X-\mb sk_m-Ãy≥ kvIdnb (kn-_n) hnhmlw Ign®p

_m•qcn¬ Xma-kn-°p-∂p. c≠m-asØ ]pXn Pnsb ae-∏p-dØv

Ipgn-°m´v tP°-∫ns‚ aI≥ kÆn hnhmlw sNbvXp Ata-cn-°-

bn¬ ÿnc-Xm-a-k-am-Wv. c≠p-t]cpw F©n-\o-b¿ BWv.

aq∂m-asØ ]pXn Pm≥knsb ]mem Ac-b-Øn-\m¬ tUm.

ssa°nƒ aI≥ hnP-b≥ hnhmlw sNbvNp. c≠p-t]cpw U¬ln-

bn¬ Xma-kn-°p-∂p. Pm≥kn sk≥S¬ hm´¿ AtXm-dn-´n-bn¬

Ub-d-IvS¿ Bbn tPmen sNøp-∂p. \mem-asØ ]pXn PnPnsb

Nß-\m-t»cn hen-b-]-d-ºn¬ amXyp aI≥ tPm¿÷v amXyp hnhmlw

Ign®v Ata-cn-°-bn¬ Xma-kn-°p-∂p. PnPn Ata-cn-°-bn¬ sIan-

Ãmbn tPmen sNøp-∂p. A©m-asØ ]pXn Pbsb sXmSp-]pg

XpSn-bw-πm-°¬ s]m^. Sn.-F-kv. Nmt°mbpsS aI≥ •mUn

tP°∫v hnhmlw Ign®v _mw•q-cn¬ Xma-kn-°p-∂p. c≠p-t]cpw

_mw•q-cn¬ ssIÃv tImtf-Pn¬ h¿°v sNøp-∂p.

247


Be-bv°¬ IpSpw_wBe-bv°¬ Cń-s®-dnb (\memw Xe-apd)

aq∂mw Xe-apd Ing-t°-°c Itcm-t´-ho-ń¬ Cń-b-bv∏ns‚

XrXo-b-]p-X≥ Cń-s®-dnb ]mem Aßm-Sn-bn¬ I -°-b-Øn¬ sNdn-

bm≥ apX¬ ]nSn-°m-cs‚ ]pXnsb hnhmlw sNbvXv Be-bv°¬

Xma-kn®p. Cń-s®-dnb Ic-]-[m-\nbpw ]mem hen-b-]-≈n-bnse Hcp

tbmK ][m-\n-bp-am-bn-cp∂p. kao-]-Øp≈ I≠-ß-fnse s\√p-W-

°p-∂-Xn-\mbn sIń-bp-≠m-°nb Be-bp-≠m-bn-cp-∂-Xn-\m-emWv

""Be-bv°¬'' F∂ t]cp-≠m-bXv. Cń-s®-dn-bbv°v sNdn-bm≥, Cń-

s®-dnb, aØmbn F∂ aq∂p ]pX-∑mcpw A©p ]pXn-am-cp-ap-≠mbn.

BZy ]pXnsb aptØmen sIgp-h≥Ip-f-Øp-I-c-bn¬ Ibn-∏≥πm-

°¬ hnhmlw sNbvX-bbv®p. c≠m-asØ ]pXnsb Bc-°p-g-I-c-

bn¬ Cń-Ø-t´¬ hnhmlw sNbvXp. aq∂m-asØ ]pXnsb hmg-

°p-fØv t]mtf-Ip-t∂¬ hnhmlw sNbvX-b-b®p. \mem-asØ

]pXnsb ]mem-I-c-bn¬ R≈-°m´p hnhmlw sNbvXp. A©m-

asØ ]pXnsb aptØm-e-]pcw Ic-bn¬ ]≈n-°m-∏-d-ºn¬ hnhmlw

sNbvXp. ]Y-a-]p-X≥ sNdn-bm≥ Be-∏pg sN∂-°m-´p-\n∂pw

hnhmlw Ign®v hmIm-\n-bn¬ Xma-kn®p. Sn. sNdn-bm≥ sXmΩ≥,

Cń-s®-dnb, h¿°n, Cń-b-bn∏v, sNdn-bm≥ F∂o A©p ]pX-∑mcpw

Hcp ]pXnbpw D≠mbn. ]pXnsb hmg-°p-fØv sNm≈m-a-T-Øn¬

hnhmlw sNbvXp. sNdn-bms‚ ]Ya ]pX≥ sXmΩ≥ ]≈n-hm-

Xp-°¬ IpSpw-_-Øn¬ apf-b-∂q¿\n∂pw _nPo-Ømsb hnhmlw

sNbvXv hmIm\n Ing-t°-]p-c-bn-S-Øn¬ Xma-kn®p. sXmΩ\p sNdn-

bm≥, Cń-s®-dnb F∂ c≠p ]pX-∑mcpw amΩn, IXn F∂ ]pXn-

amcpw P\n®p. ]pXn amΩnsb ]mem-bn¬ hS-°≥ IpSpw-_-Øn¬

sh≈m-∏m´p ]m∏≥ hnhmlw sNbvXp. c≠m-asØ ]pXn IXnsb

tN¿∏p-¶¬ Ipf-∏p-d-Ømsg Xpcp-Øn-°m-hn¬ Nmt°m hnhmlw

sNbvXp.

Ingt° Be-bv°¬ hmI-bm-\n-bn¬

sNdn-bm≥ ]mem hS-°-bn¬\n∂pw hnhmlw sNbvXp. k¥m-

248


\-an-√msX mcy acn-°-bm¬ Nnd-°-S-hp-I-c-bn¬ aÆ≥πm-°¬ IpSpw-

_-Øn¬ G¿Ø-bn¬ aØm-bn-bpsS aIƒ A∂sb hnhmlw

sNbvXp. sNdn-bm\p sXmΩ≥, Hutk∏v, aØmbn, Nmt°m F∂

\mep ]pX-∑m-cp-≠mbn.

sXmΩ≥

]Ya ]pX≥ sXmΩ≥ ]mem CS-hI ]Sn-™m-td-°c imJ-

bn¬s∏´ sXt°-°-≠-Øn¬\n∂pw taep-Im-hn¬ Xma-kn-°p∂

aØm-bn-bpsS aIƒ Gensb hnhm-lw-sNbvXv sh≈n-bm-a-‰Øv Xma-

kn-°p∂p. Sn. sXmΩ\p sNdn-bm≥, Pbnwkv, tXmakv F∂ aq∂p

]pX-∑mcpw A∂, Gen, adnbw, tdmk F∂ \mep ]pXn-amcpw

D≠v.

sNdn-bm≥ (tPm-kv)

aqØ ]pX≥ sNdn-bm≥ (tPmkv) s]m≥Ip-∂Øv Iqcn-°m´v

tXmakv aIƒ eoem-Ωsb hnhmlw sNbvXv Cfw-tZ-iØv Xma-

kn®p. 2002¬ sNdn-bm≥ acn®p. sNdn-bm\v c≠mä-°-fmWv.

tPmtam≥, tPmPn. tPmPn Fd-Wm-Ip-fØv tPmen sNøp∂p. c≠m-

a≥ Pbnwkv ]nXr-Kr-l-Øn¬ Xma-kn-°p∂p. hnhmlw Ign-®n-ń√.

tXmav (tPmbn-®≥) taep-Imhv ]pØ≥]p-c-bn¬ Ipcys‚ aIƒ

kpk-Ωsb hnhmlw sNbvXv ]nXr-Kr-l-Øn¬ Xma-kn-°p∂p. tXma-

kn\p aq∂p s]ä-°-fm-Wp-≈Xv. aqØ-]pXn tPm^n-bmsb Ipd-

hn-e-ßm´v henb t]ßm´v amWn-bpsS aI≥ tPm¿Pv IeymWw

Ign®p. c≠p-t]cpw Ipssh-‰n¬ tPmen sNøp∂p. c≠m-asØ ]pXn

acnb kuZn-bn¬ \gvkmbn tPmen sNøp∂p. aq∂m-asØ ]pXn

A¬t^m≥kv \gvknwKv hnZym-¿∞n-bmWv. aqØ-]pXn A∂

(en√n)sb t]cmº ]mº-°¬ aØ-®s‚ aI≥ Ão^≥ IeymWw

Ign®p. Ch¿°v aq∂p Bä-°-fp≠v. c≠m-asØ ]pXn tacnsb

sNdp-]pg Nne-ºn-°p-t∂¬ kn.-‰n. amXyp IeymWw Ign®p. Ch¿°v

c≠mWpw Hcp s]Æp-ap≠v. aq∂m-asØ ]pXn Gen (h’Ω)sb

Ggp-ap´w ]´-cp-aTw tPmk^v aI≥ Nmt°m-®≥ IeymWw Ign®p.

Ch¿°v c≠p s]Æpw Hcm-Wp-ap≠v.

249


\mem-asØ ]pXn tdmk (tPmknen)sb Im™n-c-∏≈n Imcp-

then tP°_v aI≥ Ipcp-hnf (tPmkv) IeymWw Ign®p Ad-°p-

fØv Xma-kn-°p∂p. tPmknen XpS-ß-\mSv sslkvIqƒ slUvan-

kvS-kmbn tPmen t\m°p∂p. tPmkn-en°p c≠v s]Ïp- n-I-fp≠v.

Hutk∏v

Ggmw Xe-ap-d-bnse sNdn-bms‚ ZznZob ]pX≥ Hutk∏v

]mem CS-hI ap≠-a-‰-Øn¬ tPmk-^ns‚ aIƒ tXkymsb

hnhmlw sNbvXv Xd-hm- n¬ Xma-kn-°p∂p. Hutk-∏n\p sNdn-bm≥

(tPmbn), tXmakv (tSmwk¨), tPmk^v (tPmjn) F∂o aq∂p

]pX-∑mcpw A∂ (eoemΩ), adnbw (h’Ω), tXky (Ipń-bΩ),

tdmk (tdmknen) F∂o \mep ]Xnam-cp-amWv.

aqØ-]pXn A∂ (eoemΩ)sb taep-Im-hn¬ IÆw-Ip-fØv

tZh-kym-bpsS aI≥ Ipcy≥ hnhmlw sNbvXp.

Hutk-∏ns‚ c≠m-asØ ]pXn adnb (h’Ω)Øns\ ]qh-

tØmSv Ing-I-t°-Øp-cp-Øn-bn¬ tPmk-^ns‚ aI≥ sk_m-Ãy≥

hnhmlw sNbvXp. Ct∏mƒ ap∂n-e-hn¬ Xma-kn-°p∂p. t^m¨:

04822 ˛ 286620.

Hutk-∏ns‚ aq∂m-asØ ]pXn tXkym(Ipń-bΩ)sb `c-

W-ßm\w Ie-b-Øn-\m¬ h¿°n-bpsS aI≥ tPm¿÷v hnhmlw

sNbvXp. Ct∏mƒ G¥-bm-‰n¬ Xma-kn-°p∂p. t^m¨: 04828 -˛ 286

753.

Hutk-∏ns‚ \mem-asØ ]pXn tdmk (tdmknen)sb Ipafn

Xqß≥]-d-ºn¬ h¿°n-bpsS aI≥ h¿Kokv hnhmlw sNbvXp.

t^m¨: 04869 ˛ 223470.

Hutk-∏ns‚ aqØ-]p-X≥ sNdn-bm≥ (tPmbn) Ipd-hn-e-ßmSv

ht√ym-fn¬ tPmk- ns‚ aIƒ Gensb (eoeΩ) hnhmlw sNbvXp.

Ct∏mƒ ap≠-°-bØv Xma-kn-°p∂p. tPmbn°v civan, caym F∂o

c≠p s]ä-°-fmWv. Ccp-hcpw \gvknwKv ]T\w Ign™v ]mIvSokv

sNøp∂p. t^m¨: 9744641339.

250


Hutk-∏ns‚ c≠m-asØ ]pX≥ tXmakv (tSmwk¨) Af-

\mSv πmen-°¬ tPmWns‚ aIƒ adn-bsØ (h’Ω) hnhmlw

sNbvXp. tSmwk¨ Ct∏mƒ D≈-\m-ń-emWv Xmakw. tSmwk¨

Pn\p F∂ ]pX\pw dq_n F∂ ]pXn-bp-ap≠v. ]pX≥ Pn\p

tlm´¬am-t\-Pvsa‚ v ]T-\-Øn-\p-tijw ]mIvSokv sNøp∂p. dq_n

_n.Fkvkn \gvknwKv ]Tn-°p∂p. t^m¨: 04822 ˛ 224217.

Hutk-∏ns‚ aq∂m-asØ ]pX≥ tPmk^v (tPmjn) ]bkv

au≠v Ip∂Øv Cń-b-hncm tPmk- ns‚ aIƒ A∂ (knknen)sb

hnhmlw sNbvXp. Xd-hm-ń¬ Xma-kn-°p∂p. tPmjn°v kntPm,

entPm F∂o c≠p a°-fmWv. kntPm Ggmw-¢m-kn¬ ]Tn-°p∂p.

entPm Ip™mWv. t^m¨: 04822 ˛ 201146, samss_¬ 9744987731.

aØmbn

sNdn-bms‚ aq∂m-asØ ]pX≥ aØmbn XpS-ß-\mSv tImX-

º-\m-\n-bn¬ Hutk-∏ns‚ aIƒ tdmksb hnhmlw sNbvXp

Xd-hm-ń¬ Xma-kn-°th 1983¬ ac-W-a-S™p. Cu hnhm-l-Øn¬

k¥m-\-ß-fn√.

Nmt°m

sNdn-bms‚ \memasØ ]pX≥ Nmt°m ap´w amS-°¬

sNdn-bms‚ aIƒ h’-Ωsb hnhmlw sNbvXv ap´Øv Xma-kn-

°p∂p. Nmt°mbv°v tdm_n≥kv F∂ ]pX\pw dq_n acnb F∂

]pXn-bp-ap≠v. ]pX≥ dq_n≥kv F≥Pn-\o-b-dmWv.]pXn dq_n acnb

_n.Fkvkn \gvkmWv. Nmt°m C¥y≥ anen- dn k¿ho-kn¬\n∂pw

dn -b¿sN-bvX-bm-fmWv. t^m¨: 04862 255054, samss_¬: 9744277992.

Bdmw Xe-apd hmIm-\n-bn¬ sXmΩs‚ c≠m-asØ ]pX≥

Cń-s®-dnb (dh. ^m. Xm¿knv knFwsF) I¿Ω-eoØm

k`-bn¬ tN¿∂p sshZn-I-\mbn. At±lw Ct∏mƒ C√.

257


hmIm-\n-bn¬ Ipºp-°¬ imJ

hmIm-\n-bn¬ sNdn-bms‚ ZznXob ]pX≥ Cń-s®-dnb s]mcp-

t∂m-en¬ ]pen-a-e-°p-t∂¬ Itcm´p adn-b-Øns\ hnhmlw sNbvXv

ZØ-h-Im-i-ambn Xma-kn®p. Cń-s®-dn-b-Xn\p BKkvXn, aØmbn

F∂ c≠p ]pX-∑m-cp-≠mbn. aqØ-]p-X≥ BKkvXn `c-W-ßm-

\Øv Bcw-]p-fn-°-emb Ipf-∏p-c-bn¬ sNdn-b-Xns‚ aIƒ A∂sb

hnhmlw sNbvXv Du∂p-I-√pw-]p-c-bn-S-Øn¬ Xma-kn®p. BK-kvXn°v

aØmbn, Cń-bbv]v F∂ c≠p ]pX-∑mcpw, adnbw, A∂, tXkym,

Gen F∂o ]pXnamcpw P\n®p. aqØ-]pXn adn-b-Øns\ Ggm-t®-

cn¬ thc-\m-\n-°¬ sNdn-bms‚ aI≥ Hutk∏v hnhmlw sNbvXp.

c≠m-asØ ]pXn A∂sb `c-W-ßm-\Øp amdm-a-‰-Øn¬\n∂p

\cn-b-ßm-\Øp Xma-kn-°p∂ amWn-bpsS aI≥ Hutk∏v hnhmlw

sNbvXp. aq∂m-asØ ]pXn- tX-kysb A¥o-\m´v Im™n-c-Øp-

¶¬ Hutk-∏ns‚ aI≥ Hutk∏v hnhmlw sNbvXp. \mem-asØ

]pXn Gen (knÃ¿ tacn _\o™m) am¿ØmWvUw tUmt´gvkv

Hm^v tacn hI aT-Øn¬t®¿∂p I\ym-kvXo-bmbn.

aØmbn

BK-kvXn-bpsS aqØ-]p-X≥ aØmbn ]hn-Øm-\Øv Imcym-

¶¬ _nPo-Ømsb hnhmlw sNbvXv ae-_m-dn¬ Be-t°m´p Xma-

kn-°p∂p. aØm-bn°v BKkvXn, Hutk∏v F∂ c≠p ]pX-∑mcpw

A∂, Nn∂ F∂ c≠p ]pXn-amcpw D≠v. ]pXn A∂sb ]mem

]pØ≥]≈n CS-hI ]pXn-bm-]-d-ºn¬ aØm-bn-bpsS aI≥ Ip´-

∏≥ hnhmlw sNbvXp. c≠m-asØ ]pXn Nn∂sb ap´p-Nnd \ocm-

°¬ Nmt°m-bpsS aI≥ amXyp hnhmlw sNbvXp.

BKkvXn

aØm-bn-bpsS aqØ-]p-X≥ BKkvXn (]m∏-®≥) Cf-ß-f-Øp-

\n∂p ae-_m-dn¬ sNtº-cn¬ Xma-kn-°p∂ ISq°p-t∂¬ hoń¬

CØm-Ωsb hnhmlw sNbvXp.

BKkvXn (]m∏-®≥) Imk¿tKmUp Xmeq-°n¬ _¥-Sp-°-

258


°-SpØv ]Sp-∏n¬ Xma-kn-°p∂p. ]m∏-®\p tUmfn, _o\m, _nµp

F∂ aq∂p ]pXn-amcpw hnt\mZv F∂ ]pX-\p-ap≠v. CXn¬

_o\mbpw _nµphpw Cc-´-I-fmWv. aqØ-]pXn tUmfnsb Xma-c-

t»cn ASpØv Iń-∏md Cń-tb-∏md ^m≥knkv, Gen Zº-Xn-I-

fpsS aI≥ jmPp hnhmlw sNbvXp. c≠m-asØ ]pXn _o\sb

hb-\mSv \S-h-b-en¬ ]ncn-bw-am-°¬ ^nen∏v, Gen-°pń aI≥

Ip™p-tam≥ (amXyp) hnhmlw sNbvXp. aq∂m-asØ ]pXn _nµp

sNdp-]pg ]pfntßmw sNm∆m-‰p-Ip-t∂¬ kvIdnb, AΩnWn aI≥

_Pn hnhmlw sNbvXp. ]pX≥ hnt\mZv tImf-bmSv IpS-°-®nd

^nen∏v, tacn aIƒ kvanXsb hnhmlw sNbvXv ]nXm-hns‚ IqsS

]Sp-∏n¬ Xma-kn-°p∂p. hnt\m-Zn\p A£bv, A`n-\bv, F∂o c≠p

]pX-∑mcpw B¬an F∂ ]pXn-bp-ap≠v. Ch¿ hnZym¿Yn-I-fmWv.

tPmk^v (Hu-tk-∏-®≥)

aØm-bn-bpsS c≠m-asØ ]pX≥ tPmk^v (Hutk-∏-®≥)

ac-ßm- p-]-≈n-bn¬\n∂pw Be-t°mSv s\√n-∏m-d-bn¬ Xma-kn-°p∂

IpS-I-\m-Sn-bn¬ tPmk^v ˛ A∂-°pń Zº-Xn-I-fpsS aIƒ Gen-

bm-Ωsb hnhmlw sNbvXv Be-t°mSv aoº-‰n-bn-ep≈ ]nXr-Kr-l-

Øn¬ Xma-kn-°p∂p. Hutk-∏-®≥ \√ Hcp πm‚dpw Adn-b-s∏-

Sp∂ Hcp kmaq-ly-]-h¿Ø-I-\p-amWv. Hutk-∏-®\p at\mPv F∂

Hcp ]pX\pw an\n-sb∂ Hcp ]pXn-bp-ap≠v. ]pX≥ at\mPv Ad-

°p-f-Øp-\n∂pw Icp-h-©m-en¬ Xma-kn-°p∂ tahnS ]tc-X-\mb

tPm¨, tKkn-°pń Zº-Xn-I-fpsS aIƒ SnPnsb hnhmlw sNbvXv

]nXm-hns‚ IqsS Xma-kn-°p∂p. at\mPv sjb¿ _nkn-\-kn¬

]h¿Øn-°p∂p. at\m-Pn\p Fen-k-_Øv F∂ s]Ïp-ńbpw

tPmk^v (tPmjz) F∂ ]pX-\p-ap≠v. Ch¿ Ip™p-ß-fmWv

Hutk-∏-®s‚ ]pXn an\nsb \neq¿\n∂pw ]pfntßmw tImgn-®m-

en¬ Xma-kn-°p∂ Im≠m-h-\-Øn¬ ssa°nƒ, tam\n°m aI≥

km_p hnhmlw sNbvXp.

Cń sF∏v

Ipºp-°¬ BK-kvXn-bpsS c≠m-asØ ]pX≥ Cń-sF∏v

D≈-\m v Acn-°m´p h¿°n-bpsS aIƒ A®m-Ωsb hnhmlw sNbvXv

259


]nXr-Kr-l-Øn¬ Xma-kn-°p∂p. Cń-sF-∏n\p k¥m-\-ß-fn√.

aØmbn

BK-kvXn-bpsS A\p-P≥ aØmbn ]q™m¿ tXm´-°c

amØ≥Ip-t∂¬ Ipcys‚ aIƒ A∂sb hnhmlw sNbvXv ]nXr-

Kr-l-Øn¬ Xma-kn®p. At±-l-Øn\p Cń-s®-dnb, aØmbn (sIm®v)

sNdn-bm≥ F∂ aq∂p ]pX-∑mcpw Gen, amΩn, A®mΩ, tXky,

tdmk, _nPoØv, tacn F∂o Ggp ]pXn-amcpw D≠mbn. ]nXm-

hmb aØmbn acn®v Cfw-tXm´w ]≈n skan-tØ-cn-bn¬ kwkvI-

cn®p.

H∂m-asØ ]pXn Gensb \nc-b-ßm-\Øv ss]I-S-bn¬

sXmΩs‚ aI≥ h¿°n hnhmlw sNbvXp. c≠m-asØ ]pXn acn-

®p-t]mbn. aq∂m-asØ ]pXn A®m-Ωsb Icq¿ CS-hI abn-em-Sq¿

sXmΩs‚ aI≥ sXmΩ≥ hnhmlw sNbvXp. \mem-asØ ]pXn

tXkysb `c-W-ßm-\Øv Xpcp-Øn-bn¬ aØm-bn-bpsS aI≥

aØmbn hnhmlw sNbvXp. A©m-asØ ]pXn tdmksb tacn

em‚n¬ Imcym-¶¬ Hutk-∏ns‚ aI≥ tPm¨ hnhmlw sNbvXp.

Bdm-asØ ]pXn _nPoØ (knÃ¿ Atπm-\nbm) tImX-

aw-K-eØv Bcm-[-\m-a-T-Øn¬ tN¿∂p I\ym-kvXo-bmbn. Ggm-asØ

]pXn tacnsb c-W-ßm-\Øv Xmg-tØ¬ IpSpw-_-Øn¬s∏´ hcn-

°-bm-\n-°¬ tPmk-^ns‚ aI≥ A_mlw hnhmlw sNbvXp.

Cń-s®-dnb

aØm-bn-bpsS aqØ-]p-X≥ Cń-s®-dnb ]mem CS-hI aWn-

ae am∏n-f-bmb s]mSn-a-‰-Øn¬\n∂pw Nn‰m-‰n¬ Xma-kn-°p∂ sh´p-

I-t√¬ sNdn-bms‚ aIƒ adn-b-Øns\ hnhmlw sNbvXv Af-\m-

Sp-I-c-bn¬ hcn-°-am-°¬ Xma-kn-°p∂ At±-l-Øn\p aØmbn

(amØ≥) sNdn-bm≥ F∂ c≠p ]pX-∑mcpw A∂, Gen, adnbw,

sIm®p-tXky F∂ \mep ]pXn-am-cp-ap≠v.

H∂m-asØ ]pXn A∂ en‰n¬ kntÃgvkv Hm^v Zn ]qh¿

F∂ aT-Øn¬ tN¿∂v I\ym-kvXo-bmbn. c≠m-asØ ]pXn Gen

260


(eoemΩ)sb Acp-hn-Øpd ]≈n CS-hI BgmØv tXmakv aI≥

tPmk^v hnhmlw sNbvXp. t^m¨: 04822 272674. aq∂m-asØ

]pXn adnb (knknen)Øns\ IS-\mSv ]≈n CS-hI tX°pw-Im-

ń¬ C\mkv aI≥ amXyp hnhmlw sNbvXp. Ct∏mƒ sN∏p-Ip-

fØv Xma-kn-°p∂p. t^m¨: 04862 ˛ 271812.

\mem-asØ ]pXn sIm®p-tXkym AtUm-td-j≥ aT-Øn¬

tN¿∂p I\ym-kvXo-bmbn. Ct∏mƒ I√p-]mew aT-Øn¬ tPmen

sNøp∂p. t^m¨: 9747395834.

Cń-s®-dn-b-bpsS aqØ-]p-X≥ amØ≥ ]qh-tØmSv ]≈n CS-

hI amS-∏≈n IpSpw-_-Øn¬s∏´ InW-‰p-Ic hoń¬ Hutk-∏ns‚

aIƒ tacnsb hnhmlw sNbvXp.

amØ\p tSmWn, sNdn-bm≥ F∂v c≠p ]pX-∑mcpw enn,

s‰kn F∂v c≠p ]pXn-am-cp-amWv. c≠m-asØ ]pX≥ sNdn-bm≥

_me-\m-bn-cns° ac-W-a-S™p.

amØs‚ ]pX≥ tSmWn (tPmk v) cmPm-°mSv CS-hI ]me-

°m-tXm-´-Øn¬ ]n.hn.tXmav aIƒ BXn-csb hnhmlw sNbvXv

sXmSp-]pg Be-t°mSv Xma-kn-°p∂p. tSmWn°p A\o‰ Fs∂mcp

]pXn-bp≠v. inip-hmWv.

amØs‚ aqØ-]pXn enn (tacn)sb A©ncn ]≈n CS-

hI sXt° aWm-¶-Ø-S-Øn¬ tPmk- ns‚ aI≥ tdmbn hnhmlw

sNbvXp. t^m¨: 9745807301.

amØs‚ c≠m-asØ ]pXn s‰kn (A∂)sb \Sp-°c ]≈n

CS-hI Ipºm v IWn-bm-]-d-ºn¬ tPmk v aI≥ s_∂n hnhmlw

sNbvXp. t^m¨: 04852 ˛ 261259.

amØ≥ 2000 am¿®v 25˛mw XobXn ac-W-a-S™p. Cfw-tXm´w

]≈n knan-tØ-cn-bn¬ kwkvI-cn®p.

Cń-s®-dn-b-bpsS c≠m-asØ ]pX≥ sNdn-bm≥ Xd-hm-Smb

]me-bn-ep≈ hcn-°-am-°¬ ]pc-bnSw hn‰v sXmSp-]pg Be-t°mSv

Xma-kn-°p∂p. sNdn-bm≥ Ahn-hm-ln-X-\mWv.

261


aØmbn

Ipºp-°¬ aØm-bn-bpsS c≠m-asØ aI≥ aØmbn (sIm®v)

πmi-\m¬ ]pfn-°-Ømsg Hutk-∏ns‚ aIƒ adn-b-Øns\ hnhmlw

sNbvXp. Ct∏mƒ ae-_m-dn¬ sh≈-cn-°p≠v Xma-kn-°p∂p.

aØmbn (sIm®v) 1997 G]n¬ H∂n\p acWw ]m]n®p. Np≈n-

]≈n skan-tØ-cn-bn¬ kwkvI-cn®p. sIm®n\p aØmbn (aØ-®≥),

tPmkv, BKkvXn (kmPp) F∂o aq∂p ]pX-∑mcpw A∂, Gen,

_nPnØ, tdmk, A¬t^m≥km, _nPn‰v F∂o Bdp ]pXn-am-cp-

amWv.

sIm®ns‚ aqØ-]p-X≥ aØmbn (aØ-®≥) tN∂mSv ]pfn-

°¬ tXmav A∂-°pń aIƒ adn-bmΩ (tagvkn)sb hnhmlw

sNbvXp. aØ-®\p j¿an, jnPn F∂ c≠p ]pXn-amcpw sjdn≥

F∂ ]pX-\p-ap≠v.

]pXn j¿ansb Im™-ßmSv A\ojv hnhmlw sNbvXp.

c≠m-asØ ]pXn jnPnsb hfm-∏mSn sIm®n-bn¬ kt¥mjv

hnhmlw sNbvXp. ]pX≥ sjdn≥ ]nXr-Kr-l-Øn¬ Xma-kn-°p∂p.

aØ-®≥ 2011 Pq¨ Bdmw XobXn ac-W-a-S™p. Imen-®m-\-

Sp°w ]≈n-bn¬ kwkvI-cn®p.

sIm®ns‚ c≠m-asØ ]pX≥ tPmkv IS-\mSv X®p-Ip-t∂¬

h’-Ωsb hnhmlw sNbvXp ae-_m-dn¬ sh≈-cn-°p≠v Xma-kn-

°p∂p. tPmkn\p amXyp (Sn‚p) F∂ ]pX\pw adnbw (aWn-°pń),

tXkym (kuay) F∂o c≠p ]pXn-am-cp-ap≠v.

]pX≥ Sn‚p FIvkvtd tImgvkv ]mkmbn _mwKvfq-cn¬ tPmen

sNøp∂p. tPmkns‚ aqØ-]pXn adnbw (aWn-°pń) `c-W-ßm\w

UnFkvSn k`-bn¬ tN¿∂v I\ym-kvXo-bmbn. Cf-b-]pXn kuay

\gvknwKv ]mkmbn t_mws_-bn¬ tPmen sNøp∂p.

sIm®ns‚ aq∂m-asØ ]pX≥ kmPp sIm∂-°mSv \oew-]-d-

ºn¬ ]tXmkv, tacn Zº-Xn-I-fpsS aIƒ A∂Ω (_nµp)sb

hnhmlw sNbvXv ]nXr-Kr-l-Øn¬ Xma-kn-°p∂p. kmPp-hn\v

262


B‚Wn (B¬hn≥), amXyp (Ae≥) F∂o c≠p ]pX-∑m-cp≠v.

Ccp-hcpw ]Tn-°p∂p.

aqØ-]pXn A∂ (en√n)sb Im°-S-hp-Nn-d-bn¬ A_mlw,

A∂Ω Zº-Xn-I-fpsS aI≥ _m_p-hns\ hnhmlw sNbvXp. c≠m-

asØ ]pXn adnbw (kmen)sb ]p∂-°p∂v ]mº-°¬ Ip™q™v

(Ipcp-hnf) hnhmlw sNbvXp. aq∂m-asØ ]pXn tdmk (sSnsb)

]pfn-¶p∂v (Nß-\m-t»-cn¬) Ing-t°-°p‰v Ipcy-∏≥ aI≥ tPmn

hnhmlw sNbvXp. \mem-asØ ]pXn Pb (_nPo‰v)sb `oa-\Sn

(Ip∂pwssI) ]®-∏-Xn-bn¬ hn’≥ hnhmlw sNbvXp. A©m-asØ

]pXn _Po‰ (]pjv]-dmWn), `c-W-ßm\w UnFkvSn k`-bn¬

tN¿∂p I\ym-kvXo-bmbn U¬ln-bn¬ kvIqfn¬ ]Tn-∏n°p∂p.

Bdm-asØ ]pXn A¬t^m≥km (Zo]vXn) IÆq¿ hna-em-eb k`-

bn¬ tN¿∂v I\ym-kvXo-bmbn. Ct∏mƒ sNtº-cn¬ kvIqfn¬ ]Tn-

∏n-°p∂p.

sNdn-bm≥

Ipºp-°¬ aØm-bn-bpsS aq∂m-asØ ]pX≥ sNdn-bm≥ c-

W-ßm-\Øv hmfn-πm-°¬ IpSpw-_-Øn¬s∏´ If-cn-°¬ Hutk-

∏ns‚ aIƒ Nn∂-Ωsb hnhmlw sNbvXp. ]nXr-Kr-l-Øn¬ Xma-

kn®p. B hnhm-l-Øn¬ A∂ (B≥kΩ) F∂ ]pXnbpw amXyp

F∂ ]pX\pw P\n®p. AXn-\p-tijw B `mcy ac-W-a-S™p.

]n∂oSv \nc-t∏¬ ]≈n-bn-S-hI Np¶-∏md ho´n¬ aØm-bn-bpsS aIƒ

_nPo-Øsb ]p\¿hn-hmlw sNbvXp. sNdn-bm≥ Ct∏mƒ CS-a-dp-

In-emWv Xmakw. c≠mw hnhm-l-Øn¬ adnbw (Pn≥kn) F∂

]pXnbpw Hutk∏v (tPmkv), tkmP≥ F∂o c≠p ]pX-∑m-cp-amWv.

]pXn Pn≥knsb CS-a-dpIv ]pc-bn-S-Øn¬ Hutk∏v, tacn Zº-

Xn-I-fpsS aI≥ tPmkv hnhmlw sNbvXp. H∂m-asØ ]pX≥

tPmkv taep-Imhv hS-t°-ap-f-™-\m¬ ]m∏-®s‚ aIƒ en‰nsb

hnhmlw sNbvXv hmI-°mSv Xma-kn-°p∂p. tPmkn\p taL (A∂),

acnb, A¬t^m≥km F∂o aq∂p ]pXnam-cp≠v. Ch¿ hnZym¿Yn-

I-fmWv. c≠m-asØ ]pX≥ tkmP≥ aqe-a‰w Iq\-ºm-d-bn¬

tPmk v, tacn Zº-Xn-I-fpsS aIƒ an\n (tacn)sb hnhmlw sNbvXv

263


]nXm-hns‚ IqsS CS-a-dp-In¬ Xma-kn-°p∂p. tkmP\v A∂mΩ

F∂ Hcp ]pXn-bp≠v.

BZy hnhm-l-Ønse ]pXn B≥k-Ωsb AXn-c-ºpg Im™n-

c-°m-em-bn¬ Hutk∏v tacn aI≥ tPmbn hnhmlw sNbvXp.

B≥kΩ anen-‰dn k¿ho-kn¬ tIW¬ Bbn KpP-dm-Øn¬ tPmen

sNøp∂p. ]pX≥ amXyp (amØ-®≥) \neq¿ s]m´w-πm-°¬ B¬k-

Ωsb hnhmlw sNbvXv hÆ-∏p-dØv Xma-kn-°p∂p. Ch¿°v imcn,

imanen F∂o c≠p ]pXn-am-cp≠v. imcn _tbm-sS-Ivt\m-fPn

Fw.Fkvkn°v Nß-\m-ti-cn-bn¬ ]Tn-°p∂p.

]Sn-™msd Be-°¬hmIm-\n-bn¬ imJ

hmIm-\n-bn¬ sNdn-bms‚ XrXob ]pX≥ h¿°n ]mem-bn¬

hS-°≥ IpSpw-_-Øn¬ sXmΩs‚ aIƒ A∂sb hnhmlw sNbvXv

hmIm-\n-bn¬ ]Sn-™m-td-Xn¬ Xma-kn®p. Ah¿°v A∂ Fs∂mcp

]pXn amXw P\n®p. ]pXn A∂sb Ing-t°-°c Xmg-Øp-\n∂pw

aq∂p-am-°¬ Xma-k-am-°nb Nmt°m-bpsS aI≥ sNdn-bm≥ (Ips©-

dnb) hnhmlw sNbvXp. ZØm-h-Im-i-ambn Xma-kn®p. Sn sNdn-bm\p

h¿°n (tN´mbn), Hutk∏v (A∏-®≥), Nmt°m, sNdn-bm≥,

sXmΩ≥ F∂ A©p ]pX≥amcpw, IXn, A∂, adnbw, Gen-

°p´n F∂ \mep ]pXn-amcpw P\n®p.

sNdn-bms‚ aqØ ]pXn IXo-\sb Icq¿ ]\-a-‰-Øn¬ h¿°n-

bpsS aI≥ Hutk∏v hnhmlw sNbvXp. c≠masØ ]pXn A∂sb

]Sn-™m-sd-°c imJ-bn¬s∏´ sISp-º≥]p-c-bn-S-Øn¬ sXmΩs‚

aI≥ Ipcp-hnf hnhmlw sNbvXp.

aq∂m-asØ ]pXn adn-bsØ aptØm-en¬ \mK-\q-en¬ sImbn-

∏p-dØv sXmΩs‚ aI≥ sI.Sn.tXmakv _nF._nF¬ hnhmlw

sNbvXp.

\mem-asØ ]pXn Gen-°p-´nsb Ipd-hn-e-ßmSv Imcmw-th-

264


en¬ Nmt°m-bpsS aI≥ amWn hnhmlw sNbvXp. Gen-°pń Kh.

kvIqƒ A[ym-]n-I-bm-bn-cp∂p.

sNdn-bms‚ ]pX-∑m-cn¬ h¿°n, Nmt°m, sNdn-bm≥ F∂n-

h¿ 1950 Ime-L-´Øn¬ ]mem-bn¬\n∂pw ae-_m-dn¬ s]cp-h-Æm-

aq-gn-bn¬ IpSn-tbdn tZl-WvU-ßƒ ]nSn-∏n®p.

h¿°n (tN- m-bn)

sNdn-bms‚ aqØ-]p-X≥ h¿°n (tN´mbn) Ipdp-∏pw-Xd ]I-

tem-a‰w IpSpw-_-Øn¬s∏´ hgp-X-\-∏-≈n¬ sXmΩs‚ aIƒ

Gensb hnhmlw sNbvXv ae-_m-dn¬ s]cp-h-Æm-aq-gn-bn¬ Xma-

kn-°p∂p. h¿°n°v tPmk^v, sNdn-bm≥ (A∏-®≥) h¿°n

(tPm¿÷v) F∂o aq∂p ]pX-∑mcpw A∂, h’Ω, tacn F∂o

aq∂p ]pXn-am-cp-ap≠v. h¿°n-bpsS aqØ ]pXn A∂sb s]cp-am-

en¬ A∏-®≥ hnhm-lw-sNbvXp. c≠m-asØ ]pXn h’-Ωsb I√m-

t\mSv ISp-Ip-am-°¬ ]m∏-®≥ hnhmlw sNbvXp. aq∂m-asØ ]pXn

tacnsb ]Sp-Øp-I-Shv ]p√m´v Ipcym-®≥ hnhmlw sNbvXp.

aqØ-]p-X≥ tPmk^v (Ip™v) s\√-cn-ho-ń¬ s]Æ-Ωsb

hnhmlw sNbvXv s]cp-h-Æm-aq-gn-bn¬ Xma-kn-°p∂p. Ch¿°v

Pbn≥, tPmbvkn, Pm≥kn, sPn, tPm¬k\ (emen) F∂o A©p

]pXn-amcpw tPm¨k¨ F∂ ]pX-\p-ap≠v.

Ip™ns‚ aqØ-]pXn Pbns\ ]me-°mSv I√-Sn-t°mSv ]pXp-

th-en¬ Nmt°m tdmkΩ aI≥ h¿§okv (Ip™q™v) hnhmlw

sNbvXp.

c≠m-asØ ]pXn tPmbvknsb Iqcm-®p≠v ]¥-πm-°¬ kndn-

b°v (t__n) hnhmlw sNbvXp.

aq∂m-asØ ]pXn Pm≥knsb sNdp-]pg Nn‰m-cn-°m¬

Ip∂Øv amXyp-hns‚ aI≥ tPm¿Pv hnhmlw sNbvXp.

\mem-asØ ]pXn Pnsb sNtºcn Igp-∂-Sn-ho-ń¬ amXyp-

hns‚ aI≥ tPmk^v hnhmlw sNbvXp. A©m-asØ ]pXn

tPm¬k-\sb N°n-´-]md aqte-°m´v tImc ˛ tacn aI≥ tPm¨

hnhmlw sNbvXp.

265


]pX≥ tPm¨k¨ ]me-°mSv s]m∂-t¶m´v am]mWw

tPm¨, tacn aIƒ ]n≥knsb hnhmlw sNbvXp Nh-dw-ap-gn-bn¬

Xma-kn-°p∂p. tPm¨k\v tdmj≥ F∂ ]pX\pw tdmkvan F∂

]pXn-bp-ap≠v. Ccp-hcpw Ip™p-ß-fmWv. tPm¨k¨ Adn-b-s∏-

Sp∂ Hcp Kmb-I-\mWv. ]e Sq∏p-I-fn¬ ]mSp-Ibpw Imk‰v Cd-°p-

Ibpw sNbvXn-´p≠v.

tN´m-bn-bpsS c≠m-asØ ]pX≥ sNdn-bm≥ (A∏-®≥) awK-

e-Øn¬ adn-b-Øns\ hnhmlw sNbvXv Nh-dw-ap-gn-bn¬ Xma-kn-

°p∂p.

A∏-®\v (sNdn-bm≥) jmP≥, ssj≥ F∂o ]pX-∑mcpw

jnPn, ]n≥kn F∂o c≠p ]pX-nam-cp-ap≠v.

aqØ-]p-X≥ jmP≥ B\-°mw-s]m-bn¬ h -∏md amXyp-hns‚

aIƒ ]ufnsb hnhmlw sNbvXp. jmP\v Aa¬, BZn≥ F∂o

c≠p ]pX-∑m-cp≠v. Ch¿ Ip™p-ß-fmWv.

c≠m-asØ ]pX≥ ssj≥ sNtºcn IpSn-bm-ae Im∏n¬

tPmkns‚ aIƒ hn\o-Xsb hnhmlw sNbvXp. Ch¿°v kn≤m¿Yv,

dn®m¿Uv F∂o c≠p ]pX-∑m-cp≠v. Ccp-hcpw Ip™p-ß-fmWv.

aqØ-]pXn jnPnsb ]ip-°-Shv s\√-cn-bn¬ amΩ-®≥,

tXkym aI≥ _nt\mbv hnhmlw sNbvXp. c≠m-asØ ]pXn

jn≥knsb IqS-c™n Xd-∏n¬ B‚Wn˛tamfn aI≥ kPn hnhmlw

sNbvXp.

h¿°n-bpsS aq∂m-asØ ]pX≥ tPm¿÷v Iqcm-®p≠v sIm√w-

Ip-t∂¬ tZhkym tacn aIƒ F¬k-Ωsb hnhmlw sNbvXv Nh-

dw-aq-gn-bn¬ Xma-kn-°p∂p.

tPm¿Pv (Ip™p)\p tPm_n≥ F∂ ]pX\pw Sn‚p F∂

]pXn-bp-ap≠v. ]pX≥ tPm_n≥ ss]k-°cn N°m-Wn-Ip-t∂¬ Hm\-

®≥, s]ÆΩ aIƒ kn‘p-hns\ hnhm-lw-sNbvXp. Nh-dw-ap-gn-bn¬

Xma-kn-°p∂p. tPm_n\v A¬° F∂ ]pXnbpw AtUm¨ F∂

]pX-\p-ap≠v.

266


tPm¿Pns‚ ]pXn Sn‚p-hns\ Iqcm-®p≠v s\Sn-b-]me Ah-

dm-®≥ tdmkΩ aI≥ jntPm hnhm-lw-sNbvXp.

Hutk∏v (A-∏-®≥)

sNdn-bms‚ c≠m-asØ ]pX≥ Hutk∏v (A∏-®≥) ]mem

]pØ≥]-≈n-bn-S-hI ]pXn-bm-]-d-ºn¬ aØm-bn-bpsS aIƒ adn-b-

Øns\ hnhmlw sNbvXv ae-_m-dn¬ Be-t°mSv Xma-kn-°p∂p.

Ch¿°v tPmk^v (t__n), sNdn-bm≥ (kÆn), amXyp (X¶-®≥),

h¿°n (tPmjn) F∂o \mep ]pX-∑mcpw tacn A∂ (eoe), Gen

(Pb) F∂o aq∂p ]pXn-amcpw P\n®p.

A∏-®s‚ aqØ ]pXn tacnsb hmbm-´p-]-dºv ssItØm-´p-

¶¬ tPmk^v (HuX) hnhmlw sNbvXp.

c≠m-asØ ]pXn eoem-Ωsb Icp-h≥Nm¬ Is√m-Sn-bn¬

IÆmw-]-S-Øn¬ amXyp (Ipń-b-®≥) hnhmlw sNbvXp. eoemΩ

dn´. Kh. \gvkmWv. amXyp kn_nsF Hmô-k¿ Bbn IÆqcv

tPmen sNøp∂p.

A∏-®s‚ aq∂m-asØ ]pXn Pbsb ioI-WvTm-]pcw aS-

ºØv IWn-bmw-]-d-ºn¬ amXyp hnhmlw sNbvXp. amXyp Fkv_n-

sF-bn¬ amt\-P-cmbn tPmen sNøp∂p. Pb Xfn-∏-d-ºn¬ Kh.

FbvUUv kvIqƒ So®-dmWv.

A∏-®s‚ aqØ-]p-X≥ tPmk v (t__n) ]q™m-‰n¬\n∂pw

ae-_m¿ Be-t°mSv XSn-°-S-hn¬ Xma-kn-°p∂ taeq-°p-t∂¬

tPmk^v, A∂Ω Zº-Xn-I-fpsS aIƒ tacnsb hnhmlw sNbvXp.

Be-t°mSv s\√n-∏md Xma-kn-°p∂p. t__n°p tPmk v (PnØp),

sk_m-Ãy≥ F∂o c≠mä-°-fmWv. aqØ ]pX≥ PnØp

kpPsb hnhmlw Ign®p. PnØp Xfn-∏-d-ºn¬ sdUn-sabvUv _nkn-

\kv \S-Øp∂p. c≠m-a≥ sk_m-Ãy≥ Xfn-∏-d-ºn¬ Hcp ÿm]-

\-Øn¬ A°u-≠‚mbn tPmen sNøp∂p.

A∏-®s‚ c≠m-asØ ]pX≥ kÆn Xriq¿ Aø-t¥mƒ

_lva-Ipfw Hutk∏v adnbw aIƒ A∂ (tdmkn)sb hnhmlw

267


sNbvXv Be-t°mSv Ac-ßØv Xma-kn-°p∂p. kÆn°v tdmjv F∂

]pX\pw tdmjv\n F∂ ]pXn-bp-ap≠v. tdmjv Im∏n-ae ]pc-∏p-g-

°¬ tPmkv, Pbn-kΩ aIƒ kuaysb hnhmlw sNbvXv ]nXrKr-

l-Øn¬ Xma-kn-°p∂p. tdmjv\nsb ]ø-∂q¿ hb-en¬ tPm¿Pv

h’Ω aI≥ APn-k¨ hnhmlw sNbvXp.

A∏-®s‚ aq∂m-asØ ]pX≥ X¶-®≥ ]øm-hq¿ the-\mØv

Nmt°m, adnbw aIƒ B≥knsb hnhmlw sNbvXv Be-t°mSv

s\√n-∏md Xma-kn-°p∂p. X¶-®\v Inc¨, Acp¨ F∂o c≠p

]pX-∑m-cmWv. Inc¨ F≥Pn-\o-b-dnwKv ]mkmbn _mwKvfq-cn¬

tPmen sNøp∂p. Acp¨ F≥Pn-\o-b-dnwKv hnZym¿Yn-bmWv.

A∏-®s‚ \mem-asØ ]pX≥ tPmjn aW-°-Shv ]pen-bp-dp-

ºn¬ A_mlw, tacn aIƒ tkm^n-bm-Ωsb hnhmlw sNbvXv

Be-t°mSv Ac-ßØv Xma-kn-°p∂p. tPmjn°v BUnb, A¿j

F∂o c≠p ]pXn-amcpw AeIvkv F∂ ]pX-\p-ap≠v. Ip´n-Iƒ

aq∂p-t]cpw ]Tn-°p-∂p. tkm^n-bmΩ Kh. bp.]n.kvIqƒ sdbtdmw-

an¬ A[ym-]n-I-bmWv. tPmjn sIF-kv-C_n Be-t°mSv Hmh¿ko-

b-dmbn tPmen sNøp∂p.

Nmt°m

Ips©-dn-bm-bpsS aq∂m-asØ ]pX≥ Nmt°m ]mem-bn¬

I´-°bw IpSpw-_-Øn¬s∏´ Ce-™n-°p-t∂¬ sXmΩs‚ aIƒ

tacnsb hnhmlw sNbvXv ae-_m-dn¬ s]cp-h-Æm-aq-gn-bn¬ Xma-

kn-°p∂p. Nmt°mbv°v sNdn-bm≥, tXmakv, tPmkv, Nmt°m,

h¿°n, t]mƒk¨, kPn, km_p, tkmP≥ F∂o HºXv

]pX≥amcpw A∂, tacn F∂o c≠p ]pXn-am-cp-ap≠v.

Nmt°m-bpsS H∂m-asØ ]pX≥ sNdn-bm≥ (tPmbn) s]cp-

h-Æm-aqgn Xq¶p-gnbn¬ ]m∏®≥, tacn aIƒ A∂ (AΩnWn)sb

hnhmlw sNbvXv s]cp-h-Æm-aq-gn-bn¬ Xma-kn-°p∂p. tPmbn°v

Nmt°m (]n≥kv), sNdn-bm≥ (]ho¨) F∂o c≠p ]pX-∑mcpw

tdmk (]nb) F∂ ]pXn-bp-ap≠v.

tPmbn-bpsS aqØ ]pX≥ ]n≥kv IqS-c™n s]Æmw-]-d-

268


ºn¬ \nj (t_mWnb)sb hnhmlw sNbvXp. Ccp-hcpw _l-dn-

\n¬ tPmen sNøp∂p. tPmbn-bpsS c≠m-asØ ]pX≥ ]ho¨

Ahn-hm-ln-X-\mWv. ]nXr-Kr-l-Øn¬ Xma-kn-°p∂p. aqØ-]pXn

]nbsb tImgn-t°m´v Ipcn-ip-¶¬ tPmkns‚ aI≥ ssjPp

hnhmlw sNbvXp. Ccp-hcpw kuZn-bn¬ tPmen sNøp∂p.

Nmt°m-bpsS c≠m-asØ ]pX≥ tXmakv (kÆn) ]Sp-Ø-

I-Shv Cf-∏p-¶¬ amXyp, tXkymΩ Zº-Xn-I-fpsS aIƒ euensb

hnhmlw sNbvXv ]S-Øp-I-Shv Xma-kn-°p∂p. kÆn°p AarX

F∂ aIfpw tSman≥ F∂ aI-\p-ap≠v. AarX t_mws_-bn¬

\gvkmbn tPmen sNøp∂p. tSman≥ hnZym¿Yn-bmWv.

Nmt°m-bpsS aq∂m-asØ ]pX≥ tPmkv Iqcm-®p≠v XI-Sn-

∏p-dØv tPmk^v, Gen aIƒ tacnsb hnhmlw sNbvXp. s]cp-h-

Æm-aqgn Iqh-s∏m-øn¬ Xma-kn-°p∂p. tPmkn\p Pn¬k¨,

tPm^n≥ F∂o c≠mä-°-fp≠v. Ccp-hcpw hnZym¿Yn-I-fmWv.

Nmt°m-bpsS \mem-asØ ]pX≥ Nmt°m (s_∂n) N°n-´-

]md ap≈-¶p-gn-bn¬ tPmk^v, Za-b¥n aIƒ kn¬hn (an\n)sb

hnhmlw sNbvXv N°n- -]mdbn¬ Xma-kn-°p∂p. s_∂n°p Aho‰

F∂ s]Ïp-ńbpw Ae≥ F∂ BÏp-ń-bp-ap≠v. Ccp-hcpw

hnZym¿Yn-I-fmWv. s_∂n ]´m-f-Øn¬ tPmen sNøp-Ibpw Ct∏mƒ

tPmen-bn¬\n∂pw hnc-an-®v _nkn-\kv sNøp∂p. an\n Ipf-Øp-h-

b¬ kvIqfn¬ tPmen sNøp∂p.

Nmt°m-bpsS A©m-asØ ]pX≥ tPm¿Pv (Xºn) ]p√q-cmw-

]md apcn-ß-bn¬ tPmk^v, _nPn‰v, aIƒ an\n (A∂Ω)sb

hnhmlw sNbvXv Nh-dw-aq-gn-bn¬ ]nXr-Kr-l-Øn¬ Xma-kn-°p∂p.

Xºn°v APnØv F∂ ]pX\pw A\p F∂ ]pXn-bp-ap≠v.

Ccp-hcpw hnZym¿Yn-I-fmWv.

Nmt°m-bpsS Bdm-asØ ]pX≥ t]mƒ ]qgn-tØmSv ]pI-

ae tXmakv ˛ Gen aIƒ tamfnsb hnhmlw sNbvXv Nh-dw-aq-gn-

bn¬ Xma-kn-°p∂p. t]mfn\v sPdn≥ F∂ ]pX\pw Pn\p acnb,

Pnkv acnb F∂o c≠p ]pXn-am-cp-amWv. aqhcpw hnZym¿Yn-I-fmWv.

269


Nmt°m-bpsS Ggm-asØ ]pX≥ amXyp (kPn) U¬ln-bn¬

Nnd-bØv AØm-Wn-°¬ tP°_v, Nn∂Ω aIƒ Sm\nsb hnhmlw

sNbvXv OmWvUn-K-Un¬ Xma-kn-°p∂p. kPn OWvUn-K-Un¬

kvIqfns‚ ]n≥kn-∏¬ Bbn tPmen t\m°p∂p. Sm\n AUz-t°‰v

Bbn tPmen sNøp∂p. Ch¿°v Bcy≥ F∂ ]pX\pw tacn-bm≥

F∂ ]pXn-bp-ap≠v. Ccp-hcpw Ip™p-ß-fmWv.

Nmt°m-bpsS F´m-asØ ]pX≥ sk_m-Ãy≥ (km_p) hne-

ßm´v Nqc-s∏m-bvI-bn¬ skens\ hnhmlw sNbvXp. km_p amen-

Zzo-]n¬ A[ym-]-I-\mbn tPmen sNøp∂p. sken≥ ]©m-_n¬

kvIqƒ So®-dmbn tPmen sNøp∂p. Ch¿°v Alm≥j F∂

s]Ïp-ń-bp≠v.

Nmt°m-bpsS Hº-Xm-asØ ]pX≥ tkmP≥ tImS-t©-cn-bn¬

I∏-ep-am-°¬ tZhky, tacn aIƒ an\n-tamsf hnhmlw sNbvXp.

Ch¿ ]©m-_n¬ OWvUn-K-Un¬ kvIqfn¬ tPmen sNøp∂p.

tkmP≥ kvIqƒ ]n≥kn-∏-emWv. an\n-tamƒ AtX kvIqfn¬ A[ym-

]n-I-bmWv. tkmP\p ktemWn, A\oj F∂o c≠p ]pXn-am-cp≠v.

Ccp-hcpw Ip™p-ß-fmWv.

Nmt°m-bpsS H∂m-asØ ]pXn tPmfnsb hb-\mSv hmfm-

ń¬ shºm-e-bn¬ tPmk^v A∂Ω aI≥ sk_m-Ãy≥ (Ip´∏n)

hnhmlw sNbvXp.

Nmt°m-bpsS c≠m-asØ ]pXn Pm≥knsb s]cp-h-Æm-aqgn

apXp-Im´v Ioc-©nd tXmakv A∂Ω aI≥ tPmkv hnhmlw

sNbvXp.

sNdn-bm≥

Ips©-dn-b-bpsS \mem-asØ ]pX≥ sNdn-bm≥ `c-W-ßm-

\Øv tX°n≥Im-ń¬ IpSpw-_-Øn¬s∏´ ]p∂-a-‰-Øn¬ Hutk-

∏ns‚ aIƒ adn-b-Øns\ hnhm-lw-sNbvXv ae-_m-dn¬ s]cp-h-Æm-

aq-gn-bn¬ Xma-kn-°p∂p. Ch¿°v X¶-®≥, amXyp, tPmk^v F∂o

aq∂p ]pX-∑mcpw Nn∂Ω, tacn-°pń, jm‚n, ssj\n, an\n F∂

A©v ]pXn-am-cp-ap-≠mbn. sNdn-bm≥ 2010 sk]vXw-_¿ A©mw-

270


Xo-bXn acWw ]m]n®v ]S-Øp-°-Shv Xncp-Ip-Spw_ tZhm-eb skan-

tØ-cn-bn¬ kwkvI-cn®p. sNdn-bms‚ a°-fn¬ X¶-®≥, tPmk^v,

ssj\n F∂o a°ƒ acn®p t]mbn.

aqØ aIƒ Nn∂-Ωsb Iqcm-®p≠v Im‰p-≈-ae aW-te¬

tPmk^v, adn-bmΩ aI≥ sk_m-Ãy≥ F∂ A∏-®≥ hnhmlw

sNbvXv Nn∂-Ω-bpsS ]nXmhv sNdn-bms‚ IqsS Xma-kn-°p∂p.

Ch¿°v Zo]m F∂ ]pXnbpw Zneo]v F∂ ]pX-\p-ap≠v. ]pXn

Zo]sb Ip∏m-b-t°mSv sagp-I-\m¬ tPm¿Pv Nn∂Ω aI≥ jntPm

hnhmlw sNbvXp. sNdn-bms‚ c≠m-asØ ]pXn tacn-°p-´nsb

hne-ßmSv ]qh-Øpw-aq- n¬ tXmakv, X¶Ω Zº-Xn-I-fpsS aI≥ tSman

hnhmlw sNbvXp. sNdn-bms‚ aq∂m-asØ ]pXn jm‚nsb

t]cmº aW-∏m´v a[p hnhmlw sNbvXp. \mem-asØ ]pXn

an\nsb \ne-ºq¿ hmg-∏-≈n¬ sFk-°ns‚ aI≥ h¿Kokv

hnhmlw sNbvXp.

sNdn-bms‚ ]pX≥ amXyp KqV-√q¿ aqtØ-SØv d∏m-bn-tb¬

aIƒ t__nsb hnhmlw sNbvXv Nh-dw-aq-gn-bn¬ Xma-kn-°p∂p.

Ch¿°v _n≥kn F∂ ]pXnbpw _nt‚m F∂ ]pX-\p-ap≠v. Ccp-

hcpw ]Tn-°p∂p.

tXmakv (-sXm-Ω-®≥)

Ips©-dn-b-bpsS A©m-asØ ]pX≥ tXmakv (sXmΩ-®≥)

Xot°m-bn¬ ]tc-cmØv IpSpw-_-Øn¬s∏´ Aßm-Sn-bn¬ho-´n¬

h¿°n-bpsS aIƒ _nPn-Ømsb hnhmlw sNbvXp. Ch¿ Ct∏mƒ

]nXr-kz-Ømb hmIm-\n-]-dºv hn‰v ]mem-bn¬ ap≠p-]m-eØv Xma-

kn-°p∂p. tXma-kn\p ]mem SuWn¬ Ão¬, sNºv _nkn-\-kp-

≠m-bn-cp∂p. tXma-kn\v tamfn, _o\, joe, Pn, kqk≥ F∂o

A©p ]pXn-amcpw kn_n F∂ ]pX-\p-ap≠v.

sXmΩ-®s‚ aqØ-a-Iƒ tamfnsb aqhm-‰p-]pg tXm´-Øn¬

tUman-\n-°ns‚ aI≥ tPmbn hnhmlw sNbvXp. t^m¨: 0485

2834471.

c≠m-asØ ]pXn _o\msb aptØm-e-]p-cØv sIm‰-\m´v

271


t]mƒ aI≥ FΩm-\p-h¬ hnhmlw sNbvXp. t^m¨: 0485 2257369.

aq∂m-asØ ]pXn joesb CS-∏mSn Xpcp-Øn-°m´v aØmbn aI≥

tPm¿Pp-Ipń hnhmlw sNbvXp. t^m¨ 04822 237004. \mem-asØ

]pXn sPnsb tImX-aw-Kew sNdm-bn¬ tPmk^v aI≥ B‚Wn

hnhmlw sNbvXp. t^m¨: 0485 2570647. A©m-asØ ]pXn

kqks\ Beph Ce-™n-a-‰-Øn¬ tPmk^v aI≥ am¿ń≥

hnhmlw sNbvXp. t^m¨: 9447006696.

sXmΩ-®s‚ ]pX≥ kn_n thg-º-t»-cn¬ tPmk^v aIƒ

tPmtamsf hnhmlw Ign-®n-cn-°p∂p. sU∂n, tUmW F∂o c≠p

a°-fp≠v. Ccp-hcpw ]Tn-°p∂p. t^m¨: 9447313049.

hmIm-\n-bn¬ s\√n-ae imJ

s\√n-ae Cń-b-bn∏v (Bdmw Xe-apd)

A©mw Xe-apd hmIm-\n-bn¬ sNdn-bms‚ \mem-asØ

]pX≥ Bdmw Xe-apd Cń-b-b∏v CS-∏m-Sn-bn¬ hmfn-πm-°¬ A∂-

Ωsb hnhmlw sNbvXv ZØ-h-Im-i-ambn Xma-kn®p. Hcp ]pX\pw,

amΩn, adnbw, Gen F∂ aq∂p ]pXn-amcpw P\n®p. ]pX≥ acn-®p-

t]mbn. At±lw ]pXn-am-tcm-sSm-∂n®v Ing-X-Sn-bq¿ s\√n-a-e-∏p-c-

bn-S-Øn¬ Xma-k-am°n. aqØ ]pXn amΩnsb ]Sn-™m-td-°c imJ-

bn¬s∏´ Nocmw-Ip-gn-bn¬ sXmΩs‚ aI≥ Abv]v hnhmlw

sNbvXp. c≠m-asØ ]pXnsb `c-W-ßm-\Øv πmtØm´w IpSpw-

_-Øn¬s∏´ tXm´-Øn¬ aØmbn hnhmlw sNbvXv ZØ-h-Im-i-

ambn Xma-kn®p. aq∂m-asØ ]pXn Gensb `c-W-ßm-\Øv

]d-ap-≠-bn¬ tZh-kym-bpsS aI≥ aØmbn hnhmlw sNbvXp.

ZØ-h-Im-in-bmb aØmbn, Cń-b-bv]ns‚ ac-W-tijw hkvXp-

h-I-Iƒ hn‰v ae-_m-dn¬ t]mbn Xma-k-am°n. A[nIw Xma-kn-

bmsX aØm-bnbpw adn-bhpw acn®p. Ah¿°v ]m∏-®≥, Hutk∏v,

sNdn-bm≥, Cń-bbv]v F∂o \mep ]pX-∑mcpw D≠m-bn-cp∂p.

272


]m∏-®≥

aqØ-]p-X≥ ]m∏-®≥ \oeq¿ ]Sn-™m-td¬ Ip™ns‚ aIsf

hnhmlw sNbvXp. Hcp s]Ïpń P\n-®p-I-gn™v AΩ acn-°-bm¬

]mem-bn¬ Ce-™n-bn¬ tdmk-Ωsb ]p\¿hn-hmlw sNbvXp.

ae-_m-dn¬ Nn‰m-cn-°m-en-\-SpØv Imhpw-Xe Xma-kn-°p∂p.

BZy hnhm-l-Ønse ]pXn tacn UnFkvSn k -bn¬ tN¿∂p. I\ym-

kvXo-bmbn Ct∏mƒ ]q™m-dn-\-SpØv tNme-ØSw aT-Øn¬ Ign-

bp∂p. c≠mw hnhm-l-Øn¬ t__n, kÆn, s_∂n F∂o aq∂p

]pX∑mcpw tPmbnΩ, h’ F∂o c≠p ]pXn-am-cp-ap≠v. aqØ-]p-

X≥ t__n ISp-ta-\n-bn¬ ]≈n-tbm-ń¬ F’-Ωsb hnhmlw

sNbvXv Imhpw-Xe Xma-kn-°p∂p. t__n°v A\p F∂ ]pXnbpw

A\q]v F∂ ]pX-\p-ap≠v. Ch¿ hnZym¿Yn-I-fmWv. c≠m-asØ

]pX≥ kÆn sNdp-]pg ]pd-∏q-°-c-ho-ń¬ nen-t∏mkv Gen-bmΩ

Zº-Xn-I-fpsS aIƒ tdmk-Ωsb hnhmlw sNbvXv Imhpw-Xe Xma-

kn-°p∂p. kÆn°v k\¬ F∂ ]pX\pw kmµ F∂ ]pXn-bp-

ap≠v. Ccp-hcpw hnZym¿Yn-I-fmWv. aq∂m-asØ ]pX≥ s_∂n

amtemw ]gp-°m-°pfw hoń¬ Nmt°m, eoemΩ Zº-Xn-I-fpsS aIƒ

sPnsb hnhmlw sNbvXv Imhpw-Xe Irjnbpw ]e-N-c°v _nkn-

\-kp-ambn Ign-bp∂ s_∂n°v Pqh¬ Fs∂mcp s]Ïp-ń-bp≠v.

Chƒ hnZym¿Yn-bmWv.

]m∏-®s‚ c≠m-asØ ]pXn tPmb-Ωsb ]mem-h-b¬

sR´≥ Hgp-I-bn¬ A∏-®≥ hnhmlw sNbvXp. aq∂m-asØ ]pXn

h’sb ISp-ta\n Bep-¶¬ tPmkp-Ipń hnhmlw sNbvXp. ]m∏-

®≥ 2006 HIvtSm-_-dn¬ F´mw XobXn acWw ]m]n®v Imhpw-Xe


Hutk-∏-®≥

aØm-bn-bpsS c≠m-asØ ]pX≥ Hutk-∏-®≥ IS-\mSv

]m≠n-bmw-am-°¬ h¿°n-bpsS aIƒ Gen-bm-Ωsb hnhmlw

sNbvXv IpSIp kn≤m-]p-cØv AΩØn F∂ ÿeØv Xma-kn-

°p∂p. Hutk-∏-®\p tacn, tKkn F∂o c≠p s]ä-°fpw amXyp

273


(Ipń-®≥), tPm¿÷v (h°-®≥), tPmkv, B‚Wn (tSman) F∂

\mep ]pX-∑m-cp-ap-≠mbn.

aqØ-]pXn tacn (h’Ω)sb Ccn-ń-bn¬ Xma-c-°m´p

tPmk^v aI≥ tPmk^v hnhmlw sNbvXp. c≠m-asØ ]pXn

tKknsb Ccnń ]me-Øpw-I-Shv N°mw-Ip-t∂¬ ]m∏-®≥ aI≥

tPmkv hnhmlw Ign®p.

Hutk-∏-®s‚ aqØ-]p-X≥ amXyp (Ipń-®≥) ap°Øv Nnd-

∏m´v h¿°n-bpsS aIƒ A®m-Ωsb hnhmlw sNbvXv kn≤m-]p-

cØv Xma-kn-°p∂p. amXyp-hn\p c≠p s]ä-°fpw tPmk v F∂

]pX-\p-ap≠v.

aqØ-]pXn tkmWnsb t]cm-hq¿ sXt°-ae ]m∏-®≥ aI≥

kPn hnhmlw sNbvXp.

c≠m-asØ ]pXn Pq_nensb It®-cn-°-Shv C√n-°-°p-t∂¬

amXyp-hns‚ aI≥ kp[ojv hnhmlw sNbvXp. ]pX≥ tPmk^v

JØ-dn¬ tPmen sNøp∂p.

Hutk-∏-®s‚ c≠m-asØ ]pX≥ tPm¿÷v (h°-®≥) Nn‰m-

cn-°m¬ sIm´m-c-Øn¬ tPmk^v aIƒ tXkym-Ωsb hnhmlw

sNbvXv AΩ-Øn-bn¬ Xma-kn-°p∂p. tPm¿÷n\p t\J tPm¿÷v

F∂ Hcp ]pXn-bp≠v. Chƒ ]Tn-°p∂p.

aq∂m-asØ ]pX≥ tPmkv ap´p-Nn-d-bn¬\n∂pw IpS-In¬ Xma-

kn-°p∂ aT-Øn¬ tPmk^v aIƒ Pqen-b‰v Fen-k-_-Øns\

hnhmlw sNbvXv IpSIv AΩ-Øn-bn¬ Xma-kn-°p∂p. tPmkv

tdj≥ hym]mcw \S-Øp∂p. tPmkn\p taL\ F∂ aIfpw

\nJn¬ tPmkv F∂ aI-\p-ap≠v. Ch¿ Cc´ k¥m-\-ß-emWv.


\mem-asØ ]pX≥ B‚Wn (tSman) CSp°n s\Sp-¶≠w ]pfn-

°-sØm-≠n¬ tPmk-^ns‚ aIƒ an\nsb hnhmlw Ign®p.

B‚Wn IpSIv Pn√m kl-I-cW _m¶n¬ tPmen sNøp∂p. B‚-

Wn°p Aa¬ tPmk v, Ae≥ tPmk v F∂o c≠mä-°-fmWv.

sIm®p-Ip-ń-I-fmWv.

274


-sNdn-bm≥

aØm-bn-bpsS aq∂m-asØ ]pX≥ sNdn-bm≥ Im™n-c-∏≈n

Ce-hp-¶¬ aØm-bn-bpsS aIƒ sUbvknsb hnhmlw sNbvXv

Im™n-c-∏pg s]m‰-t»cn Xma-kn-°p-∂p. sNdn-bm\v c≠m¨ a°fpw

c≠v s]ä-°-fp-am-Wv. tPmkv, tPmbn F∂o Bä-°fpw Dj,

enj F∂o s]ä-°-fp-am-Wv. tPmkv Xriq¿ ]pXp-°m´v amS-ºn-

tZ-h-n-˛-tdm-kΩ Zº-Xn-I-fpsS aIƒ tagvknsb hnhmlw sNbvXv

aÆm¿Im´v Xma-kn-°p-∂p. tPmkn\v HcmWpw Hcp s]Æpw a°fp-

≠v. jmtcm¨ F∂ BÏp-ńbpw kndn≥ F∂ s]Ïp-ń-bp-am-

Wv. c≠p a°fpw F≥Pn-\o-b-dnwKv Ign-™p. tPmkv F¬.-sF.-kn.

GP‚mbn h¿°v sNøp-∂p. c≠masØ ]pX≥ tPmbn Xriq¿

Nnd-tΩ¬ dmt^¬˛tacn Zº-Xn-I-fpsS aIƒ tkm^nsb hnhmlw

sNbvXv Im™n-c-∏pg ]nXr-Kr-l-Øn¬ Xma-kn-°p-∂p. tPmbn°v

c≠v s]Ïp- n-I-fm-Wv. tPm^n, sP^n F∂o s]ä-°-fm-Wv. Ch¿

hnZym¿∞n-I-fm-Wv. aqØ ]pXn Djsb aÆm¿°m´v Cc-´-∏-d-ºn¬

sIm®v-˛-tdm-kΩ Zº-Xn-I-fpsS aI≥ tPm¿÷v hnhmlw sNbvXv

aÆm¿°m´p Xma-kn-°p-∂p.

c≠m-asØ ]pXn enjsb aÆm¿°mSv Xe-®n-d-°p-gn-bn¬

t]mƒ Gen-bmΩ Zº-Xn-I-fpsS aI≥ sNdn-bm≥ hnhmlw sNbvXv

aÆm¿°mSv Xma-kn-°p∂p.

Cń- sF∏v

aØm-bn-bpsS \mem-asØ ]pX≥ Cń sF∏v ae-_m-dn¬

Ccn-ń-b-SpØv ]me-Øn≥I-S-hn¬ Xma-kn-°p-∂p.

285


hmIm-\n-bn¬sIm®p-a-‰-Øn¬ imJ

sIm®p-a-‰-Øn¬ sNdn-bm≥ (Bdmw Xe-apd)

A©mw Xe-apd hmIm-\n-bn¬ sNdn-bms‚ A©m-asØ

]pX≥ sNdn-bm≥ tN¿∏p-¶¬ If-∏p-c-Ømsg Xpcp-Øn-°m-hn¬

A∂sb hnhmlw sNbvXv ssXtØm´w F∂p-]-d-bp∂ sIm®p-a-‰-

Øn¬ Xma-kn®p. Sn. sNdn-bm\v sNdn-bm≥, sXmΩ≥, t]mØ≥

F∂ aq∂p ]pX-∑mcpw amΩn, tdmk, adnbw, Gen F∂ \mep

]pXn-amcpw P\n®p. BZy ]pXn amΩnsb Nocmw-¶p-gn-bn¬ amWn-

bpsS aI≥ CS-a-dp-In¬ Xma-kn-°p∂ Ips©-dp-°≥ hnhmlw

sNbvXp. c≠m-asØ ]pXn tdmksb Iog-X-Sn-bq¿ s]cp-t∂m-en¬

Cń-b-hn-cm-bpsS aI≥ Ip™m-∏≥ hnhmlw sNbvXp. aq∂m-asØ

]pXn adn-b-Øns\ ]hn-Øm-\Øv Imcym-¶¬ Cń-b-hn-cm-bpsS aI≥

Cń-b-hncm hnhmlw sNbvXp. \mem-asØ ]pXn Gensb Icq¿

Rmh-≈n¬ Iq¥m-\Øv Nmt°m-bpsS aI≥ Hutk∏v hnhmlw

sNbvXp.

sNdn-bm≥ (Ip-™v)

aqØ-]p-X≥ sNdn-bm≥ cma-]p-cØv I®n-d-a-‰-amb No¶-

t√¬\n∂pw tXkymsb hnhmlw sNbvXv a\-bv°¬°-≠-Øn¬

Xma-k-am°n. Sn. sNdn-bm\v sNdn-bm≥, Hutk∏v, sXmΩ≥ F∂

aq∂p ]pX-∑mcpw A∂ F∂ Hcp ]pXnbpw P\n®p. ]pXn A∂sb

]q™m-‰n¬ sIm®p-hm-em-\n-°¬ kvIdn-bm-bpsS aI≥ kvIdnb

hnhmlw sNbvXp.

sNdn-bm≥

aqØ aI≥ sNdn-bm≥ c-W-ßm-\Øv If-cn-∏-d-ºn¬ Gensb

hnhmlw sNbvXv ae-_m-dn¬ IpSn-bm-∑e Xma-kn-°p∂p.

sNdn-bm\v sNdn-bm≥, am\p-h¬, tXmakv, amXyp, tPmkv,

t__n F∂ Bdv Bä-°fpw tXkymΩ, tagvkn, enn F∂n-

286


ßs\ aq∂p s]ä-°-fp-amWv. H∂m-asØ ]pX≥ sNdn-bm≥ ]mem-

bn¬\n∂pw Icp-h≥Nm-en¬h∂v Xma-kn-°p∂ sNØn-∏pg Ipt™-

´s‚ aIƒ tacnsb hnhmlw sNbvXv IpSn-bm-∑e Xma-kn-°p∂p.

sNdn-bm\v (sIm®v) tPm_n, sP^n≥, F∂ c≠p ]pX-∑mcpw

sPkv\m F∂ ]pXn-bp-ap≠v. ]pX≥ tPm_n sImń-bq¿ ]pfn-th-

en¬ tPmk^v, tdmkΩ aIƒ Pnjsb hnhmlw sNbvXv IpSn-bm-

∑e Xma-kn-°p∂p. tPm_n°v Ae≥ F∂ HcmÏp-ń-bp≠v.

P^n≥ sNtº-en¬ samss_¬ tjm∏v \S-Øp∂p. Ahn-hm-ln-X-

\mWv. ]pXn tPmkv\m Acp-hn-Øpd F^vknkn aT-Øn¬ tN¿∂p

I\ym-kvXo-bmbn. sNdn-bms‚ c≠m-asØ ]pX≥ am\p-h¬ ]pen-

°p-cp-º-Ip-t∂¬ tPmk^v, A∂ aIƒ eqkn-bm-Ωsb hnhm-lw-

sNbvXv IpSn-bm-∑e Xma-kn-°p∂p. am\p-h-en\p Ubm\, Un\ F∂n-

ßs\ c≠p ]pXn-am-cmWv. ]pXn Ubm-\sb Ccnń shfn-am-\Øv

IZ-fn-°p-t∂¬ _m_p hnhmlw sNbvXp. c≠m-asØ ]pXn

Uo\sb t]cm-hq¿ s\Sp-ºp-dw-Nm¬ I√p-¶¬ tPm¨k¨ hnhmlw

sNbvXp. tPm¨k¨ IqØp-]-dºv \n¿a-e-Kncn tImfPv eIvN-d-

dmWv. aq∂m-asØ ]pX≥ tXmakv tdbtdmw ]pXp-∏-≈n¬ h¿§okv,

A∂Ω aIƒ eoem-Ωsb hnhmlw sNbvXv IpSn-bm-∑e Xma-kn-

°p∂p. sjbnkv F∂ BÏpń sabn¬ t\gvkmbn e≠-\n¬

tPmen sNøp∂p. sân, B¬^n F∂ c≠p ]pXn-am-cp-amWv. sân

Acp-hn-Øpd F^vknkn aT-Øn¬ tN¿∂v I\ym-kvXo-bmbn.

B¬^n πkv h¨ hnZym¿Yn-\n-bmWv. \mem-asØ ]pX≥ amXyp

ss]k-°cn apf-b-\m´v ]m∏-®≥ aIƒ enk-Ωsb hnhm-lw-sNbvXv

IpSn-bm-∑e Xma-kn-°p∂p.

amXyp-hn\v ]nb, imep F∂ c≠p ]pXn-am-cmWv. ]nb `c-

W-ßm\w tacn-Kncn kntÃ-gvkn¬ tN¿∂v I\ym-kvXo-bmWv. imep

hS-Ic tlmkv]n-‰¬ t\gvkmbn tPmen sNøp∂p. A©m-asØ

]pX≥ tPmkv hnf-°-∂q¿ πm°m´v Ipcym-t°mkv A®mΩ aIƒ

PmIz-ens\ hnhmlw sNbvXv IpSn-bm-∑e Xma-kn-°p∂p. tPmkn\p

\oXp F∂ s]Ïp-ńbpw kn_n F∂ BÏp-ń-bp-ap≠v. \oXp

cma-]p-cØv F^vknkn aT-Øn¬ tN¿∂v I\ym-kvXo-bm-Im≥ ]Tn-

°p∂p. kn_n UnKn°v ]Tn-°p∂p.

287


Bdm-asØ ]pX≥ t__n ]pen-°p-cpº InS-ß-Øm-gsb

]tc-X-\mb sk_m-Ãy≥ A∂Ω aIƒ tacnsb hnhmlw sNbvXv

IpSn-bm-∑e ]nXr-Kr-l-Øn¬ Xma-kn-°p∂p. sadn≥, B≥a-cnb

F∂ c≠p ]pXn-amcpw Ae≥ F∂ ]pX-\p-ap≠v. aq∂p-t]cpw

hnZym¿Yn-I-fmWv. sNdn-bms‚ H∂m-asØ aIƒ Xtb-kym-Ωsb

s\√n-°p‰n ssIX-]-d-ºn¬ kÆn hnhmlw sNbvXp. c≠m-asØ

]pXn tag-bvknsb Ccnń Np¶-°p∂v \Sp-°p-Sn-bn¬ tPmk v, tacn

Zº-Xn-I-fpsS aI≥ t]mƒ hnhmlw sNbvXp. Ccp-hcpw hnim-J-]-

´-WØv kvIqƒ \S-Øp∂p. aq∂m-asØ ]pXn ennsb s\√n-°p-

‰n-bn¬ Imcm-a-bn¬ tPm¿Pv hnhmlw sNbvXp. tPm¿Pv sNtºcn

k¿hokv tIm˛Hm∏-td-‰ohv _m¶n¬ tPmen sNøp∂p.

tPmk^v (Ip-t™-∏v)

sNdn -bms‚ (Ip™v) c≠m-asØ ]pX≥ tPmk^v

(Ipt™∏v) IS-\mSv Dcp-ºp-Im´v tPmk^v ˛ tdmk aIƒ tacnb

hnhmlw sNbvXv Ie-b-¥m-\n-bn¬ Xma-kn-°p-\\p. Ch¿°v jm‚n

F∂ ]pXnbpw jnt‚m F∂ ]pX-\p-ap≠v. ]pXn jm‚nsb sIm√-

∏≈n tXmWn-°p-gn-bn¬ tPmk^v ˛ tam\n° Zº-Xn-I-fpsS aI≥

tkman hnhmlw sNbvXp. jnt‚m hnhmlw Ign-®n-ń√.

sXmΩ≥

sNdn-bms‚ aq∂m-asØ ]pX≥ sXmΩ≥ tImX-\-√q¿ Xøn¬

Hutk∏v ˛ adnbw aIƒ tXkymsb hnhmlw sNbvXp. a\-°-°-

≠-Øn¬ ]nXr-Kr-l-Øn¬ Xma-kn-°p∂p. knknen F∂ ]pXnbpw

kÆn, tPmbn, km_p, t__n, kn_n, tPm_n, Zo]p F∂o Ggp

]pX-∑m-cp-amWv. ]pXn knkn-ensb Ab¿°p-∂Øv Ip∂-∏-≈n¬

A_mlw Gen-°pń Zº-Xn-I-fpsS aI≥ Pbnwkv hnhmlw

sNbvXp. H∂m-asØ ]pX≥ kÆn IS-\m-ń¬ \Sp-hn-te-°p‰v

tPmk^v ˛ tdmk aIƒ an\nsb hnhmlw sNbvXp. Xriq¿ Xmfn-

°p-≠n¬ Xma-kn-°p∂p. kÆn°v A\p, ARvPp, Aaep F∂o

aq∂p ]pXn-am-cp≠v. Ah¿ hnZym¿Yn-\nI-fmWv. c≠m-asØ ]pX≥

tPmbn IS-πm-a‰w ]d-tº-´vaym-en¬ ]m∏-®≥ A∂-°pń Zº-Xn-I-

fpsS aIƒ ssj\nsb hnhmlw sNbvXv ae-_m-dn¬ sh≈-cn-°p-

288


≠n¬ Xma-kn-°p∂p. tPmbn°v F_n F∂ Hcp ]pX-\p≠v. ]Tn-

°p∂p. aq∂m-asØ ]pX≥ km_p ]b-kvau≠v ]mºm-d-bn¬

A_mlw, Gen-°pń Zº-Xn-I-fpsS aIƒ tPm¿ensb hnhmlw

sNbvXv tacn-em‚n¬ Xma-kn-°p∂p. kmµ F∂ s]Ïp-ń-bp≠v.

\mem-asØ ]pX≥ t__n hmcn-bm-\n-°mSv hcn-°-bm-\n-°¬

tPmk^v ˛ A∂ Zº-Xn-I-fpsS aIƒ tkmWn-bsb hnhmlw

sNbvXv tacn-em‚n¬ Xma-kn-°p-\\p. B≥ sXtck F∂ s]Ïp-

ńbpw A¬t^m≥kv F∂ BÏp-ń-bp-ap≠v. Ch¿ sIm®p-Ip-ń-

I-fmWv. A©m-asØ ]pX≥ kn_n Im™n-c-a‰w Icn-bn-e-°pfw

amXyp tdmkΩ Zº-Xn-I-fpsS aIƒ A¬t^m≥kmsb hnhmlw

sNbvXp. Ch¿ Ccp-hcpw Ipssh-‰n¬ tPmen sNøp∂p. Ch¿°v

A∂ F∂ ]pXn-bp≠v. Bdm-asØ ]pX≥ tPm_n tXm]mw-IpSn

Cu‰-°m´v tXmakv ˛ tXkym Zº-Xn-IfpsS aIƒ tkmWn-bsb

hnhmlw sNbvXv Ccp-hcpw Ipssh-‰n¬ tPmen sNøp∂p. Ggm-

asØ ]pX≥ Zo]p ao\-®n¬ ]me-°mSv ASn-®n-emw-am-°¬ tPm¿Pv

Beokv Zº-Xn-I-fpsS aIƒ tPmkvansb hnhmlw sNbvXp. Ccp-

hcpw Zp_m-bn¬ tPmen sNøp∂p.

sXmΩ≥ (Ip-™-Ω≥)

sNdn-bms‚ c≠m-asØ ]pX≥ sXmΩ≥ (Ip™-Ω≥) ]Sn-

™m-td-°c imJ-bn¬s∏´ ]men-tb-°p-t∂¬ Ahn-cm-bpsS aIƒ

adn-b-Øns\ hnhmlw sNbvXp sh≈n-bm-a-‰Øv Xma-kn-°p∂p.

At±-l-Øn\p sNdn-bm≥ (]m∏-®≥) A_mlw (Ip™p-Ipń) F∂

c≠p ]pX≥amcpw A∂, tdmk, en√n, tacn (tPmbnΩ) F∂ \mep

]pXn-am-cp-ap≠v.

aqØ-]pXn A∂sb ]mem-bn¬\n∂pw sh≈n-bm-a-‰Øv Idp-

I-∏-≈n¬ Xma-kn-°p∂ hcn-°-am-°¬ sIm®p hnhmlw sNbvXv

Ccp-hcpw ac-W-a-S™p.

sXmΩs‚ c≠m-asØ ]pXn tdmksb hmg-°p-fØv tXt°-

°c tPmk^v aI≥ amXyp hnhmlw sNbvXp. aq∂msØ ]pXn

en√n kpJ-an-√msX 1999¬ ac-W-a-S™p sh≈n-bm-a‰w ]≈n skan-


289


\mem-asØ ]pXn tacn (tPmbn_)sb aptØm-e-]pdw aqe-

bn¬ aWm-t»-cn¬ amXyp aI≥ tPmWn hnhmlw sNbvXv tImgn-

t°mSv Xma-kn-°p∂p. Ccp-hcpw tImfPv A[ym-]-I-cm-bn-cp∂p. dn´-

b¿ sNbvXp.

sNdn-bm≥ ]m∏-®≥

sXmΩs‚ aqØ-]p-X≥ sNdn-bm≥ (]m∏-®≥) Icq¿ Rmh-

≈n-bn¬ ]tg-SØv A∂-bpsS aIƒ Gensb hnhmlw sNbvXv

sh≈n-bm-a-‰Øv Xma-kn-°p∂p. sNdn-bm\p tSman, tPmkv, tdmbn,

kn_n, tPm¿Pp-Ipń F∂o A©p ]pX-∑mcpw enkn, sSn, sIm®p-

dmWn, kmen-tamƒ, kp\n, an\n-°pń F∂o Bdp ]pXn-amcpw

P\n®p.

sNdn-bms‚ H∂m-asØ ]pX≥ tSman sh≈n-bm-a-‰Øv ]pXn-

bn-SØv tPmk^v˛A∂-°pń Zº-Xn-I-fpsS aIƒ h’-Ωsb

hnhmlw sNbvXp. h’Ω Ct∏mƒ e≠-\n¬ \gvkmbn tPmen

sNøp∂p. tSman°v Poh≥ F∂ ]pX\pw Znhy, [\y F∂o c≠p

]pXn-amcpw P\n®p. Ipń-Iƒ ]Tn-°p∂p.

c≠m-asØ ]pX≥ tPmkv aS-°-Øm\w Xe-®nd tPmk^v

aIƒ sSknsb hnhmlw sNbvXv Imh-°mSv Xma-kn-°p∂p.

tPmkn\p \nJn¬ F∂ ]pX\pw \oXp F∂ ]pXn-bp-ap≠v. Ccp-

hcpw ]Tn-°p∂p.

aq∂m-asØ ]pX≥ tdmbn tacn-em‚ v ImØn-c-Øp-¶¬

tPmk^v ˛ Nn∂Ω Zº-Xn-I-fpsS aIƒ an\nsb hnhmlw sNbvXv

sh≈n-bm-a-‰Øv Xma-kn-°p∂p. Ch¿°v tXmwk¨, tPmk≥ F∂o

c≠p ]pX-∑m-cp≠v. Ch¿ ]Tn-°p∂p.

\mem -asØ ]pX≥ kn_n Gg-√q¿ X®p -Ip -t∂¬

A_mlw˛tacn Zº-Xn-I-fpsS aIƒ euensb hnhmlw sNbvXv

sh≈n-bm-a-‰Øv Xma-kn-°p∂p. Ch¿°v sk_n≥ F∂ ]pX\pw

kntbmW F∂ ]pXn-bp-ap≠v. Ch¿ sIm®p-Ip-ń-I-fmWv.

A©m-asØ ]pX≥ tPm¿Pp-Ipń No\n-°pgn aqem-t»cn

sk_m-Ãy≥ ˛ s]ÆΩ Zº-Xn-I-fpsS aIƒ knansb hnhmlw

290


sNbvXv ]nXr-Kr-l-Øn¬ Xma-kn-°p∂p.

sNdn-bms‚ H∂m-asØ ]pXn ennsb ]bkv au≠v H‰-

sØ-ßp-¶¬ Ip™p-Ipń ˛ A∂-°pń Zº-Xn-I-fpsS aI≥ tPmbn-

®≥ hnhmlw sNbvXp.

c≠m-asØ ]pXn sSnsb hmg-°pfw hS-tImSv am¶p-Sn-bn¬

A∏-®≥ ˛ tacn Zº-Xn-I-fpsS aI≥ tSman hnhmlw sNbvXp.

aq∂m-asØ ]pXn sIm®p-dm-Wnsb sh≈n-bm-a-‰Øv XS-h-

\m¬ tPmk^v ˛ adn-b-°pń aI≥ _m_p hnhmlw sNbvXp.

\mem-asØ ]pXn kmensb Ie-b-¥m\n ]oSn-tI-bv°¬

amWn ˛ tacn aI≥ s_∂n hnhmlw sNbvXp. Ccp-hcpw e≠-\n¬

tPmen sNøp∂p.

A©m-asØ ]pXn kp\nsb sh≈n-bm-a-‰Øv Iq´p-¶¬ Cń-

b-hnc˛ A∂-°pń aI≥ amXyp hnhmlw sNbvXp. kp\n akvI-

‰n¬ tPmen sNøp∂p.

Bdm-asØ ]pXn an\nsb s]m≥Ip∂w ]¥n-cp-th-en¬

A_mlw ˛ en√n-°pń aI≥ tkmWn hnhmlw sNbvXp. an\n

Ipssh-‰n¬ tPmen sNøp∂p.

A_mlw (Ip-™p-Ip-ń)

sXmΩs‚ c≠m-asØ ]pX≥ A_mlw (Ip™p-Ipń) Ad-

°pfw abn-em-Sq¿ h¿°n-bpsS aIƒ tdmk-Ωsb hnhmlw sNbvXp.

]nXr-Kr-l-Øn¬ Xma-kn-°p∂p. A_m-l-Øn\p tUmWn, UnPp

F∂o c≠p ]pX-∑mcpw tUmW, Un‚m, Uo\ F∂o aq∂p ]pXn-

amcpw P\n®p.

aqØ-]p-X≥ tUmWn sIm√-∏≈n sNº-fm-bn¬ ]tc-X-\mb

tSman ˛ t__n Zº-Xn-I-fpsS aIƒ ssk\sb hnhmlw sNbvXp.

Ch¿ Ccp-hcpw Im\-Um-bn¬ tPmen sNøp∂p. tUmWn°v

tdmkvtamƒ Fs∂mcp s]Ïp-ń-bp≠v.

Ip™p-Ip-ń-bpsS c≠m-asØ ]pX≥ UnPp D≈-\mSv ta\m-

291


t®-cn¬ Fw.Un.De-l-∂≥ ˛ A®mΩ Zº-Xn-I-fpsS aIƒ A\p-

hns\ hnhmlw sNbvXv ]nXm-hns‚ IqsS Xma-kn-°p∂p.

aqØ-]pXn tUmWsb tacn-em‚ v \mbv°w-]-d-ºn¬ ssa°nƒ

aI≥ _m_p hnhm-lw-sNbvXp. _m_p ac-W-a-S™p.

Uo\sb I√m-\n-°¬ s]cp-a-‰-Øn¬ Ahn-cm-®≥, Fen-k-

_Øv Zº-Xn-I-fpsS aI≥ kn_n hnhmlw sNbvXp.

aq∂m-asØ ]pXn Un‚msb ImeSn \ote-izcw tIme-t©-

cn¬ CØm-∏n-Øncn tXkymΩ Zº-Xn-I-fpsS aI≥ tSman hnhmlw

sNbvXp. Ccp-hcpw e≠-\n¬ tPmen sNøp∂p.

t]mØ≥ (sIm-®v)

sNdn-bms‚ aq∂m-asØ ]pX≥ t]mØ≥ (sIm®v) ao\-®n¬

]p√m´v amWn-bpsS aIƒ tXkymsb hnhmlw sNbvXv Xhm-ń¬

Xma-kn®p. t]mØ\p sNdn-bm≥ (Ip™p-Ipń), amWn, tXmakv

F∂o aq∂p ]pX-∑mcpw A®mΩ, Gen, tacn F∂o aq∂p ]pXn-

amcpw P\n®p. ]pXn A®mΩ ]mem s\√n-bm\n aT-Øn¬ tN¿∂p

knÃ¿ Im_-do\m F∂ t]cn¬ I\ym-kvXo-bmbn.

]pX≥ tXmakv, ]pXn-am-cn¬ Gen, tacn F∂n-h¿ t\csØ

acn-®p-t]mbn.

sNdn-bm≥ (Ip-™p-Ip-ń)

t]mØs‚ aqØ-]p-X≥ sNdn-bm≥ (Ip™p-Ipń) Im™m¿

sh´Øv aØm-bn-bpsS aIƒ tacn-°p-ńsb hnhmlw sNbvXv Ie-

b-¥m-\n-bn¬ Xma-kn-°p∂p. Ch¿°v ]o‰¿ (tPmjn), amXyp

(jn_p), A_mlw (tjm_n) F∂o aq∂p ]pX-∑mcpw tXky

(sj√n), Gen (jo_m) F∂o ]pXn-amcpw P\n®p.

sNdn-bms‚ (Ip™p-Ipń), aqØ-]p-X≥ ]o‰¿ (tPmjn), Cfw-

tZ-iØv Xe-®nd Ipcym-t°m-kns‚ aIƒ Gen (an\n)sb hnhmlw

sNbvXv Ie-b-¥m-\n-bn¬ Xma-kn-°p∂p. tPmjn°v sNdn-bm≥

(Binjv) F∂ ]pX\pw B≥a-cnbm, BKv\kv acnb F∂o c≠p

]pXn-am-cp-amWv. Ch¿ ]Tn-°p∂p.

292


c≠m-asØ ]pX≥ amXyp (jn_p) apX-e-t°m-SØv Ad-°¬

A_mlw, tXkymΩ aIƒ AK-Ão\ (an\n)sb hnhmlw Ign®v

Ie-b-¥m-\n-bn¬ Xma-kn-°p∂p. amXyp (jn_p)hn\v FΩm-\p-h¬

(F-an≥) F∂ Hcp ]pX-\p≠v. ]Tn-°p∂p.

Ip™p-Ip-ń-bpsS aq∂m-asØ ]pX≥ A_mlw (tjm_n)

sX∂-Øq¿ ]pfn-°-am-en-bn¬ ]tc-X-\mb h¿§o-kns‚ aIƒ acnb

(jo\m)sb hnhmlw sNbvXv Ie-b-¥m-\n-bn-ep≈ ]nXr-Kr-l-Øn¬

Xma-kn-°p∂p. tjm_n°v B¬_n F∂ ]pX\pw B¬an F∂

]pXn-bp-ap≠v. Ch¿ Ip™p-ß-fmWv.

Ip™p-Ip-ń-bpsS aqØ-]pXn tXkym (sj√n) tacn-em‚ v

]pXn-b-SØv amXyp-hns‚ aI≥ amXyp (kmPp) hnhmlw sNbvXp.

c≠m-asØ ]pXn Gen (jo_)sb IS-hq¿ Rh-c-°m´v

Ipcy≥, tXkym-°pń aI≥ km_p hnhmlw sNbvXp.

Ip™p-Ipń 2003 HmKÃv 2˛mw XobXn ac-W-a-S-™p. Ie-b-

¥m\n ]≈n skan-tØ-cn-bn¬ kwkvI-cn-®p.

amWn (am-\p-h¬)

t]mØs‚ (sIm®v) c≠m-asØ ]pX≥ amWn (am\p-h¬)

cma-]p-cØv ]\-®n-b-∏-≈n¬ BK-kvXn-bpsS aIƒ A®m-Ωsb

hnhmlw sNbvXp. Ch¿°v nen∏v (km_p) F∂ ]pX\pw jm‚n

F∂ ]pXn-bp-ap≠v. ]pXn jm‚nsb cma-]pcw X´m-d-bn¬ AK-

Ãns‚ aI≥ tPm¿Pv hnhmlw sNbvXp. amWn-bpsS ]pX≥ km_p

I -∏-\-bn¬ ssI∏-bn¬ tXmakv tKkn aIƒ sd\nsb hnhmlw

sNbvXv Xd-hm-ń¬ (]mem) Xma-kn-°p∂p. km_p-hn\p Acp¨

F∂ ]pX\pw Aeo\ F∂ ]pXn-bp-ap≠v. Ch¿ sIm®p-Ip-ń-I-

fmWv.

amWn-bpsS BZy `mcy A®mΩ acn-®p-t]m-b-Xn-\m¬ c≠m-

aXv πmi-\m¬ aWvU-]-Øn¬ sXmΩ-®s‚ aIƒ tdmk-Ωsb

hnhmlw sNbvXv sImSp-ºn-Sn-bn¬ Xma-kn-°p∂p. Cu hnhm-l-Øn¬

k¥m-\-ß-fn√.

307


Be-bv°¬ imJ

Be-bv°¬ Cń-s®-dnb

aq∂mw Xe-apd Be-bv°¬ Cń-s®-dn-b-bpsS ZznXo-b-]p-X≥

\memw Xe-apd Cń-s®-dnb ]q™m-‰n¬ sX≈n-bn¬\n∂pw hnhmlw

sNbvXp. a°-fn-√msX `mcy acn®p. AXn-\m¬ h≠-a-‰w-I-c-bn¬

h≠-\m-°-sc-bn¬\n∂pw tXkym-Ωsb ]p\¿hn-hmlw sNbvXp.

Xd-hm-ń¬ Xma-kn®p. (CXmWv Ing-t°-°c IpSpw-_-Ønse

BZysØ ]p\¿hn-hmlw). At±-l-Øn\p Cń sF∏v F∂

]pX\pw Gen F∂ ]pXnbpw P\n®p. ]pXn Gensb IpS-am-fq¿

s]cp-am-en-emb tXm∏n¬ tZhkym km¿ hnhmlw Ign®p.

]pX≥ Cń sF∏v

`c-W-ßm-\Øv hmfn-πm-°¬ Gensb hnhmlw sNbvXp. Cń

sF∏n\p Cń-s®-dnb, aØmbn F∂o c≠p ]pX-∑mcpw tXkym,

Gen, adnbw F∂o aq∂p ]pXn-amcpw P\n®p. Cń sF∏v Be-

bv°¬ Xd-hm-Sp-hn‰v Ad-°p-fØv Xma-k-am°n. aqØ-]pXn

tXkysb \oeq¿ ]qh-Øn-¶¬ tZhky hnhmlw sNbvXp. c≠m-

asØ ]pXn Gensb IS-\m-ń¬ ]m≠n-bm-Ωm-°¬ Nmt°m

hnhmlw sNbvXp. aq∂m-asØ ]pXn adn-b-Øns\ Ing-°-º-eØv

tImbn-°c hcm-∏p-g-°m-c≥ A¥-∏≥ hnhmlw Ign®p.

Cń-s®-dnb

Cń sF∏ns‚ ]Ya ]pX≥ Cń-s®-dnb c-W-ßm-\Øv Bcw-

]p-fn-bv°-emb If-∏p-c-bn¬ aØ≥ aIƒ A∂-Ωsb hnhmlw

sNbvXp Im™m-‰n¬ Xma-kn®p. B hnhm-l-Øn¬ Cń sF∏v ,

amWn F∂ c≠p ]pX-∑m-cp-≠m-b-t∏mƒ mcy acn-®-Xn-\m¬ c≠m-

a-Xmbn am\-Øq¿ Xma-kn-°p∂ sh≈-cn-ßm v Cu∏s‚ aIƒ Gen-

bm-Ωsb hnhmlw Ign®p. B hnhm-l-Øn¬ Bdp ]pXn-amcpw

aq∂p ]pX-∑mcpw P\n®p.

BZy-hn-hm-l-Øn-ep-≠mb ]Y-a-]p-X≥ Cń sF∏v ae-_m-

dn¬ Be-t°m´v AXn-c-ºpg hoń¬ Ge-Ωsb hnhmlw Ign®p.

B hnhm-l-Øn¬ Ipń-I-fn√.

308


sI.-kn. amWn

c≠m-asØ ]pX≥ sI.kn.amWn _n.Fkvkn AKn-Iƒ®¿

]nd-hØv ssX°m-ń¬ Sn.sP.X¶-Ωsb _n.Fkvkn _n.FUv

hnhmlw Ign®v sslZ-cm-_m-Zn¬ Xma-kn-°p∂p. amWn°v dmWn,

Dj, ssee, tim`, sNdn-bm≥, _nµp F∂ Bdp Ipń-Iƒ P\n®p.

dmWnsb dmWn-s∏´ kp[m-I¿ FwF Fw^n¬ hnhmlw sNbvXp.

dmWn Ct∏mƒ ^nen-ss∏≥kn¬ \yq C¥ym Ajz-d≥kv Iº-\n-

bpsS I¨Sn amt\-P-cmbn tPmen t\m°p∂p. dmWn°v in¬∏,

hcp¨ F∂ c≠p Ipń-I-fp≠v. c≠m-asØ ]pXn Djsb

_n.Fkvkn AKn, Fw._n.F, knwKm-sdÕn Pb-]-Imiv sdÕn

sF.sF.Fw (F.F-®v.Un.) hnhmlw sNbvXv Ata-cn-°-bn¬ an®n-

K¨ tÃ‰n¬ Xma -kn -°p∂p. Dj Uu sIan -°¬kn¬

F®v.B¿.Ub-d-IvS-dmbn tPmen sNøp∂p. Djbv°v \nInXm, \Smi

F∂o c≠p ]pXn-am-cp≠v (]Tn-°p∂p). aq∂m-asØ aIƒ ssee

ico-cm-kzm-ÿyw-aqew Ahn-hm-ln-X-bmbn ]nXm-hn-t\m-sSm∏w Xma-

kn-°p∂p. \mem-asØ aIƒ tim` Ata-cn-°-bn¬ (lÃ¨

sSIvkmkv)\n∂v kn]n-F¬ (tImta-gvky¬ ss]e‰v ssek≥kv)

FSpØv Ata-cn-°≥ Fb¿sse≥kn¬ tPmen sNbvXp. ho≠pw

Ghn-tb-j≥ sabn‚-\≥kv sSIvt\m-fPn (Fb¿s^bnw) ^w

Fw_kn dnÕn¬ bqWn-th-gvkn‰n C≥ bpF-kvF ]mkmbn t\∏m-

fn¬ tPmen sNbvXp. Ct∏mƒ t\m¿Øv CutÃ¨ jń¬kv F∂

t]cn¬ hS-°p-In-g-°≥ C¥y-bn¬ hnam\ k¿hokv \S-Øp∂p.

aq∂p hnam-\-ß-fp≠v. 2011se hna≥ F‚¿]-\z¿ Hm^v Zn Cb¿

Ahm¿Uv Kh¨sa‚ v Hm^v C¥y \¬In. N¥≥ _m\¿Pn-bmWv

`¿Ømhv. Hcp Ipń-bp≠v. t]cv BImiv. Um¿Pn-enw-Kn¬ ]Tn-°p∂p.

]pX≥ sI.Fw.sNdn-bm≥ _n.C. Fw_nF ap≠-bv°¬ amXyp-

hns‚ aIƒ Fen-k-_-Øns\ (an\n) hnhmlw Ign®v sslZ-cm-

_m-Zn¬ Xma-kn-°p∂p. antj¬, ssa°nƒ F∂ c≠p Ipń-I-fp≠v.

sNdn-bm≥ PnC-bn¬ sshkv ]kn-U‚ v (sslZ-cm-_mZv) Bbn

tPmen sNøp∂p. Bdm-asØ ]pXn _nµp Fw_nF ]mkm-b-

tijw sImUmIv aloµ sslZ-cm-_mZv _m©v amt\-P¿ Bbn

tPmen sNøp∂p. Nµ-ti-J¿ kn.F, sI.Uªyp.F, I√ymWw Ign®v

309


Ct∏mƒ t_mws_-bn¬ Xma-kn-°p∂p. Ah¿°v k÷\, kvt\l

F∂ c≠p s]Ïp-ń-I-fp≠v. Ipń-I-fp-≠m-b-tijw _nµp tPmen

\n¿Øn. Nµ-ti-J¿ kn‰n _m¶n¬ sshkv ]kn-U‚mbn tPmen

t\m°p∂p.

Ad-°pfw ]g-b-]≈n ]Wn-bp-∂-Xn-\mbn Cń sF∏v aq∂p

G°¿ ÿew Zm\-ambn \¬In-b-Xn\p B≠p-tXmdpw Hcp hnip≤

Ip¿_m\ At±-l-Øns‚ t]cn¬ sNm√n hcp∂p. Im™m-‰n¬

]≈n-hI ss]adn kvIqƒ XpS-ßp-∂-Xn-\mbn ÿew Zm\-ambn

\¬In. Cń sF∏ns‚ Hm¿Ω-bv°mbn kvIqfns‚ t]cv sk‚ v

tPmk^vkv ss]adn kvIqƒ F∂v t]cn´v ]≈n-°m¿ At±-lsØ

_lp-am-\n®p. Ing-t°-°c IpSpw_ ]cn-]m-e\ tbmKw XpS-ßp-∂-

Xn\p Bflm¿∞-ambn kl-I-cn-®-h-cn¬ Hcm-fmWv io Cń sF∏v.

1911¬ cPn-Ã¿ sNbvX Ing-t°-°c IpSpw-_-tbmKI-Ωn-‰n-bn¬

At±lw BZysØ Xmt°m¬ ]nSp-Ø-°m-c≥ (Imjy¿) Bbn-

cp∂p. XpS¿∂v 1927¬ ]WnX tIµm-ebw (Hmôkv _n¬UnwKv)

\n¿Ωn-°p-∂-Xn\pw io Cń sF∏v ap≥]-¥n-bn-ep-≠m-bn-cp∂p. 1946¬

Im™m-‰nse ÿew hn‰v Ing-°-º-eØv Cf-b-a-Iƒ adn-bm-Ω-bpsS

IqsS Xma-k-am°n. 1974 \hw-_¿ 30˛mw XobXn ac-W-a-S™p.

Cń-s®-dn-b-bpsS c≠mw hnhm-l-Ønse apØ-a-Iƒ Ipń-b-

Ωsb ae-_m-dn¬ IpSn-bm-∑e s]m´≥πm-hn¬ Xma-kn-°p∂ ImWn-

bm-°m´p sXmΩ≥ hnhmlw sNbvXp. enkn, emen, knknen, tamfn,

_nµp F∂ A©p ]pXn-amcpw tdmbv, tdmP¿ F∂ c≠p ]pX-∑m-

cp-ap-≠mbn. F√m s]ä-°-fp-tSbpw tdmbn-bp-tSbpw IeymWw

Ign™p.

c≠m-asØ aIƒ Ip™-∂-Ωsb ]d-ap-≠-bn¬ ]m∏-®≥

hnhmlw Ign®v ae-_m-dn¬ am\-¥-hm-Sn-bn¬ Xma-kn-°p∂p. Ip™-

∂-Ωbv°v tPmkv, s_∂n F∂o c≠m¨ a°fpw dmWn, tamfn,

emen F∂ aq∂p s]ä-°fpw P\n®p. F√m-h-cp-tSbpw IeymWw

Ign™p.

aq∂m-asØ aI≥ Cń sF∏v (A∏-®≥) ap´Øp Xma-kn-°p∂

Nq≠-bm-\n-°¬ eoem-Ωsb sIń ae-_m-dn¬ amtemØv Xma-kn-

°p∂p. A∏-®\v ken‰v, A\n‰v F∂ c≠p s]ä-°fpw sNdn-

310


bm≥ (F_n≥) F∂o Hcm¨ Ipń-bp-ap≠v. s]ä-°-fpsS

hnhmlw Ign™p. F_n≥ 11˛mw ¢mkn¬ ]Tn-°p∂p.

\mem-asØ aI≥ Ipcy≥ sXmSp-]pg sNdn-b-bn¬ Xma-kn-

°p∂ Iøm-\n-°p-t∂¬ tdmk-ens\ hnhmlw sNbvXv ]pXp-∏-cn-

bm-cØv Xma-kn-°p∂p. Ipcys‚ aI-fmb an\n-bpsS Ieym-Whpw

Ign™p.

GI aI-fmb an\n-bpsS Ieym-Whpw Ign™p.

A©m-asØ aIƒ tacnsb ae-_m-dn¬ ]pXp-t»-cn-bn¬ Xma-

kn-°p∂ tImSn-°p-fØv tPman hnhmlw Ign-®-Xn¬ PnΩn F∂

aI\pw sPn Hcp aI-fp-ap-≠mbn. c≠p-t]-cp-tSbpw hnhmlw

Ign™p.

Bdm-asØ aIƒ sXøm-Ωsb ]pXp-t»-cn-bn¬ Xma-kn-°p∂

sNń-t»-cn-bn¬ nen∏v hnhmlw Ign®p. sXøm-Ωbv°v ]nb, ]oX,

kvanX, \o\ F∂ \mep s]Ïp-ń-I-fp-≠mbn. \mep-t]-cp-tSbpw

hnhmlw Ign™p.

Ggm-asØ aIƒ tdmk-Ωsb ae-_m-dn¬ IpdnØn s\√n-∏m-

d-bn¬ Xma-kn-°p∂ D∏q-ń¬ Nmt°m hnhmlw sNbvXp. PnPn,

_nPp, tPmtam≥ F∂ aq∂mä-°fpw k‘y F∂ Hcp s]Ïp-

ń-bp-ap≠v. F√m-h-cp-tSbpw IeymWw Ign™p.

F´m-asØ aI≥ tPmbn ae-_m-dn¬ am\-¥-hm-Sn-°-SpØv

]pXp-t»-cn-bn¬ Xma-kn-°p∂ ]d-∏-\-bv°¬ sXøm-Ωsb IeymWw

Ign®v ]pXp-t»-cn-bn¬ Xma-k-am°n. tPmbn°v Sn‚p F∂ Hcp aI-

fp≠v. Ah-fpsS Ieym-Whpw Ign™p.

Hº-Xm-asØ aIƒ Nn∂-Ωsb ae-_m-dn¬ amtemØv Xma-

k-am-°nb h´-°p-t∂¬ tXmakv IeymWw Ign®p. Nn∂-Ωbv°v

Zo], ssj_, jo_, tim`, kz]v\ F∂ A©p s]Ïp-ń-I-fp-

≠mbn. Zo], jo_, tim` F∂n-h-cpsS IeymWw Ign™p. ssj_

sk‚ v ^m≥knkv Ako-kn-bpsS Bep-hm-bn¬ ssX°m-´p-I-c-bn-

ep≈ aT-Øn¬ tN¿∂v I\ym-kvXo-bmbn. Ct∏mƒ C‰-en-bn¬ ]n-

bn-emWv.

311


amXyp Cń sF∏v

Be-°¬ Cń sF∏ns‚ c≠m-asØ ]pX-\mb amXyp `c-

W-ßm-\Øv ao\m- q¿ IpSpw-_-Øn¬ tPmk v aIƒ Gen-°p- nsb

hnhmlw Ign®v Ad-°p-fØv Xma-kn®v, Irjn Imcy-ßƒ t\m°n-

I-gn-™p-t]mWp. amXyp-hn\v Gen-°pń, tacn, tXkymΩ, A∂Ω,

¢mcΩ (imen\n) F∂o A©p ]pXn-amcpw tPmk^v, tXmakv,

amXyp, FΩm-\p-h¬ F∂o \mep ]pX-∑mcpw P\n®p. amXyp,

2003˛mam≠v sk]vXw-_¿ 26˛ mw XobXn acWw ]m]n®p. sXmSp-

]pg sX\w-Ip∂v ]≈n skan-tØ-cn-bn-ep≈ IpSpw-_-I-√-d-bn¬

kwkvI-cn®p. `mcy Gen-°pń 2005 sk]vXw-_¿ amkw F´mw

XobXn acWw ]m]n®p. sX\w-Ip∂v ]≈n skan-tØ-cn-bn-ep≈

IpSpw-_-I-√-d-bn¬ kwkvI-cn®p.

amXyp-hns‚ aqØ aIƒ Gen-°pń 16˛mw hb-n¬ (1955)

t\m´¿Umw tIm¨sh‚n¬ tN¿∂p. knÃ¿ B\na F∂ t]cn¬

I\ym-kvXo-bmbn _olm-dn¬ tkh-\-a-\p-jvTn-®p-h-cp∂p. _mwKvfq¿

sk‚ v B≥kv kvIqƒ ]n≥kn-∏¬, _olm-dn¬ _n.FUv tImfPv

]n≥kn-∏¬, t\m´¿Umw tIm¨sh‚ v s]mhn≥jymƒ, t\m´¿Umw

tIm¨sh‚ v sU]yqń aZ¿ P\-dmƒ F∂o ÿm\-ßƒ hln-®n-

´p≠v. Ct∏mƒ _olm-dn¬ hni-a-Po-hnXw \bn-°p∂p.

c≠m-asØ ]pXn tacn knÃ¿ HUo¬ F∂ t]cn¬

tIm¨sh‚ v Hm^v Pokkv B‚ v tacn F∂ aT-Øn¬ tN¿∂v

I\ym-kvXo-bmbn. \gvknwKv ]mkmb Ch¿ ]n∂oSv tUmIvS¿

Bbpw ]mIvSokv sNbvXp-h∂p. Ct∏mƒ KpP-dm-Øn¬ Hcp A\m-

Ym-embw \S-Øn-h-cp∂p.

aq∂m-asØ ]pXn tXky knÃ¿ APb F∂ t]cn¬

t\m´¿Umw tIm¨sh‚n¬ tN¿∂p. Ata-cn -°-bn¬\n∂pw

UnKnbpw tdman¬\n∂p Fw.Unbpw ]mkm-b-tijw _olm-dn¬

aS-ßn-sbØn kµmw F∂ ÿeØv tlmkv]n-‰¬ \S-Øn-h-cp∂p.

\mem-asØ ]pXn A∂Ω (Nn∂Ω) tdman¬\n∂p Fw.Un.

]mkm-b-tijw \yqtbm¿°n¬\n∂pw inip-tcmK hn`m-K-Øn¬

312


t]mÃv tKtPz-j≥ ]oUn-bm-SnIv \ntbm-sa-tSm-f-Pn-bn¬ kq∏¿

kvs]j-enÃv Bb tijw \yqtbm¿°n¬ ]mIvSokv sNøp∂p.

AeIvkv hnt\m-Km¿Uv ]oUn-bm-SnIv KmkvtSm F≥tSm-f-PnÃv

BWv `¿Ømhv sPbnwkv ˛ AUz-°‰v, ssa°nƒ ˛ saUn-°¬

ÃpU‚ v F∂n-h-cmWv a°ƒ.

A©m-a-sØ-]pXn ¢mcΩ (imen\n) U¬ln B¿.sI.tImf-

Pn¬\n∂pw _n.Fkvkn tlmtWgvkv \gvknwKv ]mkmbn. Icn-

¶p∂w XpSn-bw-πm-°¬ Ão^≥ aI≥ kJ-dn-bmkv (t__n)

hnhmlw Ign®p. Ct∏mƒ imen\n sXmSp-]pg kl-I-cW Bip-

]Xn \gvknwKv kvIqƒ ]n≥kn-∏-embn tPmen sNøp∂p. KoXp ˛

Fw.Fkvkn \gvknwKv ÃpU‚ v, sk‚ v tPm¨kv saUn-°¬

tImfPv, _mwKvfq¿, _n\oX Fw_n-_n-Fkv ÃpU‚ v, saUn-°¬

tImfPv, XqØp-IpSn F∂n-h¿ a°-fmWv.

dh. ^m. tPmk^v

amXyp-hns‚ aqØ-]p-X≥ tPmk v Cutim k -bn¬ tN¿∂v

sshZn-I-\mbn. Xr»n-\m-∏-≈n-bn¬\n∂pw Fw.Fkvkn ^nknIvkv

c≠mw dmt¶msS ]mkm-b-Xn-\p-tijw _olm-dn¬ kmaq-ly-tk-h\w

\S-Øn-h∂p. sk‚ v tkthygvkv tImf-Pn¬ eIvN-d-dmbpw tkh-\-

a-\p-jvTn-®n-´p≠v. ]n∂oSv F¬-F¬_n ]mkm-b-tijw ]m‰v\

sslt°m-S-Xn-bnepw kp]ow-tIm¿´nepw ]mIvSokv sNbvXp-h-cp∂p.

tXmakv (t_-_n)

c≠m-asØ ]pX≥ tXmakv (t__n) πmi-\m¬ s\´≥ Hgp-

I-bn¬ tPmk v aIƒ tamfnsb hnhmlw Ign®p. Ccp-hcpw Ct∏mƒ

Ata-cn-°-bn¬ \yq tPgvkn-bn¬ tPmen sNbvXp-h-cp∂p. Ch¿°v

aRvPp, cRvPp F∂o c≠p s]¨a-°-fmWv. aqØ-]pXn aRvPp-

hns\ Be-t°mSv amfn-tb-°¬ tPmk v aI≥ sPbnwkv hnhmlw

Ign®p. Ccp-hcpw \gvkp-am-cmbn Ata-cn-°-bn¬ tPmen sNbvXp-h-

cp∂p. Cfb aIƒ cRvPp-hns\ Xriq¿ SuWn¬ cRvPojv hnhmlw

Ign®p. Ccp-hcpw Iw]yq-´¿ F≥Pn-\o-tb-gvkmbn Ata-cn-°-bn¬

tPmen sNøp∂p.

313


amXyp (am-Ø-®≥)

aq∂m-asØ ]pX≥ amXyp tImX-aw-Kew am¿ AØm-\m-kn-

tbmkv tImf-Pn¬\n∂pw F≥Pn-\o-b-dnw-Kn¬ _ncpZw t\Snb tijw

`q´m-\n¬ c≠p-h¿jw tkh-\-a-\p-jvTn®p. XpS¿∂p tIcf ]nU-

ªyp-Un-bn¬ ]me-°mSv, CSp°n F∂n-hn-S-ß-fn¬ tkh-\-a-\p-jvTn®p.

amXyp ss_k¨hmen tImgn-∏q-\m-\n-°¬ Nmt°m aIƒ B\nsb

hnhmlw Ign®v sXmSp-]pg shß-√q-cn¬ Xma-kn-®p-h-cp∂p. 1995

P\p-hcn c≠mw XobXn Hcp hml-\m-]-I-S-Øn¬ ac-W-a-S™p.

sXmSp]pg sX\w-Ip∂v ]≈n skan-tØ-cn-bn-ep≈ IpSpw-_-°-√-d-

bn¬ kwkvI-cn®p. Ch¿°v a\p, PnXp F∂o c≠p ]pX-∑m-cmWv.

]pX≥ a\p Ce-tŒm-WnIvkv F≥Pn-\o-b-dnwKv ]mkm-b-tijw

_mwKvfq-cn¬ a°m^n F∂ Iº-\n-bn¬ tPmen sNøp∂p. a\p

tImX-aw-Kew Ipdp-∏pw-]Sn s\Sp-ºp-dØv F≥.hn.amXyp aIƒ

Pn≥kn (_n.sSIv)sb hnhmlw Ign®v _mwKvfq-cn¬ Xma-kn-°p∂p.

]pX≥ PnØp tImgn-t°mSv doP-W¬ F≥Pn-\o-b-dnwKv tImf-

Pn¬\n∂pw _n.sSIv ]mkm-b-tijw _mwKvfq¿ knkvtIm F∂

Iº-\n-bn¬ tPmen sNbvXp-h-cp∂p. PnØp _mwKvfq¿ ]p¬]-d-ºn¬

tPmfn sk_m-Ãy≥ aIƒ \oXp (_n.sSIv) s\ hnhmlw Ign®p.

-FΩm-\p-h¬ (am-Wn-®≥)

amXyp-hns‚ Cfb ]pX-\mb FΩm-\p-h¬ (amWn-®≥) sXmSp-

]pg \yqam≥ tImf-Pn¬\n∂pw _n.Fkvknbpw tIm´bw saUn-°¬

tImf-Pn¬\n∂p Fw_n-_n-Fkpw Fw.Fkv. k¿P-dnbpw ]mkm-b-

tijw sXmSp-]pg kl-I-cW Bip-]-Xn-bnepw sXmSp-]pg Xmeq°v

Bip-]-Xn-bnepw k¿P-\mbn tkh-\-a-\p-jvTn-®p-h-cp∂p. sXmSp-]pg

tdm´dn ¢_v ]kn-U‚ v, sFFwF sXmSp-]pg _m©v ]kn-U‚ v,

sFFwF kwÿm\ sshkv ]kn-U‚ v, sFFwF ªUv _m¶v

ÿm]I skI- dn, Ing-t°-°c IpSpw-_-tbmKw ]kn-U‚ v F∂o

\ne-I-fn¬ tkh-\-a-\p-jvTn-®n- p≠v. FΩm-\p-h¬ hmg-°pfw Xøn¬

aØmbn aIƒ tUm. kpansb hnhmlw sNbvXp. tUm. kpan aqhm-

‰p-]pg Xmeq-°m-ip-]-Xn-bn¬ A\-kvtXjy hn`mKw tUmIvS-dmbn

314


tPmen sNøp∂p. Ch¿°v PnXn≥, \ho≥ F∂o c≠p ]pX∑m-

cmWv. PnXn≥ Xr°m°c F≥Pn-\o-b-dnwKv tImf-Pn¬\n∂pw

_n.sSIv ]mkm-b-tijw _mwKvfq-cn¬ bmlq Iº-\n-bn¬ tPmen

sNøp∂p. Cfb aI≥ \ho≥ Xr°m-°c tamU¬ F≥Pn-\o-b-

dnwKv tImf-Pn¬ Ah-km-\-h¿j hnZym¿Yn-bmWv.

331


Ing-t°-°c

Itcm-t´-ho-ń¬ IpSpw_w

Itcm-t -ho- n¬ imJ (\memw Xe-apd)

aq∂mw Xe-apd Itcm-t´-ho-ń¬ Cń-b-bv]ns‚ A©m-asØ

]pX≥ h¿°n \mI-\q-en¬ Ip∂p-ºp-d-Øp-\n∂pw hnhm-lw-sNbvXv

Xd-hm-ń¬ Xma-kn®p. At±-l-Øn\p Cń-bbv]v, sXmΩ≥, De-l-

∂≥, h¿°n F∂n-ßs\ \mep ]pX-∑mcpw, Gen, adnbw F∂

c≠p ]pXn-amcpw P\n®p. Gensb ]mem-bn¬ ]Sn-™msd Xønepw,

adn-b-Øns\ ]mem-bn¬ ]pXp-∏-≈nepw hnhmlw sNbvX-b®p.

]Y-a-]p-X≥ Cń-bbv]v Im™n-c-∏-≈n¬ Ing-t°-Ø-e-

bv°¬\n∂p hnhmlw sNbvXp-sh-¶nepw a°-fn-√msX acn®p. ZznXo-

b-]p-X≥ sXmΩ≥ (sshZy≥) Ab¿°p-∂Øv IpSp-Ip-t»-

cn¬\n∂pw hnhmlw sNbvXv ]pen-a-e-°p-t∂¬ Xmsg Xma-kn®p.

sXmΩ\v h¿°n, sXmΩ≥ F∂ c≠p ]pX-∑mcpw adnbw, A∂,

tdmk F∂ aq∂p ]pXn-amcpw P\n®p. ]pXn adn-b-Øns\ Ing-Ø-

Sn-bq¿ Ic-bn¬ C√n-aq-ń¬ ]m∏≥ hnhmlw sNbvXp. tIcf tÃ‰v

Akwªn skI-´-dn-bm-bn-cp∂ io. sI.Ipcp-hnf _n.F, Ah-cpsS

GI ]pX-\mWv. c≠m-asØ ]pXn A∂sb BZyw taho-S-I-c-

bn¬ amX-h-∏-≈n¬ hnhmlw sNbvXp. `¿Ømhv acn-°-bm¬ Ce-

™n-bn¬ ]≈n-°m-∏-d-ºn¬ sIm‰-\m´p amØ\pw aq∂m-asØ ]pXn

tdmksb `c-W-ßm-\Øp πmtØm-´-Øn¬ amWnbpw hnhmlw

sNbvXp.

Cf-t¥m-´-Øn¬ h¿°n (Bdmw Xe-ap-d)

A©mw Xe-apd ]pen-a-e-°p-t∂¬ sXmΩ≥ sshZys‚ ]Y-

a-]p-X≥ h¿°n Icq¿ ]\-a-‰Øp Iq¥m-\Øv h¿°n-bpsS aIƒ

adn-b-Øns\ hnhmlw sNbvXv Cf-t¥m´w ao\-tØ¬ aqe-]p-c-bn-S-

Øn¬ Xma-k-am°n. At±-lhpw a‰p Nnecpw tN¿∂v Cf-∏p-I-√p-

¶¬ Iptd-°mew ssIØ-dn-ØpWn s\bvØp \SØn. h¿°n°v

332


sXmΩ≥, h¿°n, Cń-bbv]v, De-l-∂≥, aØm-bn, sNdn-bm≥ F∂

Bdp ]pX-∑mcpw tdmk, adnbw, A∂Ω F∂o aq∂p ]pXn-amcpw

P\n®p. ]pXn tdmksb ]mem-bn¬ Xpº-t»-cn¬ tPmk-^ns‚

aI≥ tPmk^pw adn-b-Øns\ ]mem-bn¬ amtXmØp At¥m-\n-

bpsS aI≥ amWnbpw A∂-Ωsb ]Sn-™m-td-°c imJ-bn¬s∏´

If-∏p-c-bv°¬ sXmΩs‚ aI≥ tPmk^pw hnhmlw sNbvXp.

sXmΩ≥ (Ggmw Xe-ap-d)

]Ya ]pX≥ sXmΩ≥ ]hn-Øm-\Øv Imcym-¶¬ A_m-

l-Øns‚ aIƒ adn-b-Øns\ hnhmlw sNbvXv a\-bv°-°-≠-Øn¬

Xma-kn®p. At±-l-Øn\p h¿°n, Cń-s®-dnb, sXmΩ≥, tPmk^v

amXyp, tPm¨ F∂ Bdp ]pX≥amcpw adnbw Fs∂mcp ]pXnbpw

P\n®p. ]pXn adnbw (knÃ¿ eqkn acnb) s\√n-bm\n Bcm-[\

aT-Øn¬t®¿∂p I\ym-kvXo-bmbn. sXmΩ≥ 10.12.1995 ¬ 92- masØ

hb-n¬ ac-W-a-S-™p. Ipdp-aÆv sk‚ v tPm¨kv ]≈n-bn¬

kwkvI-cn-®p.

tPm¿÷v (F´mw Xe-ap-d)

sXmΩs‚ H∂m-asØ ]pX≥ tPm¿÷v (sIm®v) ]qh-cWn

Nne-ºn¬ _nPo-Øsb hnhmlw sNbvXv CSp-°n-bn¬ Xma-kn®p.

F∂m¬ Ct∏mƒ CSp-°n-bnse ÿew hn‰v Cfw-tXm-´-Øn-ep≈

Xd-hmSv hoń-emWv Xmakw. Ch¿°p tXmakv F∂ Hcp ]pX\pw

tacn, A∂, _nPoØv F∂o aq∂p ]pXn-amcpw D≠v.

tPm¿÷ns‚ ]pX≥ tXmakv (tXmwk¨) Fgp-Ipw-h-b¬

I√p-]p-c-bv°-IØv sI.F¬.tPm¨, en√n-°pń aIƒ en≥knsb

hnhmlw sNbvXv Cfw-tXm- -Øn¬ ]nXm-hns‚ IqsS Xma-kn-°p∂p.

Ch¿°v _nPoØv (So\), acnb, Aeo\ (¢mc), B≥a-cnb F∂o

\mep ]pXn-am-cp≠v. ]pXn So\ _mwKvfq¿ sF.Sn.Iº-\n-bn¬ tPmen

sNøp∂p. _m°n aq∂p a°fpw ]Tn-°p∂p.

tPm¿÷ns‚ (sIm®v) aqØv ]pXn tacnsb ]Sn-™mtd tImSn-

°pfw Im´mw-tIm- n¬ ss]en-bpsS aI≥ tPm¨ hnhmlw sNbvXp.

c≠m-asØ ]pXn A∂-Ωsb sNßfw ]pc-bn-S-Øn¬ Ip™-

hpX A∂ Zº-Xn-I-fpsS aI≥ tPmk v ]n.sP. (tPmbn) hnhmlw

333


sNbvXv sXmSp-]pg a™-°-S-ºn¬ Xma-kn-°p∂p.

aq∂m-asØ ]pXn _nPn‰v (h’-Ω) sb DSp-º-∂q¿ Ing-°-

ºmSw ]pen-Xq-°n¬ sXmΩ≥ ˛ Gen Zº-Xn-I-fpsS aI≥

]n.Sn.tPmk^v (tPmkv) hnhmlw sNbvXp.

Cń-s®-dn-b

sXmΩs‚ c≠m-asØ ]pX≥ Cń-s®-dnb ap´p-Nnd \ocm-°¬

Nmt°m-bpsS aIƒ adn-b-Ωsb hnhmlw sNbvXv ]mem tN¿∏p-

¶¬ Xma-kn-°p∂p. Cń-s®-dn-b°v Zo]p, AeIvkv F∂o c≠v

Bä-°fp Zn¬, Zn\p F∂o c≠p ]pXn-am-cp-amWv.

Cń-s®-dn-b-bpsS aqØ-]p-X≥ Zo]p ap´m¿I-c-bn¬ ]d-ºØv

hoń¬ sNdn-bms‚ aIƒ Pqensb hnhmlw sNbvXv bp.sIbn¬

tPmen sNøp∂p. Ch¿°v tUm¨ F∂ BÏp-ń-bp≠v.

c≠m-asØ ]pX≥ AeIvkv hmg-tØm∏v h´-bv°¬

tPm¿Pns‚ aIƒ sdPnsb hnhmlw sNbvXp. AeIvkv Fd-Wm-

Ip-fØv samss_¬ sSIv\o-jy-\mbn tPmen sNøp∂p.

aqØ aIƒ Zn¬s\ aqe-a-‰Øv a\-bm-\n-°¬ Ipcp-hn-f-bpsS

aI≥ tdmbn hnhmlw sNbvXp. Ch¿°v c≠mä-°-fp≠v.

c≠m-asØ aIƒ Zn\p-hns\ ]p\-eq¿ apcn-°≥ho-ń¬

tPmk^v (t]w) hnhmlw sNbvXp. Ch¿ c≠p-t]cpw A_p-Zm-_n-

bn¬ tPmen sNøp∂p. Ch¿°v c≠mä-°fpw Hcp ]pXn-bp-ap≠v.

tXmakv

sXmΩs‚ aq∂m-asØ ]pX≥ tXmakv (Ip™-Ω≥) ]mem

Icq¿ Rmh≈n ]pØ≥]pc Cń-b-hncm adn-b-°pń Zº-Xn-I-fpsS

aIƒ A∂ (Ipń-bΩ) sb hnhmlw sNbvXv Ipdp-a-Æn-ep≈ ]nXr-

Kr-l-Øn¬ Xma-kn-°p∂p. Ch¿°v tXmakv (dnt‚m), ]n≥kv (Cń-

b-hnc), tacn (]o-\), A∂ (]nb), A¬t^m≥km, tdmk

(tdmknen), Gen (]n≥kn) F∂o A©p ]pXn-amcp≠v.

aqØ ]pXn ]o\sb ac-tßmen Ipco-°m-´p-]md tPm¿Pns‚

aI≥ tPmkv hnhmlw sNbvXp.

334


c≠m-asØ ]pXn ]nbsb πmi-\m¬ Be-∏m´v Ipt∂¬

tPmkns‚ aI≥ tkm_n≥ hnhmlw sNbvXp. ]nb kuZn-bn¬

\gvkmbn tPmen sNøp∂p. tXma-kns‚ _m°n a°ƒ ]Tn-°p∂p.

dh. ^m. sI.-Sn. tPmk^v

sXmΩs‚ \mem-asØ ]pX≥ tPmk^v (dh. ^m.

sI.Sn.tPmk^v) P_¬]q¿ anjy-\n¬ tN¿∂v sshZn-I-\mbn.

amXyp (aØ-®≥)

sXmΩs‚ A©m-asØ ]pX≥ amXyp Ing-t°-°c imJ-

bn¬s∏´ ]oSnI ssItXm-en¬ sXmΩs‚ aIƒ Gensb (X¶Ω)

hnhmlw sNbvXv tX∑m-cn-bn¬ Xma-kn-°p∂p. Ch¿°v ssj\n,

an\n, B¬^n≥ F∂o aq∂p ]pXn-am-cm-Wp-≈Xv.

amXyp-hns‚ H∂m-asØ ]pXn ssj\nsb h≠-a‰w Ic-bn¬

h≠-\m-°c hoń¬ sNdn-bm≥ aI≥ sPbnwkv hnhmlw sNbvXp.

c≠m-asØ ]pXn an\nsb \mK-∏pg Ipgn-I-Æn-bn¬ hoń¬

tPmk^v aI≥ ]bkv hnhmlw sNbvXp. Ccp-hcpw Cw•-≠n¬

tPmen sNøp∂p.

aq∂m-asØ ]pXn B¬^ns\ A¶-amen Ipf-ßm- n¬ hoń¬

tbml-∂m≥ aI≥ F¬tZm hnhmlw sNbvXp. Ccp-hcpw Kƒ^n¬

tPmen sNøp∂p.

sI.-‰n. tPm¨

sXmΩs‚ Bdm-asØ ]pX≥ tPm¨ _nFkvkn _n.FUv

aqe-a‰w hcn-°-am-°¬ Ipcys‚ aIƒ tacn-°p-ńsb hnhmlw

sNbvXv CSp°n IpXn-c-°-√n¬ Xma-kn-°p∂p. tPm¨ A[ym-]-I-

\mbn dn -b¿ sNbvXp. tPmWn\p tSmWn F∂ ]pX\pw a\p acnb,

A\p A∂ F∂o c≠p s]ä-°-fp-amWv. ]pX≥ tSmWn \gvknwKv

]mkmbn. a\p acnb bpF-kv-F-bn¬ _nFkvkn \gvknw-Kn\p ]Tn-

°p∂p. A\p A∂ _n.Fkvkn \gvknwKv Ign™v _mwKvfq-cn¬

tPmen sNøp∂p.

h¿°n (Ggmw Xe-ap-d)

335


Cfw-tXm-´-Øn¬ h¿°n-bpsS c≠m-asØ ]pX≥ h¿°n

ImWn-b-°m-´p-I-c-bn¬ ISp-ºp-Im-ń¬ hmIy-Ø-\m¬ HuX-bpsS

aIƒ adn-b-Øns\ hnhmlw sNbvXv sXt° Cfw-tXm´w ]pc-bn-S-

Øn-ep-≠m-bn-cp∂ s\bvØm-ôkv ]pXp°n Xma-kn®p. h¿°n°v

h¿Kokv (h°-®≥), tPmk^v (Ipń-®≥), tXmakv F∂o aq∂p

]pX-∑mcpw adn-bmΩ, A∂, Nn∂Ω, eoemΩ F∂o \mep ]pXn-

amcpw P\n®p. h¿°n 02.03.1993 ¬ 91-˛-m-asØ hb-n¬ ac-W-a-S-

™p. Cfw-tXm´w ]≈n-bn¬ kwkvI-cn-®p.

aqØ-]pXn adn-b-Øns\ CS-a-dp-In¬ Nocmw-Ip-gn-bn¬ amWn-

bpsS aI≥ sNdn-bm≥ hnhmlw sNbvXp.

A∂bpw (knÃ¿ sÃ√m acnb), Nn∂-Ωbpw (knÃ¿ Sokm)

eoemΩ (knÃ¿ sSkn) bpw Nß-\m-ticn hmg-∏≈n Bcm-[\ aT-

Øn¬ tN¿∂v I\ym-kvXo-I-fmbn.

h¿Kokv (F´mw Xe-ap-d)

h¿°n-bpsS aqØ ]pX≥ h¿Kokv (h°-®≥) tIm´m-ß¬

Np¶-∏md ]\-t¥m- -Øn¬ tXkysb (en√n-°pń) hnhmlw sNbvXv

Acp-Wm-]p-cØv Xma-kn-°p∂p. h¿Ko-kn\p h¿Kokv (]n≥kv),

Pb≥ h¿Kokv F∂o c≠p ]pX-∑mcpw ss_‰n F∂ ]pXn-bp-

ap≠v. h¿Kokv 2009 HIvtSm-_¿ 24\p ac-W-a-S™p. Acp-Wm-]pcw

]≈n skan-tØ-cn-bn-ep≈ IpSpw-_-°-√-d-bn¬ kwkvI-cn®p.

h¿Ko-kns‚ H∂m-asØ ]pX≥ ]n≥kv IS-πm-a‰w ]∂n-

°m-t´¬ h¿°n, ¢mcΩ Zº-Xn-I-fpsS aIƒ jm‚nsb hnhmlw

sNbvXp. Ch¿°v FkvtX¿, Fen-k-_Øv F∂o c≠p ]pXn-am-

cp≠v. Ch¿ Ip™p-ß-fmWv.

c≠m-asØ ]pX≥ Pb≥ I´-∏\ ssX∏-d-ºn¬ tPmkv,

F¬k Zº-Xn-I-fpsS aIƒ A\p-hns\ hnhmlw sNbvXp. Ch¿°v

FbvU≥ F∂ ]pX-\p≠v. Ccp-hcpw Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw sSIvt\m

]m¿°n¬ tPmen sNøp∂p.

h¿Ko-kns‚ ]pXn ss_‰nsb Aºm-d-\n-c-t∏¬ Ce-hp-¶¬

tXmakv-- ---˛ tacn Zº-Xn-I-fpsS aI≥ tPm¿÷v hnhmlw Ign-®p.

336


-tPmk^v (Ipń-®≥)

h¿°n-bpsS c≠m-asØ ]pX≥ tPmk^v (Ipń-®≥) ]qh-c-

Wn-bn¬ ]p√m´v sNdn-bms‚ aIƒ tXkysb hnhmlw sNbvXv

CSp°n acn-bm-]p-cØv Xma-kn-°p∂p. tPmk-^n\p h¿°n

(tkmP≥), Hutk∏v (tPmWn), tXmakv (dn®m¿Uv), sNdn-bm≥

(tPmtam≥) F∂o \mep ]pX-∑mcpw adnbw, A∂, tXky F∂o

aq∂p ]pXn-am-cp-amWv.

tPmk^ns‚ aqØ-]p-X≥ tkmP≥ (h¿°n) D∏p-tXmSv

πmtØm-´-Øn¬ ]m∏-®s‚ aIƒ kPnsb hnhmlw sNbvXp.

CSp°n Icn-º-\n-¬ Xma-kn-°p∂p. Ch¿°v FUvhn≥ F∂

BÏp-ńbpw Fanen F∂ s]Ïp-ń-bp-ap≠v. Ch¿ ]Tn-°p∂p.

tkmP≥ Icn-º-\n¬ apØq‰v _m¶v amt\-P-cmbn tPmen sNøp∂p.

c≠m-asØ ]pX≥ Hutk∏v (tPmWn) s]cp-h-¥m-\Øv

hmWn-b-∏p-c-°¬ B\nsb hnhmlw sNbvXv Im™n-c-∏-≈n-bn¬

Xma-kn-°p∂p. B\n Im™n-c-∏≈n kvIqfn¬ So®-dmbn tPmen

sNøp∂p. tPmWn°v tUm¨ F∂ ]pX\pw Unbm, taL F∂o

c≠p ]pXn-am-cp-amWv. aq∂p-t]cpw ]Tn-°p∂p.

aq∂m-asØ ]pX≥ tXmakv (dn®m¿Uv) shń-a-‰Øv aT-Øn¬

amXyp-hns‚ aIƒ en‚sb hnhmlw sNbvXv sXmSp-]p-g-bn¬ Xma-

kn-°p∂p. dn®m¿Uv knhn¬ kssπ-kn¬ tPmen sNøp∂p. `mcy

en‚m sXmSp-]pg PbvdmWn kvIqfn¬ A[ym-]n-I-bmWv. Ch¿°v

tembnUv, enbm≥ F∂o c≠v Bä-°-fp≠v Ccp-hcpw sIm®p-Ip-

ń-I-fmWv.

\mem-asØ ]pX≥ sNdn-bm≥ (tPmtam≥) Ahn-hm-ln-X-

\mWv.

tPmtam≥ Icn-a-Æq-cn¬ d∫¿ _nkn-\kv sNøp∂p. ]nXm-

hns‚ IqsS Xma-kn-°p∂p. tPmk-^ns‚ aqØ-]pXn adn-b-Øns\

(euen) DSp-º-∂q¿ ]g-bn-SØv tXma-kns‚ aI≥ Pbnwkv hnhmlw

sNbvXp.

c≠m-asØ ]pXn A∂sb (ssek) CS-shń Rmfq¿ h¿Ko-

kns‚ aI≥ jmPn hnhmlw sNbvXp.

337


aq∂m-asØ ]pXn tXky (_nPn)sb sImSp-then aT-Øn¬

Nmt°m-bpsS aI≥ tPmk^v (]Imiv) hnhmlw sNbvXp.

tXmakv (tXmam-®≥)

h¿°n-bpsS aq∂m-asØ ]pX≥ tXmakv (tXmam-®≥) \oeq¿

X®m-ºp-dØv tdmk (Ipń-bΩ) sb hnhmlw sNbvXp Xd-hm-ń¬

Xma-kn-°p∂p. tXma-kn\p h¿°n (Pbn-k¨) F∂ ]pX\pw

adnbw (sPkn), sIm®p-tXky (Pb) F∂o c≠p ]pXn-am-cp-amWv.

]pX≥ Pbn-k¨ tahnS At©-cn¬ F.kn.A_mlw ˛

tacnΩ Zº-Xn-I-fpsS aIƒ en‰nsb hnhmlw sNbvXp. ]nXr-Kr-l-

Øn¬ Xma-kn-°p∂p. Ch¿°v Fbvan-tdmkv, AIn¬ F∂o c≠p

a°-fmWv. Ch¿ Ip™p-ß-fmWv.

tXma-kns‚ aqØ-]pXn Pknsb apXet°mSw Ipgn-∏n-≈n¬

Hutk∏v tamfn Zº-Xn-I-fpsS aI≥ cmtPjv hnhmlw sNbvXp.

c≠m-asØ ]pXn Pb G‰p-am-\q-cn¬ G‰p-am-\q-c-∏≥ tImf-

Pn¬ eIvN-d-dmWv.

dh. ^m. sh¿W¿ kn.-Fw.-sF.

Cfw-tXm-´-Øn¬ h¿°n-bpsS aq∂m-asØ ]pX≥ Cń sF∏v

(dh. m. sh¿W¿ knFwsF) 1945¬ 32˛masØ hb-kn¬ acn®p.

sNØn-∏pg Bi-a-tZ-hm-e-b-Øn¬ kwkvI-cn-°-s∏´p.

De-l-∂≥ (Ggmw Xe-ap-d)

Cfw-tXm- -Øn¬ h¿°n-bpsS \mem-asØ ]pX≥ De-l-∂≥

(Ip™ntem) Cfw-tXm´w sXt°-°-≠-Øn¬ Hutk-∏ns‚ aIƒ

¢mcsb hnhmlw sNbvXv sh≈n-bm-a-‰Øv Xma-kn®p. De-l-∂≥

1995 sk]v‰w-_¿ 30-˛mw XobXn 84-˛masØ hb-n¬ ac-W-a-S-™p.

sh≈n-bm-a‰w ]≈n skan-tØ-cn-bn¬ kwkvI-cn-®p.

De-l-∂\p tPm¿Pv (Rq™v), tPmkv, amXyp (t__n-®≥)

F∂o aq∂p ]pX-∑mcpw tacn, Gen, A∂, tdmkΩ F∂o \mep

]pXn-am-cp-amWv.

De-l-∂s‚ aqØ-]pXn tacnsb Ipdp-a-Æn¬ hcn-°-am-°¬

338


aØm-bn-bpsS aI≥ amWn hnhmlw sNbvXp.

c≠m-asØ ]pXn Gen (knÃ¿ tacn ]oam) Icq¿ I¿Ω-

eoØm aT-Øn¬ tN¿∂p I\ym-kvXo-bmbn.

aq∂m-asØ ]pXn A∂sb Fen-°p-fØv ]∆-Øp-ho-ń¬

amXyp-hns‚ aI≥ sk_m-Ãy≥ hnhmlw sNbvXp.

\mem-asØ ]pXn tdmk-Ωsb sN∏p-Ipfw Ipº-fm-¶¬

tPmk- ns‚ aI≥ sI.sP.tZhky hnhmlw Ign®p. Ch¿ Ct∏mƒ

Ad-°p-fØv Xma-kn-°p∂p. tZhky Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw sF.-F-kv.-

B¿.-H.-bn¬ kbn‚n-Ãmbncp∂p. Ct∏mƒ dn´-b¿ sNbvXp.

tPm¿÷v (Rq™v)

De-l-∂ms‚ H∂m-asØ ]pX≥ tPm¿Pv (Rq™v) Ggm-t®cn

Icn-tßm-g-°¬\n∂p ZØp-h∂ Rmh-≈n¬ Hutk-∏ns‚ aIƒ

adn-b-Øns\ hnhmlw sNbvXv shń-a-‰Øv Xma-kn-°p∂p. Ch¿°v

tPm¨ (tPmWn), amXyp (jmPn) F∂o c≠p ]pX-∑mcpw ¢mcnkv

(km-en-Ω) F∂ ]pXn-bp-ap≠v.

tPm¨ (tPmWn)

tPm¿÷ns‚ H∂m-asØ ]pX≥ tPm¨ (tPmWn) `c-W-

ßm\w hmfn-πm-°¬ tPmk^ns‚ aIƒ sIm®p-dm-Wnsb hnhmlw

sNbvXv Cfw-tZ-iØv Xma-kn-°p∂p. tPmWn°v tPm¿Pp-Ipń F∂

]pX\pw an∂p F∂ ]pXn-bp-ap≠v. Ccp-hcpw ]Tn-°p∂p. tPmWn

A\p-P≥ jmPn-bp-samØv Ie-b-¥m-\n-bn¬ d∫¿ _nkn-\kv

sNøp∂p. IqSmsX ]∂n-a‰w sI.F.em‰Ivkv d∫¿ ^mIvS-dn°p

tXm´-ß-fn¬\n∂pw d∫¿]m¬ kw`-cn®p \¬Ip∂ _nkn-\-kp-

ap≠v.

-amXyp (jmPn)

tPm¿÷ns‚ c≠m-asØ ]pX≥ amXyp (jmPn) aqe-a-‰Øv

a\-bm-\n-°¬ Ipcp-hnf aIƒ dmWnsb hnhmlw sNbvXv ]nXr-Kr-

l-Øn¬ Xma-kn-°p∂p. jmPn°v am¿K-c‰v, tdmkv F∂o c≠p

s]ä-°-fmWv. Ccp-hcpw ]Tn-°p∂p.

339


tPm¿÷ns‚ ]pXn ¢mcnkv (kmenΩ) Acn-°pg Nn‰q-cn¬

Xm\-Øp-]-d-ºn¬ sUma-\nIv aI≥ amXyp hnhmlw sNbvXp. Ch¿

Ct∏mƒ ]qbw-Ip-´n-bn-emWv Xmakw.

tPmk^v (tPmkv)

De-l-∂ms‚ c≠m-asØ ]pX≥ tPmk^v (tPmkv) ap´w

hcn-°-am-°¬ tPmk-^ns‚ aIƒ A∂-°p-´nsb hnhmlw sNbvXv

sh≈n-bm-a-‰Øv Xma-kn-°p∂p. tPmkn\v ‰ntPm, tPm_n≥ F∂o

c≠p ]pX-∑mcpw ‰n]vkn F∂ ]pXn-bp-ap≠v.

tPmkns‚ H∂m-asØ ]pX≥ ‰ntPm hS-°m-t©cn ap≠m-´p-

Np-≠-bn¬ tPm¨ks‚ aIƒ tUmWsb hnhmlw sNbvXp. Ccp-

hcpw BkvtS-en-b-bn¬ tPmen sNøp∂p. Ch¿°v dn®m¿Uv

Fs∂mcp ]pX-\p≠v.

tPmkns‚ c≠m-asØ ]pX≥ tPm_n≥ Fen-hmen sh≈-

cn-ßm´v h°-®s‚ aIƒ A\p-hns\ hnhmlw sNbvXv ]pXr-Kr-l-

Øn¬ Xma-kn-°p∂p. tPm_n\v l∂ Fs∂mcp ]pXn-bp≠v.

tPmkns‚ ]pXn ‰n]vknsb ]mem XpSn-bw-πm-°¬ amXyp-

hns‚ aI≥ PÃn≥ hnhmlw sNbvXp. Ccp-hcpw Ata-cn-°-bn¬

tPmen sNøp∂p. Ch¿°v aq∂p ]pXn-am-cp≠v.

amXyp (t__n-®≥)

De-l-∂ms‚ aq∂m-asØ ]pX≥ amXyp (t__n-®≥) ]qh-

cWn Ipº-f-¥m-\Øv sNdn-bms‚ aIƒ tdmk-Ωsb hnhmlw

sNbvXv ]nXr-Kr-l-Øn¬ Xma-kn-°p∂p. amXyp-hn\p tPm¨

(sP≥kv), tPmkv F∂o c≠p ]pX-∑mcpw Pn≥kn F∂ ]pXn-bp-

ap≠v.

]pX≥ tPm¨ (sP≥kv) ]g-b-∂q¿ ap≠m- p-Np-≠-bn¬ tPmkv

aIƒ A\p-hns\ hnhmlw sNbvXp. sP≥kv sU≥am¿°nepw A\p

dnbm-Znepw tPmen sNøp∂p. tPmkv hnZym¿Yn-bmWv. Pn≥kn

\gvknwKv ]T\w Ign™v tPmen sNøp∂p.

aØmbn

Cfw-tXm-´-Øn¬ h¿°n-bpsS A©m-asØ ]pX≥ aØmbn

340


]mem-bn¬ Xpº-t»-cn¬ h¿°n-bpsS aIƒ A∂sb hnhmlw

sNbvXv Xd-hm-ń¬ Xma-kn®p. At±-l-Øn\p k¥m-\-ßƒ C√.

aØm-bnbpw A∂bpw ac-W-a-S™p. Cfw-tXm´w ]≈n skan-tØ-

cn-bn¬ kwkvI-cn®p. aØmbn Hcp ]tcm-]-Imc X¬∏-c-\m-bn-cp∂p.

IpSpw-_-tbmKw ap≥ ]kn-U‚p-amWv. aØmbn 7.05.1994¬ 78- masØ

hb-n¬ ac-W-a-S-™p.

sNdn-bm≥

Cfw-tXm-´-Øn¬ h¿°n-bpsS Bdm-asØ ]pX≥ sNdn-bm≥

(Ip™v) Cf-ßp-fØv Nocmw-Ip-gn-bn¬ amWn-bpsS aIƒ adn-b-Øns\

hnhmlw sNbvXv sh≈n-bm-a-‰Øv Xma-kn-°p∂p. sNdn-bm\p

tPm¿Pv, amWn, sNdn-bm≥ (t‰man), tPmk^v (tPmbn) F∂o \mep

]pX-∑mcpw tacn, tdmk, tXky, A∂ F∂o \mep ]pXn-am-cp-

ap≠v.

aqØ-]pXn tacnsb ac-ßm- p-]-≈n-bn¬ sXm≠n-°¬ Nmt°m-

bpsS aI≥ Ipcy≥ hnhmlw Ign®p.

c≠m-asØ ]pXn tdmksb ac-ßm-´p-]≈n ap™-\m´v

tXmakv hnhmlw Ign®p. aq∂m-asØ ]pXn tXkysb (X¶Ω)

shń-a-‰Øv amΩq- n¬ tPm¨ hnhmlw sNbvXp. \mem-asØ ]pXn

tdmksb ]mem-bn¬ Iho-°p∂v Nocmw-Ip-gn-bn¬ aØm-bn-bpsS

aI≥ tPmkv hnhmlw sNbvXp.

tPm¿÷v

sNdn-bms‚ aqØ-]p-X≥ tPm¿Pv _n.Fkvkn _n.FUv

sh≈n-bm-a-‰Øv XS-h-\m¬ tPmk-^v-˛-a-dn-b-°pń aIƒ A∂sb

(X-¶-Ω) hnhmlw sNbvXv hmg-tØm-∏n¬ Xma-kn®p. tPm¿Pv hnZym-

`ym-k-h-Ip-∏n¬ F.C.H Bbn dn -b¿ sNbvXp. tPm¿÷v 19˛6˛2004¬

acWw ]m]n®p. hmg-tØm∏v ]≈n skan-tØ-cn-bn¬ kwkvI-cn®p.

tPm¿÷n\p kndnƒcmPv Fs∂mcp ]pX\pw knan Fs∂mcp ]pXn-

bp-ap≠v.

tPm¿÷ns‚ ]pX≥ kndn¬cmPv sImgp-h-\m¬ XÆn-∏md

Hutk-∏-®s‚ aIƒ k¬asb hnhm-lw-sNbvXv ]nXr-Kr-l-Øn¬

Xma-kn-°p∂p. kndn-fn\p tPm¿÷p-Ipń Fs∂mcp ]pX\pw A≥kv

341


F∂ ]pXn-bp-ap≠v. Ccp-hcpw ]Tn-°p∂p.

]pXn knansb Nß-\m-ticn Ipdp-º-\m-SØv ap°m- p-Ip-t∂¬

Pbnwkv Ipń-bpsS aI≥ PntPm Pbnwkv hnhmlw sNbvXp. Ccp-

hcpw Zp_m-bn¬ tPmen sNøp∂p.

am\p-h¬ (amWn)

sNdn-bms‚ c≠m-asØ ]pX≥ am\p-h¬ (amWn) ]mem

sh≈n-tb-∏≈n Igp-Øp-ho-ń¬ tXma-kns‚ aIƒ Nn∂-Ωsb

hnhmlw sNbvXv tXm]mw-Ip-Sn-bn¬ Xma-kn-°p∂p. amWn°v PnΩn,

tdmWn F∂o c≠mä-°-fmWv. PnΩn ]S-apJw sXmń-bn¬ tP°-

_ns‚ aIƒ kp\n-Xsb hnhmlw Ign®p ]nXr-Kr-l-Øn¬ Xma-

kn-°p∂p. PnΩn°v sacn≥ Fs∂mcp ]pXn-bp≠v. tdmWn

bp.sI.bn¬ \gvkmbn tPmen sNøp∂p.

tSman

sNdn-bms‚ aq∂m-asØ ]pX≥ tSman ssae-s°mºv

AΩ≥Xp-cp-Øn-bn¬ h¿°n-bpsS aIƒ sseesb hnhmlw sNbvXv

tXm]mw-Ip-Sn-bn¬ Xma-kn-°p∂p. tSman°p t‰mWn, tPm¿÷v F∂o

c≠mä-°-fmWv. c≠p-t]cpw ]Tn-°p∂p. tSman 09.08.2011 ¬ \ncym-

X-\m-bn. tXm]mw-IpSn ]≈n skan-tØ-cn-bn¬ kwkvI-cn-®p.

tPmk^v (tPmbn)

sNdn-bms‚ \mem-asØ ]pX≥ tPmk^v (tPmbn) Cc-´-bm-

‰n¬ sXmń-bn¬ A_m-l-Øns‚ aIƒ kme-Ωsb hnhmlw

sNbvXv ]nXr-Kr-l-Øn¬ Xma-kn-°p∂p. tPmbn°v hnt\mZv, a\p

F∂o c≠p ]pX-∑mcpw tPmn Fs∂mcp ]pXn-bp-ap≠v. ]pXn

tPmnsb IqØm-´p-Ip-fØv Ing-t°-tIm-gn-πm-°¬ tPm¨ aI≥

enPp hnhmlw sNbvXp.

]pen-a-e-°p-t∂¬ Xmsg

sXmΩ≥ sshZy≥ (Bdmw Xe-ap-d)

A©mw Xe-apd ]pen-a-e-°p-t∂¬Ømsg sXmΩ≥ sshZys‚

342


c≠m-asØ ]pX≥ sXma-Ω≥. ]pXp-a\ A_m-l-Øns‚ aIƒ

adn-b-Øns\ hnhmlw sNbvXv ]nXr-Kr-l-Øn¬ Xma-kn®p. At±lw

Bbp¿thZ NnIn-’-bn¬ hnZ-Kv[-\m-bn-cp∂p. sXmΩ\p tXmakv,

A_mlw, h¿°n, tPm¨, tPmk^v, amXyp F∂ Bdp ]pX-

∑mcpw tdmk, Gen, adnbw, A∂, adnbw, tXky F∂ Bdp

]pXn-amcpw P\n®p.

]pXn tdmksb ]hn-Øm\w CS-hI Ipgn-™m-en¬ sNdn-b-

Xns‚ aI≥ Ck-lm°v hnhmlw sNbvXp. ]pXn Gen (knÃ¿

dPo\m) ]mem ¢mc-a-T-Ønepw aq∂m-asØ ]pXn adnbw (knÃ¿

Ã≥kn-en-knbm F^v.-kn.-kn.) shfn-®n-bm\n ¢mc-a-T-Ønepw ]pXn

A∂ hnim-J-]-´Ww anjy-\nepw A©m-asØ ]pXn adn-bhpw

Bdm-asØ ]pXn tXkymbpw ae-_m-dn¬ ¢mc-a-T-Ønepw tN¿∂p

I\ym-kvXo-I-fmbn.

sI.-‰n. tXmakv (Ggmw Xe-ap-d)

]Y-a-]p-X≥ sI.-‰n. tXmakv _n.Fkvkn Icq¿ Iq¥m-\Øv

Hutk-∏ns‚ aIƒ Gensb hnhmlw sNbvXp. At±lw ]mem

sk‚ v tXmakv kvIqfn¬ A[ym-]-I-\mbpw Ipdp-aÆv anUn¬

kvIqƒ slUvam -Ã-dmbpw tPmen t\m°n -bn -cp∂p. io.

sI.kn.sk_m-Ãy≥ Ign-™m¬ Ing-t°-°c IpSpw-_-Ønse

ASpØ _ncp-Z-[m-cn-bmWv tXmΩkv. At±lw 1947¬ acn®v Cfw-

tXm´w ]≈n skan-tØ-cn-bn¬ kwkvI-cn-°-s∏´p. At±-l-Øn\p

tXmakv, tPmk^v F∂o c≠p ]pX-∑m¿ P\n®p.

sI.Sn. tXmakv (F´mw Xe-ap-d)

sXmΩs‚ aqØ-]p - X≥ sI.Sn.tXmakv _n.Fkvkn

Fw._n._n.Fkv, Fw.B¿.kn.]n. ssk° ˛ e≠-\n¬ tUmIvS-

dmbn tPmen sNøp∂p. tXmakv Ce-™n-bn¬\n∂pw Xncp-h-\-¥-

]p-cØv Xma-kn-°p∂ tXm´-Øn¬ ]o‰-dns‚ aIƒ tamfn

_n.Fkvknsb hnhmlw sNbvXp. Ch¿°v adnbw (‰nwkn), Fen-

k-_Øv (enwkn), _nPo‰v (km≥^n) F∂o aq∂p ]pXn-am-cm-Wp-

≈Xv. a°ƒ aq∂p-t]cpw hnhm-ln-X-cmbn e≠-\n¬ Xma-kn-°p∂p.

343


sI.-Sn. tPmk^v

tXma-kns‚ c≠m-asØ ]pX≥ sI.Sn.tPmk^v XnS-\mSv

sh≈q-Ip-t∂¬ tPmk v, adn-b-°pń Zº-Xn-I-fpsS aIƒ tacn-Ωsb

hnhmlw sNbvXv ]nXr-Kr-l-amb ]pen-a-\-°p-t∂¬ Xd-hm- n¬ Xma-

kn-°p-∂p. tPmk-^n\p tacn (ko\p) F∂ ]pXnbpw tXmakv

(s\_p) F∂ ]pX-\p-ap≠v. ]pXn ko\phns\ Ccn-ßm-e-°pS ]ø-

∏≈n sImfph≥ ]^. ]n.sP.DΩ≥, kteman Zº-Xn-I-fpsS aI≥

tlm¿aokv (Ddp-aokv) hnhmlw sNbvXp. Ccp-hcpw _mw•q-cn¬

tPmen sNøp∂p.

]pX≥ s\_p ss]I tImgn-sIm-Øn-°¬ tPmbnkv, tKkn-

°pń aIƒ sXtck(Ip°p)hns\ hnhmlw sNbvXv _mwKvfq-cn¬

Xma-kn-°p∂p.

A_mlw (Cń-°p™p)

]pen-a-\-°p-t∂¬ sXmΩs‚ c≠m-asØ ]pX≥ A_mlw

(Cń-°p™v) ]hn-Øm-\Øv Abv]≥]-d-ºn¬ Ipt∂¬ Cń-b-hn-

c-bpsS aIƒ tXkysb hnhmlw sNbvXp. a°-fn-√msX `mcy

acn®p. AXn-\m¬ aptØm-en¬ am[-h-∏-≈n¬ h¿°n-bpsS aIƒ

tXkymsb ]p\¿ hnhmlw sNbvXv Ipdp-aÆv a\-°-°-≠-Øn¬

Xma-kn®p. Ch¿°v sXmΩ≥, h¿°n, tPmkv, tPm¨ F∂o ]pX-

∑mcpw tacn, tXky, tdmk F∂o aq∂p ]pXn-amcpw P\n®p. ]pXn

tacn ]mem IÆm-Sn-bp-dpºv ¢mc aT-Ønepw c≠m-asØ ]pXn

tXky `c-W-ßm\w tacn-Kncn saUn-°¬ anj-\nepw aq∂m-asØ

]pXn tdmk ]mem ¢mc-a-T-Ønepw tN¿∂v I\ym-kvXo-I-fmbn.

CXn¬ tXkymbpw tdmkbpw ac-W-a-S™p.

tXmakv (F´mw Xe-ap-d)

Cń-°p-™ns‚ aqØ ]pX≥ tXmakv ]hn-Øm-\-Øp-\n∂pw

CS-a-dp-In¬ Xma-kn-°p∂ Iq´p-¶¬ Nn∂-Ωsb hnhmlw Ign®v

tX∑m-cn-bn¬ Xma-kn-°p∂p. tXma-kn\v A©v ]pXn-amcpw Hcp

]pX-\p-ap≠v.

aqØ-]pXn tacnsb Ie-b-¥m-\n-bn¬ hcn-°-am-°¬ A_m-

344


l-Øns‚ aI≥ Pbnwkv hnhmlw Ign®p.

c≠m-asØ ]pXn tKnsb CS-a-dp-In¬ hmfn-πm-°¬ amXyp-

hns‚ aI≥ tPmk^v hnhmlw sNbvXp. aq∂m-asØ ]pXn kmen

(knÃ¿ knkn-enb) _mwKvfq-cn¬ ¢qWn tIm¨sh‚n¬ tN¿∂p

I\ym-kvXo-bmbn _mwKvfq-cn¬ tkh\w sNøp∂p. \mem-asØ

]pXn ntem-an-\sb Im™n-c-∏≈n ]¥n-cp-th-en¬ kÆn hnhmlw

sNbvXp. A©m-asØ ]pXn h’-Ωsb Cfw-tZ-iØv ]≈n-°y-am-

en¬ \n°-fm-thm-kns‚ aI≥ eqbnkv hnhmlw sNbvXp. Ccp-hcpw

_l-dn-\n¬ Xma-kn-°p∂p.

]pX≥ t\m_nƒ tImX-aw-Kew Ipcn-ipw-aq-ń¬ amXyp-hns‚

aIƒ do\sb hnhmlw sNbvXp. Ccp-hcpw BkvtX-en-b-bn¬

tPmen sNøp∂p. Ch¿°v tXmakv, amXyp F∂ c≠p ]pX-∑mcpw

tdmkvtamƒ F∂ ]pXn-bp-ap≠v. Ch¿ hnZym¿Yn-I-fmWv.

sI.-sF. tPm¿Pv (h¿°n-®≥)

Cń-°p-™ns‚ c≠m-asØ ]pX≥ sI.sF.tPm¿Pv (h¿°n-

®≥) ]hn-Øm-\Øv Ipgn-™m-en¬ Ipcp-hn-f-bpsS aIƒ h’sb

hnhmlw sNbvXv tX∑m-cn-bn¬ Xma-kn-°p∂p. tPm¿÷n\p kpa

knan F∂o c≠p ]pXn-amcpw tkmWn F∂ ]pX-\p-ap≠v.

h¿°n-®s‚ aqØ-]pXn kp-asb acn-bm-]p-cØv ap≠-°¬

tPm¨ Gen-°pń Zº-Xn-I-fpsS aI≥ ¢a‚ v (X¶-®≥) hnhmlw

Ign®v DSp-º-∂q-cn¬ Xma-kn-°p∂p.

c≠m-asØ ]pXn knansb aqhm-‰p-]pg ]®-bn¬ amXyp-hns‚

aI≥ km_p hnhmlw sNbvXv aqhm-‰p-]p-g-bn¬ Xma-kn-°p∂p.

]pX≥ tkmWn ]qh-cWn ]¥-em-\n-°¬ sXmΩ-®≥, eoemΩ

Zº-Xn-I-fpsS aIƒ knnsb hnhmlw sNbvXv ]nXr-Kr-l-Øn¬

Xma-kn-°p∂p. tkmWn°v Aa¬ Pntbm tkmWn F∂ ]pX\pw

B≥ tdmkv F∂ ]pXn-bp-ap≠v. Ch¿ hnZym¿Yn-I-fmWv.

tPmkv

Cń-°p-™ns‚ aq∂m-asØ ]pX≥ tPmkv ]∂n-a-‰Øv ap≠-

°¬ sk_m-Ãys‚ aIƒ h’-Ωsb hnhmlw sNbvXv h≠-a-

345


‰Øv Xma-kn-°p∂p. Ch¿°v k®n≥ F∂ ]pX\pw kuay F∂

]pXn-bp-ap≠v. ]pXn kuaysb ss]I B\n-tØm-´-Øn¬ Ipcy≥

tXky aI≥ amXyp kndn-bIv hnhmlw sNbvXp. ]pX≥ k®n≥

tImX-aw-Kew s]cp-º-\m-\n-°¬ tPmkv-˛-F-anen aIƒ Pn¬kns\

hnhmlw sNbvXv ]nXr-K-l-Øn¬ Xma-kn®v Fd-Wm-Ip-fØv tPmen

sNøp∂p.

tPm¨

A_ml(Cń-°p™v)Øns‚ \mem-asØ ]pX≥ tPm¨

Xriq¿ ]pd-h≥Xp-cp-Øn¬ kvIdn-bm-bpsS aIƒ kn\nsb hnhmlw

sNbvXv IS-πm-a‰w CS-h-I-bn¬ s\√n-°p-∂n¬ Xma-kn-°p∂p.

Ch¿°v sPdn≥ F∂ ]pX\pw sjdn≥ F∂ ]pXn-bp-ap≠v. ]pXn

sjdn≥ \gvkmbn Al-Ω-Zm-_m-Zn¬ tPmen sNøp∂p. sPdn≥

hnZym¿Yn-bmWv.

sXmΩs‚ XrXo-b-]p-X≥ h¿°n (dh. ^mkn-kvXqkv)

kn.Fw.sF. sshZn-I-\m-bn-cp∂p Ct∏mƒ C√.

sI.Sn.tPm¨ (Ip™ntem)

sXmΩs‚ \mem-asØ ]pX≥ tPm¨ (Ip™ntem) ]hn-

Øm-\Øv Im™n-c-Øn-¶¬ NpΩm-cpsS aIƒ tXkysb hnhmlw

sNbvXv shń-a-‰Øv Xma-kn-°bpw ]∂oSv shń-a-‰sØ ÿew hn‰v

]mem-bn¬ Xma-kn-°th acWw ]m]n®p. tPmWn\p sXmΩ≥

Fs∂mcp ]pX\pw adnbw, Gen, A∂, tdmk, tXky F∂o

A©p ]pXn-am-cp-ap≠v. aqØ-]pXn adn-b-Øns\ Ing-X-Sn-bq¿ s]mcp-

t∂m-en¬ kvIdn-bm-bpsS aI≥ tPmk^v kvIdnb _n.Fkvkn

_n.FUv hnhmlw sNbvXp.

c≠m-asØ ]pXn Gen Bc-°pg I¿Ω-eoØm aT-Ønepw

aq∂m-asØ ]pXn A∂-°p- nsb Fcp-taen aq∂p-I-≠-Øn¬ t__n-

®≥ hnhmlw sNbvXp. Ccp-hcpw Ct∏mƒ Im\-U-bn¬ tPmen

sNøp∂p. \mem-asØ ]pXn tdmk ae-_m-dn¬ ¢mc-a-T-Øn¬

tN¿∂v I\ym-kvXo-bmbn. A©m-asØ ]pXn tXkysb \cn-b-

ßm\w am¶q-´-Øn¬ h¿°n aI≥ tSman hnhmlw sNbvXv ]mem-

bn¬ Xma-kn-°p∂p. ]pX≥ kpJ-an-√mØ Bfm-bn-cp∂p. Ct∏mƒ

C√.

346


sI.Sn.tPmk^v

sXmΩs‚ A©m-asØ ]pX≥ tPmk^v sshZn-I-hrØn

Dt]-£n®v tN¿∏p-¶¬ ]d-tImń-bn¬ tPmk^v ˛ Gen-°pń Zº-

Xn-I-fpsS aIƒ tacnsb hnhmlw sNbvXv Ccn-ń-b-SpØv B\-∏m-d-

bn¬ Xma-kn-°p∂p. Ct±lw 2002 s^_p-h-cn-bn¬ acWw ]m]n®p.

aWn-°-Shv ]≈n skan-tØ-cn-bn¬ kwkvI-cn®p.

tPmk-^n\p Pnkv, kuay F∂o c≠p ]pXn-amcpw am\p-h¬

(tPm_n) F∂ ]pX-\p-ap≠v. ]pXn-am¿ c≠p-t]cpw aT-Øn¬

tN¿∂v I\ym-kvXo-I-fmbn. ]pX≥ tPm_n≥ aWn-°-Shv aqe-°m-

ń¬ Ipcy≥, Beokv aIƒ tkmWm (F¬kn)sb hnhmlw sNbvXv

]nXr-Kr-l-Øn¬ Xma-kn-°p∂p. tPm_n°v Gbv©¬, Fhnk

(A¬t^m≥km) F∂o c≠p Ipń-I-fp≠v. Ccp-hcpw Ip™p-ß-

fmWv.

sI.Sn.amXyp

sXmΩs‚ Bdm-asØ ]pX≥ amXyp ]hn-Øm-\Øv

sXt°¬ kvIdn-b-bm-bpsS aIƒ Gen-°p- nsb hnhmlw sNbvXp.

amXyp-hn\v tXmakv (sIm®v), kvIdnb (tPmbn), Pbnwkv (t__n)

F∂o aq∂p ]pX-∑mcpw tacn, A∂ F∂o c≠p ]pXn-am-cp-ap≠v.

aqØ]pXn tacnsb ss]I \¥n-Im- p-I-≠-Øn¬ F≥.F. h¿Kokv,

tXkymΩ Zº-Xn-I-fpsS aI≥ F≥.hn.h¿Kokv hnhmlw sNbvXp.

tacn-°p-ń°v \mep ]pXn-amcpw aq∂p ]pX-∑m-cp-amWv.

amXyp-hns‚ c≠m-asØ ]pXn A∂ (ssee)sb Im°q¿

aoº-≈n-°m-hn¬ Fw.sP.BKkvXn Fen-k-_Øv aI≥ tSman

(Irjn) hnhmlw sNbvXp. ssee-bpsS aqØ-]p-X≥ PÃn≥ tSmw

Fw._n.F, Akn-Ã‚ v amt\-P¿ dnte-j≥jn∏v C¥y _pjv skIyq-

cn-‰okv C.sI.Fw. h¿°v sNøp∂p. c≠m-asØ ]pX≥ amXyqkv

_n.Fkv.F ÃpU‚ v BWv. aq∂m-asØ ]pX≥ tSmwkv _n.sSIv

ÃpU‚ v BWv. \mem-a≥ tPmk≥ F´mw ¢mkn¬ ]Tn-°p∂p.

sI.-Fw. tXmakv (sIm®v)

amXyp-hns‚ aqØ-]p-X≥ sI.Fw.tXmakv (sIm®v) Fcp-taen

349


Ddp-tº-\n-c-t∏¬ (\n[o-cn-°¬) H.hn.tZhky, ImX-ssd≥ aIƒ

tamfnsb hnhm-lw-sNbvXv Cfw-tXm-´-Øn¬ Xma-kn-°p∂p. tXma-

kn\p kmtPm t_m_n F∂o c≠p ]pX-∑mcpw tUm. km\n

tXmakv F∂ ]pXn-bp-ap≠v. aqØ-]p-X≥ kmtPm sF.Sn. F≥Pn-

\o-b-dmbn _mwKvfq-cn¬ tPmen sNøp∂p. c≠m-asØ ]pX≥

t_m_n Fw.Fkvkn°v ]Tn-°p∂p. ]pXn km\nsb sXmSp-]pg

]me-a‰w ]n.sP.tPm¿Pv, Gen-°pń aI≥ cmtPjv tÃ‰v SmIvkv

Hmôk¿ hnhmlw sNbvXp. km\n sh‰-dn-\dn k¿P-\mWv.

amXyp-hns‚ c≠m-asØ ]pX≥ kvIdnbm (tPmbn) ]mem

IS-∏m-´q¿ amS-∏m´v Fw.sI.tPmk^v, tXky Zº-Xn-I-fpsS aIƒ

tdmnsb hnhmlw sNbvXp Nq≠-t®-cn-bn¬ Xma-kn-°p∂p.

tPmbn°v amXyp, tPmkv F∂o c≠p ]pX-∑m-cmWv. aqØ-a-I≥

amXyp sI.sP. \oeq¿ ap√-∏≈n amXyp, Gen-°pń aIƒ _n≥knsb

hnhmlw sNbvXp.

sPbnwkv (t__n)

amXyp-hns‚ aq∂m-asØ ]pX≥ sPbnwkv tImgn-ae sI.kn.

tPmkv G-en-bmΩ Zº-Xn-I-fpsS aIƒ kqk-Ωsb hnhmlw sNbvXv

]nXr-K-l-Øn¬ Xma-kn-°p-∂p. sPbnw-kn\v amXyp _n.-F®v.Fw.,

FUvth¿Uv (sk-an-\m-cn), tSmw sPbnwkv _n.-tImw. F∂o aq∂v

]pX-∑m-cp≠v.

Itcm-s´-ho-ń¬ h¿°n-bpsS aq∂m-asØ ]pX≥ De-l-∂m≥

(dh. ^m. tPm¨) Cfw-tXm´w Bÿm\-am-bn-cp∂ I¬Zmb kpdn-

bm-\n-k-`-bnse saXm-t∏m-eo-Ø-bpsS ]°¬\n-∂mWv ]´-ta-‰Xv.

]n∂oSv tdma≥ ItØm-en-°m-k- -bn-te°v Xncn-®p-t]m∂p. Ct±lw

Ing-t°-°-c-]o-Sn-I-bn¬ _lp. butk-∏-®s‚ kl-]m-Tn-bm-bn-cp∂p.

Ct±lw Cfw-tXm´w, aptØmen, tIm´m-ß¬ apX-emb ]≈n-I-fn¬

Akn. hnIm-cn-bm-bn-cp-∂n- p≠v. At±lw ac-WaS™p ]mem IØo-

U¬ ]≈n-bn¬ kwkvI-cn-°-s∏´p.

Itcm-s´-ho-ń¬ imJ

h¿°n-bpsS \mem-asØ ]pX≥ h¿°n (Xe-ap-Sn-°m-c≥) ]Sn-

™m-sd-°c imJ-bmb sXcp-hn¬\n∂pw hnhmlw sNbvXv Xd-hm-

350


ń¬ Xma-kn®p. h¿°n°v h¿°n Fs∂mcp ]pX\pw Hcp ]pXn-bp-

ap-≠mbn. ]pXnsb ao\-®n¬ ]p√m v hnhmlw sNbvX-b®p. ]pX≥

h¿°n c-W-ßm\w πmtØm- -Øn¬ dh. m. Ipcp-hn-f-bpsS ktlm-

Zcn Gensb hnhmlw sNbvXv Xd-hm- n¬ Xma-kn®p. ]n∂oSv ]mem-

bn-ep≈ Xd-hmSpw hkvXp-°fpw hn‰v sh≈n-bm-a-‰Øv ]pc-bn-S-ßƒ

hmßn Xma-k-am°n. h¿°n°v h¿°n (Ip™p), amWn, tPmk^v

(]m∏-®≥), sXmΩ≥, De-l-∂m≥ (Ip™ntem) F∂ A©p ]pX-

∑mcpw Gen, adnbw, tdmk, tXky, A∂, ¢mc F∂o Bdp ]pXn-

am-cp-ap-≠mbn.

h¿°n h¿°n (Ggmw Xe-ap-d)

H∂m-asØ ]pX≥ h¿°n (Ip™v) ao\-®n¬ sXmSp-I-

bn¬s∏´ aqe-bn¬ h¿°n-bpsS aIƒ adn-b-Øns\ hnhmlw sNbvXv

ssltd-©n¬ s]cn-©mw-Ip-ń-bn¬ Xma-kn®p. h¿°n°v tPm¿÷v

(sIm®v) kvIdnb, Hutk∏v F∂o aq∂p ]pX-∑mcpw Gen, A∂,

tXky, adnbw F∂o ]pXn-amcpw P\n®p. h¿°n 1988 Pq¨ 20\p

acWw ]m]n®v s]cn-©mw-Ipń ]≈n skan-tØ-cn-bn¬ kwkvI-

cn®p.

h¿°n-bpsS aqØ-]p-X≥ tPm¿Pv (sIm®v) ]md-tØmSv Ipf-

ß-c-ho-ń¬ Nmt°m-bpsS aIƒ tacnb hnhmlw sNbvXv ssltd-

©n¬ s]cn-©mw-Ip-ń-bn¬ Xma-kn-°p∂p. tPm¿÷v 2009 HIvtSm-

_¿ A©mw XobXn acWw ]m]n®p. s]cn-©mw-Ipń ]≈n skan-

tØ-cn-bn¬ kwkvI-cn®p. tPm¿÷n\p aPq, Nmt°m (Pbnan),

tPmk^v (tPman) F∂o aq∂p ]pX-∑mcpw adnbw (an\n), tXkym

(enb) F∂o c≠p s]ä-°-fp-amWv.

tPm¿÷ns‚ aqØ-]p-X≥ aPq s_tY¬ sIm√-s°m-ºn¬

amXyp aIƒ tacn (cP\n)sb hnhmlw sNbvXv ]nXr-Kr-l-Øn¬

Xma-kn-°p∂p. aPq-hn\v h¿°n (sFhn≥) Fs∂mcp BÏp-ń-

bp≠v.

tPm¿÷ns‚ c≠m-asØ ]pX≥ Nmt°m (Pbnan) sh≈m-

cw-Ip∂v \cn-h-≈n-bn¬ Nmt°m aIƒ aRvPp-hns\ hnhmlw sNbvXv

]nXr-Kr-l-Øn¬ Xma-kn-°p∂p. tPm¿÷ns‚ aq∂m-asØ ]pX≥

tPmk^v (tPman) FIvkvtd sh¬UnwKv tImgvkv ]mkmbn kz¥-

351


ambn _nkn-\kv sNøp∂p. Ahn-hm-ln-X-\mWv. tPm¿÷ns‚ aqØ-

]pXn adnbw (an\n)sb sh≈-Øq-h¬ ]≈n-∏-d-ºn¬ h¿Ko-kns‚

aI≥ t]mƒ hnhmlw Ign®p. c≠m-asØ ]pXn tXky (enb)sb

I√m¿Ipń s\Spw-]o-Sn-I-bn¬ tPm¿÷ns‚ aI≥ _n_n≥ hnhmlw

sNbvXp.

h¿°n-bpsS c≠m-asØ ]pX≥ kvIdnb (k°-dn-bmkv

sI.h¿°n) DSp-º-∂q¿ tXm´p-¶¬ B≥knsb hnhmlw sNbvXv

Ata-cn-°-bn¬ tPm¿Pn-b-bn¬ Xma-kn-°p∂p. kvIdn-bbv°v \n°n,

\m‰ven, \nn F∂o aq∂p s]ä-°-fmWv. aq∂p-t]cpw ]Tn-°p∂p.

h¿°n-bpsS aq∂m-asØ ]pX≥ Hutk∏v (Ip™p-tam≥)

]md-tØmSv ht≈mw-]p-c-bnSw h¿°n-bpsS aIƒ X¶-Ωsb hnhmlw

sNbvXv ]nXr-Kr-l-Øn¬ Xma-kn-°p∂p. Ip™p-tam\v HcmWpw Hcp

s]Æpw BWv a°ƒ. ]pX≥ tPm_n\pw ]pXn B¬_n-bp-amWv.


h¿°n-bpsS aqØ-]pXn Benkv (Gen)sb tImX-aw-Kew

tIm -∏Sn ams¶m-gn-bn¬ tZhkn hnhmlw sNbvXp. c≠p-t]cpw Ata-

cn-°-bn-emWv. tZhkn acn-®p-t]mbn. c≠m-asØ ]pXn A∂

(en√n)sb sh≈n-°p-f-ßc πm°q-´-Øn¬ tXmakv (Ip™v) hnhm-

lw-sNbvXp. h¿°n-bpsS aq∂m-asØ ]pXn tdmk-Ωsb tacn-Ipfw

]pfn-°-a-WvU-]-Øn¬ (\t°m-e-bn¬) Nmt°m hnhmlw sNbvXp.

\mem-asØ ]pXn tacnsb Iº-fn-°≠w hc-Ip-Im-em-]-d-ºn¬ X¶-

®≥ hnhmlw sNbvXp. A©m-asØ ]pXn tXky(tKkn)sb

tk\m-]-Xn-bn¬ iucymw-am-°¬ sk_m-Ãy≥ (sIm®v) hnhmlw

sNbvXp.

amWn h¿°n

Itcm-t´-ho-ń¬ h¿°n-bpsS c≠m-asØ ]pX≥ amWn Ad-

°p-fØv a™-°p-t∂¬ Nmt°m-bpsS aIƒ A∂sb hnhmlw

sNbvXv ]∂n-a-‰Øv Xma-kn-°p∂p. amWn°v tPm¿Pv, Nmt°m,

tPmk^v (tPmkv) F∂o aq∂p ]pX-∑mcpw Gen (Fanen)

Fs∂mcp ]pXn-bp-ap≠v.

tPm¿Pv (Rq™v)

352


amWn-bpsS aqØ-]p-X≥ tPm¿Pv (Rq™v) apX-e-t°m-SØv

sNº-c-Øn-°¬ h¿°n-bpsS aIƒ eqknsb hnhmlw sNbvXv ]∂n-

a-‰Øv Xma-kn®p. tPm¿÷n\p c≠mä-°fpw Hcp s]Ïp-ń-bp-

ap-≠mbn. F∂m¬ s]Ïpń (A∂) Bdp-h-b-km-b-t∏mƒ acn®p.

aqØ-]p-X≥ amWn (a\p) c≠m-asØ ]pX≥ B‚-Wnbpw ]nXr-

Kr-l-Øn¬ Xma-kn-°p∂p. a\p A£b sk‚¿ \S-Øp∂p.

tPm¿÷v 2005¬ 56˛#masØ hb-kn¬ tcmKw h∂v ac-W-a-S™p.

]∂n-a‰w ]≈n skan-tØ-cn-bn¬ kwkvI-cn®p.

Nmt°m (Pbnw-kv)

amWn-bpsS c≠m-asØ ]pX≥ Nmt°m sImSp-th-en¬ Fen-

hm-ep-¶¬ Ipcym-®s‚ aIƒ dq_nsb hnhmlw sNbvXv shń-a-

‰Øv Xma-kn-°p-\\p. Ch¿°v amWn (sa¬_n≥) F∂ ]pX\pw

A∂ (an°n) F∂ ]pXn-bp-ap≠v. c≠p-t]cpw F≥Pn-\o-b-dnw-Kn\p

]Tn-°p∂p.

tPmkv

amWn-bpsS aq∂m-asØ ]pX≥ tPmkv sh≈-cn-°p≠v aWn-

bw-am-°¬ amXyp-hns‚ aIƒ Fen-k-_Øv (tamfn)sb hnhmlw

sNbvXv ]nXr-Kr-l-Øn¬ Xma-kn-°p∂p. tPmkn\p am\p-h¬

(\nJn¬) F∂ ]pX-\p≠v. \nJn¬ ae-_m¿ t]¿Ø√n Cfw-Ip-‰n-

°m- n¬ tPmk- v- -A-∂Ω Zº-Xn-I-fpsS aIƒ A\n-Xsb hnhmlw

sNbvXp. amWn-bpsS ]pXn Gen (Fanen) Fd-Wm-Ipfw Ieq-cn¬

C‚¿\m-j-W¬ saUn-°¬ Atkm-kn-tb-j≥ aT-Øn¬ tN¿∂v

I\ym-kvXo-bmbn.

tPmk^v h¿°n

h¿°n-bpsS aq∂m-asØ ]pX≥ tPmk^v (]m∏-®≥) Icq¿

Rmh-≈n¬ ]\-a-‰-Øn¬ h¿°n-bpsS aIƒ _nPo-Øsb hnhmlw

sNbvXv sh≈n-bm-a-‰Øv Xma-kn-°p∂p. tPmk-^n\p tPmkv,

tPm¿Pv, tXmakv, tPmWn, Pn≥kv, _n≥kv F∂o Bdp ]pX-∑mcpw

sSkn, tagvkn, Pn\n F∂o aq∂p ]pXn-amcpw D≠v.

aqØ-]p-X≥ tPmkv Nnehv I®n-d-a-‰-Øn¬ BKkvXn, adnbw

353


aIƒ en√nsb hnhmlw sNbvXv apcn-°m-ti-cn-bn¬ Xma-kn-°p∂p.

tPmkn\p \oXp F∂ ]pXnbpw entPm, DÆn F∂o c≠p ]pX-

∑mcpw D≠v. Ch¿ ]Tn-°p∂p.

c≠m-a≥ tPm¿÷v taep-Imhv h -a-‰-Øn¬ tXmakv, adn-bmΩ

Zº-Xn-I-fpsS aIƒ Pnsb hnhmlw sNbvXv sh≈n-bm-a-‰Øv Xma-

kn-°p∂p. tPm¿÷n\p _n¬_n, sa¬_n F∂ c≠p ]pXn-amcpw

sP_n≥ F∂ ]pX-\p-ap≠v. Ch¿ ]Tn-°p∂p.

aq∂m-asØ ]pX≥ tXmakv, \mK-∏pg h´-°p-t∂¬

BKkvXn tXkym Zº-Xn-I-fpsS aIƒ Pm≥knsb hnhmlw

sNbvXv ]∂n-a-‰Øv Xma-kn-°p∂p. tXma-kn\p AJn¬, \nJn¬

F∂ c≠p ]pX-∑mcpw B≥a-cnb F∂ ]pXn-bp-ap≠v. aqhcpw

]Tn-°p∂p.

\mem-asØ ]pX≥ tPmWn ]qh-cWn ]pXn-bn-SØv Ahn-cm-

®≥, tamfn Zº-Xn-I-fpsS aIƒ an\nsb hnhm-lw -sNbvXv \mfn-bm-

\n-bn¬ Xma-kn-°p∂p. Ch¿°v tkmWnbm F∂ ]pXnbpw tSmWn

F∂ ]pX-\p-ap≠v. Ch¿ ]Tn-°p∂p. A©m-asØ ]pX≥ Pn≥kpw

Bdm-asØ ]pX≥ _n≥kpw Ahn-hm-ln-X-cmWv.

tPmk-^ns‚ aqØ-]pXn sSknsb apl-ΩZ Ipt‰¬ tPm¨,

A∂ Zº-Xn-I-fpsS aI≥ tPmbn hnhmlw sNbvXp. c≠m-asØ

]pXn tagvknsb Icn-a-Æq¿ AS-∏q¿ aØ≥, tXkymΩ Zº-Xn-I-

fpsS aI≥ Ipcym-®≥ hnhmlw sNbvXp. aq∂m-asØ ]pXn Pn\nsb

hS-°≥tNcn H‰-sØ-ßp-¶¬ Hutk-∏-®s‚ aI≥ jmPn hnhmlw

sNbvXp.

tXmakv h¿°n

h¿°n-bpsS \mem-asØ ]pX≥ sXmΩ≥ (Ip™-Ω≥)

\oeq¿ ]ptØ´v amXyp Gen Zº-Xn-I-fpsS aIƒ tXkysb hnhm-

lw-sNbvXv sh≈n-bm-a-‰Øv ]nXr-Kr-l-Øn¬ Xma-kn-°p∂p.

sXmΩ\p aq∂p B¨a-°fpw Hcp s]Æp-ap≠v. tPm¿Pv, amXyp,

tPm_n F∂o aq∂v ]pX∑mcpw B≥kn F∂ ]pXn-bp-amWv. aqØ-

]p-X≥ tPm¿Pv hmg-°pfw Xpcp-Øn-∏-≈n¬ h¿°n adnbw Zº-Xn-

I-fpsS aIƒ B≥kns\ hnhmlw sNbvXv sh≈n-bm-a-‰Øp Xma-

354


kn-°p∂p. tPm¿÷n\p F_n, PnØp F∂o c≠p ]pX-∑m-cmWv

a°ƒ Ch¿ hnZym¿Yn-I-fmWv. c≠m-asØ ]pX≥ amXyp ao∑p´n

sXt°¬ tPmk v tXky Zº-Xn-I-fpsS aIƒ tKknsb hnhmlw

sNbvXp. Ch¿°v Aa¬, APnXv F∂o c≠p ]pX-∑m-cmWv. Ch¿

Ip™p-ß-fmWv aq∂m-asØ ]pX≥ tPm_n I√m-\n-°¬ Ip‰n-∏m-

e-°¬ tPm¿Pv X¶Ω Zº-Xn-I-fpsS aIƒ knansb hnhmlw

sNbvXv I√m-\n-°¬ Xma-kn-°p∂p. Ch¿°v FtdmWm acnb F∂

]pXn-bp≠v. aIƒ B≥knsb Cfw-tZ-iØv Be-°¬ ssa°nƒ

adnbw Zº-Xn-I-fpsS aI≥ kÆn (tXmakv) hnhmlw sNbvXp.

De-l-∂m≥ h¿°n

Itcm-s -ho- n¬ h¿°n-bpsS A©m-asØ ]pX≥ De-l-∂≥

(Ip™ntem) sXmSp-]pg Nnehv Ic-bn¬ s]cp-º-≈nØm\Øv

tPmk-^ns‚ aIƒ tdmknsb hnhmlw sNbvXp sh≈n-bm-a-‰Øv

Xma-kn-°p-∂p. De-l-∂\v kn_n Fs∂mcp ]pX\pw Gen (Pkn),

_n≥kn F∂o c≠p ]pXn-am-cp-amWv. ]pX≥ kn_n ap´Øv Iq´p-

¶¬ tPmkns‚ aIƒ en‰nsb hnhmlw sNbvXv ]nXm-hns‚ IqsS

sh≈n-bm-a-‰Øv Xma-kn-°p∂p. kn_n°p tdmk, _nPo‰v F∂o

c≠p ]pXn-am-cp≠v. Ccp-hcpw sIm®p-Ip-´n-I-fmWv. ]pXn-am-cmb

tdmkbpw _nPo‰pw Bcm-[-\m-a-T-Øn¬ tN¿∂p I\ym-kvXo-I-

fmbn.

Itcm-t -ho- n¬ h¿°n-bpsS aqØ-]pXn Gensb Ad-°p-fØv

sIm´m-c-Øn¬ sXmΩ≥ aI≥ tPmk v hnhmlw Ign®p. Ccp-hcpw

acn-®p-t]mbn. c≠m-asØ ]pXn adn-b-Øns\ aptØm-en¬

B≥tUmØv tXmakv hnhmlw Ign®p. Ccp-hcpw acn-®p-t]mbn.

aq∂m-asØ ]pXn tdmk sNdp-∏-Ønse acn®p. \mem-asØ ]pXn

tXky Im™n-c-∏-≈n¬ Bcm-[-\m-a-T-Øn¬ tN¿∂p I\ym-kvXo-

bmbn acn-®p-t]mbn. A©m-asØ ]pXn A∂-Ωsb ssae-s°mºv

Aa-¥p-cp-Øn¬ Hutk-∏ns‚ aI≥ h¿Kokv hnhmlw Ign®p. Bdm-

asØ ]pXn ¢mcsb hmg-°p-fØv an‰-Øm-\n-°¬ tXma-kns‚

aI≥ amXyp hnhmlw sNbvXp Ccp-hcpw ac-W-a-S™p.

359


Xmg-tØ-ho-´n¬

360


BapJw

Fd-tIm∂n Cń-s®-dnb apX¬ Ing-t°-°c Xmg-Øp-ho-ń¬

sNdn-bm≥ Ipcy≥h-sc-bp≈ IpSpw-_-N-cn-X-Øns‚ cXv\-®p-cp-°w.

tahnS shń-°m´v ]pc-bn-S-Øn¬†Xma-kn-®n-cp∂ Fd-tIm∂n

Cń-s®-dn -bm-bpsS Cf-b-a-I≥ sXmΩ≥ Ing-X-Sn -bq¿ h∂v

]pØ≥]pc \mb-b¿ hI ÿeØv hoSp-h®v Xma-kn-®p. B hoSv

Ing-t°-°c F∂ t]cn¬ Adn-b-s∏- p. sXmΩ≥ ]Wn-°¿°v aq∂v

Bä-°ƒ P\n-®p. aqØ-a-I≥ Cń-s®-dnb H‰-πm-°¬ IpSpw-_-

Øn-s‚-bpw, c≠m-asØ aI≥ sIm®v Cń-tb∏v Ing-t°-°c IpSpw-

_-Øn-s‚bpw, aq∂m-asØ aI≥ sIm®v aØmbn ]Sn-™m-td-°c

IpSpw-_-Øn-s‚bpw ÿm]-I-]n-Xm-a-l-∑m-cmbn Adn-b-s∏-Sp-∂p.

Ing-t°-°c IpSpw-_-\m-Y-\m-bn-cp∂ sIm®n-ń-tb-∏n\v aq∂v

Bä-°ƒ P\n®p ˛ sXmΩ≥, Cń-s®-dn-b, sF∏v.

aqØ-a-I≥ sXmΩ≥ Ing-t°-°c Xd-hmSv hoSn\v Itcm-´p-`m-

KØv hoSp-h®v Ing-t°-°c Itcm-t´-ho-ń¬ Xma-kn-®p. Cńs®-dnb

Ing-t°-°c Xmg-sØ-ho-ń¬Xs∂ Xma-kn-®p. sF∏v tImX-aw-K-e-

Øp-\n∂v hnhmlw sNbvXv ZØ-h-Im-in-bmbn AhnsS Xma-kn®v

k¥m-\-ß-fn-√msX acn-®p.

Ing-t°-°c Xd-hm-ń¬ Xma-kn® Cń-s®-dn-bmbv°v aq∂v

]pXn-am¿ amXw P\n-®p. aqØ-]p-Xnsb Xncp-h-√m-bn¬ tImhq¿

hnhmlw sNbvX-b-®p. c≠m-asØ ]pXnsb ]pfn-¶p∂v sImSp-]m-

S-Øn¬ t]mØ≥ hnhmlw sNbvXv Ing-t°-°c Xmg-tØ-ho-ń¬

ZØ-h-Im-in-bmbn Xma-kn-®p. aq∂m-asØ ]pXnsb t]mØs‚

ktlm-Z-c≥ hnhmlw sNbvXv k¥m-\-ß-fn-√msX acn-®p. Ing-t°-

°c Xd-hm-ń¬ Xma-kn® t]mØ\v c≠v ]pXn-am¿ P\n-®p-I-gn-

™-t∏mƒ `mcy acn-®p. t]mØ≥ ]pfn-¶p-∂n\v Xncn-sI-t∏mbn

]p\¿hn-hmlw sNbvXv Xma-kn-®p.

t]mØs‚ c≠v ]pXn-am-cn¬ aqØ ]pXnsb ap´p-Nnd \ne-

∏\ hoń¬ hnhmlw sNbvX-b-®p.

c≠m-asØ ]pXnsb Im∏n¬ tX\w-am-°¬ sNdn-bm≥

Ipcy≥ hnhmlw sNbvXv ZØ-h-Im-in-bmbn Ing-t°-°c XmgsØ

361


hoń¬ Xma-kn-®p. Ct±-l-Øn\v \mev ]pX-∑mcpw aq∂v ]pXn-amcpw

P\n-®p. tZh-kym, DÆn-s®-dn-b-Xv, t]mØ≥, Cń-s®-dn-b-Xv.

Cu \mev ]pX-∑m-cpsS ]n≥ap-d-°m-cpsS hwi-N-cn-X-amWv

Xmsg sImSp-Øn-cn-°p-∂-Xv. Ch-cn¬ Cń-s®-dnb aÆm-d-a-‰-Øn¬

ZØp-t]m-bn. t]mØ≥ k¥m-\-ß-fn-√msX acn-®p.

Ing-t°-°c Xmg-Øp-ho- n¬sNdn-bm≥ kvIdn-bm-bpsS hwim-hen

kvIdn-bm-bpsS a°ƒ: Bä-°ƒ 7, s]ä-°ƒ 4.

s]Æv (A-°-Ω)kvIdn-bm-bpsS aqØ-a-Iƒ

Rmh-≈n¬ ]\-a-‰-Øn¬ Nm≠n aI≥ h¿°n (h-°-®≥)

s]Æns\ (A-°-Ω) hnhmlw sNbvXv Icq¿ ]\-a-‰-Øn¬ Xma-kn-

®p. Bä-°ƒ 5, s]ä-°ƒ 4. h°-®≥ 21.2.1981 epw s]Æv

16.09.1989 epw \ncym-X-cm-bn.

I A∂-°pń

`¿Ømhv : amXyp, ap≠-Øm-\-Øv, he-hq¿

Bä-°ƒ ˛5, s]ä-°ƒ ˛1

amXyp 9.7.1997 epw A∂-°pń 23.2-.2006 epw \ncym-X-\m-bn.

A°-Ω-

`¿Ømhv : tPmkv ]pØ≥]p-c-bv°¬, B∏m-©nd

IqØm-´p-Ipfw

t__n-˛-_n-kn-\kv (h-e-hq¿ Xma-kw)

`mcy : sPkn (A-[ym-]n-I)

tPm¿÷v : cmP-ÿm-\n¬ IpSpw -_-k-lnXw

Xma-kn-°p-∂p.

362


amXyp : a[y - ] -tZ -in¬ IpSpw -_-k-lnXw

Xma-kn-°p-∂p.

Ipń-®≥ : he-hq¿ ap≠-Øm-\Øv Xd-hm´v hoń¬

Xma-kn-°p-∂p.

tSman : Kƒ^n¬ tPmen sNøp-∂p. A¶-am-en-bn¬

\n∂v hnhmlw sNbvXp.

II Gen-°pń

`¿Ømhv : Ipcy≥ tPmk^v (sIm-®v)

Rmh-≈n¬ a™-°p-t∂¬ ]hn-Øm-

\Øv Xma-kn-®p. sIm®v 22.7.2008 ¬

acn-®p. Bä-°ƒ ˛1, s]ä-°ƒ 1

tacn : Ipcy-\mSv a‰-Øn¬ hnhmlw sNbvXp

A°Ω : kuØv C¥y≥ _m¶n¬ DtZym-Kÿ

`¿Ømhv : Xqap-≈n¬ tPmkv (A-[ym-]-I≥)

kn. Beokv : X n c p - l r - Z - b - a - T m w K w

tdman¬ tkh-\-a-\p-jvTn-°p∂p

tPmk^v : Irjn (hn-hmlw sNbvXv Xd-hm-ń¬

Xma-kn-°p-∂p)

enkΩ : Ahn-hm-lnX (X-d-hm- n¬ Xma-kn-°p-∂p)

tj¿en : Nß-\m-t»-cn-bn¬ hnhmlw sNbvX-b-®p.

III Ipń-bΩ

`¿Ømhv : tXma-kv, ]mtd-°m-´v, ao\-®n¬, ]mem

Bä-°ƒ-˛1, s]ä-°ƒ-˛1

tXmakv 2008-˛¬ acn®p

1. X¶-®≥ (tPm¨) : cmP-ÿm-\n¬ tPmen sNøp∂p

`mcy : Ipssh-‰n¬ t\gvkv

363


2. tacn-°pń B.Sc., BEd.(A-[ym-]n-I)

: `¿Ømhn-t\m-sSm∏w a[y-]-tZ-in¬

Xma-kn-°p-∂p.

IV Nm≠n-°p™v

t^m¨ : 04822- 267544

`mcy : s]ÆΩ (sI-gp-h-¶pfw HmWw-Xp-cp-Øn¬

De-l-∂m≥-˛-A∂ aIƒ)

tN¿∏p¶en¬ Xma-kn-°p-∂p.

Bä-°ƒ ˛ 4, s]ä-°ƒ ˛ 3

1. kÆn (Xn-cp-h-\-¥-]p-cw) Cw•ojv C¥y t¢ Iºn-\n-bn¬ tPmen

`mcy : A\p tPmk^v (C-cn-ßm-e-°pS ssIX-

bn¬ tPmk-^ns‚ aIƒ)

2. tdmbn : F¬. -sF. -kn -bn¬ tPmen

]qh-c-Wn, I√m-\n-°¬ sPnsb

hnhmlw sNbvXv ZØ-h-Im-in-bmbn

Xma-kn-°p-∂p.

3. ^m.-tPmkv ]\-a‰w: hn≥sk≥jy≥ k`mw-K-ambn DØ¿]-

tZ-in¬ t]jn-X-hrØn sNøp-∂p.

4. hn\p

`mcy : _n\n, Imcy-¥-S-Øn¬, AXn-c-ºpg

5. A°Ω :

`¿Ømhv : F_mlw (]-\-®n-°m-´v, h¿°n-˛-Gen

aI≥)

6. tamfn : A≤ym-]nI

`¿Ømhv : Nmen¬ tPmbn (A-[ym-]-I≥)

7. Bi

`¿Ømhv : _nt\mbn

(C-S-a-dp-Iv, πmtØm-´-Øn¬ tXma-kv-˛-

G-en-°pń aI≥)

V

364


Bkman¬Øs∂ I_-d-°n.

VI Ipt™-∏®≥

`mcy : ssh°Øv shń-°m-∏-≈n¬ en√n-°pń

ae-_m-dn¬ Xma-kn-®p. Ipt™-∏®≥ 2007 Unkw-_-dnepw en√n-

°pń 2008 PqWnepw acn-®p. a°ƒ ae-_m-dn¬ Xma-kn-°p-∂p.

VII amΩ≥ ˛ C¥y≥ \mhn-I-tk-\-bn¬ \n∂v dn´-b¿ sNbvXv

IpS-°-®n-d-bn¬ Xma-kn-°p-∂p.

`mcy : h’Ω (A-b¿°p-∂w, tXm∏n¬ De-l-

∂ms‚ aIƒ) s]ä-°ƒ ˛ 2, t^m¨: 04822-˛258387

1. ]nb

`¿Ømhv : t__n, \cn -°m -´ v , D≈-\mS v

(X-d-hm-´p-ho-ń¬ Xma-kn-°p-∂p)

2. ]n≥kn :

`¿Ømhv : jmPn, amen-bn¬ hoSv, Ab¿°p∂w

c≠p-t]cpw Cw•-≠n¬ Xma-kn®v

tPmen sNøp-∂p.

VIII X¶Ω (kn. entbm_m I.B.M.V.)

I\ym-kvXn-bmbn t\∏m-fn¬ tkh\w A\p-jvTn-°p-∂p.

IX Ip™ptam≥ (sk_m-Ãy≥)

Xd-hm-ń¬ Xma-kn-°p-∂p.

t^m¨ : 04822 21187

`mcy : eoemΩ aÆ-t©-cn¬, Bä-°ƒ ˛ 2

s]ä-°ƒ ˛ 1

1. jo_

`¿Ømhv : tPmkp-Ip-™v, BSp-Ip-gn-bn¬, sXmSp-]pg

Ieq¿ Xma-kn-°p∂p

365


2. jmPn : IS-πm-a-‰Øv Xma-kn-°p∂p

`mcy : kn\n, CS-°m-´p-Ip-Sn, tImX-aw-Kew

3. jn_p (X-d-hm-ń¬ Xma-kn-°p-∂p)

`mcy : an\n, hn√≥¥m-\-Øv, sh≈n-°pfw

‰n.-kn. sNdn-bm≥ (Ip™v)kvIdn-bm-bpsS c≠m-asØ aI≥

Ip™v (‰n.-kn. sNdn-bm≥) N°-\m-\n-°¬ tdmk-Ωsb

hnhmlw sNbvXv \oeq¿, sh≈n-bm-a-‰w, ]mem F∂n-hn-S-ß-fn¬

Xma-kn-®-tijw 1950 Ifn¬ CSp-°n-bn¬, Aø-∏≥tIm-hn¬ hnt√-

Pn¬, am´p-°´ Xma-kn-®p. Ip™v 5.8.1985 epw tdmkΩ 1.8.95 ew

\ncym-X-cm-bn.

Bä-°ƒ ˛ 3 ]m∏-®≥, tZh-kym-®≥, tXmΩm-®≥

s]ä-°ƒ ˛ 2 Gen-°pń, tKkn

I Gen-°pń

`¿Ømhv : tPmk^v (Ip-cn-ipw-aq-ń¬ aØmbn Cń-b-

hncm aI≥) 1947 P\p-hcn 9˛mw XobXn

hnhmlw sNbvXp.

II ]m∏-®≥ (^m. tPmk^v sNdn-bm≥ SDB)

1931 BKÃv 12-˛mw XobXn P\n®p. 1962-˛¬ kte-jy≥ k`-

bn¬ \n∂v sshZn-I-]´w kzoI-cn-®p. kte-jy≥k-`-bn¬ sshZn-I-

\mbn ]e taJ-e-I-fnepw kvXpXy-l¿amb tkh\w A\p-jvTn-®-

tijw I¬°-´m-bn¬ Nn¬U≥kv FbvUv Ub-d-IvS-dmbn tPmen

sNbvXp-sIm-≠n-cp-∂-t∏mƒ lrZ-b-kw-_-‘-amb ikvX-In-bbv°v

hnt[-b-\m-Ip-Ibpw AtX-Øp-S¿∂v 2004 HIvtSm-_-dn¬ 18- mw XobXn

Znhw-K-X-\m-Ip-Ibpw sNbvXp.

III tZh-kym-®≥ (sI.-kn. sk_m-Ãy≥) _nkn-\kv

AUv : Ing -t°-°c, ]qh-c -Wn,

366


t^m¨: 04822-˛226997, 227097

`mcy : A∂Ω (sN-º-fm-bn¬ amXyp-˛-A-∂Ω

aIƒ) Bä-°ƒ ˛ 3, s]ä-°ƒ ˛ 3

1. tamfn

`¿Ømhv : tPmkv IÆn-am≥Ip-t∂¬, sNßfw

(ko-\n-b¿ amt\-P¿, tIm¿∏-td-j≥ _m¶v,

sIm´m-c-°-c)

a°ƒ : Acp¨ (F-©n-\o-b¿) DÆn (hn-Zym¿∞n)

2. jmP≥ : Akn. Ub-d-IvS¿, Irjn Un∏m¿´p-sa‚ v

`mcy : \m≥kn Im™n-cw-Ip-t∂¬, hmg-°pfw

a°ƒ : Zo]Iv (F-©n-\o-b-dnwKv hnZym¿∞n)

A\p (hn-Zym¿∞n-\n)

3. tj¿fn

`¿Ømhv : ss_Pp sk_m-Ãy≥

sImSp-th-en-°-IØv, sXmSp-]pg

a°ƒ : kmµ, kvt\l, tkzZ (hn-Zym¿∞n-\n-Iƒ)

4. joe : So®¿

`¿Ømhv : kÆn (So-®¿)

hS-°≥ hoń¬, apcn-°m-t»cn

a°ƒ : inev], kvt\l (hn-Zym¿∞n-\n-Iƒ)

5. jn_p : _nkn-\kv (tZm-l, JØ¿)

`mcy : _nµp sIm≈n-s°m-f-hn¬, Iqh-∏≈n

a°ƒ : tUm¨, sU∂ (hn-Zym¿∞n-Iƒ)

6. _nPp : tkm^v‰vshb¿ F©n-\o-b¿ (Zp-_m-bv)

`mcy : dt_° _nPp MBA, Bep-hn-f, sIm√w

367


a°ƒ (2) : B≥Un-b, dnbm≥

IV tKkn tPmk^v -- ˛ dn´-tb¿Uv So®¿, aq∂p-am-°¬, Acp-

Wm-]p-cw, ]mem, t^m¨: 04822 211460

`¿Ømhv : Fw.-kn. tPmk^v (am-\n)

(aq-∂p-am-°¬ Nmt°m t]mØ≥-˛-A∂

t]mØ≥ aI≥, B¨a-°ƒ 2,

s]¨a-°ƒ 1)

1. B\n tacn tPmk^v MA., B.Ed. (e-IvN-d¿, Kh. sslkvIqƒ,

Z≥]p-cn, a[y-]-tZ-iv)

`¿Ømhv : sI.-kn. tPm¨ (F-©n-\o-b¿, tImƒ

C¥y, [≥Zmdv)

sXmSp-]pg tIf-IØv sI.-bp. Nmt°m-˛-

tdm-kΩ aI≥

a°ƒ : sPbnwkv sI. tPm¨ (F-©n-\o-b¿)

Pqen sI. tPm¨ (MBBS hn-Zym¿∞n-\n)

2. t_mkv tPmk^v (Bsc, Ag.) Akn. Ub-d-IvS¿, Irjn

Un∏m¿´p-sa‚ v, t^m¨: 04822 ˛ 211460

`mcy : B≥kn amXyp _n.-sS-Iv, eIvN-d¿

sk‚ v tPmk^vkv F©n-\o-b-dnwKv

tImtf -P v , Nq≠-t®-cn , ]mem

(Xn-cp-h-\-¥-]p-cw, Imc-ap-≠-bv°¬

sI.-hn. amXyp-˛-sk-en≥ tPmk^v aIƒ)

a°ƒ : Inc¨ t_mkv (F-©n-\o-b-dnwKv

hnZym¿∞n)

Io¿Øn t_mkv (hn-Zym¿∞n-\n)

3. kndnƒ tPmkv (Ip-™p-tam≥) B.Pharm, USA bn¬ tPmen

t^m¨ : 04822- 200704

`mcy : _n\n kndn¬ B.Sc., B.Ed.

368


(tIm-X-\-√q¿, C≠n-°p-gn-bn¬, ]n.-kn.

]o‰¿, Gen-bmΩ aIƒ)

a°ƒ : kmhntbm kndn¬ (F≥Pn-\o-b-dnw-Kv)

tkmWnb tPmk^v (hn-Zym¿∞n-\n)

sUman-\nIv ]o‰¿ (hn-Zym¿∞n)

V tXmam-®≥ (sI.-kn. tXma-kv)

Ing-t°-°-c, am´p-°-´, Aø-∏≥tIm-hn¬

t^m¨: 04869 244246, 9562761314

`mcy : tacn (am- p-°- , ap≠-bv°¬ sF∏v aIƒ)

B¨a-°ƒ ˛ 1, s]¨a-°ƒ ˛ 3

1. Intjm¿ tXmakv -˛ AUz-tI‰v

`mcy : t_m_n (πm -i -\m¬, sNdp -h≈n

Ing-t°¬ tXmakv aIƒ)

a°ƒ : sFdn≥, semssd≥, tSmw (hn-Zym¿∞n-Iƒ)

samss_¬: 9744682780

2. Po\ tXmakv

`¿Ømhv : dq_n≥ (B-kvtS-en-b) I´-∏\ aq∂m-\-∏-

≈n¬ amXyp aI≥

a°ƒ : Ae≥, sIhn≥ (hn-Zym¿∞n-Iƒ)

3. Pqen

`¿Ømhv : sPbnwkv (A-ta-cn-°) (\cnXq°n¬

]pØ≥]p-c-bn¬ sPbnwkv aI≥)

a°ƒ : sÃ^n, tjdm (hn-Zym¿∞n-\n-Iƒ)

4. Pq_n

`¿Ømhv : se\n≥ (Nm¿t´¿Uv A°u-≠‚ v, Zp_m-bv)

(\ote-iz-cw, ap≈q¿ tXmakv aI≥)

a°ƒ : t\l, antj¬

369


Ipt™enkvIdn-bm-bpsS aq∂m-asØ aIƒ

]hn-Øm\w aW-°m v tZhkym aI≥ aØ-°p™v hnhmlw

sNbvXp. tacn-em‚n¬ Npcpfn F∂ ÿeØv Xma-kn-®p. B¨

a°ƒ 5, s]ä-°ƒ 3. aØ-°p™v 1998 G]n¬ 12- mw Xob-Xnbpw

Gen-°pń 1998 BKÃv 15-˛mw Xob-Xnbpw \ncym-X-cm-bn.

II A°Ω (kn.-sk-en-Kz-cn≥ Sok)

Xncp-lr-Z-b-a-T-Øn¬ tN¿∂v k`m-tk-h\w \SØn slUvan-kvS-

mbn dn´-b¿ sNbvXv sIm´m-c-°c Xncp-lr-Z-b-a-T-Øn¬ Xma-kn-

°p-∂p.

III A∂-°pń

`¿Ømhv : tPmk^v (N -ß-\m -t»-cn , km¶¬

IpSpw-_mw-Kw) 2.10.2008 ¬ \ncym-X-\mbn

a°ƒ 2

IV knknen

`¿Ømhv : c¨ho¿ knwKv, I¿Æm¬, ]©m-_v.

13.9.2008-˛¬ \ncym-X-\mbn.

aIƒ : a\oj (Hm-kvtS-en-bm-bn¬ ]Tn-°p-∂p)

V tPmk^v --˛ _nkn-\kv, ]mem. 20.11.2009-˛¬ \ncym-X-\m-bn.

`mcy : h’Ω (]m-em, Im∏n¬ IpSpw-_mw-Kw)

a°ƒ : _n\p-cm-Pv, A\p-dm-Wn, Pn\p

1. _n\p-cmPv ˛ _nkn-\kv (]m-em-bn¬ Im\m-´p-]md Xma-kw)

`mcy : an\n (N-ß-\m-t»-cn, ]p∂-t»-cn¬ IpSpw-_mw-Kw)

a°ƒ : Aeo-\, B‚-Wn, A√≥

2. A\p-dmWn

370


`¿Ømhv : _nPp (]n-g-Iv, Imhm-eØv IpSpw-_mw-Kw)

c≠p-t]cpw Ipssh-‰n¬ tPmen sNøp-∂p.

aI≥ : tPmb¬ (hn-Zym¿∞n)

3. Pn\p - ˛ _nkn-\kv (]m-em-bn¬ Im\m-´p-]md Xma-kw)

`mcy : cRvPn\n (Ip-S -am-fq¿, sF°-c-amen

IpSpw-_mw-Kw)

aI≥ : Aa¬ (hn-Zym¿∞n)

VI sPkn

`¿Ømhv : tPmfn _n.-F-kv.-F≥.-F¬. F©n-\o-b¿,

Fd-Wm-Ipfw (Ip-dp™n ISp-I≥am-°¬

IpSpw-_mw-Kw)

a°ƒ : enkm (F-©n-\o-b¿), eo\m (F-©n-\o-b¿)

VII enkΩ (sh-‰n-\dn k¿P≥)

Pn√m Hm^o-k¿, arK-kw-c-£-W-h-Ip-∏v, ]me-°mSv

`¿Ømhv : tP°_v (Ip-d-hn-e-ßm-Sv, Im´m-ºm°v

Xqº-°¬ IpSpw-_mw-K)

dn´. s]m^-k¿, tZh-amXm tImtf-Pv,

Ipd-hn-e-ßm-Sv ap´p-Nn-d-bn¬ Xma-kn-°p-∂p.

B¨a-°ƒ : 2

VIII jmPn˛ Akn. Ub-d-IvS¿, tIcfm Kh.-Irjn Un∏m¿´p-sa‚ v

`mcy : So\ (_n.-F-kv.-F≥.-F¬.) (sXm-Sp-]pg,

IZ-fn-°mSv aqte-°mSv IpSpw-_mw-Kw)

IpSpw-_-k-lnXw sXmSp-]p-g-bn¬ Xma-kn-

°p-∂p. t^m¨: 04862-˛221377, 9447238181

a°ƒ : joP, tSmWn (F-©n-\o-b-dnwKv hnZym¿∞n-

Iƒ)

371


Ip™ptZ-hky (tUm. ‰n. -kn. - sk-_m-Ãy≥)kvIdn-bm-bpsS \memasØ aI≥

Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw bqWn-th-gvkn‰n tImtf-Pn¬ \n∂pw ^nknIvkv

hn`mKw F®v.-H.-Un. Bbn dn´-b¿ sNbvXp.

AUkv : Phl¿\-K¿ sI.5, Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw

t^m¨: 0471-˛2724317

`mcy : sXd-Ω-Ipń (Ip-´-\m-Sv, as¶m-ºv,

ssXtØm-´ -Øn¬ io. ‰n . -sP.

kJ-dn-bmkv aIƒ)

2009 sabv 2˛mw XobXn \ncym-X-bm-bn. Bä-°ƒ 2, s]ä-

°ƒ 2

I tUm. h’Ω Hutk∏v (sskIym-Sn-Ãv, bp.-F-kv.-F.)

`¿Ømhv : Hutk∏v (D-Sp-º-∂q¿ N°-\m-\n-°¬

Ipt™∏v aI≥) c≠p-t]cpw Ata-cn-°-

bn¬ Xma-kn-°p-∂p.

aI≥ : tUm. _nt\mbv

1. tUm. _nt\mbv (bp.-F-kv.-F.-bn¬ tUmIvS-dmbn tkh\w sNøp-

∂p)

`mcy : kz]v\ (F-d-Wm-Ipfw tUm. _m_p

tPmk^v˛B\n aIƒ)

a°ƒ : c≠v ]pXn-amcpw Hcp ]pX\pw

II KoXΩ

`¿Ømhv : tPm¿÷v (h-°-®≥) tImX-aw-K-eØv Ce-

™n-°¬ B‚Wn aI≥. IpSpw-_-k-

taXw Ata-cn-°-bn¬ Xma-kw.

a°ƒ : Bä-°ƒ ˛ 1, s]ä-°ƒ ˛ 1

1. sPko°

372


`¿Ømhv : _wKm-fn-bmb Znhym-km\p (A-ta-cn-°-

bn¬ Xma-kw)

2. Pbv B‚Wn (bp-F-kv.-F.-bn¬ tPmen sNøp-∂p)

III cmP≥ sk_m-Ãy≥

k\ymkw kzoI-cn®v X]-kzn-\n-bmbn Ign-bp-∂p.

IV _m_p sk_m-Ãy≥ MBA HmUn-‰¿ bp.-F-kv.-F.

`mcy : Pmkvan≥ (tIm-gn-t°m-Sv, s\Sp-ºmd hoń¬

Ipcp-hn-f-˛-A-∂Ω aIƒ)

a°ƒ : Bä-°ƒ ˛ 3

1. Acp¨ : k¿P‚ v (A-ta-cn-°≥ Fb¿t^m-gvkv)

2. A\q]v : Hmô-k¿ (tImÃv Km¿Uv, bp.-F-kv.-F.)

3. A\ojv : _m¶v DtZym-K-ÿ≥ (bp.-F-kv.-F.)

Ipt™∏v (‰n. -F-kv . tPmk-^v)kvIdn-bm-bpsS †A©m-asØ aI≥

AUkv : Xmg -Øp -ho -´ n¬, \oeq¿,

t^m¨: 04822-˛221711

`mcy : A∂-°pń (Ip-d-a-Æv, ]\-®n-°¬,

Ip™∏n aIƒ)

2006 HmKv‰v 15-˛mw XobXn tPmk^v \ncym-X-\m-bn. Bä-°ƒ 5,

s]ä-°ƒ 1.

I tacn

`¿Ømhv : t__n aqtØ-S-Øv, t^m¿´v sIm®n-bn¬

Xma-kw, t^m¨: 0484- 2215582, 9446897533

aIƒ : \njm t__n

1. \nj t__n B.Sc., B.Ed ˛ A[ym-]nI

373


`¿Ømhv : kmPp (Hm-ô-k¿, S.B.I.)

II A∏-®≥ (k-J-dnbm tPmk- v)

dn´ -tb¿Uv kn. -_n. -sF. Hmô -k¿, sNss∂,

t^m¨: 044-˛ 24898848, 09444434634

`mcy : adn -bmΩ Rtd. Officer, SBI

(Nn-d-°-S-hv, Iß-g-∏-d-ºn¬

tXmakv tPmk^v aIƒ)

a°ƒ : Hcp ]pX\pw Hcp ]pXnbpw

1. A\p kJ-dn-bmkv B.Tech, M.S.

`¿Ømhv : a\p amXyp

(tIm-gn-t°m-Sv, tIm´-∏-≈n¬ sI.-Fw.

amXyp-˛-G-en-bmΩ aI≥) c≠p-t]cpw

kzn‰vk¿e-≠n¬ tPmen sNøp-∂p.

2. A\n¬ kJ-dn-bmkv B.Tech, M.S. s\X¿e-≠n¬ tPmen

sNøp-∂p.

III Ipń-®≥ (AK-Ãn≥ tPmk^v) Irjn

hÆ-∏p-d-Øv, Xmg-Øp-ho-ń¬ Xma-kw, t^m¨: 04862-˛246499

`mcy : ssek-Ω, Iq¥m-\w,-I-cq¿

a°ƒ : Bi, A]vkc

IV tZh-kym-®≥ (sk_m-Ãy≥ tPmk^v) _nkn-\kv

Xmg-Øp-ho-ń¬, \oeq¿, t^m¨: 04822-˛221678

`mcy : F¬kn, Ipf-ß-c-sØm-ń-bn¬, Bc-°pg

a°ƒ : tkmWn-b, tkmPp (hn-Zym¿∞n-Iƒ)

V tXmam-®≥ (tXmakv tPmk^v) _nkn-\kv

Xmg-Øpho-ń¬, \oeq¿, t^m¨: 04822-˛221711, Xd-hm-ń¬

374


Xmakw

`mcy : tKkn (sIm-gp-h-\m¬, B\n-aq-ń¬

h¿°n-˛-kn-knen aIƒ)

a°ƒ : aq∂p ]pXn -am¿

A\o-‰, At\m-l, Aeo\ (hn-Zym¿∞n-

\n-Iƒ)

VI tPmkv tPmk^v (jmPn)

Xmg-Øpho-ń¬, hÆ-∏pdw

`mcy : B≥kn tPmk-^v M.Sc., B.Ed.

(kvIqƒ A[ym-]n-I)

a°ƒ : Bä-°ƒ ˛ 1, s]ä-°ƒ ˛ 1

adn-b-°pńkvIdn-bm-bpsS BdmasØ aIƒ

`¿Ømhv : h¿§okv (h-°-®≥) (apf-¥p-cpØn, Bº-

√q¿ ]≈n-bn-S-hI Ipcn-ip-¶¬ Ipcy≥ aI≥) Bä-°ƒ 3, s]ä-

°ƒ 4. adn-b-°pń 15.01.1987 epw h°-®≥ 22.12.2001 epw \ncym-X-cm-

bn.

sXmΩ-®≥ (‰n.-F-kv. tXmakv M.A.B.L.)kvIdn-bm-bpsS \memasØ aI≥

ap\n-kn-∏m-en-‰okv doP-\¬ tPmbns‚ Ub-d-IvS-dmbn dn -b¿ sNbvXp.

]mem-bn¬ Xma-kn-°p-∂p. t^m¨: 04822-˛212922, 9447918989

`mcy : tKkΩ (dn-´. Akn. FUyq-t°-j-W¬

Hmô-k¿, FUyq-t°-j-W¬ Un∏m¿´p-

sa‚ v) cma-]p-cØv hmg-bv°-a-e-bn¬

tkhy¿-˛-a-dn-b-°pń aIƒ

Bä-°ƒ1, s]ä-°ƒ 1

375


I k°o¿ ‰n. tXmakv I.R.S.

(M.Sc. M.S. Intellectual Property Right -LLB)

C≥Iw SmIvkv IΩo-j-W¿.

Ct∏mƒ U¬ln-bn¬ C.S.I.R. ¬ OSDD t]mPIvSv Ub-d-IvS-

dmbn tPmen sNøp-∂p. t^m¨: 01123388919.

`mcy : aoXp hn≥sk‚ v I.C.W.A. No^v

A°u≠vkv Hmô-k¿, Imcn-Ømkv C‚¿\m-j-W¬, U¬ln

(hm-g-°pfw CS-h-I, Hmen-°¬ tUm. hn≥sk‚ v-˛-t]an aIƒ)

II dmWn tXmakv M.Sc., M.B.A., C.I.I.B.

ko\n-b¿ amt\-P¿, ImØ-enIv kndn-b≥ _m¶v, sNss∂, Kn≠n

_m©v, t^m¨: 044-˛2644945

`¿Ømhv : tUm. km_p ]n. h¿§okv, No^v F©n-

\o-b¿, skbv]mw C‚¿\m-j-W¬ (C-‰m-en-b≥ Iº-\n) (sh-ń-ap-

Iƒ CS-h-I, ]Sn-Ic hoń¬ ‰n.-kn. h¿§o-kv-˛-tdm-kΩ aI≥)

a°ƒ : dnt_°m km_p h¿Kokv (]-Tn-°p-∂p)

_©-an≥ km_p h¿Kokv (]-Tn-°p-∂p)

sNdn-bm≥ (‰n.-F-kv. AK-Ãn≥)kvIdn-bm-bpsS F´masØ aI≥

`mcy : X¶Ω (]mem I≠-Øn¬ tZh-kym-˛-

A-∂Ω aIƒ)

Ingt° am´p-°-´-bn¬ Xma-kn-®p-h-cth 1993 s^_p-hcn 20-˛mw

XobXn sNdn-bm≥ \ncym-X-\m-bn. Ch¿°v a°-fn-√. X¶Ω ktlm-

Z-c-]p-X-t\m-sSm∏w Ct∏mƒ ]mem-bn¬ Xma-kn-°p-∂p.

A°ΩkvIdn-bm-bpsS H≥]-XmasØ aIƒ

`¿Ømhv : aØ-®≥ (Ip-S-√q¿, Ipdn-t®¬ sXmΩ-®≥˛

Ipt™en aI≥)

1970- -I-fn¬ ae-_m-dn¬ IpSn-tbdn Im™-

376


ßm-Sn\SpØp Xma-kn-°p-∂p.

a°ƒ˛ Bä-°ƒ 3, s]ä-°ƒ 1.

X¶≥ (‰n.-F-kv. amXyp)kvIdn-bm-bpsS ]ØmasØ aI≥

Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw F©n-\o-b-dnwKv tImtf-Pn¬\n∂pw _n.-F-kv.-kn.

F©n-\o-b-dnwKv ]mm-b-tijw kn.-]n.-U-ªp.-Un.-bn¬ F©n-\o-b-

dmbn tPmen-bn¬ ]th-in-®p. kn.-]n.-U-ªp.-Un.-bn¬ \n∂pw thmf‚n-

bdn dn´-b¿sa‚ v FSpØv sIń-S-\n¿Ωm-W-ta-J-e-bn¬ _nkn-\kv

sNbvXv Xncp-h-\-¥-]p-cØv \mem-©n-d-bn¬ s_\-UnIvSv \K-dn¬

Xma-kn-°p-∂p.

t^m¨ : 0471 ˛ 2531031

`mcy : sken-\mΩ Fw. -F-kv. -kn. (ap -´m¿,

aW-en¬ Fw.-‰n.- tPm-k v a-dn-bmΩ aIƒ)

a°ƒ : Bä°ƒ 2, s]ä-°ƒ 1.

I Bim amXyp M.Sc. B.Ed.

A[ym-]n-I, Cw•ojv aoUnbw kvIqƒ, Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw

`¿Ømhv : tPm¿÷v tPmk-^v Fw.-tImw.

Gcnb amt\-P¿ C≥jp -d≥kv,

Fkv.-_n.-sF. Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw

(N-ß-\m-t»-cn, sNØn-∏p-g, sNºp-¥d

hoń¬ tUm. tPmk-^v-˛-tdm-kΩ aI≥)

a°ƒ : A`n-emjv, A≥Pp (hn-Zym¿∞n-Iƒ)

II tPmkn amXyp M.Sc.

Hmô-k¿, tIcf Kh. tIm˛-Hm-∏-td-‰ohv Un∏m¿´p-sa‚ v

`mcy : \nj (Ip-d-hn-e-ßm-Sv, aÆ-bv°-\m-Sv,

FSw-X-S-Øn¬ tZh-kym-®≥-˛-tdm-k-°pń

aI≥)

377


a°ƒ : amØp-°p-ń, sk_n

III dntPm amXyp B.Tech. MBA

Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw F©n-\o-b-dnwKv tImtf-Pn¬ \n∂pw _n.-sSIv

]mm-b-Xn-\p-tijw bp.-F-kv.-F.-bn¬ C≥Uym\ bqWn-th-gvkn-‰n-

bn¬\n∂pw Fw.-_n.-F. ]mmbn Ata-cn-°-bn¬ tPmen sNøp-∂p.

t__n (‰n.-F-kv. tkhy¿)kvIdn-bm-bpsS ]Xns\m-∂masØ aI≥

AUv : Xmg-Øp-ho-ń¬, am´p-°-´, Aø-∏≥tIm-

hn¬ ]n.-H., CSp°n Pn√, t^m¨: 04869-˛244273

Gtd-dp-am-\q-cn¬\n∂pw sF.-‰n.-sF. ]mmbn Irjn Un∏m¿´p-

sa‚n¬ sa°m\n-°mbn tPmen sNbvX-tijw dn´-b¿ sNbvXv am´p-

°-´-bn¬ Xma-kn-°p-∂p.

`mcy : B≥kn (ta-cn-°p-ń) G‰p-am-\q¿, sh´q¿

tPmk^v ˛ _nPoØ aIƒ. Bä-°ƒ 2, s]ä-°ƒ 1.

I A`n-emjv tkhy¿ B.com, PGDCA

`mcy : sUbvkn (sIm-√w, ]≈Øv Bep-aq-ń¬

sUman-\nIv ˛ tagvkn aIƒ) c≠p-t]cpw

e≠-\n¬ tPmen sNøp-∂p. a°ƒ 1 aI≥

(1 hb-v).

II hnt\mZv (tPm-k^v tkhy¿) MCA

tkm^v‰vshb¿ F©n-\o-b¿, Fd-Wm-Ip-fØv tPmen sNbvXv

Xma-kn-°p-∂p.

III cP\n tkhy¿ t\gvkv, s_¿i tlmkv]n-‰¬, C≥tUm¿

`¿Ømhv : emen-®≥ (k¿°p-te-j≥ kq∏¿ssh-k¿,

awK-fw) Xe-b-\mSv, a‰-Øn¬ kvIdn-b-˛-

enkn aI≥)

Ing-t°-°c Xmg-Øp-ho- n¬

378


sNdn-bm≥˛A°Ω Zº-Xn-I-fpsS c≠m-asØ aI≥

sIm®v (sI.-kn. sk_m-Ãy≥) s‚ hwim-hen

sI.-kn. sk_m-Ãy≥ (B.A.L.T.)

`mcy : amΩn (tX-kym) ]pfn-¶p-∂v, sImSp-]m-SØv

amXyp aIƒ.B¨a-°ƒ 6,s]¨a-°ƒ 4.

sI.-kn. sk_m-Ãy≥ 16.07.1972 epw amΩn

22.09.1992 epw \ncym-X-cm-bn.

Ing-t°-°c IpSpw-_-Ønse BZysØ _ncp-Z-[m-cn.

Xn»n-\m-∏≈n sk‚ v tPmk^v tImtf-Pn¬ \n∂v 1920-˛¬ _n.-

F. ]mm-bn. ]mem sk‚ v tXmakv kvIqfn¬ A≤ym-]-I-\m-bn.

1925 ¬ F¬.-‰n. ]mm-bn. B h¿jw Xs∂ sk‚ v tXmakv

kvIqfn¬ slUvam-Ã-dm-bn. 38 h¿jw A≤ym-]-I-\mbpw AXn¬

35 h¿j-tØmfw slUvam-Ã-dmbpw tkh\w sNbvXp. AXn-\p-

tijw sk‚ v tXmakv sSbn-\nwKv tImtf-Pn¬ eIvN-dmbpw sk‚ v

hn≥k‚ v kvIqfn¬ slUvam-Ã¿ Bbpw acWw hsc A≤ym-]-I-

\m-bn-cp-∂p.

tIc-fØnse kzImcy A≤ym-]-I-cpsS BZysØ kwL-S-\-

bmb ]n.-F-kv.-‰n.-F. bpsS ÿm]I ]kn-U‚ v F∂ \ne-bn¬

Zo¿L-Imew ]h¿Øn-®p. tIcf bqWn-th-gvkn‰n sk\‰v saº¿

F∂ \ne-bnepw hf-sc-°mew ]h¿Øn-®p. ao\-®n¬ Xmeq-°n-

tebpw kao] ]tZ-i-ß-fn-sebpw hnZym-`ym-k-cw-KØv ]iw-k-\o-

b-amb t\XrXzw sImSp-Øp.

Cw•ojnepw ae-bm-f-Øn-ep-ambn \nc-h[n teJ-\-ßfpw \nc-

h[n ]mT-]p-kvX-I-ßfpw ]kn-≤-s∏-Sp-Øn. temI-N-cnXw F∂

_l-Ømb KŸw ae-bm-f-Øn¬ ]kn-≤o-I-cn-®p. 1972 Pqsse 16-

˛\v \ncym-X-\m-bn.

I At¥m-\n-®≥ (B‚-Wn sk_m-Ãy≥)

(sI.-kn. sk_m-Ãys‚ aqØ aI≥) kq]≠v, tIcfm πmt‚jv

tIm¿∏-td-j≥. 29.06.1981-˛¬ \ncym-X-\m-bn.

379


`mcy : sXdΩ (I-cp -am -Sn, ]≈n-hm-Xp -°¬

h°-®≥-˛-¢m-cΩ aIƒ) Bä-°ƒ ˛1,

s]ä-°ƒ 2.

1. ssekΩ (πm-t‚-j≥ tIm¿∏-td-j≥ Hmô-k¿)

`¿Ømhv : Ipcy≥ tPmk^v (am-t\-P¿, ImØ-enIv

kndn-b≥ _m¶v) (sh-fn-b-\m-Sv, \mep-I-≠-

Øn¬ tPmk-^v-˛-Gen aI≥)

a°ƒ : tPmkn (2008 sk]v‰w-_¿ \ncym-X-\m-bn)

Sokm Ipcy≥ (F-©n-\o-b-dnwKv

hnZym¿∞n-\n) acnb F¬km Ipcy≥

(hn-Zym¿∞n-\n)

2. Atemjym tPmk^v B.Sc., B.Ed.

`¿Ømhv : tPmk^v h¿§okv M.A. Ph.D.

(s]m-^-k¿, sk‚ v tPm¿Pv tImtf-Pv,

Acp-hn-Øp-d) Ipf-Øq¿, aqgn-bn¬

ssate´v h¿§okv ˛ tN®Ω aI≥)

a°ƒ : Cµp-teJ (F¬.-F¬.-_n. hnZym¿∞n-\n)

NnX-teJ (hn-Zym¿∞n-\n)

3. tkmWn B‚Wn B.Tech. F©n-\o-b¿, Zp_mbv Fb¿t]m¿´v

t^m¨: 71508477072

`mcy : Cµp tkmWn _n.-sS-Iv. (A-[ym-]n-I,

Zp_m-bv) tIm´-bw, imºn-°¬ t__n-

®≥-˛-A-ΩnWn aIƒ.

a°ƒ : A\o‰ sXtckm B‚-Wn, Aeojy

sXtckm B‚-Wn (hn-Zym¿∞n-\n-Iƒ)

II A®mΩ-°pń (sI.-kn. sk_m-Ãy≥ c≠m-asØ aIƒ)

`¿Ømhv : sI.-sP. tPmk^v (dn-´. slUvam-Ã¿,

]mem sk‚ v tXmakv sslkvIqƒ)

Icq¿, Iq¥m-\Øv Hutk-∏v- -a-dnbw aI≥.

t^m¨: 04822 212669. tPmk v 12.06.2007-

˛¬ \ncym -X -\m -bn . Bä-°ƒ 1,

s]ä-°ƒ 2.

380


III tKkn (kn. Atem-jykv I.B.M.V.)

sI.-kn. sk_m-Ãys‚ aq∂m-asØ aIƒ

I.B.M.V. k`-bn¬ tN¿∂v I\ym-kvXn-bmbn hSt° C¥y-bn¬

hnhn[ ÿe-ß-fn¬ tkh\w sNbvX-tijw Ct∏mƒ ]m‰v\m-bn¬,

tIm¨sh‚n¬ hni-a-Po-hnXw \bn-°p-∂p.

IV A∂-°pńsI.-kn. sk_m-Ãs‚ \mem-asØ aIƒ`¿Ømhv : tUm.-Fw.-Fw. Nm≠n, a™-°p-t∂¬,

Ad-°p -fw, Rtd. HOD Chemistry Dept.

Ccn-ßm-e-°pS ssIÃv tImtfPv, t^m¨:

0480 2821256, 9595710960, Ccn-ßm-e-°p-S-

bn¬ Xma-kn-°p-∂p.

a°ƒ : Bä-°ƒ 3, s]ä-°ƒ 1.

V X¶-≥ (tUm. sI.-F-kv. sNdn-bm≥) s]m^-k¿, Ata-cn°

sI.-kn. sk_m-Ãs‚ A©masØ aI≥30.01.1996-˛¬ \ncym-X-\m-bn.

`mcy : X¶Ω (I-≈n-h-b-en¬,CS-a-‰w IpSpw-_mw-Kw)

a°ƒ : Bä-°ƒ 3

1. km_p (tUmIvS¿, bp.-F-kv.-F.)

`mcy : ImX-ssd≥

a°ƒ : tkm^n-b, antj¬, sNdn-bm≥

2. ssa°v (A-Uz-tI-‰v, bp.-F-kv.-F.)

`mcy : tdmkn-en≥

a°ƒ : sNdn-bm≥, B≥

3. tPm (tUm-IvS¿, bp.-F-kv.-F.)

VI amØp-°pń (tUm. amXyp sk_m-Ãy≥) tUmIvS¿, P¿Ω\n

sI.-kn. sk_m-Ãs‚ BdmasØ aI≥

381


P¿Ω-\n-bn¬ h®v 18.09.1979-˛¬ \ncym-X-\m-bn.

`mcy : F¬kn (_mw-•q¿) ]mem, Xd-t∏¬ amWn-

˛-Gen aIƒ

a°ƒ : aI≥ 1

1. kt¥mjv amXyp (_n-kn-\kv ˛ _mw•q¿)

t^m¨: 0480 25741074, 09845037464

`mcy : anen (sXm-Sp-]p-g, tXmWn-°pgn IpSpw-_mw-K)

a°ƒ : adn-b, amXyp

V Ipń -b -®≥ (s]m^. sI. -F-kv . sk_m-Ãy≥)

sI.-kn. sk_m-Ãs‚ GgmasØ aI≥(Rtd. HOD, Botany Dept. sk‚ v tXmakv tImtfPv, ]mem)

Xd-hmSv hoSn\pkao]w Xma-kn-°p-∂p.

t^m¨: 04822-˛212117

`mcy : kmenΩ (A-º-e-∏p-g, Icq-am-Sn-bn¬, ]≈n-

hm-Xp-°¬ h°-®≥-˛-¢m-cΩ aIƒ)

a°ƒ : Bä-°ƒ ˛ 2, s]ä-°ƒ ˛1

1. koa

`¿Ømhv : hn¬k¨ (F-b¿t^m-gvkv)

a°ƒ : Itcm-fn≥, kmdm (hn-Zym¿∞n-\nIƒ)

2. A∏p (sk-_m-Ãy≥) B.Pharm Im\U

`mcy : _n\p (D-Z-bw-t]-cq¿)

c≠p-t]cpw Im\-Um-bn¬ Xma-kn-°p-∂p.

aIƒ : Znb

3. tPm∏p (tPm¿÷v sk_m-Ãy≥) B.Tech

`mcy : _n≥kn tPm¿÷v B.Tech

382


c≠p-t]cpw _mw•q-cn¬ sF.-‰n. Iº-\n-

bn¬ tPmen sNøp-∂p.

aI≥ : s_≥ (sk-_m-Ãy≥)

VIII tUm.-sI.-F-kv. tPmkv (ENT tUmIvS¿, sXmSp-]pg)

sI.-kn. sk_m-Ãs‚ F´masØ aI≥t^m¨: 04862-˛222760, 9847783658

`mcy : tUm. B\n-bΩ (]o-Un-bm-So-j≥,sXmSp-

]p-g) ]me, CS-a-dp-Iv, hmg-Nm-cn-°¬ tPmk^v aIƒ. t^m¨:

9544768907

a°ƒ : Bä-°ƒ 2, s]ä-°ƒ 1.

1. sk_m-Ãy≥ tPmkv M.Arch

sIń-S-\n¿Ωm-W-ta-J-e-bn¬ ]h¿Øn-°p-∂p. ]pcm-Xo\

hmkvXp-in-ev]hpw B[p-\nI inev]-I-ebpw ka-\z-bn®v sIń-S-

\n¿Ωm-WcwKØv ]pXnb DW¿∆pw DtØ-P-\hpw \evIn ]iw-

km¿l-ambn ]h¿Øn-°p-∂p. t^m¨: 9847032049

`mcy : kuay M.A., B.Ed. (A-[ym-]n-I). IpSpw-_-

k-lnXw tXh-c, sIm®n-bn¬ Xma-kn-°p-∂p.

a°ƒ : tPmk-^v, B‚-Wn, amXyp (hn-Zym¿∞n-

Iƒ)

2. A∏p tPmkv I.R.S. Deputy IΩo-j-W¿ C≥Iw-Sm -Ivkv,

Fd-Wm-Ipfw

`mcy : tUm. cay Fw.-F-kv.

ENT Specialist, Kottayam

sXmSp-]p-g, CSn-bm-\n-°-≠-Øn¬ t]mƒ

aIƒ

a°ƒ : Hutk-∏-®≥ (21/2 hb-v), t]mƒ

(6 amkw)

3. A\nXm tPmkv M.S. (P¿Ω-\n), t^m¨: 9744176606

383


`¿Ømhv : A\q]v sNdn-bm≥ (a¿®‚ v t\hn

Iym]v‰≥, P¿Ω-\n)

Be-∏p-g, Icn-∏q-a-Æn¬ cmPp (F-©n-\o-

b¿)-˛-tUm. F¬kn h¿°n aI≥.

a°ƒ : \nbm F¬kn sNdn-bm≥

\oXm B≥ sNdn-bm≥

IX sI.-F-kv. tPm¿÷v MSC

sI.-kn. sk_m-Ãys‚ H≥]XmasØ aI≥t^m¨: 04822-˛212558

`mcy : ]pjv] (N-ß-\m-t»cn Hf-»-bn¬

^m≥ko-kv-˛-a-dn-bmΩ aIƒ)

a°ƒ : B¨a-°ƒ 1, s]¨a-°ƒ 3

1. tim` tPm¿÷v

`¿Ømhv : hn≥k¨, hmcn-Im-Sv, sNehv `mKw,sXmSp-]pg

a°ƒ : 1 aI≥ (1 hb-v)

2. A\p tPm¿÷v

`¿Ømhv : knt\m -P v , the-¶ -fw, s\Sp -apSnc≠p-t]cpw Ata-cn-°-bn¬ Xmakw

aIƒ : km\nb (1 hb-kv)

3. an\n tPm¿Pv

`¿Ømhv : Pb-cmPv (_n -kn -\ -kv) amºn -≈n¬,Fd-Wm-Ipfw

a°ƒ : 1 aI≥ (1 hb-kv)

4. kptcjv (sk-_m-Ãy≥ tPm¿÷v ITA) sF.-‰n.-F. Iº\n

`mcy : A\p sk_m-Ãy≥ M.C.A. (Zp-_m-bv)(Nß-\m-t»-cn, Im™q-]-d-ºn¬ amXypaIƒ)

384


X s]ÆΩsI.-kn. sk_m-Ãys‚ ]ØmasØ aIƒsNdp-∏-Ønse \ncym-X-bm-bn.

Ip™p-s]Æv(In-g-t°-°c Xmg-Øp-ho-ń¬ sNdn-bm≥-˛-A-°Ω Zº-Xn-I-fpsS Cf-b-a-Iƒ)

`¿Ømhv : Cń-b-hnc tXmakv (Ip-s™m-Ω≥)]mem-bn¬ sXt°-°≠w Xd-hm-ń¬ Xma-kn® Ch¿ 1940-˛-I-fn¬]ng-In-te°v amdn-Øm-a-kn-®p. Bä-°ƒ 2, s]ä-°ƒ 5.Ips™m-Ω≥ 17.09.1976 epw Ip™p-s]Æv 10.08.1986 epw \ncym-X-

cmbn.

385


Ing-t°-°-c, XmgØphoń¬ Xma-kn®DÆn-s®-dn-b-Xns‚ hwi-]-c-ºc

DÆn-s®-dn-bXv

`mcy : A∂Ω

(sX≈n-bn¬, ]q™m¿)

a°ƒ : Nmt°m,- sN-dn-bm≥, Gen

Gensb Xe-®nd sXmΩ≥ hnhmlw

sNbvXp.

Ing-t°-°c DÆn-s®-dn-b-Xns‚ aI≥ (aq-∂p-am-°¬)

Nmt°m-bpsS hwim-hen

Nmt°m

`mcy : IXn (Im-™n-c-∏≈n, Ing-t°-Ø-e-

bv°¬ Cń-b-hncm aIƒ)

Bä-°ƒ ˛ 4 s]ä-°ƒ ˛ 2

I Ips©-dnb (sNdn-bm≥)Nmt°m-bpsS H∂masØ aI≥

`mcy : A∂ (In -g -t°-°-c, hmIm -\n -bn¬

sXmΩ≥- -A∂ aIƒ) Ips©-dnb hmIm-\n-bn¬ ZØ-h-Im-in-bmbn

Xma-kn-®p. Ips©-dn-bm-bpsS a°-sf-∏‰n ]Sn-™mtd Be-°¬

hmIm-\n-bn¬ F∂ `mK-Øn¬ tN¿Øn-´p-≠v.

II Hutk∏v (Ip- n), Nq≠-t®cn

Nmt°m-bpsS c≠m-asØ aI≥

`mcy : tXykym (h-S-t°¬ sXmΩ≥ aIƒ)

a°ƒ : Bä-°ƒ ˛ 4 s]ä-°ƒ ˛ 2

(Nmt°m, sXmΩ≥, Hutk-∏v, sNdn-bm≥, h¿°n, IXn, A∂)

386


1. Nmt°m (a-e-_m¿)

`mcy : tdmk (aq-e-bn¬ Ip™q™v aIƒ)

a°ƒ : Bä-°ƒ 4, s]ä-°ƒ 2.

2. sXmΩ≥ (aq-∂p-am-°¬)

`mcy : tacn (hm-bva-‰-Øn¬ tPmk^v aIƒ)

aqe-a-‰Øv Xmakw

a°ƒ : Bä-°ƒ ˛ 4 s]ä-°ƒ ˛ 1

1. tPmkv

`mcy : h’Ω(A-©m-\n-°¬ Ipń aIƒ)

aI≥ : tPm_n≥

2. ^m≥kokv ( A[ym-]-I≥)

`mcy : kpioe (a-dn-bm-Ω) A[ym-]n-I)

(Xn-cp-h-\-¥-]pcw Ip∂p-Ip-gn ssa°nƒ

aIƒ)

a°ƒ : tUm. Pnkv ^m≥kokv

Pn≥ ^m≥kokv (hn-Zym¿∞n)

3. amXyp (C-¥y≥ Ic-tk-\, U¬ln)

`mcy : sj¿en

(F-S-°c AK-Ãn≥ aIƒ)

a°ƒ : ëSp´p tXma-kv, s]m∂p, Pm°n

4. tPm¿÷v (am-Wn-®≥) tlmantbm tUmIvS¿

`mcy : sUbvkn (aq-e-t»-cn¬ IpSpw-_mw-Kw)

a°ƒ : tamfp, s]m∂p

5. sIm®p-tXkym :

`¿Ømhv : kn_n, Hmen-°¬, Ipdp-aÆv

3. Hutk∏v (A-∏-®≥) Iho-Ip∂v

`mcy : tXykym (a-\-bm-\n-°¬ Ipcp-hnf aIƒ)

a°ƒ : Bä-°ƒ ˛ 2 s]ä-°ƒ ˛ 2

1. Fw. sP. Ipcym-t°mkv (Ip-cy≥)

387


`mc-Xob dnk¿hv _m¶v, Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw

`mcy : B\n-bΩ

sXß-\m-Ip-t∂¬ Ip™p-Ipń aIƒ)

a°ƒ : tkm-Wnb (M.Ed.)

A\n¬ (M.Tech.)

im¥n (Agricultural Engineer)

2. Fw.-sP. amXyp

(Rtd. Pq\n-b¿ kq]-≠v, \oXn-\ymb hIp-∏v)

`mcy : enkn-bΩ (dn-´. So®¿)

(tN¿∏p-¶¬, Nnc-h-b-en¬ h¿°n aIƒ)

a°ƒ : Pb-Ie (B.Tech.)

Pb-ame (M.B.B.S hnZym¿∞n\n)

enb (hn-Zym¿∞n-\n)

3. tXykymΩ (sX-øm-Ω)

`¿Ømhv : tdmbn (D-∏p-am-°¬, ]ng-Iv)

4. tacnΩ

`¿Ømhv : tZh-kym-®≥

(tNdp-t»-cn¬, Im´m-ºm-°v, Ipd-hn-e-ßm-Sv)

4. sNdn-bm≥ (Im-\d _m¶v DtZym-K-ÿ≥)

`mcy : (dn´. A[ym-]n-I)

(tXm´Øn¬, aqhm-‰p-]p-g)

tImX-aw-K-e-Øn-\-SpØv Ip∂p-Ip-gn-bn¬

Xma-kn-°p-∂p.

a°ƒ : Bä-°ƒ ˛ 1 s]ä-°ƒ ˛ 3

1.- sk-eo≥

`¿Ømhv : tdmbn, XI-Sn-tb¬, ]qh-cWn

2. sle≥

`¿Ømhv : tP°∫v

(sh-‰n-e-∏m-d, hcn-°-am-°¬ amXyp aI≥)

3. sj¿en

`¿Ømhv : tP°∫v (sX-t°-°c h¿§okv aI≥)

388


4. sS‰kv (tIm-X-aw-K-ew)

`mcy : ARvPp, Ing-t°-Ø-e-bv°¬,

Im™n-c-∏≈n

a°ƒ : Nmƒkv, acnb

5. h¿°n (I-c-tk\m DtZymK-ÿ≥)

`mcy : tacn, sXt°-Xn¬, ss]I

a°ƒ : Bä°ƒ ˛ 1 s]ä--°ƒ ˛ 3

6. IXn

`¿Ømhv : sXmΩ≥ Nocmw-Ipgn

7. A∂

`¿Ømh v: A_mlw CS-ae

III. tZhkym (Ip™m∏≥)Nmt°m-bpsS aq∂m-asØ aI≥

`mcy : sIm®p -s]Æv (A-©p -I -≠-Øn¬,

Ipdp-a-Æv)

a°ƒ : Bä°ƒ ˛ 1 s]ä-°ƒ ˛ 1

1. Nmt°m (-A-]w)`mcy : A∂-°p-ń, ac-ßm-´p-]≈n

a°ƒ : Bä°ƒ ˛ 3 s]ä-°ƒ ˛ 1

tZh-kym, tPmkv, kn_n.......................

2. IXn (s]-Æ-Ω)\oXn-\ymb hIp-∏n¬ tPmen sNbvX-tijw dn´-b¿ sNbvXv sXmSp-

]p-g-bn¬ Xma-kn-°p-∂p.

`¿Ømhv : kn.-Fw. amXyp, Nc-f-bn¬ CeIvSn-kn‰n

hIp-∏n¬ \n∂pw dn´-b¿ sNbvXp.

IV. t]mØ≥ (I-ho-Ip-∂v, aq-∂p-am-°¬ Xd-hm-Sv)

Nmt°m-bpsS \mem-asØ aI≥

`mcy : A∂ (s]m-cp-t∂m-en¬ De-l-∂≥ aIƒ)

a°ƒ : Bä°ƒ ˛ 3

s]ä-°ƒ ˛ 2

389


1. Nmt°m (Ip-™-∏≥)

`mcy : tdmk (No-cmw-Ip-gn-bn¬ aØmbn aIƒ)

a°ƒ : Bä°ƒ ˛ 5 s]ä--°ƒ ˛ 2

1. sPbnwkv ˛ Zp_mbv

`mcy : ¢mcn-kv, Im°-\m-Sv, hf-fn-®nd

a°ƒ : Pm°v (B.Sc Nurse)

tSmw, tam\p (B.Tech hnZym¿∞n-Iƒ)

2. amXyp (X-¶-®≥) (^m¿a-kn-Ãv, Im\-U)

`mcy : s_kn (t\gvkv ˛ Im\U)

aqhm-‰p-]pg, Im´p-Ip-Sn, ]m∏p aIƒ)

a°ƒ : Bä-°ƒ ˛ 2

s]ä-°ƒ˛ 1

3. tPmtPm (sa-bn¬ t\gvkv, BkvtS-en-b)

`mcy : sPkn, Fc-∏q-gn-°c ˛ t\gvkv

a°ƒ : tdmk-\, dnb (hn-Zym¿∞n-Iƒ)

4. At]w

`mcy : PnPn (A-[ym-]n-I)

sIm´pIm∏-≈n¬, ISp-Øp-cpØn

a°ƒ : tP°∫v, sdan, tPmk^v

(aq-∂p-t]cpw ]Tn-°p-∂p)

5. a\p (sa-bn¬ t\gvkv, Im\-U)

`mcy : [\y (-^m¿a-kn-Ãv, Im\-U)

ap≠≥Nn-d, I√q¿°mSv

a°ƒ : sPb-kv, tdmkvan≥, (hn-Zym¿∞n-Iƒ)

6. B≥kΩ

`¿Ømhv : tPmk^v

sIm´m-c-Øn¬, XnS-\mSv

7. X¶Ω

`¿Ømhv : knPn, \mK-\q-en¬, sh≈S

2. am\n (t]m-Øs‚ c≠m-asØ aI≥)

`mcy : tKkn

390


(CSp-°n, tacn-Ip-f-Øv, Ing-t°-°-c,

sNdn-bm≥ ˛ tdmk aIƒ)

]me, Acp-Wm-]p-cØv Xmakn-°p-∂p.

(hn-i-Z-hn-h-c-ßƒ Xmg-Øp-ho- n¬ sNdn-bm≥ kvIdn-bm-bpsS hwim-

h-en-bn¬ tN¿Øn-´p-≠v.

3. tPm¨ : GeΩ (t\-gvkv, Ata-cn-°)

(I-fØq°-S-hv, sh´Øv ]m∏-®≥

aIƒ)

a°ƒ : Bä°ƒ ˛ 2 s]ä-°ƒ ˛ 1

1. kn_n (tUm-IvS¿, bp.-F-kv.-F)

`mcy : tib ]coJv (tUm-IvS¿, bp.-F-kv.-F)

a°ƒ : kmP≥, db\m

2. k‘y (tUm-IvS¿, bp.-F-kv.-F)

`¿Ømhv : Zps_ t\m°nb I-º\n, bp.-F-kv.-F

aIƒ : tdb

3. t_m_n (bp.-F-kv.-F)

`mcy : eo\ sPbnwkv (Fw. -Un. -Fkv,

bp.-F-kv.-F)

4. IXn (dn-´. A[ym-]n-I)

`¿Ømhv : A_mlw, Ce-™n-°¬, Be-∏pg

a°ƒ : Bä°ƒ ˛ 2

5. tacn (I-ho-Ip-∂v)

`¿Ømhv : t__n (No-cmw-Ip-gn-bn¬ kn.-sI.

tXmakv aI≥)

V. amΩn (]m-em)`¿Ømhv: amWn Nocmw-Ip-gn, ]me

VI. A∂`¿Ømhv : ]oen sX‰m-en-°¬, ss]ßfw

DÆn-s®-dn-b-Xns‚ c≠m-asØ aI≥

sNdn-bms‚ hwim-hen

sNdn-bm≥`mcy : adnbw (sh-´p -Im -´ n¬, HmS -b v°¬,

IpSpw-_mw-Kw)

Bä-°ƒ ˛ 3 s]ä-°ƒ ˛ 4

Ip™m-∏≥, Ips™m-Ω≥, Ipt™-∏v,

amΩn, A∂, A°-Ω, Gen

I. sNdn-bm≥ (Ip-™m-∏≥)

`mcy : s]mcp-t∂m-en¬, hf--f-ap-≠-bn¬

sXmΩ≥ aIƒ sIm®ps]-Æns\ hnhmlw

sNbvXv ]pen-a-e-°p-t∂¬ Xma-kn-®p.

aIƒ adn-b-Øns‚ P\-\-tijw sIm®p-s]Æv acn-®p-t]m-b-Xn-

\m¬ sh≈n-tb-∏-≈n¬ ]p-fn-°¬ amXyp aIƒ adn-bsØ ]p\¿hn-

hmlw sNbvXp. AXn≥ Hcp aIƒ (A∂) IqSn P\n-®p.

a°ƒ : s]ä°ƒ ˛ 2

1. adnbw

`¿Ømhv : s\Sn-b-Im-ń¬, aW-Ip-∂Øv tZhkym

2. A∂

`¿Ømhv: tZh-kym, aqg-bn¬, ]me

tZhkym ZØ-h-Im-in-bmbn XmgØp hoń¬ Xma-kn-®p.

Bä-°ƒ ˛ 2 s]ä-°ƒ ˛ 2

1. tPmk-^v (Hu-tk-∏-®≥), sh≈n-bm-a‰w

`mcy : Nn∂Ω (I-cq¿, Ad-bv°-°-≠-Øn¬

tZh-kym-®≥ aIƒ)

a°ƒ : F_n≥, _n_n≥

2. t__n (sN-dn-bm≥)

`mcy : tXykymΩ

(Acp-Wm-]p-cw, ]me-bv°m-´p-Ip-t∂¬

391


392


^m≥kokv aIƒ)

a°ƒ : dn‰p, dn‚p, acnb

3. tacn

`¿Ømhv : tXma-kv, a\-bm-\n-°¬ πmi-\m-en¬

Xma-kn-°p-∂p.

4. knknen

`¿Ømhv : kÆn tXmakv

avfmhn¬, InS-ßq¿

II. sXmΩ≥ (Ip-s™m-Ω≥) Ing-t°-°c Xd-hm-ń¬ Xma-

kn-®p. sXcp-hn¬ Ipt∂¬s]m-Xn-bn¬ DXp∏v aIƒ tXykymsb

hnhmlw sNbvXp. Hcp BÏpń D≠m-bn-°-gn-bp-tºmƒ mcy acn-

°p-I-bm¬ ]q™m-‰n¬ tXm´-°c Gensb hnhmlw sNbvXv Xd-

hm-ń¬ Xma-kn-®p.

]mem-bn¬ hnhn-[-Xcw _nkn-\v \SØn kmº-ØnI _≤-

∏m-Sn-em-I-bm¬ hoSpw ÿehpw hn‰v ssltd-©n¬ Im©n-bm-‰n-

te°v Xmakw am‰n.

11.8.1971 ¬ sXmΩ-\pw, 26˛ 1˛1986 ¬ `mcy Genbpw \ncym-X-\m-bn.

a°ƒ: Bä-°ƒ ˛ 5 s]ä-°ƒ ˛ 3

1. BZy-hn-hm-l-Ønse BÏpń sNdp-∏-Ønse acn-®p.

2. tXmakv (tXm-Ωm-®n), sh≈-bmw-Ip-Sn, I´-∏\

`mcy : A∂Ω (I-´ -∏ -\, Rm‰p -sXm -´ -bn¬

h¿°n aI≥)

a°ƒ : Bä°ƒ ˛ 3 s]ä-°ƒ ˛ 2

1. tdmWn

`mcy : Umeokv

(C-c-´-bm¿, apXp-πm-°¬ h¿°n aIƒ)

a°ƒ : sU∂o-kv, Umen

2. PnΩn-®≥ (dh. ^m. tPm¿÷v)

I´-∏-\, sk‚ v tPm¨kv k\ymk k`-bn¬ tN¿∂v sshZn-I-

\mbn tkh-\-a-\p-jvTn-°p-∂p.

3. kÆn

Cc-´-bm¿, shń-°p-gn-bn¬ \n∂pw hnhmlw sNbvXp.

393


KpP-dm-Øn¬ ]\m-a-I-º-\n-bn¬ \nb-tam-]-tZ-jvSm-hmbn tPmen

sNøp-∂p.

4. kmen

tImgn-t°mSv [¿Ω-Kncn aT-Øn¬ k\ym-kn-\n-bmbn tkh\w

sNøp-∂p.

5. ssk_n

`¿Ømhv: tPmkv ]mdbv°¬, Icn-ºm\n

3. Hutk∏v (Hu-tk-∏-®≥)

Hutk-∏-®≥ hnjw Xo≠n acn-®p.

`mcy : Ip™Ω (G-e-∏m-d, ]Sn-™m-sd-°c

tPmkv a-Iƒ)

aIƒ : tKkn

(hn -hm -ln -X -bmbn am´p -°´bn¬

Xmakn-°p-∂p.)

4. At¥m\n (A-t¥m-\n-®≥, Im©n-bm¿

`mcy : amΩn (G-‰p-am-\q¿, B\m-Øn¬ h¿°n

aIƒ)

a°ƒ : Bä°ƒ ˛ 2 s]ä-°ƒ ˛ 1

1. kÆn(Im-©n-bm¿)

`mcy : sUbvkn sh≈-bmw-IpSn

2. km_p -˛ t\gvkv, Ata-cn°

3. kn\n (Ip-a-fn-bn¬ hn-hmlw sNbvX-b-®p.)

5. sk_m-Ãy≥ (Ip-™-®≥) CSp-°n, 10-˛mw ssa¬)

`mcy : tXykymΩ sh≈m-∏ -≈n -bn¬,

sN-Ω-e-a‰w

a°ƒ : Bä-°ƒ ˛ 2 s]ä-°ƒ ˛ 1

1. t\m_nƒ (B-kvtS-en-b)

2. kndnƒ (ss]-\m-hv)

`mcy : ssj\n, Xq°pgn

394


3. s\eo\ (sh-≈-Øq-h¬)

6. Ip´n-bΩ

`¿Ømhv : tPmk^v, Ccp-]-tX-°¿, Im©nbm¿

\cn-bºmd Xma-kn-°p-∂p.

7. s]ÆΩ

`¿Ømhv : eq°m-®≥ ˛ _nkn-\v

s\√n-°m-\w, tImSn--°pfw

a°ƒ : B¨a°ƒ˛ c≠v

BkvtS-en-bm-bn¬ tPmen sNøp-∂p.

8. amfnΩ

`¿Ømhv : tPmWn, ]oSn-Ibv°¬, CSp°n Pn√

]m≠n-∏md Xma-kn-°p-∂p.

395


DÆns®-dn-bXv aI≥ sNdn-bms‚ aq∂m-asØ

]pX≥ Iq\m-\n-°¬ Xma-kn® sI.-kn. tPmk- ns‚

hwim-hen

sI.-kn. tPmk^v (Ip-t™-∏v)

]mem, ]\-bv°¬ Xp≠--Øn¬ Hutk∏v sshZy≥ aIƒ

tXykymsb hnhmlw sNbvXp. c≠p ]pXn-amcpw c≠v ]pX-∑mcpw

P\n-®p-I-gn-™-t∏mƒ `mcy \ncym-X-bm-bn. ]n∂oSv CSa‰Øv hc-

Ip-Im-em-bn¬ t]mØs‚ aIƒ Gen-°p-ńsb hnhmlw sNbvXp.

Cu hnhmlw sNbvXp. Cu hnhm-l-Øn¬ aq∂v ]pX-∑mcpw c≠v

]pXn-amcpw P\n-®p.

sI.-kn. tPmk^v ]mem ap\n-kn-∏m-en-‰n-bn¬ tPmen sNbvXp

hcsh 30˛12˛1972 ¬ \ncym-X-\m-bn. `mcy Gen-°pń 19˛ 8˛ 2004 ˛

¬ acn-®p.

I. Ip -∏≥ (dh. ^m. tPmk^v Ing-t°-°c SDB)

kte-jy≥k`-bn¬ tN¿∂v s]mhn≥jym-fmbpw a‰p ]e ][m-\-

s∏´ XkvXn-I-I-fnepw tkh-\-a-\p-jvTn-®-tijw Ct∏mƒ U¬ln-

bn¬ tUm¨ t_mkvtIm kvIqƒ amt\-P-cmbn tPmen sNøp-∂p.

II. ]m∏®n1952 ˛ ¬ a™-∏nØw _m[n®v acn-®p.

III. tPmkv sI.-sP. (In-g-X-Sn-bq¿, Ing-t°-°c Xmg-Øp-ho-ń¬

Xma-kn-°p-∂p) t^m¨: 04822 ˛ 216442

`mcy : sXømΩ (]mem, Ducm-im-e-bn¬

tPmk^v aIƒ)

a°ƒ : Bä°ƒ ˛ 2 s]ä-°ƒ ˛ 1

1. tPm_n tPmkv MBA (_nkn-\-kv, sIń-S-\n¿Ωm-W-taJe)

2. sk_m-Ãy≥ tPmkv (_n-kn-\-v, sIń-S-\n¿Ωm-W-ta-J-e)

3. tPmkn

396


`¿Ømhv: tPmPn (sIm-gp-h-\m¬, am¥-d-bn¬ Nm°m-®≥ aI≥)

a°ƒ: tPma¬, tPmZp¬

IV. tZh-kym-®≥ (tPm-k^v sk_m-Ãy≥)

Ing-X-Sn-bq¿, Ing-t°-°c Xmg-Øp-ho-ń¬ Xma-kn-°p-∂p.

t^m¨: 04822 ˛ 210723

`mcy : h’Ω (tN¿∏p-¶¬, tIme-Sn-bn¬,

Ip™p-Ipń aIƒ)

tZh-kym-®≥ ]mem d_¿ am¿°-‰nwKv tIm∏-td-‰ohv skmssk-

‰n-bn¬\n∂v dn´-b-dm-b-Xn-\p-tijw kmaq-ly-tk-h-\-cw-K-Øv

]h¿Øn-°p-∂p. Ch¿°v a°-fn-√.

V. sNdn-bm≥(]mem ap\n-kn-∏m-en-‰n-bn¬ \n∂pw dn´-b-dm-bn.)

IpS-°-®nd Xmg-Øp-ho-ń¬ Xma-kn-°p-∂p.

`mcy : sXømΩ (C-S-∏m-Sn, aq°≥tXm-´-Øn¬

tXmakv aIƒ)

a°ƒ : s]ä-°ƒ ˛ 3

1. kn\n

`¿Ømhv : s_∂n (Im-™n-c-a‰w, DXn-c-Ip-fØv hmfm-

Sn-am-°¬ ]m∏-®≥ aI≥)

a°ƒ : s]ä-°-ƒ ˛ 2

2. knan

`¿Ømhv : Sn.-Pn. XnS-\mSv

(]m-em-bn¬ _nkn-\v sNøp-∂p)

(Xn-S-\mSv, h≈n-bmw-X-S-Øn¬ tPmk^v

aI≥)

3. koXp : t\gvkv, t_mws_

VI. adn-b-°pń (sIm-gp-h-\m¬)

`¿Ømhv : Ip-™p-Ip-ń, aWn-b-ßm-´v, sImgp-h-\m¬,

a°ƒ : Bä°ƒ ˛ 6 s]ä-°ƒ ˛ 1

397


VII. tXykym (sXøm-Ω)

`¿Ømhv : sI.-F-kv. h¿°n

Ipgn-∏-≈n¬, tImX-s\-√q¿, G‰p-am-\q¿

a°ƒ: Bä--°ƒ ˛ 3 s]ä-°ƒ ˛ 3

VIII. GeΩ`¿Ømhv : t]mƒ (X-¶-®≥) tN¿∏p-¶¬, s\bvt®-

cn¬ AhpX aI≥

a°ƒ : Bä°ƒ ˛ 1 s]ä-°ƒ ˛ 1

IX. B\n`¿Ømhv : h°-®≥ (cm-a-]pcw Ip-Wn-™n, hmg-bn¬

Ip™v aI≥)

a°ƒ : Bä-°ƒ ˛ 2

1. A\n¬ (sshZnI hnZym¿∞n)

2. AJn¬ (hn-Zym¿∞n)

Ing-t°-°-c, XmgØp hoń¬ Xma-kn® sNdn-bms‚ s]ä-

°ƒ.

amΩn`¿Ømhv : t]mØ≥, ]mdt»-cn¬, ]pfn-¶p∂v

GIaI≥, At¥m--\n-®≥ P\n®p Ign-™-t∏mƒ amΩn \ncym-X-\m-bn.

A∂`¿Ømhv : amWn, Imcy-m¶¬, ]hn-Øm\wa°ƒ : 1) sI.-Fw. tPmk^v

2) NpΩm¿ (]m-∏-®≥)3) d-h. ^m. sNdn-bm≥ kn.-Fw.sF4) sI.Fw amWn (Ip-™v)5) tacn6) A∂-°pń

A°Ω`¿Ømhv amXyp C√n-aq-ń¬a°ƒ Bä-°ƒ: 3 s]ä-°ƒ ˛ 3

Gen`¿Ømhv : h¿-°n, Iq¥m-\w, Icq¿

398


ADDRESS

Peedikayil

Ittyipe IttyipeKizhakkekaraNeeloor P.O.Kottayam DistPh: 0482 2221143

K.I. ThomasKizhakkekaraNeeloor P.O.Kottayam Dist.Phone: 04822 221136

Saju ThomasRoom No. 503D-2/KangaraLokdhara - Kalyan(Est)Pin - 421306Ph: 0251 2355407Mob: 09867511166

Siby ThomasKoxhakkekaraNeeloor P.O.Kottayam Dist.Ph: 0482 22219399495333325

Saji Thomas (Roy)KizhakkekaraNeeloor P.O.PalaiPh: 04822 223403Mob: 9744108660

Sheeba ShijiKulathinalChattikulam P.O.Chalakudy,Thrissur (Dt)Mob: 9846302390

Achamma JosephPullattuVazhoor East P.O.Kottayam (Dist).

Mary JosephPullolilKadanadu P.O.KollappallyKottayam Dist.Ph: 0482 2246793.

K.T. Joseph M.A.(Kunju)KizhakkekarapeedikayilKizhathadiyoor P.O.Palai, Kottayam DistPh: 0482 2212377Mob: 9447571930.

Anly Johns MSCErattupuzha HouseS.R.M. Road,Cochin - 18Ph: 04842 403352

Sithara CyrilH 104 VaishmodeviTownshipNear B.R. ParkBehind Subash GardenJahamgirpuraSurat, Gujarat

K.T. Thomas(Thomachan)KizhakkekaraAlacodu,Kalayanthany P.O.Idukki (Dist)Pin - 685588Ph: 04862 276260Mob: 9447139489.

Jessy SunnyKochumattathil HouseManalumnkal P.O.AnicaduKottayam Dist.Email- [email protected]

Mob: 9388884331.

Sithara JosephInchakuzhiyilKizhakombuKoothattukulam

Ajesh JosephKizhakkekaraKuttichira P.OKormala,Chalakudy

Thomas JohnKizhakkekaraVellikulangara P.O.Via Kodakara,Thrissur Dist,Ph: 0480 2740574.

Niju ThomasKizhakkekaraVellikulangaraKodakara Via,ThrissurDist.Pin - 0480 2740574.

399


Baby John2/546 C NaranapuramP.O.Vinayaka NagarPalladam (Via)TirupurMob: 09789312534.

Joy KizhakkekaraLERCHENWEG 125034 SUHR, SWISS0041628427905

Lilly GeorgeKizhakkekaraKuttichira P.O.Kormala,ChalakudyPh: 0480 2740214

Joby GeorgeKizhakkekaraKuttichira P.O.Kormala,Chalakudy0480 2740214.

Jomin GeorgeKizhakkekaraKuttichira P.O.KormalaChalakudyPh: 0480 2740214Mob: 09744970367

Achamma MathewKeerikattuMylakombu P.O.ThodupuzhaPh: 04862 227038

Thressiamma MathewMattathilkulathananiyilKurianadu P.O.Kottayam Dist.Ph: 04822 231599

Valsamma VincentPrarakattelNagapuzha P.O.KaloorkaduErnakulam (Dist)Ph: 0485 289861.Mob: 9495465049

Sr. Mary MelaniD.M. ConventPanachamooduMancode P.O.K.K.Dist.Thamilnadu - 629 152Ph:0465 1284548

Sr. John MaryVice PrincipalSADHU WASWANICollege of Nursing7-9 Koregaon ParkPune - 411001Ph: 094 21500658,091 58105651

Sr. MerlyNirmala MedicalCentreMoovattupuzhaMob: 9495515764

Rosamma JosephKizhakekarapeedikayilKizhathadiyoor. P.O.PalaiPh: 04822 212717.

George JosephKizhakkekarapeedikayilKizhathadiyoor P.O.PalaiPh: 04822 212717Mob: 9446255844.

K.V. EmmanuelKizhakkekarapeedikayilKizhathadiyoor P.O.Palai, Kottayam (Dist)Ph: 04822 201195Mob: 9495048912

Leelamma JamesPalackatharappelIrumbakachola P.O.Palaghat (Dist)Ph: 04924 238347

Achamma JosephMadappallymattomHouseManalumkal P.O.Kottayam Dist.Ph: 0481 2551348.

Litteeshya Xavier(Molly)Xavier MandirKothavara P.O.Vaikom, Kottayam Dist.0482 9225032

Poliya MathewThuruthumalil (H)Kalkandi P.O.VandamparaAttapadyPh: 9961849890

KAITHOLIL

Aleykutty ChackoPuthumanaKarimpanakulamPonthenpuzha P.O.ManimalaPh: 0481 247182

400


Marykutty IttykunjuKizhakkekara KaitholilKanjar P.O.Ph: 04862 252102Babu K.I.Kizhakkekara KaitholilKanjar P.O.Ph: 04862 252102

Shibu K.I.KizhakkekaraKanjar P.O.Ph: 447988194556

Biju K.IKizhakkekaraKanjar P.O.Ph: 0017809053767

Jessy AbrahamPanthappallil (H)Palai P.O.Ph: 0482 2200222

Vincy MathewPuthiaparambilNear Medical CollegeCalicutPh: 0495 3222909

Sincy CherianB. L.K. 233/03/166Simei Street - 4Singapore - 520233Phone: 0065 -7854501.

George Thomas3123, Blue Hills,Missori CityTex as 77459, U.S.A.Ph: 001 - 281 - 438, 8314

Mrs. Valsamma BabyThomasKizhakkekara KaitholilArakkulam P.O.Ph: 04862 252272.Johney ThomasKizhakkekara KaitholilKanjar P.O.(Via) ThodupuzhaPin - 685 592Ph: 04862 2529489446824302.

Anil JohnyKizhakkekara KaitholilKanjar P.O.(Via) Thodupuzha -685592Ph: 04862 252948

Aneesh JohneyKizhakkekara KaitholilKanjar P.O.(Via) Thodupuzha -685592.Ph: 04862 252948

Anu mol JohneyKizhakkekara KaitholilKanjar P.O.

Sr. Jain Carla(Aleyamma)Sisters of CharityCalicut ProvinceCalicut

Cicily JosePaliath, OlamattomP.O.ThodupuzhaPh: 04862 225097

Shiju JoseKizhakkekaraChengulam P.O.ChithirapuramPh: 9446609895

Achamma PappachanMadathilparambilAmpara P.O.Bharananganam

Sr. JustinaAgmeerRajasthan

Sr. Antoniet(Pennamma)Sisters of CharityTinsukliya, Assam

Sr. Rocky Maria(Mary)S.H. ConventPalai

Thomas Sebastian(Kunju)Kizhakkekara KaitholilMichaelgiri P.O.MarayoorPh: 04862 252273

Deby Latha SebastianPeermont GassesPeermade

Dr. Mathew Sebastian1834 LGB ColonyRamanathapuramCoimbathore 641015Ph: 0422 2319355Mob: 08903136753

401


Thressiamma Jacob(Jolly)ThattarukunnelMuvattupuzhaPh: 9446220110

Jancy MathewMattathanickalVengachuvadu P.O.VazhakulamPh: 04852 2260824

Mrs. Mary JosephKizhakkekaraKizhathadiyoor P.O.PalaiPh: 04822 215252

Chinnama MathewPonnadathukallelElikulam P.O.PalaiPh: 04822 225545

Sabu JosephKizhakkekaraKizhathadiyoor P.O.PalaiPh: 04822 215252Mob: 9447761252.

Saju BabyKizhakkekara KaitholilMarayoor P.O.

Shoby BabyKizhakkekaraKaitholilArakulam P.O.Ph: 04862 252272

Antony (Babychan)JosephKizhakkekaraKizhathadiyoorPalaiPh: 04822 215200

Mrs. Achamma MathaiKizhakkekaraVellappadu P.O.PalaiPh: 04822 211172

Lissy JohneyChettiparambilManackadu P.O.ThodupuzhaPh: 04862 222024

Tessy BoseChempakathinalMunnaniPalaiPh: 0482 2214002

Shaji K. MathewKizhakkekaraVellappaduPalaiPh: 04822 211172.

Saji K. MathewsGeneral ManagerSynthite IndustriesLtd.KadayiruppuKolenchery 682 311Ph: 9387485035

Lillykutty JosephKizhakekaraGandhi Nagar RoadPalai04822 216262

Seeba GeorgeKurukilottilEttumanoor P.O.Ph: 0481 2505370Rosamma JosephPanamkattuAnchiri P.O.ThodpuzhaPh: 04862 258456

Thomas JosephPanamthanathuKodumpidy P.O.PalaiPh: 04822 221087

Sr. DianaHoly Family ConventArpookaraPh: 0481 2599795

Benny ThomasKizhakkekaraKodumpidy P.O.Palai

Laly JohnMecherilValavoor P.O., PalaiPh: 04822 258067

Joy JosephPanamhanathuKodumpidy P.O.PalaiPh: 04822 221086

Jijo JosephPanamthanathuKodumpidy P.O.Palai

402


Joji JosephPanamthanathuKodumpidy P.O.Palai

Sebastian JosephPanamthanathuKodumpidy P.O.PalaiPh: 04822 221085

Annakutty JosephThadathilNeeleeswaram P.O.Via. Kalady

KuttyKunnathoorParambu P.O.(Via) ParappuKattangamalaKasargod (Dist).

Aleykutty ThomasAlapurathukattilKP XI/624Pipeline JunctionsChangampuzha NagarP.O.Cochin

K.T. AchammaThekkilakattil HousePaickadu P.O.(Via) MarangattupallyPala

Thresia ManjakunnelChempakanoduKulathuvayalKozhikode

Marykutty ThomasKizhakkekaraMylakombu P.O.ThodupuzhaPh: 9567782180

Anto K.Thomas(Benny)KizhakkekaraMylakombu P.O.Thodupuzha

Sherly JosephPuthenparambilCheeranchira P.O.ChanganasseryPh: 9962156764

Nancy JollyArayakunnelKanjiramattomThodupuzha East P.O.Ph: 04862 229470Mob: 9497789745.

Jolly MathewPrakuzhiyilAnakuzhikaraPoovattuparabu P.O.CalicutPh: 9645927378.

Augusthy ThommanKizhakkekarakaitholilKizhathadiyoor P.O.PalaPh: 04822 210605.

Thomas Augustine(Appachan)KizhakkekaraChilavu, KalayanthanyThodupuzhaPh: 04862 276622

Doncy AugustineF4, Mana CampbellGreen Glen LayoutBellandur, Bangalore56010103Ph: 049448450777

Mrs. ThankammaMathewKizhakkekara,Thenmary,Kalayanthany P.O.ThodupuzhaPh: 04862 276405.

Baby ThomasKizhakkekaraPannimattom P.O.Thodupuzha

Mathew ThomasKizhakkekaraEzhumuttom,ThodupuzhaPh: 9495157026

George ThomasKizhakkekarakaitholilKizhathadiyoor P.O.Palai, Ph: 04822 210605

K.U. Itty IpeKizhakkekaraMannarghat P.O.Palaghat DistPh: 04924 222239Estate - 2388342.

Sabu IpeKizhakkekaraMannarghat P.O.Palaghat DistPh: 04924 2222399447938229E-mail:[email protected]

403


Jolly SebastianPalamkunnelIrubakachola P.O.Palaghat Dist.Ph: 04924 238343.

Jessy SunnyDetroitcityMichegon StateUSAPh: 7345240290

Jancy VijayanVikaspukicharaksadanNo. 138 New DelhiPh: 011 - 5596466

Jigy GeorgeDetroitcityMichegon StateNo. 48170, PlymouthUSAPh: 2483476466

Jayarani GladyNo 37712 th CrorsIIIrd Block, Bel layoutVidjaranaraj pura P.O.BangalorePh: 080 8382101.

K.U. CherianKizhakkekara House,(Near Navajyothi Ashram)Kannikulam,Cherupuzha P.O.Kannur Dist.Ph: 04985 - 241479.

Roy K.CherianKizhakkekara HouseEdavarambu P.O.Kannur Dist.Ph: 9947722729.

Mercy AbrahamW/o. Abraham FrancisKanjirathingal HouseMannarkadMob: 9447236684.

Lali CherianChampappillil HouseMaveli Nagar, 5thCross Road,House No. MNRA 57Cochin University P.O.Cochin - 682022Ph: 0484 2575702 (R)Mob: 9447662902,9287676101.Email - [email protected]

[email protected]

Sunny CherianKizhakkekara HouseNo.3, 6th Cross,Kuvempu Road,Vijana Nagar, NewThippasandra P.O.Bangalore - 560075.Ph: 08025341618Mob: 09544117710.

James CherianKizhakkekara HouseThaliparamba P.O.PulimparambuKannur Dist.Ph: 04602249134 (R)Mob: 9744314942.

Sebastian K.C.(Devasia)Kizhakkekara HouseBadiyatuka P.O.Kasargod DistMob: 9497044680.

Lucy CherianKizhakkekara House(Near NavajyothiAshram)Kannikulam,Cherupuzha P.O.Kannur Dist.Mob: 09666963402

Leenamma CherianW/o. Varghese Paul(Shaji)Virunninattu (H)Iringole P.O.Perumbavoor,Ernakulam Dist.Mob: 9495203639.

Saji K. CherianSingapporePh: 006565821864Mob: 00656316564

Reji K.CherianKizhakkekara House(Near NavajyothiAshram)Kannikulam,Cherupuzha P.O.Kannur Dist.Ph: Ekm 04843229340.Mob: 9605486706.

Vakaniyil

Leelamma JoseKizhakkekaraVakaniyilElamdesam P.O.ThodupuzhaPh: 04862 276576.

404


James ThomasKizhakkekaraVakaniyilVelliamattom P.O.ThodupuzhaPh: 04862 276123

Tom Thomas (Joy)KizhakkekaraVakaniyilVelliamattom P.O.ThodupuzhaPh: 04862 276123Mob: 9645070143

Jossymol LijuKizhakkekozhiplakalKoothattukulamPh: 0485 2251244.

Lilly StephenPampackelChakkittapara P.O.Perambra, Calicut.Ph: 0496 2662352.

Mary MathewChilambikunnel(Odackal)Thabore P.O.Cherupuzha,Payyannoor (Via)Ph: 9605215177.

ValsammaChackochanPattarumadomEzhumuttom P.O.Chalassery,Thodupuzha.Ph: 04862 263137.

Josely KuruvilaKaruvelilArakulam P.O.685591.Ph: 04862 252426.

K.C.ChackoKizhakkekaraVakaniyil,Muttom P.O.ThodupuzhaPh: 04862 255054Mob: 9744277992.

K.J. Jose (Joy)KizhakkekaraVakaniyilMundakayam P.O.Mob: 9744641339.

Tomson Joseph(Shaji)KizhakkekaraVakaniyil,Ullanadu P.O.Anthinadu, PalaiPh: 04822 224217

Joshy K. Jose (Kochu)KizhakkekaraVakaniyilKizhathadiyoor P.O.Palai.Ph: 9744987731.

Leelamma KuriachanKannankulathuMelukavumattom P.O.PalaiPh: 04822 219829.

Valsamma SebastianKizhakkethuttayilMoonnilavu P.O.Near Temple,MamkombuPh: 9496323067.

Kuttiamma GeorgeKalayathinalElamkadu P.O.,EnthayarPh: 04828 286753.

Rosly VargheseThoonganparambilChottupara P.O.Vandiperiyar (Via)Idukki Dist.Ph: 9562020506.

K.C. ThomasKizhakkekaraVakaniyilMundupalamPalai

Molly JoyThottathilPerumbavoor P.O.MuvattupzhaPh: 0485234471.

Beena EmmanuelKottanattuMutholapuram P.O.Elanji (Via)Ph: 0485 257369.

Sheela GeorgeThuruthikattuEdappady P.O.BharananganamPh: 04822 237004.

Jessy AntonyCherayil463, Puliakulam RoadCoimbatore.Ph: 0485 2570647

405


Susan MartinElanjimattom29/1192MangottuvayalKottooli P.O., Calicut.Ph: 9447006696

Siby ThomasKizhakkekaraVakaniyilMundupalamPalaiPh: 9447313049.

K.C.CherianKizhakkekaraChembanodu P.O.PeruvannamoozhyCalicut (Dist)Ph: 9961112466.

K.C. Thomas (Sunny)KizhakkekaraChangaroth P.O.PeruvannamoozhyCalicutPh: 0496 - 2669765Mob: 9946283625.

K.C. JoseKizhakkekaraPeruvannamoozhyP.O.Calicut (Dist)Ph: 9496442831.Binny JacobKizhakkekaraChakkittapara P.O.Calicut (Dist)Ph: 9447356853.

K.C. GeorgeKizhakkekaraChembanodu P.O.PeruvannamoozhyCalicutPh: 0496 2663299Mob: 9846338537.

K.C. PaulsonKizhakkekaraChembanodu P.O.PeruvannamoozhyCalicutPh: 9496286358.

Jolly SebastianVempalaValadu P.O.MananthavadyPh: 0493 5266043.

Jancy JoseKeeranchiraMuthukadu P.O.PeruvannamoozhyCalicutPh: 0496 3133091

K.V. GeorgeKizhakkekaraChembanodu P.O.PeruvannamoozhyCalicutPh: 0496 2249025Mob: 9495258196.

K.V. JosephKizhakkekaraChembanodu P.O.PeruvannamoozhyCalicutPh: 9846097382.

K.V. CherianKizhakkekaraMerykunnu P.O.CalicutPh: 8129775088.

Shajan K.CherianKizhakkekaraParambil BazarMoozhikal (Via)CalicutPh: 9048842250.

Tintu ShijoNediyapalayilKoorachundu P.O.BalusseryCalicutPh: 0496 2660510Mob: 9562000864.

Mary KuriakosePullattuChangaroth P.O.PeruvannamoozhyCalicutPh: 0496 2668143Mob: 9645000911

Valsamma joseKadukammakalKallanodu P.O.KoorachunduCalicutPh: 0496 2660495.

Pennamma JosephPerumalilVenmala P.O.Ernakulam Dist.

406


ChinnammaSebastianManalelChembanodu P.O.PeruvannamoozhyCalicutPh: 0496 - 2249792Mob: 9496221524.

K.C. MathewKizhakkekaraChembanodu P.O.PeruvannamoozhyCalicut

MaryKaithottungalVayattuparambu P.O.Kannur (Dist)

LeelammaKannampadathilKaruvanchal P.O.Kannur (Dist)Ph: 0460 245549.

Joseph KizhakkekaraNellippara P.O.Kannur Dist.Ph: 9446993179747853025.

SunnyKizhakkekaraAlakodu P.O.Kannur Dist.Ph: 0460 22552449400697692.

MathewKizhakkekaraNellippara P.O.Kannur DistPh: 0460 2255437.

Joshy KizhakkekaraNellippara P.O.Kannur Dist.Ph: 9447690325Mob: 9400555398.

Jaya MathewKaniaparambilThaliparambu P.O.PushpagiriKannur DistPh: 9446367962.

Kumpuckal

K.M. AugustineKizhakkekaraPaduppuSankarampady P.O.Kasargodu Dist.Ph: 9495325522.

Vinod AugustineKizhakkekaraPaduppuSankarampady P.O.Kasargod (Dist)Ph: 9947549990.

Dolly ShajuIttiyapparaKattippara P.O.Kozhikodu Dist.Ph: 0495 2270541.

Beena KunjumonViriammackalNadavayal P.O.Waynad Dist.Ph: 04935279800.

Bindu BejiChovattukunnelCherupuzhaKannur Dist.Ph: 0498-5212035

K.M. Joseph(Ouseppachan)Kizhakkekara,MeempattyVayattuparambu P.O.Thaliparambu (Via)Kannur (Dist)Ph: 04602 245243Mob: 9447483296.

Manoj JosephKizhakkekaraMeempattyVayattuparambu P.O.Thaliparambu (Via)Kannur Dist.Ph: 04602245243.email [email protected]: 9447729474.

Mini SabuKandavanamKozhichal P.O.Payyannoor (Via)Kannur Dist.Ph: 8547245243.

Annamma ChandyPaikada,Pushpagiri,Thaliparambu P.O.Kannur (Dist)

Chinnamma MathewNeerakkalPodikunduPallikunnu P.O.Kannur - 670004Ph: 0497 2749928Mob: 9447372638.

407


Augusthy Itty ipeKizhakkekaraKumpuckalAlanadu AnthinaduP.O.PalaiPh: 04822 215801.

K.I.CherianKizhakkekaraAlakoduKalayanthany P.O.Pin - 685 588.Ph: 04862 204112

Tony MathewKizhakkekaraAlakoduKalayanthani P.O.Pin-685588Ph: 04862 204112Mob: 9961823620.

Tessy BennyKumbattuKaniaparambilAvoly P.O.NadukaraPh: 0485 2261259

Lizy RoyThekkeManamkadathilAnchiri P.O.,Thodupuzha.Ph: 9745807301

Mercy MathewKizhakkekaraKalchanadukam P.O.Neeleswaram (Via)Kasarkodu Dist.Ph: 04672 216072.

Jose MathewKizhakkekaraPunnakunnu P.O.Kasarkodu Dist.Ph: 9562929487

Saju MathewKizhakkekaraPunnakunnu P.O.Kasarkod Dist.Ph: 9048163825

Tessy JossyKizhakkekuttuPulinkunnu P.O.PurinakunnamChanganasseryPh: 9446932379.

Jaya WilsonPachapathiyilKalikadavu P.O.PamkayamKasarkodu -Dist.

Sr. NavyaD.S.T. ConventBharananganamPh: 01122753326.

Sr. DeepthyVimalalayam ConventChemperiKannur Dist.Ph: 0460 2214148.

Lilly BabuChirayilKakkadavu P.O.Kasarkodu Dist.Ph: 9747465804

Saly KuruvilaPampackalPunnakunnu P.O.Via ParappaKasarkodu Dist.Ph: 9495417054

K.M. CherianKizhakkekaraEdamaruku P.O.ErattupettaPh: 04822 219361.

Jose CherianKizhakkekaraVakakaduMelukavuErattupettaPh: 9446922037

Mathew ChereianKizhakkekaraVannappuramThodupuzha

Sojan CherianKizhakkekaraEdamarukuErattupetta.

Gincy JosePurayidathilEdamaruku P.O.MelukavuPh: 04822 291566

Mary AbrahamVarikayanickalBharananganam P.O.PalaiPh: 04822 237771.

408


Ancy JosephNo. 5/464 CombarstreetSandavia NagarMadurai - 20Ph: 09965869510.

Lailamma JosephAzhathukarimpanackalAruvithura P.O.ErattupettaPh: 04822 272674.

Cicily MathewThekkumkattilCheppukulam P.O.ThodupuzhaPh: 04862 271812.

Sr. KochuthressiaKizhakkekaraKallupalam P.O.Idukki,Ph: 9747395834

Lt. Conl. AnsammaPrincipal MatronM.H. PattialaMob: 09815 492057.

Thazhathuveettil

T.C. Sebastian B.Sc(Hons), Ph.D.K5, Jawahar NagarTrivandrumPh: 04712 324317.

T.S. Thomas, M.A., B.L.KizhakkekaraThazhatheveettilKizhathadiyoor P.O.PalaiPh: 04822 212922

T.S. Mathew B.Sc(Engg.)Roshni HouseBenedict NagarNalamchira P.O.TrivandrumPh: 04712 531031.

T.S. Xavier (Baby)ThahatheveettilMattukattaAyyappankovil P.O.Pin - 685 507Ph: 04869 244273.

K.C. SebastianKizhakkekaraThazhatheveettilPoovarany P.O.Pin - 686577Ph: 04822 226997

Shibu SebastianKizhakkekaraPoovarani P.O.PalaiMob: 9447022699

Biju SebastianKizhakkekaraPoovarani P.O.PalaiPh: 04822 226997

K.C. ThomasKizhakkekkaraMattukattaAyyappankovil P.O.Pin - 685 507Ph: 04869 244246

Adv. Kishore ThomasKizhakkekaraMattukattaAyyappankovil P.O.Pin - 685507Ph: 04869 244246.

Augustine Joseph(Kuttichan)ThazhatheveettilMundanmudi PO.Vannappruam (Via)Thodupuzha,Pin- 685 582.

Sebastian Joseph(Devasiachan)ThazhatheveettilNeeloor P.O.Ph: 04822 221678.

Thomas Joseph(Thommachan)ThazhatheveettilNeeloor P.O.Ph: 04822 221711.

Mrs. ThankammaCherian116-16th placeCamanche, I.A.52730.U.S.A.Ph: 001-319-259-9330.

Mrs. Elsy Mathew33/8, Victoria RoadIIIrd Cross, XavierLayoutBangalore, Pin -560042.Ph: 0802 569776.

409


Jose Joseph (Shaji)KizhakkekaraThazhatheveettilVannappuram P.O.

Mrs. ThresiammaAntony(Theramma)KizhakkekaraKizhathadiyoor, PalaiPh: 04822 210358.

Prof. K.S. SebastianM.Sc.(Kuttichan)KizhakkekaraKizhathadiyoor P.O.PalaiPh: 04822 212117.

Dr. K.S. Jose M.B.B.S.D.L.O.KizhakkekaraOlamattom,ThodupuzhaPh:04862 222760 (R)[email protected]: 9544768907.

Sebastian Jose MArch

Kizhakkekara

Olamattom

Thodupuzha

Mob: 9847032049.

Appu Jose IRS

Kizhakkekara

Olamattom

Thodupuzha

Ph: 8547000503.

K.S. George M.Sc.

Kizhakkekara

Kizhathadiyoor P.O.

Palai

Ph; 04822212558.

Shajan Sebastian

Kizhakkekara

Kizhathadiyoor P.O.

Palai

Ph: 04822 215925.

K.J. Jose

Kizhakkekara,

Thazhathuveettil

Kizhathadiyoor, Palai

Ph: 04822 216442.

K.J. Sebastian

Kizhakkekara

Thazhathuveettil

Kizhathadiyoor, Palai

Ph: 04822210723.

K.J. Chereian

Kizhakkekara

Temple Junction

Poovarany P.O.

Palai,

Ph: 04822 225548.

Joseph

(Ouseppachan)

Kizhakkekara

Moozhayil

Pannimattom P.O.

Thodupuzha.

M.J. Mathew

Moonumackal

Kaveekunnu

Kizhathadiyoor P.O.

Palai

Ph: 04822 214653.

M.T. Francis

Moonumackal

Kizhathadiyoor P.O.

Palai

Ph: 04822 215923.

M.J. Cherian

Kizhakkekara

Kunnukuzhy

Kothamangalam

Ph: 0485 286007

Bose Joseph

Kizhakkekara

Moonnumackal

Arunapuram P.O.

Palai

Ph: 04822 211460.

M.C. Joseph

Kizhakkekara

Moonnumackal

Arunapuram, P.O.

Palai

Ph: 04822 211460.

K.S. Kathry

Charalil

Olamattom

Thodupuzha

04862 223472.

410


Fr. Joseph

Kizhakkekara

SDB Salatian Provin-

cial of Delhi

Alakanda

N. Delhi

Jose M.A.

Kizhakkekara

Koduveli P.O.

Thodupuzha

Ph: 04862 264960.

Sebastian Ephream

Kizhakkekara

Koduveli P.O.

Thodupuzha.

Karotteveettil

Mary Varkey

Kizhakkekara

Perimchamkutty P.O.

Murikassery, Idukki

Dist.,Pin - 685 604.

Ph: 04868 260610.

Maju George

Kizhakkekara

Perinchamkutty P.O.

Murikassery Via

Idukki (Dist)

Ph: 04868 260610.

Jaimy George

Kizhakkekara

Perichamkutty P.O.

Murikkassery (Via)

Idukki Dist.

Ph: 04868 260615.

Jomy George

Kizhakkekara

Perichamkutty P.O.

Murikassery (Via)

Idukki Dist.

Ph: 04868 260615.

Alice Devassy

39 Prospect Drive

Brentwood

Newyork, USA

0016312734371.

Zacharias. K. Varkey

1820 Rock Side Lane

Snellville Atlanda

Georgia, 30078 USA

Ph: 0017709827678.

Gracy Sebastian

Saueriamakal,Senapathy

Chinnar - Murikassery

Perimchamkutty P.O.

Idukki Dist.

Lillykutty Thomas

Plakoottathil

Vellikulangara P.O.

Via. Kodakara

Thrissur Dist.

Ph: 0480 2741420.

Rosamma Chacko

Pulickamandapathil

Aiyeppencovil P.O.

Merikulam

Idukki Dist.

Ph: 04869 214239.

Mary George

Varakukalaparambil

Parathodu P.O.

Kampilikandam

Idukki (Dist)

Ph: 04868 262692.

Jose George

Kizhakkekara

Perimchamkutty P.O.

Via Murikassery

Idukki Dist.

Ph: 9444562604.

04868 260610.

Mini Paul

Palliparambil

Vellathooval P.O.

Vimala City - 685 563

Ph: 9556145424

Mani Varkey

Kizhakkekara

Pannimattom P.O.

Via Thodupuzha

Idukki Dist.

Ph: 04862 276192.

K.M. James

Kizhakkekara

Vettimattom

Kalayanthani P.O.

Ph: 04862 276219.

Sr. Emily

International Medical

Association

Shenoy Road

Kaloor, Cochin 682017

Ph: 9539265138.

411


Jose K.M.

Kizhakkekara

Panimattom P.O.

Thodupuzha, Idukki

(Dist)

Ph: 04862 276192

Achamma Varghese

Amanthuruthil

Choorakodu

Kalladikodu

Palakadu Dist.

Lucy George

Kizhakkekara

Pannimattom P.O.

Thodupuzha

Ph: 04862 276390

Manu George

Kizhakkekara

Pannimattom P.O.

Thodupuzha

Ph: 04862 276390.

K.V. Joseph

Kizhakkekara

Velliamattom P.O.

Thodupuzha, Idukki

(Dist)

Ph: 04862 276919.

Jose Joseph

Kizhakkekara

Thekkumthandu

Rajapuram P.O.

Murikassery (Via)

Idukki (Dist).

Tessy Joy

Puthenveettil

Muhamma P.O.

Alleppy

Johny Joseph

Kizhakkekara

Naliany,

Koovakandam P.O.

Thodupuzha, Idukki

(Dist)

Thomas Joseph

Kizhakkekara

Pannimattom P.O.

Thodupuzha

George Joseph

Kizhakkekara

Velliamattom P.O.

Thodupuzha.

Jins Joseph

Kizhakkekara

Velliamattom P.O.

Thodupuzha

Bins Joseph

Kizhakkekara

Velliamattom P.O.

Thodupuzha.

K.V. JohnKizhakkekaraVelliamattom P.O.Thodupuzha, Idukki(Dist)Ph: 04862 276926.

Elsy KizhakkekaraChristraj AdorationConventPeruvanthanamIdukki Dist.

Bincy KizhakkekaraAdoration ConventKoothattukulam

K.V. ThomasKizhakkekaraVelliamattom P.O.Thodupuzha, Idukki (Dist).

Ph: 04862 275097.

George ThomasKizhakkekaraVelliamattom P.O.Thodupuzha.

Ancy SunnyAlackalVelliamattom P.O.Thodupuzha.

Mathew ThomasKizhakkekaraVelliamattom P.O.Thodupuzha

Joby ThomasKizhakkekara

Kallanickal P.O.

Thodupuzha

412


Elamthottam

George Thomas

Kizhakkekara House

Near Elamthottam

church,

Kizhathadiyoor P.O.

Palai 686 575.

Mo: 9961671375.

Mary John

Kattamkottil

Parapuzha P.O.

W- Kodikulam (Via)

Thodupuzha, Idukki Dist.

Ph: 04862 279192.

Annamma George

(Chinnamma)

C/o. P.J. Joseph

Purayidathil

Chengalam P.O.

Kottayam (Dist)

Ph: 04822 2894919.

Briginamma George

(Valsamma)

C/o. P.J. Joseph

Pulithookkil

Udumbannoor P.O.

Kizhakkenpadam

Idukki (Dist)

Ph: 04862 272587.

Thomson K.George

Kizhakkekara

Near Elamthottam

Church

Kizhathadiyoor P.O.

Palai,Ph: 984754358.

K.T. Ittycheria

Kizhakkekara

Cherpunkal P.O.

Palai

Ph: 04822 269505.

Dill Roy

Manayanickal

Moolamattom P.O.

Idukki (Dist).

Ph: 04862 252952.

Dinu Prem

A.1 - Mazroui Partners

Post Box - 2035.

Abudhabi, UAE

Ph: 009715052130.

Deepu Cherian

8 Larges Walk

Baguley

Manchester

M231 FW

Ph: 00447904267137.

K.T. Thomas

Kizhakkekara

Kurumannu P.O.

Via Palai

Ph: 04822 221033.

Mob: 9497320788

Preena Joseph

Kurikattuparayil

Marangoly

Elanji P.O.

PH: 9447867296

Priya Sobin

Alappattukunnel

Plassanal

Panackapalam

Ph: 82129576129

Fr. Briddu Chandh

(K.T. Joseph)

Kizhakkekara

Jabalpur

Ph: 09754565710.

Sr. Lussy Maria

Kizhakkekara

Adoration Convent

Nelliyani

Palai.

K.T. Mathew

Kizhakkekara

Thenmary

Kalayanthani P.O.

685588

Ph: 04862 276405

9526588336

Shiny James

Vandanakara

Vandamattom P.O.

Thodupuzha

Ph: 04862 264304.

Mini Pious

Kuzhikannickal

Perumankandam

Nagapuzha

Thodupuzha

Ph: 04862 267666.

413


Alfin Eldo

Kulangattil

Mycadu P.O.

Kuriadu

Angamaly

Ph: 0484 2456660.

K.T. John

Kizhakkekara

Kuthirakal

Mariapuram P.O.

Idukki

Ph: 04862 235594.

Mob: 9446826928.

Lillykutty Varghese

Kizhakkekara

Arunapuram P.O.

Palai

Ph: 04822 322494.

Brighty George

Elavumkal

Amparanirappel P.O.

Bharamamangalam

Ph: 04822 272018.

Prince

Kizhakkekara

Arunapuram

Palai

Mob: 9048589877.

K.V. Joseph

Kizhakkekara

Mariapuram P.O.

Idukki

Ph: 04862 235274.

Sojan Joseph

Kizhakkekara

Karimban P.O

Idukki

Ph: 04862 230588

Lovely James

Pazhayidathu

Cheenikuzhy P.O.

Thodupuzha

Ph: 9961708714.

Johney Joseph

Kizhakkekara

Kangirappally P.O.

Ph: 9495116581.

Richard Joseph

Kizhakkekara

Near Jairani School

Thodupuzha

Ph: 9447066535.

Laisa Shaji

Njaloor

Edavetty P.O.

Thodupuzha

Ph: 04862 226429.

Biji Prakash

Madathil

Koduveli P.O.

Thodupuzha

Ph: 9288076408.

Geo Joseph

Kizhakkekara

Mariapuram P.O.

Idukki

Ph: 9446132831

K.V. Thomas

Kizhakkekara

Kizhathadiyoor P.O.

Palai

Ph: 04822 210958.

Jaison ThomasKizhakkekaraKizhathadiyoor P.O.PalaiPh: 04822 2109589447409718

Sr. Stella MariaKizhakkekara S.A.B.S.Adoration ConventMammood P.O.KottayamPh: 0481 2471097

Sr. TreesaKizhakkekara S.A.B.S.Adoration ConventKottayam Dist,VazhappallyPh: 0481 - 2420306

Sr. TessyKizhakkekara S.A.B.S.Adoration ConventRamankary P.O.Alapuzha,Ph: 0477 2707412.

Dessy RajeshKuzhippillilMuthalakodam P.O.Thodupuzha.

414


K.J. GeorgeKizhakkekaraThenmary

Kalayanthani P.O.

Thodupuzha

Ph: 04862 276397.

Saliamma Mathew

Thanathuparambil

Pooyamkutty P.O.

Kothamangalam

Johney George

Kizhakkekara

Elamdesam P.O.

Thodupuzha

Ph: 04862 276122.

Mob: 9447668363.

Shaji George

Kizhakkekara

Thenmary

Kalayanthani P.O.

Thodupuzha

Ph: 04862 276397.

Mob: 9446216557.

K.J. Jose

Kizhakkekara

Velliamattom P.O.

Thodupuzha

Ph: 04862 276101.

Tipsy Justeen

Thudianplackal

Kizhathadiyoor P.O.

Palai

Ph: 04822 210914

Tipsy Kizhakkekara

Jose

14 - Moredun - PL

Philadelphia

Pa-19115 - USA

Ph: 0012673438975

Jose Tijo Joseph

Flat No. 516 Block 1

Wing - A - Funcity

Gloria

Sarjapur Road

Bangalore 560035

Ph: 09886677154

Jobin John Jose

3/730 Kizhakkekara

Karimakkad

Valiyakulam Road

Thrikkakara P.O.

Cochin - 682 021

Ph: 9495335762

Baby John

Kizhakkekara

Velliamattom P.O.

Thodupuzha

Ph: 04862 276252.

Jens Mathew

Kizhakkekara

Velliamattom P.O.

Thodupuzha

Mary Mani

Varkamackal

Devarupara P.O.

Poochapra,

Velliamattom

Ph: 04862 282098

Sr. Mary Preema

C.M.C.

Carmel Bhavan

Post Box No. 68

Dimapoor, Nagaland

Pin- 797112.

Annamma Sebastian

Vadakemangalathu

(Poweth)

Elikulam P.O., Paika,

Palai

Ph: 9249639299

Rosamma Devasia

Kumplamkal

Arakulam P.O.

Moolamattom

Mob: 9447496164.

Varkey Cherian

Kizhakkekara

Velliamattom P.O.

Thodupuzha

Ph: 04862 276388.

K. Cyrilraj

Kizhakkekara

Thadiampadu P.O.

Idukki

Ph: 04862 235991

Mob: 9447023506.

Manuel Cherian

Kizhakkekara

Thopramkudy P.O.

Idukki

Ph: 04868 264240

9947573793

415


Laila Tomy

Kizhakkekara

Thopramkudy P.O.

Idukki

Ph: 04868 264280.

Tony Cherian

Kizhakkekara

Thopramkudy P.O.

Idukki Dist.

Ph: 9847261581

Joy Cherian

Kizhakkekara

Velliamattom P.O.

Thodupuzha

Ph: 04862 276388

Mob: 9961823593.

Jocy mol K. Jose

Kizhakkekozhiplackal

Koothattukulam P.O.

Koothattukulam

Ph: 0485 2251244

Mary Kurian

Thondical

Andoor P.O.

Marangattuppally,

Palai

Ph: 04822 251123.

Rosamma Thomas

Junjatte

Andoor P.O.

Marangattupally

Palai

Ph: 04822 252294.

Thankamma John

Mammoottil

Thenmary

Kalayanthani P.O.

Thodupuzha

Ph: 04862 276308.

Pennamma Jose

Cheeramkuzhiyil

Kizhathadiyoor P.O.

Palai

Ph: 04822 210544.

Pulimalakunnel

Dr. K.T. Thomas

36 Norfordway

Bamford - Rochdale

OL-11-5-QS

England

Ph: 00441706344454.

K.T. Joseph

Kizhakkekara

Pulimalakunnel

Kizhathadiyoor P.O.

Palai

Ph: 04822 215050.

Nebu Joseph

11,3rd Cross

Anugraha Layout

Near Presidency

School

Bileka Halli Road

Bangalore - 560076

Ph: 08026487225.

Seenu Hormis

MF 8/10, BDA Flats

BTM 2nd Stage

Bannerghatta Road

Bangalore 560076.

Ph: 080 26688867.

K.I. Thomas

Kizhakkekara

Thenmari,

Kalayanthani P.O.

Thodupuzha, Idukki

Dist.

Pin - 685588

Ph: 04862 276135.

Noble Thomas F.C.A.

Kizhakkekara

Thenmari,

Kalayanthani P.O.

Thodupuzha - 685 588

Ph: 04862 276135

Mob: 9846046281.

e-mail:

[email protected].

Mary James

Varikamackal

Kalayanthani P.O.

Thodupuzha 685588

Ph: 04862 276467.

Gracy Jose

Valiplackal

Erumapramattom P.O.

Kottayam - 686 586.

Ph: 04822 291099.

416


Celine George

Panthiruvelil

Kunnumbhagam - 686

507, Kottayam

Valsamma Louis

Pallickamyalil

Elamdesom P.O.

Thodupuzha -685588

Ph 04862 276235.

Sr. Crelia Kizhakkekara

Cluny Convent

11th Main 15th Cross

Road

Malleswaram

Bangalore - 560003.

K.I. George

(Varkeychan)

Kizhakkekara

Kalayanthani P.O.

Thenmary 685588

Thodupuzha

Ph: 04862 276307.

Sony George

Kizhakkekara

Kalayanthani P.O.

Thenmary 685588

Thodupuzha

Ph: 04862 276307

Mob: 97446575104.

Email: [email protected]

Suma Clement

Mundackal

Manchikkallu

Cheenikuzy P.O.

Ph: 04862 272195.

Simi Sabu Pachayil

East Vazhappally

Attayam,

Muvattupuzha

Ph: 0485 6419899

Jose Cherian

Kizhakkekara

Vandamattom P.O.

Vandamattom

Thodupuzha

Ph: 9645896162

Sachin K. Jose

Kizhakkekkara

Vandamattom P.O.

Thodupzuha

Ph: 9400338855

Soumya Kunjumon

Narithookil

(Anithottam)

Paika, Poovarany P.O.

Palai, Kottyam Dist.

Ph: 04822 225261

9961741116

K.I. Johny

Kizhakkekara

Nellikunnu, Vayala

P.O., Kadaplamattom

Kottayam.

Ph: 04822 251478

9446757390

Sr. Mary Immaculate

FCC

Clarist Convent

Kannadiyurumbu

Palai P.O.

Mery Joseph

Porunnolil

Kizhathadiyoor P.O.

Palai

Sr. Mery Melani

Yesunivas Convent

Vazhathoppu

Idukki Colony P.O.

Idukki - 685 602.

Sr. Salesia

F.C. Convent

Chemperi P.O.

Kannur (Dist).

Jessy Tom

Mamkoottathil

Palai

Ph: 04822 212685.

K.M.thomas

Kizhakkekara

Elamthottam,Anthinadu

P.O., Palai

Ph: 04822 200299

Mob: 9447293819.

Rosly Joy

Kizhakkekara

Choondachery

Vezhanganam P.O.

Palai

Ph: 04822 239218

Mob: 9846178287.

James Mathew (Baby)

Kizhakkekara

Kizhathadiyoor P.O.

Palai

Ph: 04822 212540.

417


Mary Varghese

Nathikattukandathil

Poovarani P.O.

Paika, Palai

Ph: 04822 225273.

Laila Tomy

Meempallikkavil

Kakkoor P.O.

Kakkoor

Ph: 0485 2875398.

Joby Pulimana

(Kizhakkekara)

Anappara,

Manikadavu P.O.

Iritty, Kannur (Dist).

Ph: 0460 2217592

Mob: 9497727215.

Kochumattom

Cherian Cherian

Kizhakkedkara

Pottenplavu

Kutianmala P.O.

Kannur (Dist)

Ph: 0460 2218723.

Manuel Cherian

Kizhakkekara

Pottenplavu

Kutianmala P.O.

Kannur (Dist)

Ph: 0460 2218387

Thomas Cherian

Kizhakkekara

Pottenplavu

Kutianmala P.O.

Kannur (Dist).

Ph: 0460 2218725.

Mathew Cherian

Kizhakkekara

Pottenplavu

Kutianmala P.O.

Kannur (Dist)

Ph: 9048596886.

Anna Skaria

Kochuvalanickal

Poonjar

Jose Cherian

Kizhakkekara

Pottenplavu

Kutianmala

Kannur (Dist)

Ph: 0460 2219498.

Baby Cherian

Kizhakkekara

Pottenplavu

Kutianmala

Kannur (Dist)

Ph: 9400618386

04602218386.

Thressiamma Sunny

Kaithapparambil

Nellikutty P.O.

Chemberi

Kannur (Dist)

Ph: 0460 2212916.

Mercy Paul

Nadukudiyil

Chunkakunnu P.O.

Iritty, Kannur (Dist)

Ph: 09985603476.

Lissy George

Karamayil

Nellikutty P.O.

Chembery,Kannur (Dist)

Ph: 04602213286.

Cicily James

Kunnappallil

Ayarkunnam P.O.

Kottayam Dist. 686

564

Ph: 0481 - 2541218.

Sunny Thomas

Kizhakkekara

Kochumattathil

Thalikundu P.O.

Thrissur.

Ph: 0487 2317753

Joy Thomas

Kizhakkekara

Kochumattathil

Kizhakkenmattom

Maryland

Ph: 04822 221109.

Sabu Thomas

Kizhakkekara

Kochumattathil

Kizhakkenmattom

Maryland,Kottayam

(Dist),Pin - 686652

Ph: 04822 221109

418


Baby Thomas

Kizhakkekara

Kochumattathil

Kizhakkenmattom

P.O.,Ph: 9446758781

04822 221109

Sabu Thomas

Kizhakkekara

Kizhakkenmattom

Kizhakkenmattom

Ph: 04822 221109

9747765132

Baby Thomas

Kizhakkekara

Kochumattathil

Kizhakkenmattom

P.O.,Palai (Via)

Mob: 9446758781

04822 221109

Sabu Thomas

Kizhakkekara

Kizhakkenmattom

Ph: 04822 221109\

Mob: 9747765132.

Deepu Thomas

Breneford

Electro Mechanical

Works

L.L.C.

P.O. Box. 122792

Site 2001

Saeed Tower - 11

Sheikh Zayed Road

Dubai, UAE

Ph: 0971507769389

Joy Thomas

Kizhakkekara

Durgas P.O.

Vellarikundu, Parappa

(Via),Kasargodu Dist.

Ph: 0467 2248100

Tom Cyriac

Kizhakkekara

Kochumattathil

Velliamattom P.O.

Thodupuzha

Lissy Joychan

Ottathengungal

Pouis Mound P.O.

Melukavu

Ph: 04822 290179

Tessy Tomy

Mamkudiyil

Vadakode P.O.

Vazhakulam

Ph: 0485 260359.

Kochurani Babu

Thadavanal

Velliamattom P.O.

Thodupuzha

Ph: -04862 276607

Saly (Cicily) Benny

Peedikackal

Kalayanthani P.O.

Thodupuzha

Ph: 04862 276620

Sunimol MathewKoottunkalVelliamattom P.O.ThodupuzhaPh: 04862 276329.

Minimol SonyPanthiruvelilPonkunnam P.O.

Joseph CherianKizhakkekaraKochumattathilKavakadu P.O.KalloorkkadErnakulam (Dist).

Roy CherianKizhakkekaraKochumattathilVelliamattom P.O.Thodupuzha

Siby CherianKizhakkekaraKochumattathilVelliamattom P.O.ThodupuzhaPh: 9446212205

George CherianKizhakkekaraKochumattathilVelliamattom P.O.ThodupuzhaPh: 04862 276329

K.T. Abraham(Kunjukutty)Kizhakkekara

Velliamattom,Thodupuzha

Ph: 04862 276327.

419


Dony Abraham

Kizhakkekara

Kochumattathil

Velliamattom P.O.

Ph: 04862 276327.

Dony K. Abraham

6688 Mawson Ave

Reginask 54X214

Canada.

Diju Abraham

Kizhakkekara

Kochumattathil

Velliamattom P.O.

Thodupuzha

Ph: 04862 276327

Dona Babu

Naikamparambil

Melukavu P.O.

Maryland

Ph: 04822 291318

Dena Sibi

Perumattathil

Kallanickal P.O.

Thodupuzha

Ph: 04862 225268

Dinta Tomy

Kolencheril

Neeleeswaram P.O.

Kottamam, Kalady

Ph: 0484 2463568.

K.C. Joseph

Kizhakkekara

Kochumattam

Kalayanthani P.O.

Thodupuzha

Ph: 04862 276385.

Shanty Tomy

Thonikuzhiyil

Kollappally

Anthinadu P.O.

Ph: 04822246026.

Shinto Joseph

Kizhakkekara

Kochumattathil

Kalayanthani

Ph: 04862 276385.

Rosamma Mathew

Thekkekara

Avoly P.O.,

Vazhakulam

Ph: 0485 260671.

Mary Thomas

Chennamkulathumoolayil

Mannassery P.O.

Mukkom, Calicut

Ph: 0495 297321.

Shoby Cherian

Kizhakkekara

Kochumattathil

Kalayanthani P.O. 685

588

Mob: 9446604337

Joshy Cherian

Kizhakkekara

Kochumattathil

Kalayanthani P.O.

Thodupuzha

Mob: 9961708578.

Selly Sajan

Puthyadathu

Maryland P.O.,Palai

Ph: 04822 221160.

Shibu Cherian

Kizhakkekara

Kochumattathil

Kalayanthani P.O.

Thodupuzha

Ph: 9946615199

Sheeba Sabu

Njavarakkattu

Kadavoor P.O.

Ph: 04852 566311.

K.P.Manuel

Kizhakkekara

Kochumattathil

Kodumpidy P.O.,Palai

Shanti George

Thattarayil,

Velliappilly P.O.

Ramapuram

Ph: 04822 261431.

Sabu Manuel

Kizhakkekara

Kochumattathil

Kizhathadiyoor P.O.,

Palai

Ph: 04822 210943.

420


Sr. Kabreena

Adoration Convent

Salom, Vadakara

(Via) Koothattukulam.

Alackal

K.C. Mani

11-6-211

Pochamma bagh

Saroor Nagar

Hyderabad

500035 (A.P).

Ph: 04024046024,

Mob: 9676622736.

K.M. Cherian

Vice President

G.E. (Money)

HI-TECH CITY

Hyderabad

Mob: 09550557302

Rani Sudhakar

Country Manager

New India Assurance

Co. Ltd.

Makti City

Metro Manila

Phillippines

Ph: 00639175095781.

Usha Singa Reddy

Human Resources

Director

(Polyurethanes)

Dow Chemical Com-

pany

2040 Dowcenter

Midland MI 48674

USA

Tel + 1989 - 638-4283

Fax + 1989 -636-3495

Mobile + 1989-492-

1685

Rsidence

Mrs. Usha Reddy

606, Scenic Drive

Midland

Michigan 48642

Tel: 989-486-1028.

Capt. Shoba K. Mani

Managing Director

Northeasern Shuttiles

Reg. Office

Surjya Road

Agarthala

Tripura

Admin. Office

4th Lane

Sukantha Nagar

Jessore Road

Kolkatha

O33 - 25676277

Mob: 09163861126.

Bindu

Chandrasekaran

S. Chandrasekaran

603, A Wing

Serinity Heights

Mind Space

Malad West

Bombay.

022 40037226.

Mob: 9820146405.

Kuttiamma Thomas

Kaniyakkattil

Pottanplave P.O.

Kudianmala

Cannore Dist

Kerala.

Annakkutty

Pappachan

Paramundayil House

Mananthavadi

Waynad

Kerala

04935 - 323526

Mob: 9847484943.

K.C. Joseph

(Appachan)

Kizhakkekara Alakkal

Malom P.O.

Parappa (Via)

Kasargod Dist

Kerla

Ph: 9847169094

Chinnamma Thomas

Vattakkunnel House

Malom P.O.

Parappa (Via)

Kasargod Dist.

Kerala

Mob:9495650923

Mary James

Kodikkulath House

Puthussery P.O.

Wayanad Dist.

Kerala

Ph: 04938 235204

Mob: 9744795335.

421


K.C. Kurian


Puthupariyaram P.O.

Thodupuzha

Kerala

Rosamma Chacko

Upputtil House

Kurinji

Nellippara P.O.

(Via) Alakkode

Thalipparamba

Kannur Dist.

Kerala

Mob: 9747229033.

Theyyamma Philip

Chettisseriyil House

Puthussery P.O.

Wayanad Dist.

Kerala

Ph: 0493 - 235205.

K.C. Joy


Puthussery P.O.

Waynad Dist.

Kerala State.

Rev. Sr. Anima

Notredam Convent

Jharkhand

Ph: 919470883278.

Rev. Sr. Odile

Convent of Jesus &

Mary

Catholic Ashram

P.B.No. 35,

Mob: 919428149262.

Rev. Sr. Ajay

Notredam Academy

Alberts Road

Jamalpur BIHAR

Ph: 994714642.

Rev. Fr. Joseph

Kizhakkekara

St. Xaviers, Patna,

Bihar, Pin - 800011.

Mob: 919431023213

0612227029, 226527

Mr. Baby

Kizhakkekara

4516, Brown Street,

Union City,New Jersey

07087, USA

Ph: 001-201-865-4965.

Mrs. Manju James

Maliacal

Apt. 1924 8181 Fanin St.

Houston, TX 77054.

Dr. Mrs. Annamma

Vinograd

3065, Brighton 13,

Brooklyn

New York, 11235 USA

Ph: 001-718-332 -

2114.

Mrs. Annie Mathew

Kizhakkekara

Vengalloor P.O.

Thodupuzha

Ph: 0486 - 229081.

Mr. Manu Mathew

Kizhakkekara

Vengalloor,

Thodupuzha

Jithu Mathew

Kizhakkekara

Vengalloor,

Thodupuzha.

Dr. K.M. Emmanuel

M.S.

Kizhakkekara,

Anakkood

Thodupuzha

Pin - 685584

Mob: 919447314492

04862 225071

E-mail

[email protected]

Mrs. Shalini Zacharia

Thudiyanplackal

Karimkunnam

Ph: 04862 243330

Mob: 9447754330.

Nellimala

Cherian Mathew

Kizhakkekara

Pottassery P.O.

Mannrcadu

Mob: 9249114477

K.C. Jose

Kizhakkekara

Vadakummanam

Mannarkad

Ph: 04924 222721.

422


Usha George

Erattapparambil

Payyanedam P.O.

Mannarkad

Ph: 04924 231231.

Lisha Cherian

Thalachira Kuzhiyil

Kottoppadam P.O.

Mannarkad

Ph: 04924 231181.

K.J. Jose

Kizhakkekara

Near Good Shepherd

Convent

Ammathy P.O.

Kudaku (Dist),

Karnataka

Pin - 571211

Mob: 09449688898

Baby Kizhakkekara

Kavumthala

Thayyeni P.O.

Cherupuzha (Via)

Ph: 0467 2221682.

Sunny Kizhakkekara

Kavumthala

Thayyeni P.O.

Cherupuzha (Via).

Ph: 0467 22212268.

Joymma

Nettan Ozhukayil

Otakkolli

Palavayal P.O.

Cherupuzha (Via)

Ph: 9946574735.

Valsamma

Georgekutty,Alunkal

Bombay Mukku

Kadumeny P.O.

Cherupuzha (Via)

Ph: 04672220922.

Benny Kizhakkekara

Kavumthala

Thayyeni P.O.

Via Cherupuzha

Ph: 0467 2222098

9495679564

9605999506.

Thattamparambil

T.E. Thomas (Kunju)

Kizhakkekara -

Thattamparambil

Moolamattom P.O.

Idukki Dt.

Ph: 04862 252531

Joseph Thomas

(Babychan)

Kizhakkekara -

Thattamparambil

Moolamattom P.O.

Idukki Dt.

Ph: 04862 252531

Cyriac Thomas M.A.

(Kuriachan)

Kizhakkekara -

Thattamparambil

Mudappalloor P.O.

Palakkad Dt.

Ph: 0492 - 260154,

9446237675.

Mrs. Lucy Francis

Chunkappura

Mudappallor P.O.

Vadakkancheri

Palakad Dt.

Ph: 0492 - 255789.

Mrs. Lissy Johnson

Mundattuchundayil

Mattikkal P.O.

Vadakkancheri

Thrissur Dt.

Ph: 0488 292260

Jemma Alex

Manayanickal

Palai P.O.

Ph: 04822 2215694

Maria Johny

Mayamparambil

Chittilamcheri P.O.

Palakkad Dt.

Ph: 0492 233006

T.E. James B.Sc. Agri.

(Chackochan)

Kizhakkekara -

Thattamparambil

Kayyalakkakom Road

Arunapuram P.O.

Kottayam Dt., Pin-

686674.

Ph: 04822 200484.

Email:

[email protected].

423


Dr. Joseph James

M.D.

1652, Hickory Bark

Lane

Bloomsfield Hill,

Michingon (MI.)

48304 U.S.A.

Ph: 001 -248-299-

8789.

email: josejam@

pol.net.

Dr. Asha James I.A.S.

W/o. Vargheese

Kochuvareed M.S.

Arackal

Thozhuthumparambil

Chelloor, Irinjalakuda

NRI Working in New

York.

Dr. Anitha M.B.B.S.

D.M.R.D.

W/o. Dr. Biju Thomas,

23, Pearl Nagar

Peroorkada P.O.

Trivandrum-5,

Pin- 695005.

Jose Eapen (Jose)

Kizhakkekara -

Thattamparambil

Kizhakkanmattom

P.O.

Kurumannu,

Kottayam Dt.

Ph: 04822 221034.

Eapen Jose B.Tech

Kizhakkekara

Kurumannu P.O.,

Palai

Ph: 9447208847.

Jacob Jose

Jekob Designery

No.10 Brundon Road

Bangalore - 25

Ph: 09886741841.

Dr. Tom Jose

Kizhakkekara

Kurumannu P.O.,

Palai

Ph: 9447676554.

Mrs. Anu Joseph B.Sc

(Fashion Tech.)

Vellookkunnel

Aruvithura

Ph: 04822 272460.

Dr. Ponnu Jose

Chandy House

Chandy Lane

Trissur

Mrs. Annamma

Pallikkaparambil

Mutholapuram P.O.

Elanji, Pin - 686665.

Sr. Columbiar M.A.

Carmeilite Convent

Mutholly, Palai.

Sr. Lucina B.Sc, M.Ed

Adoration Convent

Koothattukulam.

Mrs. Lissamma

Joseph

Kalappurayil,

Moolamattom,

Idukki Dt.

Ph: 04862 252531

Prof. Jose Joseph

Kizhakkekara

Thattamparambil

Mundankal P.O.

Palai

Ph: 04822 213168.

Mob: 9745285738.

Josmon T. Jose

Kizhakkekara

Thattamparambil

Mundankal P.O.

Palai,Ph: 04822 213168

Bobby T. Jose

Boo 4

Nagarguna Green

Woods

Kadveesana Hilli

Bangalore 103

Ph: 09008006774.

Ressin Mary Jose

Choovelikudy

34/2227 B.

Mamangalam

Pottakuzhy Road

Kallingal Lane

Palarivattom P.O.

Cochin - 682025

Ph: 0484 - 2341356.

424


Sr. Lidya S.D.

Ashnilayam

Reddpalam

Mughalchirala P.O.

Dasaipett (Via)

Warrangal

A.P. 506006

Ph: 07152 287829.

Sr. Gerard CMC

Carmelite Convent

Cherpunkal P.O.

Palai.

Abymon T. Jose

C.T.S. MPEZ

Pambaram

Sanatorium

Chennai 45

Ph: 09600039466.

Eenthunkal

Pakuthiyil.....

Mrs. Leela Michael

561,

Irinjalakkudakkaran

Veedu

Mission Quarters,

Thrissur - 5.

Mrs. Omana Jose,

561,

Irinjalakkudakkaran

Veedu

Mission Quarters,

Thrissur - 5

Ph: 04842 392112.

Ivan K. Joseph

Kizhakkekara

Kizhathadiyoor P.O.

Palai

Mob: 9846764410.

Gimmy K. Joseph

Kizhakkekara

Kizhathadiyoor P.O.

Palai

Ph: 9447506637

Celine Thomas

Kizhakkekara

Muttom P.O.

Pin - 685587

Ph: 04862 255124.

Mrs. Moncy Jijo

Thomas

(Moncy)

Moozhayil House

Puthanpallikkunnu P.O.

Palai

Ph: 04822 210491.

Mrs. Dalia Benjamin

(Dalia)

Kallunkal,

Kaloor, Ernakulam

Ph: 0484 2341979.

Ani Tomson Thomas

(Ani)

Kizhakkekara

Muttom P.O.

Pin - 685587

Ph: 04862 255124.

Mob: 9387955124

Mary Mathew

Kizhakkekara

Elamakkara P.O.

Cochin - 682026.

Roy Mathew

Cochin Rubber

Complex

Industrial Develop-

ment Area, Edayar,

Cochin - 683502

Ph: 0484 3252401

Mob: 9388457111.

Mrs. Raji Varghese

(Raji)

Parepally Veedu,

Elamakkara P.O.

Cochin - 26.

Mrs. Mary Zhachariah

M.L.G. 50, K.H.B.

Colony

R.S. Naidu Nagar,

N.R. Mohalla,

Mysore - 570007

Phone: 0821 2490159.

Mr. John Zachariah

M.I.G. 50, K.H.B.

Colony

R.S. Naidu Nagar,

N.R. Mohalla

Mysore - 570 007,

India

email:

[email protected]

[email protected]

0821- 2490159.

Mob: 09845118850.

425


Dr. Elzy

Tharamangalam

254 Langbra Drive

Halifax, Nova Scotia

B3S 1K4 CANADA

email: etharamangalam

@yahoo.ca

[email protected]

Ph: 001-902-4451761.

Prof. K.V. Joseph

(Iype) M.Sc.

Door No. 12, Ann Villa

Behind Ganesh

Temple

N.R. Mohalla, Mysore

- 570007.

Phone: 0821 -

2494298.

George Joseph (Joju)

B.E,

Asraya, H. No. 56,

Eastern Villas

Near T.V. Centre,

Kakkanad,

C8E2, Cochin

Ph: 0484 2427167.

Mrs. Lizzy Cyriac

M.Sc. (Lizzy)

Anugraha

R.S. Naidu Nagar

Mysore - 570 007

Ph: 0821 2496039.

Mrs. Annu Vasu

Panicker (Annu)

Green Acres

Belawadi Village

Sreerangapattanam

Taluk

Mandya Dt.

Karnataka State

Mobile: 9243511936.

Mrs. Cicily George B.Sc

(Chichu)

135, Lily White,

Subash Nagar

N.R. Mohalla

Mysore.

K.V. Mammen,

'Ragam'

Kizhakkekara House

Challlavayal,

Muttom P.O.

Thodupuzha (Via)

Pin - 685 587.

Ph: 04862 255170

Mob: 9447543372.

Mini Chacko, 'Eden'

Puthenveettil

Annankunnu Road

Kottayam-Pin 686001

Ph: 04812 585811

Mob: 9447058581.

Dr. Mini Chacko M.Sc

M.Phil. Ph.D

Associate Professor,

Dept. of Botany

CMS College

Kottayam - 686001

George Mammen

Kizhakkekara House

Nettadukkam

Kanjangadu

Kasarkodu Dist.

Dr. George Mammen

M.A. Ph.D.

Associate Professor,

Dept. of Hindi

St. Pius 10th College

Rajapuram P.O.

Kasarkode Dt.

Pin - 671532.

Ph: 04672 202481

Mob: 9447650356

9495183805.

Roy Mammen

36552, Nettles CI.,

FREMONT, CA 94536

USA

Ph: 881-510-794-

7962,

M. 001-408-439442.

e-mail:

[email protected]

Integrated Device

Joseph K. Cherian

(B.Sc Engg.)

179 High Gate Drive

Markham

Omtario

Canada

email:

[email protected]

Ph: 001-905-904-1263

Sanjay Cherian

8, Font Hill

Blvd Markham

Ontaria

L3RHNI

Ph: (416) 987 -1707,

(905) 604-1707

K.J. Jose

Kizhakkekara

Lalam Jn.

Palai

Ph: 04822 212741.

Dhanya Jose

9, Hill Field Close

Guildford

U.K.

Gul 2ur

Ph: (O) 1483511677

Vineeth Jose MBA

HDFC Bank

Palai

Kaitholil

Kottamkode........

Mrs. Leelamma Eapen

Nedungadan

Residency,Apartment

12C,Chittoor Road,

Kacheripady

Cochin - 682018

Tel: 0484 390587

Dr. Saji Eapen

USA

Email:

[email protected]

Phone:0018657699251

Praphu Eapen B.Tech

USA

Email:

[email protected]

Ph: 001-914-3801221

Sr. JoselineSt. Joseph's MatricSchoolPeramballoor,ThrisinappallyTamil NaduPh: 04328 - 209010.

P.M. Mathew

Pinamarukil House

Paika P.O.

Tel: 04822 225491.

Prof. Mathew

Matheikal

Matheikal House

Puliyanoor

Palai

Tel: 04822 205361.

Rev. Dr. George

Kaitholil

Society of St. Paul

Bandra, Bombay

Tel: 07738179221.

email:

[email protected]

K.V. Mathew

(Mathachen)

Kizhakkekara Kaitholil

Mele Kalikavu P.O.

Malappuram Dt.

Tel: 04931257284.

Mob: 9496405841

Mrs. Philomina Baby

Mathew (Valsa)

Pittappally Buildings

Near SNDP School

Muvattupuzha 686661

Tel: 09495564034.

Mrs. Puspha Jose

Poovathinkal House

Varantharappally P.O.

Thrissur

Tel: 0480 2760062.

Mrs. Molamma Tomy

Kizhakkekara House

Kizhathadyoor

Palai

Tel: 04822 213385.

Mrs. Celine Jose

Padathil House

Karikode, Thodupuzha

Tel: 09820826773.

Kizhakkekara

Kaitholil Vallippara

Branch...

K.I. Thomas

(Mamachen)

Kizhakkekara,Vallippara

Ellumpuram P.O.

Thodupuzha

Tel: 04862 255152.

Mrs. Mariamma

Joseph (Gracemma)

Kachiramattom

Arakulam P.O.,Idukki Dist.

Tel: 04862 252463.

426


427


Mrs. Aleyamma Cyriac

(Laly)

Pakalomattom

Thozhuthumkal

(Kizhakkekara House)

Vallippara Ellumpuram P.O.

Sr. Anu Kizhakkekara

C.M.C. Convent,Palai


Mangalam dam..

Jose Kizhakkekara

Kizhakkekara House

Karimkayam P.O.

Mangalam Dam

Palaghat Dist. Pin -

678 706.

Ph: 09446241464.

email: bjkizhakkekara

@yahoo.co.in

Chinnamma

Kizhakkekara

Annamma Joseph

Kizhakkekara House

Karimkayam P.O.

Mangalam Dam

Palaghat Dist. Pin-

09495524397.


Kuttikkattu.........

Sr. Benceci

Clarist Convent

Peruvanthanam P.O.

Mundakayam

Tel: 04869 - 280276.

Sr. Mary Kizhakkekara

Clarist Convent

Peruvanthanam P.O.

Mundakayam

Tel: 04869 280276.

Mrs. Anice Mathew

(Annie)

Poovathinkal

Thattakuzha P.O.

OlicaMattom 685581.

Tel: 04862 262642.

Mrs. Thresiamma

Issac (Kunjamma)

Neerampuzha House

Vazhakulam P.O.

Tel: 0485 2260386.

Claramma Lonachen

Chandrankunnel

28/3182 St. Mary's

Sunoro Church Road

Elamkulam

Kochi - 682020

Tel: 0484 2310658

Mrs. Rosamma

George

Kizhakkekara House

Edappally

Muttom P.O.

Ph: 04862 255675.

M u v a t t u p u z h a

Branch

Thomaskutty And Alice

Alappatt

971 Windmill PKWYEvans, GA 30809

USAEmail:

[email protected]: 001-706-210-

8790,001-706-210-3088,

001-706-461-2138,001-706-877-9991.

Ansmaria

KizhakkekaraCarmelite Convent

Thiruvampady,Mukkam,Calicut

Email:[email protected]

Ph: 9037704134.

Aphrem Kizhakkekara3311 Leffingwell Court

Ashland, KY 41102USA

[email protected]

Ph: 001-606-694-1894001-606-324-3491.

428


Celine Kizhakkekara

213 New PetersburgDr.

Apt: CMartinez, GA 30907

USAemail:

[email protected]: 001-706-925-4971

001-706-394-5990.

ClarammaKizhakkekara

Kizhakkekara HouseKuzhimattom Road,

Muvattupuzha EastErnakulam Dt.

686661.Ph: 0485-2-33979.

George Kizhakkekara

Charlotte, NCemail:


001-704-970-8044001-704-252-4704

Jaya KizhakkekaraCarmelite Convent

Thiruvampady P.O.Ph: 0495 -2-2252052.

Jose Kizhakkekara

Kizhakkekara HouseKuzhimattom Road

Muvattupuzha EastErnakulam Dt.

Pin - 686 661email: josekizl@

yahoo.comPh: 9745369948

Kochuthressia 0043-

6608174511.Ph: 0485 2 833979

Tejo (Francis)

KizhakkekaraUrselbrunnengasse

17/4/481100 Wien, Austria

Email:[email protected]

Ph: 0043 69910640838

Mathew Kizhakkekara

Perfekta Strasse 6-8/2/21

1230 Wien, AustriaEmail:

[email protected]

Ph: 001-431-9430121

Paul Kizhakkekara

Breitenleer Strasse52/9

1220 Wien, AustriaEmail: pkizhakkekara

@yahoo.co.inPh: 001-431-2311561

001-431-69911301941.

Savio Kizhakkekara

Mary's Good NewsWest Kodikulam P.O.

685582.Ph: 04862 279416.

Fr. James 944-7814748

Sr. Vineetha 944-7132488.

Sebastian

Kizhakkekara759 Echo Road

Charleston, WV25303

USAEmail:


Office: 001-303-388-6004.

Sijo Kizhakkekara

9 Adna RoadBristol, CT 06010 USA

email:[email protected]

Ph: 001-860-581 0910001-860-540-3998

001-860-237-2811

Sr. SeraphiaKizhakkekara

Provincial HouseThiruvampady P.O.

Kozhikode Dt. 673603.Ph: 0495 -2252052.

Thomas Kizhakkekara

Bottminger Strasse 94102 Binningen

Basel, Switzerlandemail:

[email protected]: 001-41614218465

001-41-796698792001-41-762513019

429


Tessy Kurian

(Kizhakkekara)Naglikonerweg 9, AU,

ZH CHSwitzerland, Europe

Email: [email protected]

Ph: 0041786101466.

Vincent Thanchan15 Willow Road

Bacon, NY 12508Email:

[email protected]: 001-845-440-

6053.

Dr. AntonyKizhakkekara (Sajo)

Baron Karlgasse 10/3/33

A-1100 Vienna,Austria

EuropeEmail:

[email protected]

PUTHENPURACKAL

Mrs. AnnakuttyMathew

KizhakkekaraIrumpakachola P.O.

KanjirapuzhaPalaghat Dt.

Ph: 04924238262

Joseph mathew(Kuttichan)

KizhakkekaraKanjirapuzha P.O.

Palaghat Dt.

Ph: 04924238362.9447622476

04924 - 210315.

K.M. Kuriakose(Joychan)


Palaghat Dt.Ph: 04924 238262

9446235662.

Deepu K.K.Flat No. 116

E BlockFederal Park

VennalaCochin 682028

Ph: 9895076776Email:kkdeepu

@gmail.comNisha Deepu

Ph: 9995803232Email: deepunisha

@gmail.com

Arun K.K.Triassic Solutions Pvt.

Ltd.Plot No.2, Leela

InfoparkTechnopark Campus

KazhakkoottamTrivandrum

Ph: 9895589059Email:

[email protected]

Eapan K.K.

Kizhakkekara House,Kanhirapuzha P.O.

Palakkad - 678 591Ph: 9496354216

Thomas Mathew

(Tomy)Kizhakkekara House,

Kanhirapuzha P.O.Palakkad - 678 591

Ph: 04924 - 238997,210314, Mob: 9447622478

Web:www.fruitcounty.in,

www.farmtourism.inemail:[email protected]

email:[email protected]

Anna ThomasKizhakkekara House,


Ph: 07502385089Email:annadivyathomas

@gmail.com

Mammen ThomasKizhakkekara House,


Ph: 9400738997Email:mammenthomas

@gmail.com

K.M. Mathew(Mathachan)

Kizhakkekara

irumpkachola P.O.Palaghat DT.

Ph: 04924 238262.9744445950.

430


Lawrance Mathew


Palaghat Dt.Ph: 04924 238262,

21043109442525194.

Mrs. Rajamma Joseph

(Rajamma)Kizhakkekara

Kanjirapuzha P.O.Palaghat Dt.

Pin- 678591Ph: 04924 238234.

Sunny Joseph


Palaghat Dt.Pin - 678 591

Ph: 04924 238434.9847038434.

Sunny Joseph

Green Valley OilsIrumbakachola P.O.

Kanjirapuzha,Palaghat Dt.

Pin - 678 591Ph: 04924 238743.

Siby Joseph M.Com,

M.B.A.Vani Gardens House

No. 29Cheranchira P.O.

Changanacherry,Kottayam Dt.

Ph:9447249214

Jemmy Joseph

Busines DevelopmentManager

LifestyleLand Mark Retail Ltd.

Industrian Area,Jabelali

UAE, DubaiPh: 971509690149.

Sophy Thomas

KizhakkekaraPuthenpurackal

Kizhathadiyoor P.O.Palai - 686 575

Ph: 04822 212267.

Dr. Eapen ThomasA.C.E. Dental Special-

ity ClinicHoly Family Complex

Kanjikuzhi,Kottayam - 4.

Ph. 0481

2573179(Clinic)

2570323( Res)

Mobile: 09447157317

Jacob Thomas

Software EngineerOrigin Information

Techonology India Ltd.Aman House, Plot No.

103Road No. 12, MIDC

(MAROL)Andheri East,

Mumbai - 93.Tom K. Thomas

B.C.A.Kizhakkekara

PuthenpurackalKizhathadiyoor P.O.

Palai 686 575Ph: 04822 212267.

Chinnamma Thomas

VarickamakalPazhayannoor.

Laly

W/o. Dr. P.D. JosephPlakoottam

Karimba P.O.Edakurrissy

PalakkaduPh: 04924 243702

Molly

W/o. Advt. GeorgePulikan

Aruvithura P.O.Erattupetta

Ph: 04822 273663.

Mrs. Vimala FrancisW/o. Francis K. John

Kattoor Assissi HouseNedumkunnam P.O.

Kottayam Dt.

Emily SebastianW/o. Sebastian K.

DominicKurisummoottil House

Chittady P.O.Kanjirappally

Manju

W/o. BijuKannikatt House

431


39/2888, K.S.N.

Menon Road,Ernakulam, Cochin -

16Pin - 682 016.

K.T. Mathew (Kunju

Matha)Kizhakkekara

Vellathodu,Irumpakachola P.O.

Kanjirapuzha, PalghatDt.

Ph: 04924 238539.

Thomas Mathew(Thommachan)


Palaghat Dt.Ph: 0492 4238743

Mob: 9446727730.

Siby MathewFlat No. 303

Team Heritage3363 A1/42

2nd Corss 13th MainHal2nd stage

Indira NagarBangalore - 560008

Ph: 09741244001.

Eapen Thomas(Eappachan)

Kizhakkekara

Kanjirapuzha P.O.

Palaghat Dt.Ph: 04924 238318.

Mob: 9961251852.

Advt. K.T. ThomasLLB

KizhakkekaraIrumbakachola

KanchirapuzhaPalghat (Dist)

Ph: 04924 238435Mob: 9447778435.

George Thomas

KizhakkekaraIrumbakachola

KanjirapuzhaPalaghat (Dist)

Ph: 9447255135.

Tony ThomasKizhakkekara

Irumpakachola P.O.Kanjirapuzha

Palaghat Dt.Ph: 04924 238253,

238574Email: [email protected]

[email protected]: 9447058253.

Sr. Bennet F.C.C.

Deepthi BhavanProvincial House

Mananthavady -670645

Sr. Alma Kizhakkekara

Medical Mission SistersAyusha Veroor,

Changanacherry -

686104.

Ancy W/o. JosephZachariah

Kootumkal HouseKizhakkanmattom

P.O.,MelukavumattomPin - 686 652

Ph: 04822 291083

BetsyW/o. Mathew John

PalatharaNellimattom

Pareekkanni P.O.Kothamangalam

Pin - 686 693.

RincyW/o. Jose V. Varkey

VadakkamcherryAnappara P.O.

Manjapra, AngamalyPh: 0484 2694848.

Aleyamma Vijayan

(Kunjaamma)W/o. A.J. Vijayan

MythreeTC/937, Ashan Nagar

Vallakadvu P.O.Thiruvanthapuram

Ph: 0471 2505506.Email:

[email protected]@md2vsnl.net

Deepa Louis

4507, Palmetto StreetBallaire

432


Texas 77401USA

Ph: 001-713-664-3311Email:

[email protected]

K.J. Mathew(Mathappan)


Palaghat Dt.Ph: 04924238222

Eapen Mathew B.Tech

7909, Country RidgePlano,

Texas- 75024USA

Ph; 001-972-208-7085email:

[email protected]

Jose Kurian (Joychan)Kizhakkekara

Kurumannu P.O.Kottayam Dt.

Ph: 0482 2221231Mob: 9447140287

Rev. Fr. Joseph

KizhakkekaraVicar, St. Thomas

Forane ChurchThudanganadu,

ThodupuzhaPh: 04862 255031.

K.J. Thomas

(Thommachan)Kizhakkekara House

Kurumannu P.O.Kottayam Dt.

Ph: 04822 221270.

Jose T. Kizhakkekara(Josemon)Kizhakkekara HouseKurumannu P.O.Kottayam Dt.Ph: 04822 221270

Mini TomyCherkottu HouseArakuzha P.O.MuvattupuzhaPh: 04852 255043

Molly SabuMannoor HouseVakakkadu P.O.Ph: 04822 286265.

Dr. Mathew MathewM.B.B.S.D.L.O. (Mathachan)KizhakkekaraKanjirapuzha P.O.Palaghat - Dt.Pin - 678 591Ph: 04924 238232Mob: 9447973232email:[email protected]

Mr. Vevek GeorgeMathewKizhakkekara

Kanjirapuzha,PalaghatDist. Pin - 678 59104924 238232Mob: 9847032804Email:[email protected]

Mrs. Accamma PaulKannanpilli HouseKanjirapuzha P.O.Palaghat Dt.Pin - 678591Ph: 0492 - 4238241email:[email protected]

Mrs. ThressiammaVarkeyKizhakkekaraEdayadiyil,Velathussery P.O.TheekoyPh: 04822 280192.

MariaW/o. MathewEdayadiyilVelathussery P.O.TheekoyPh: 0482 2280192Mob: 9947264093.

Mary JosephMaliakkalMavidaPh: 04822 213081.

KunjammaW/o. Mathew

433


MathekkalArakuzhaPh: 0485 - 256799,255006.

Mrs. RosammaMathewKizhakkekaraMoolamattomPin - 685589Ph: 04862 252714.

Rosy JosephKadumthode VeeduUpputhara P.O.Pin - 685 505Ph: 0486 344394.K.V. Jose (Joppy)Kizhakkekara

ChengalamKoorali P.O.PonkunnamPin - 686 522Mob: 9526705750.

Sabu JoseKizhakkekaraMoolamattomPh: 04862 252545.

K.M. George (Benny)KizhakkekaraMoolamattomPh: 04862 252714.Mob: 9495790545Sunny JoseKizhakkkekara

ChengalamKoorali P.O.PonkunnamMob: 9995971756

SallyW/o. JoyOdakkalMundankal P.O.Pin - 686 574Ph: 04822 210672Mob: 9846764522

SoniaW/o. JojoCheruthottathilPious MountKurumannuPh: 9495215735

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