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![Page 1: of - INFLIBNETshodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/42395/16/16_chapter 7.pdfof '2iruiilaln has inormsed L'rorfl 10,40,754 in the yenr 1961 to 14,111,706 irr tho yeor 1965, Efmn](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022050301/5f6a23c25237d5706736d674/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
![Page 2: of - INFLIBNETshodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/42395/16/16_chapter 7.pdfof '2iruiilaln has inormsed L'rorfl 10,40,754 in the yenr 1961 to 14,111,706 irr tho yeor 1965, Efmn](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022050301/5f6a23c25237d5706736d674/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
!Ehc puxpaao of tllld cllopter
is four-fold. i!'irnt, it c:taminr:o
the pi,Lg?Lin $c>;>uli~t;loi> ivt. Tinuaaln.
In t h i o contoxls it otudios kk~o n u b
box of pilgrin~s visiting every year
botwe6:n lYlP-'L15 im11 ohmfa how
there arc thx~(? />flak pmiaila nnA
one lean peritxi of pilgrinagca t o
TLrwlln. Secondly, Lf mrnlnca
thhe ~rraci~iconotnic psoPiLan of LEN
pilgrin~s i n tam8 of ti?nLr orma afi
origin, ma1 ~und urk~nn baokgmunfl,
camfa aff i l ia t ion, occupational
div~jfelty, type of fan63y, BCLucationol
![Page 3: of - INFLIBNETshodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/42395/16/16_chapter 7.pdfof '2iruiilaln has inormsed L'rorfl 10,40,754 in the yenr 1961 to 14,111,706 irr tho yeor 1965, Efmn](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022050301/5f6a23c25237d5706736d674/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
levels and r a l i g i o u s rtatua. 'L'hixdfy, it tsa.~aroinas the p i l -
grim ~lctilviCiers A t 'l'imn~oln. i!erc# i@ dlocunses why t h e .
pilgrims l ~ a v s u t i l i e a l daifforent type!& of nccomWntian
nvoiLabLe f o r t h e i r aCny at X'frumalo, rvhwtk~ex t h e p i l g r t ~ n s
h ~ v e visiC~y3 'I'ixumnkn alone or with tiialx family or i n thao
cor:i.)nay caf f r i end# or swrrs othcrr;, whilk a r e the )7Urpf$608 ~f
t t le i r v i a i t t o '!ir~1lk3l~, ~:Iiich places bcs ido~ a'irnsmlii have
Chc llilgrit~tw vloitei l i ~ ~ d l o r vrthat ];,url~oneil, ancl how rmch
uxpcnnl:litucn on ~:aiLgsim;il]m woo d.ncursct1 by tho nilgriins of
flifterey1.t econo~idc i(svciLo. FinaLly, tliia clrapter csoi;tlne:i
6ha i , t lgr i~n EiolA at. Yiru~!!nl;? i n ortlex tx, nnrler!dtanil tho
socio-occmmnmic prcll~Prrno ln 1r1diti ~lrnl. to n s c a r t ~ l i n the l ? G t v i i -
aivo Pn$!duonco of tklc rincrctl coinplc~i st 'l'lnrrflnl;~ a l l over htlia,
~ $ - $ ~ j - ~ . f i , ] ~ & ~ ~ $ j ! ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ i ; ; $ & ~ ~ ~ ~
, L ' I I ~ irrl~!liniokrntion of itro~~!cirilo-:iis~pisti k.l~vaathirnnf!~s
koajrs ii ri~co&-d ol: tilo i~iLgrirc3 who v i s i t : Wiln tern~:~lcs of IL'airu-
stnLn, ' r , :I'iruehiinur, ~ ~ r i r t i v ; ~ ~ i i r ~ ~ ~ n ~ ~ o ~ ~ ~ u r i d ~ i z and okher
roliitetl ~l;~ci..u cvory yonr. Proin till:: record urle can grbt i l k i t i ~
on i,ilgrirn gopul.atloo f o r tile l n o t aevaml decacleu. iin utnr::i-
nation of the pi lgr im gu;,ialatLcm La the lest fift+?ea YQakS
can rovanl the trw6 ancl iwgnLtuc?e of %Ire pi lgr ims vZrr2tinrj
the Titunala, S i rp :wt i mcf other tcnprlee.
The data on pi lgr im pf3ulattan far tbo d e c ~ n n t a l
paricda 1961-71 aad 1971-81 and f o r t h e f ive year peziiod
![Page 4: of - INFLIBNETshodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/42395/16/16_chapter 7.pdfof '2iruiilaln has inormsed L'rorfl 10,40,754 in the yenr 1961 to 14,111,706 irr tho yeor 1965, Efmn](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022050301/5f6a23c25237d5706736d674/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
of '2iruiilaln has inormsed L'rorfl 10,40,754 in the yenr 1961
to 14,111,706 irr tho yeor 1965, Efmn 15,27,083 in 1972 ta
32,59,000 in thc year 19'75 and Lmm 36,76,000 i n $981 t o
136,50,82G i n ther year 1%5, The bstn turthor BIIQWR tha t
Prom 5907 onward8 there was a ngurt tn the pilgrim )?apuL~Cion
a t Tirurtaln f n r t l lo Eaci l i t ius in tomn of accomrhrdntlatt,
fnocl-cibt~?rlng nnfl tri!nsi:ort at; ~irur&a have been impraved
:;iilc:e t h a t year. iloroovor, f a c l l i t i c s f o r rumL crdlt had
21ilj3%twnl i i inc~ i ti10 YCiIr 1.0G5 bl?cduoe OL the, nmw oconcjmfe
,liriiin:~li\ te1n~3c wary day.
a t ?irninnLn, Losnol: is thcj n~mil)@% of! pilgrim8 oC ' l ' ir\~p;lt.l~
Tiruchar~ur on8 other plncao, :iindlnrL'y, gsa?olas tilo nunbes
of pklrjrime a t ~tirun~aln, ijrcoker is ttlza n~mbet o t pilgrimo
at T i r ~ & ~ n t i ~ T I F U C ~ ~ ~ U ~ anA okbuc p1acoa. A,urFn~ the l.ar&.
five yaara ths dai ly average numbmr aP pilrjrimq who viillterl
Tirugati, Ttruchnur, srinivnanrnnni;egclrorn and Ki'LlriIyilnrrPicft1i1tiI
i s iabouk 30 thouaMrrr l@thoursande, 3 thousandis and 1.5
![Page 5: of - INFLIBNETshodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/42395/16/16_chapter 7.pdfof '2iruiilaln has inormsed L'rorfl 10,40,754 in the yenr 1961 to 14,111,706 irr tho yeor 1965, Efmn](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022050301/5f6a23c25237d5706736d674/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
smsuris of
On the hnnin of Chhe Crmd of Chi? pilgrimage during
the y@M?J 1971-L15, it i s nb50rved .that kh@Xe tlEe d~pl -~ ie t?
variatians and sensmol fluctucrtions i n the pilgrim popula-
tions a t '~!irumaln, i'txu;?eti ant7 other TILBCO~.
i) uoy-wiao vnriatkona rsveal thef e;wB~y, i/;anBoy,
l'ridny an(! ::nturrlay are the peak dogs, whlle Puoadap and 1Lxursday axe t h e loan &aeys ot ~sLLgrirn pcrpulntinn a t Tirumale a8 W T ~ L a s tho othnx plida~~a. ., r h n peak dnyo include We maxiinurn nrjsemblage of
pilyri~nfs. On tho loan day# the asanmblaga nf
~ > i l ~ ~ i i t l $ ; eblit3-
iil ::,oe~oairl fltlctuution:, ilhnt,r t h a t Chr s i x - m t h ;~crLod from 1.ltirc:ctl to iiwgunt, Ctia %rta-mor~t?i pclrioA erum Laapccinbor to tietuber and a? I:ev:-day g ~ ~ i d i l i n the
first 'iu'ck w2 January c~nrrt i tutc . three mwparatc pcnlc scnsenn of pilqriw:i\r-i~n t(5 ?:irurni?la, l'iru.~???nti nnil otller rrlotoil placeo. In fnet, the R ~ ~ O I ! L T I CIC
pllgrlljis ~tc@~'l lLy ~I?CCL?WOCW from ?:arch t o Rwjuol:
nnil St r;l:ucts in dol1uur.y. %hi:? incrcaoc: i n pilqrim
~oguLclCion a t !i:iwunala and ?I*:. othor ?)lt?csn i a 2br sevorsl rausmn. One roaacrn is tho zalationshlp bot~:ucm agriculture1 cycle of n c t l v i t i r s sncl pil- yrimayc. UiflIarwat rc;!~iuulo in t!.w country have somcwllut differant iagrlsrlltuml calmdc3rr, 9?1e
regional agricul tural cycLcs rovtaal t h r t t h e Eawmora snrP Llnnwlabourers am rcslrttively free from Lnrnz a c t i v i t i e s &t;k.ecr~ $larcli snd AuyurjL. The fortia?~:~
and Pamli4bourerr; makn pilr7timngc~ onLy iiuei.tq ehosrs sssctmris Mat: flc, P M ~ intnrfera with t h e i r agrb aultwra2 Prctivitiae. Thnreforcs, Auring tlw slack wri& htwm W c h Bnd AUQuSt, Lsrge nWr8 of ~mmsrs and PawLabouz~ha from diff:fersnt prnkr mf
![Page 6: of - INFLIBNETshodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/42395/16/16_chapter 7.pdfof '2iruiilaln has inormsed L'rorfl 10,40,754 in the yenr 1961 to 14,111,706 irr tho yeor 1965, Efmn](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022050301/5f6a23c25237d5706736d674/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
tha counw v i a i t Tim~rneala md iEB refa t& pXacarr. Another reason is t h e fnflwwce at riifEsrent pluiods of v~cnCit3n i n uchoole, coLLege8, ogfices and car- t o in :jmrnnwit iis?i,arWtwta. UsueZly, &Itimcatianal i n s t L t ~ t i W l s and governlent de;>ertmerita h ~ v e aummr vaeotion, wiabr hoLidays mi! foa t tva l holidays b@tt~.recn i,:nrctr nncl iiug~tst, Sq?te&ec an$ octob,hnr, ilaccnbcbr ;)nil Jnnuary. Tlterse vnootlon poriorta &. irolidnyo com;>r!?rlao t he irmin piS!xrimage omuonu f a x the ott~lcnta, c;liii>loycos and ai,?zarillcycrs. A t h i n ? rf:o?:,!w for illn tus~aing u;~ of p i l g r l ~ l s i n larcjrs num- ber!: 2,i. .?.hr! ~::l,i-Lous occa~fcm e:q~ncial ly favowad f o r r;c:cirag the r..or. :tho t?ariwl t'xom septeinber t o cictoktex i a $:I ~pr-rim1 d :ipccCncuLctx fsrrtfvals a t : u a r u t . r:npceballg, thc grcnt annunl C(?:t'rlLv;~l nli h!rnhrnni-.s;lvmrl~r ,~l?rc!?B over ninc Jays
oc:ctlr:J in iliir, j:herioil. ilnturnlly it a tk rac t s large nuir~bor uE :iil:'lriinn froin iiJ.1, partxi of tl.10 cOUilWy. :1.:.~1(:6! 3.'2G7 ian, o spuut i n p1Egrii1 p ~ p u l . ~ t i b n i n kl~o ijprz~t Yiric?); aE ,J;;.?>uury h ~ f i ~IOCOI~SS a r e g u l ~ > r Eoataro r!l: Yirum?ln.
tii) ':'br,m l o alrso il lean aonoon of pflgrin~ayc. cat@ !l'irumnla,
'Ylrupnti ani! ottlor places. X t s t a r t o Ln Ncnreuibolr anr.3 co~xtinucra upto b'ebrunry. Xhnre w i l l Zln r f l i n ~
in the eaxJ.y ;;art of thir: pcciml. Thn I n t e r nort
nf t h i a prr lot l i n uatl?tlly coo&. klelrridee, earn1 work
w i l l ba in f u l l w i n g i n this peziocl. ;it khe snmo
t i r ; ~ , i n Wfc; parind, nsittior sCu8mts nor omployt?f?a j,n mimy parks 09: the cuuntxy have lany-term vucw t ion or hoSi(?oys. %'he xi?in, tha coul wonU~cr. *\I(>
busy l a n t work and,' Ulc nbsencr of fP10g-tern vncatla;, deter Ohe pen$@ from d i f f e r e t ~ t p a r t s of the country, f r ~ i n unilslrtaking u jowcn~y to pilgrim placer. "Ph~re-.
tom, M e perriaA from C3wo&e%r W i.'ebruory is a aZmck emalon E*E pilgsimg(8 ta T ~ r t a ~ l ~ , Tirupatd IU3d ah@ ralsltled holy &kaca)#.
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'l8l?ua, tho occurrence af rnaxfmum n u h r & pilgdnnsr
a t l'iruiclla olld i t s &ateid plrictw mcf diffrvart tlmoa i n a
yeor a r c mLoteC1 to tlm mnimnl, agstcultural cycloo, to tho
diffcrcnt pc?rioGn o t vacotiun i n s c h u a l ~ ~ colleguu, oC27ics0,
itnc? certain tj~vcz3innt office@ and t o tknn rg1;lgious occusionc
e:;pncinll.y fc!vourcxI for sesin!! Mie Lord e,t TtmniaLn.
, , , 'L'".,. '.' ". , -P, , iAvt .~t ,T( ; : (:;P8+!,if.<;:C!:,V,X;;:?:iC::, l:j~J,J(;[31i.E ..-.... .."... . ......,."..."l .....--ww, :" .-,-.-, """A *Ir--*
I I : rrrirjln --"-.-."--.. .-. ,.
'Toljlo-35 nlnx,:i tti:,! ;itc$t<.;j-~.~lr;o ilistrfbution af the
900 ! .~iP$?rl~ilu clioa,!r~ f o r stuil',~ing hoir .rf~ci~-~conctmic ch::rr?c-
teri!rtLcr;. J:?IC! '300 iAl.;irl.ran chor&c!n o r thlo ntudy corn2 Emn
14 difL~?ri!rii: i ; l r ~ t;::!u tn inciia. Yl'io Give r;outhmrn ri t n b a nomoly
knrilira iriir:lc?3:1, ~..itYt)nti+,lu~, ! I iofiiiSchc!rrg anil 'L'a.mil i l ~ d i r
co11trlbt.i.cil. rllcir:..,: 'i:'rr;w t10 ije:-r: ecliC of! tlv: i;oti!iL pilgrim prii!u-
Lotiorr. Xllo rc;iit;!i,tliny nine ;atet$?cr of wi1LC41 (.ion, Uujnrcit,
i~!nhi~ro!ibtra ionr!l .i;ijij:;tliatr tony bo ct)n!~lf!oxed we Mest inilia,
,.'larliliy?~ i'i:;r:ic:;l~ miy lit:: tior:iqe;rkcR iln c:entral inilia, ;askhi onJ
Utwc i1rii;ic!~:i1 inay i~,? pue togetiicr :ta i!urt:h Xnt?:!in, and Gric:a?i
oni: i;r:!s(; t,;~ngnl rriy i:~s! +.c!ten ~t:crijott~::r an Loafern Lndinn con-
tribukw't le!:it? kl.iuln 10 p ~ p cent of tbe! t a t i ? L pilgrim populnrton,
Sf inC"ivi~1usl ::tnCcr; nre conaiiiercl8, '\nc?hse i!~aclanh
cantr ibutal for nl3L-n than Rolf 0f t h e ~silf~rim li3;>ul;?.-
t ion em9 Tami1 l i e r l i ~ co'nt;rl!~ueei3 t!, l i t t le i!;ort? than a;iu-fourth
OE Ma giLgxin pogulatianr rihile ttk!rnat;>9r.a contr21311C&l a
l i t t le mru Wan S park cant af the lrilgrdm j~op~ t l ak tan~ Ma!%-
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pilgrim popuLattm and the rmainllnlg i:tabrs conktibut& less
than 1 par can\: of the yilyriln p ~ u l a U o n each.
Jn tr?rnts of We lannyuagcs of the 3taCnrt?ar fhoscr
openking thc i~roviclinn lengungos cnntrfbut;cd the bulk (nosrr
than 90 gor cent) rthila thoas @peaking the Asyon langungns
contrihutcil only ti fraction (legs than 10 per cent) cf the
pilijrirn po~ula t imi .
4:crmo ob' physic:sJ. Ristancc froti? Tirumiila. thooa
1ocilt1:O 11e;irci: ta 'iLru~i!:rlo co::tribuced i!:c:ro i,ll.fjritn pq~ul.ntior~
tirnrl tkiocil; viifch orc:. nituntr:cl far iitwy fmn '7:irufizcln. f iffh8t
ynar.irJ,Ly speiikln:,, it nr?mis that. on t i l r ? i i t ~ t r ~ n c o fmlr
'iiruroi~3.n increi~k r;, t-lic prupor'l;iwi ctf the i~iLgsirnw decxceaes.
:it i!i iotr?rc:;tir~y to :onkc! tlint ii~~i(>r~<jf(ll iY:kLc~ ~>il(~rirfl~j, ?he
ufl1:!11 ccl:~i~ionznt is n~r::m?cloi>lgj hi~j11e.t than tlre rural and
risa~l-wL~ot~ con:!:onontc. Endti~c?, Pnr roro than one-tbin'is of
the ~:iLtjrist Ltnpult7Ciml ( 3 0 per cent) is from taii~ms and c i t i eu .
i s from t:e:i&urlri;n cantrcn or those ~:,lnci-!a which are noi2:hr:r
villagtjo not: town8 bu,uf sharo the ctr~ractc .r l r~t lco of bath.
tihQwiao, less than una-t\rfml 05 the pilgrirn i~o,)ulntiun
(30 par crsnr) is from Yil lBges.
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The slight. pr~?pan~f~fnnce of the urbanit* ptlgdms
over t h e s w a l and semi-mban pilgrtmrj may be hue ra Cwa
irnpoasnt renaons. One ren8on is that the economic 6hk\1$
aE the urlmn pil!;fririce i e bet,tor than that: rrE .the ruracila arid
swdlurban pflgsfras. imnothtir r eam i s t ha t t ' ia rural paor
with t lautr ex.ilcEin;~ economic activity kh;tt dc&mda thadr con-
s h n t iircstmcr oC how? ox in tl1oi.r neighbourho6rl may nut: f:1?1A
n~!ogo;cc tirni! ~ n d rtmonB .tr> unciwrtnke o joumay W diatnnt
IwLg [blncaa l i k e thaw of Zirum?ila nnd Tl,rupwti.
'rsb1.c.:-37 i3lroi:u .?,LIQ ~~csrc~~tni;i$~o i:iisl;riLitciori r;oe 2:n
~ L I < I &i'k$L'~lii!.; :,>y i&>fX lXd?b? Of: 0ri$Lili< t1E t l d l a$4 ki10h ~ t X . i l L ,
::c!irL-l\&"bi:tl iind urbi~rn hclig$ouurt;i. &olk> Ytntes 1Sko Pondi-
cbc!rr:: :tn.'\ l ~ d h i mntributdl, xne!.tIlon: ruse1 nor scrsi-urhan
plit:jcei;io i'xecp'k un:?.i:init,e yil.~~c:lrirri. k,'ho :,;$;itc?u of (.;o;!, iiujil-
r a t anel, itr,~j;in'cI~+m contrii~uke;i only rwink-ttt"aen pilgrJ.tos. Thc
sl;fit'!!o uf ilttw t~riic:o!.rin onrl I:ooL l,:ltl1yii?L crmtribut~ii nm.iil:L- . r.$.P<dl:; contribizta?d a3f- urixnl and traban pil!lrih~n, 'l'in? Wtk16?r "'".*
L'eferltid. 1,roporkioen of P.lrt! %'ilr;lL, i;l '~il~-W~~i~tl orid urban
~ l k ~ j r i l n a . i;r:rtn$.n ::?t;!tos t$liowltiij 113 rwiu l , B C I I O ~ ~ U ~ I ~ I I OF
urbi~l cori~l~oi~enl i n tI.~air cmCrlbutLons :or pi:lgrtm papul.ation
al: 'i'irr;unula ~nsy be clue k7 an orror in ~ielect ing the enropli: of
pi l~ f i iw fo r the present c>nr,airy.
f i fi,?,tkncl vad;lcf.a:~ ceu bt? nokicet? in E-iet.i-iai?il ;;ttltf:s
with rcgarci the quantum of Choir 6.~nWibu21on nf the %WaLr
umi-urban and urban piigrifae. Of the 277 j?iXgrFmr fm thha
mal %@as, about 6X p e t c m t came from Anilhra IJrd14@&4 #(1
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pi?r cant crim P w m "fnri\il Ntlr7u anif tlko rsmnining 9 gar cmt
came from s ix atl~or :16nl:es, Sir~tilarl~, oaL the 283 aremi-
urb:bani.& pilrrtine, 66 pes cent oame frwi nplelhra & w e a h ,
2 1 per Cent catni? from '!:mif. IJi?du md thn rc!~nafning 13 pr.
cent came from ten ather i ;fatr .~. Thenr out of! ~ n e 339
11rb:mflu l?il!~rlffl3, w ifktla l%sa I ~ R I I 50 per cent came from
i:li.lhra iZrudeoh, <iii?#xit 32 h?mx cent a!r%? fxem T:?n~il PlatJ~!,
n<?3rl-~y II per: cent: c:?ain frcrm bIn.l"nnttrir;l, ,mOt11et: t i per coat
c:n,;io fron~ ~!.:,jo:~i;h;!ia nnii tile rcc~i~ ln i ,ny 5 ~ J C C ct:xlt cnmi: ;irc>jn
bji,?. ,,tb~c!r ;;t.!tei3,
?he. praprtion 0'; t~o.r,rl wrul acmirnurhnn piJ.rj~i~rn
noenbky excad that, oE Cho urban gllgrtms in the Stater; of
rvrdhra Pradeianh an8 Xerel. That mc?~5ns Xciris number of urbanfte
gLlqrims fm ~ ~ 8 h r 4 Pra9eoh an8 X e ~ ~ l a than okhrzr Stafaer,
v L i M irkumrla. It: i s 1 1 0 t m ~ h y that sxr one wves a w q drm
~ i g W a c ( tha mral w-enk of pfPr;rs&m~ma deemm$ m t i d m +
![Page 11: of - INFLIBNETshodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/42395/16/16_chapter 7.pdfof '2iruiilaln has inormsed L'rorfl 10,40,754 in the yenr 1961 to 14,111,706 irr tho yeor 1965, Efmn](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022050301/5f6a23c25237d5706736d674/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
-t&xX:--
li3bLb30 sirown khe rmmntagc c l 2 ~ t r l b u t i m of! Chs
906) pilijrlmw kiccafiliny ta the i r caste, w i b d mcS xhs ot&w
group aELillation. Of! ?9l@ 900 pi lgrim, mra then 98 per
cent belong t o cast@ gmupu, about: I por cwC holnng Lo
tL"ibbef3 an8 lcrla ttiiln 1 per cent belong t o wkher groupe.
t;riionq tho COB"^^ qjrOUps, t;hOse cinikil~ un'cr Eoniard
tfxor~r> eo:s!,~ri?sr. n vo!:t mljnrity ki;o tlin tuxit? of about 08 per.
cent, ti%o:ic! iacludetf i n tho br~ckr'axd Clirms comprlee only '3
f , ?fit 1 thoJc? ;bloccii i r i t;lm fiCnnisloti Cn~;"ct?c: c:amgrinc
vrily ohr:ru,t 2 !>or wnt 02 tht! tok13. pLL?$ri~n l>r>l>ulorinn.
h . . iir~:nnt;j thirr forr~rirn'i ci~eitt?:;, ttnr pa&ulation of2 tho
I , rh~:! vaioy8n r ~ r ~ i l rfia tIan~rt,iili,!: i f 1 more thon Iicrrr
r~c!ws;:l r~tt:c<r: c;rtli;r,ro Cor~r)~i.n(?A :rho i;r:irR!:Ln@ a:;1 ~ ? ~ i o ~ t l y
$,lracqr cil'l,.i t i i61 VVoLuyne ns w6!X.L i ) ~ ) tite di\~.wa83ie an I I ~ Q X C ; ~ I I I ~ E ~ ~ C
I , 1 I : I I I : vuJrr!uvr:r the? ur+!hm".nri
arc? rt?lrrtivr?.ly i;wrt? rnb!.Loywl tltnn otbnr cii:ittru tho
'Voifi~ya:; ;r11A tho iir~,l%aia8$.8 are aselatively m r o veal* khan
othsr cne-tco. '!:he ni3Cum oi' tt1c:i.r oce~y?n.tlon Chun hna influ-
encefl them to ).JC narcs nw)hila t h a n ntlifirri. &van i n kerma of
rel igious trilirELicmri tho thraie caata rjmuga a r e more pilqri-
magworiented than other c;ri;kn ymupa. Thus them etttLbt~tos
raeam to have infltaenfnd r goo4 nuder of mo:%le from the
wets CastPr groups &a unAerti,ka )?iLgxiwag~'n t o TLrumaln.
The cultLvmtirty cr(slX!be of hi~Teli51 Kanmna, 8el'ljafi
T & a g ~ ~ p u s + 14.rrlalSyilra an& W&cprsr am stao wart zwpmsnr-
tad b me pilgrim ~~puPattm* 'thefie ~ u l t i t ~llm gmunls
![Page 12: of - INFLIBNETshodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/42395/16/16_chapter 7.pdfof '2iruiilaln has inormsed L'rorfl 10,40,754 in the yenr 1961 to 14,111,706 irr tho yeor 1965, Efmn](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022050301/5f6a23c25237d5706736d674/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
hnd bccoma adherents of 8~i-Vaishnavtsm aslmca! the bctpirming
of the tenth thmt.llry. abvtounly khoy fcvour a p i l g ~ t m c ; e
to Tirumilir. l,lorc:ovolr, the llfgh pragartlon oE the cultivn-
t i n y castes m y *Len be related to t h o i t cicarn~mic s~a&ua.
Tlhe!;e cat;tc?s arc; rl?lntlVoly Gwrr wei~lthy than mny ather
ciiirteri i!nB tnc<~~tne c?f their oct~raarnFs wel.eLl-l~ntng they prfoxii?
:!~+vivclrc:l of 1:hciL: LiCc!-csians crst!i:~cnioa ~ ? t TirmnLm to smk
the l.,lo::sirny:; oS the t1eit.y o f 'S'ir1riirol3~ T'iaus becatme ief
tilr!tr r-r?l.l.fjioraa bncligmlw4".nc? %hais wa(iECh, th%y have a
t+,:n$lcncy t o CrnvcI t c l thc holy p2aco of :cicuroe~la for p i . l g r t ~ ~ ~ ~ r ~ c ,
Yi~c l,ncfil:ar"fl csstcs, of vri~crm thn ncharln o m 2310cli.i.
n t h ttiv i!hbeo ,ma thc? Yarlirvas ore shmr-p iin{1 cirttL@
rconj:c,x.fr, t.ht, I;iJi'lon nrr fk~i+dy-ta!,iior.il khthc ilwi7ngirs nnll bha
h~adwnnnl.io arc3 wonvflrr?, tlir Chnka1.1~ nr r ~tanhcmmn and the
i.'liinritilln arc! bnrberr;, 60 not nicrnncic~1,2y d o m i n n t ~ thcr pil-
qriin h l y . Oncr oP thcr caiki;onn ~nsy i;o tint thew caste group5
bit~ich are t l ~ l t.0 tt1~1,r [~"itrfln C C I ~ ~ T I ~ L I ~ ~ C ~ * L ~ I~OVEI EI +andt?ncy
l;o trovcml rc.latlva1.y si.iostc!s ilir;!,mcr~:; Eor rr?l i?ciwua nm"t
pi,lrjplm?,g~ f..UrpO,$crl. &.i!rIzi3j)i: t i l L ~ AD !li~.~A.ly 2)oCiIUi:~ the i r
ltv.valiho~ct tlei,sllils Lelns on cilrlh trsc.!oi,~c! which Fr: naerlad COX
u n t i e a t a l ~ d ~ t ~ ~ pdlcfrlmayjc:, fiaaif'loo, i n golir?ral, their ;;NvexCy
may be enothcr c:,ntxibuelng ftict.o:or l C i S not dri?it:ing thW out
of their vtll,rytyfi f ~ r lo~rg i? is tdnc~a for ~.rilqrlltmgn.
![Page 13: of - INFLIBNETshodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/42395/16/16_chapter 7.pdfof '2iruiilaln has inormsed L'rorfl 10,40,754 in the yenr 1961 to 14,111,706 irr tho yeor 1965, Efmn](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022050301/5f6a23c25237d5706736d674/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
i s ta br? noted here t h a t thn i;ebedul@d tCa&t%ol ancl artldulbld
lrlbav WhO visit 4 iz~ l<u?Zo arc? f,mnr ,khr? @f i:&hr&
A n i l i i a , It i n ;cf ,raganujar
grc?cept~~r at the irr i-\ lafsh~vaa, who LeLd Ziw fowd;itlons
to cur~vr!rt ti la? :;ct1wlu2eLI eaatcs a!3 well as "clla Schcdlilod
.irihor; Into h i a "nth. ?!nl!rvnc, i.t: t:au not until thr? aholS-
X i 0 l i thrit tila iiclrel'iuleli Cantrs coukd nlakc.
Ct J 0 i i t 0 ! ' i ! l 611i:ilst 1950,
i,hc :,circr'illP<?~I 1:21:;:1x: :> iL~~k"&ir l~ I1CVOZ ijt:C;:n(!1?3 t h ~ l h i l l 0 IJQ
',I,'~KIJI~I:~:>. '~'h(.:![ f<t:~:$~t:i; at. Wit? f h ~ t . C I ~ t l ~e l \ i l . ~ U , prctyml tc,
I : I I t i . I i 1 . 3 1 I . h ?,Eter 1950,
I ! : t i . I . 'il?rri L:: rr6 ';ocii?l. clinczilninstion
! ' ' ? . ! ! ~ ? ~ ~ ~ l ! t : ; ~ ~ ~ $ ~ t.1)~' :;d,i,$-::l17lh.:tl C";!?;k.t!?i ?r#31il ri::dcing 0 ? > i k r ~ i l i ? a ~ ~ :
co ,\ny riirxlit ::l~ai.ni. !iLo i:!u1;: a f :i'i.msiaZti. l k ~ fact, the
;iholl.L:ton of? untorrr3inlil.l.i.t.y kn?; rnndr? thc h n l y pliiec of TFru-
i.,;~l:l ;!arc n:r.:,cnlin!: t-.o ktir? :;cI?clflul.ix3 Cnmtc?n, no rvletcr hnlr
<li:lt:;nt f,:? to a1cj.r houu:.fi. 'i;:) O O I I . ~ ? ~ CPv!y :ire r . ; lnr~ ?-dl.-
: ; r f~ , !~<;~ , : - c )~ l , f ,y1 t , c ,3 ' V , I A ~ l:,:.:<.,ix i)fivirl.y ~ ~ ~ ~ ? , v f ~ ! l t ; ? ~ t.hoRi from UntI@X-
1 : I 1 : ! I , 91ic: ;:dtr:,ii,~l.t:r! r r l b n n cltd 0s.k
, , , . j I i? i -ilgr'!,t~i(ii. to !?kuinldn
i:iji;;puc?~, ,t:\lc?y ~ ~ f i a ~ ~ ~ : v,f,;:i~;,$? i n l,m:+a IILI~I~JC!X>: ~ V < E it1 the! i?;>at
Itc?c;n~!;r.: thoit: cicc.u~.iml.c: 1i.ni:;i:ti.ian:;. Host :?i!nc!rihl.ly :~?r;alC-
, ::hi? l$vc!5j.1,i>a.1 of both : : ' ~ h ~ ~ l ~ f J . ~ ( i CnStr:rr nn~d the!
:;chaul& ~~~r~~;L3us eve11 t d ; : ;y iie~~cnda .Less OD ciash incono which
mijuir& miark8;ring o pifyrimnyw UI T i r ~ t ~ k i l .
![Page 14: of - INFLIBNETshodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/42395/16/16_chapter 7.pdfof '2iruiilaln has inormsed L'rorfl 10,40,754 in the yenr 1961 to 14,111,706 irr tho yeor 1965, Efmn](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022050301/5f6a23c25237d5706736d674/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
almi;tLy hem o]p.pl?iui~.d vaitllo exonirrfn.~ t.E1cr mnu&
gcrfom~ncec. Tbre cle,lty of: :rfrmij~aLn pxnys ;m intj.fiu";E gola
in t h e I i E o \?attorn flP folk Uu'idbiam, SLldli:;m, islain ant?
ChrSatFonity, nc 3 pr<.tl-i,hle~k.solvlni~ device. ~?uricl~er, UI@
!:!city of Tinlmalm i n r ~ ~ ~ o t a l more t o kt113 oncti12 ukriita Wan
to n !:pccSEiC r!.~]i.:\qinn. !!.horn is k> cor~ve~>~ncr j of bnlj,afn
0:: iJtP:ica,tlt: rl?.l.iiiir,nr: !:.Lthiri tlrr! ci;na:v:c:et rd ;: a;tn::iTie
sccf.sL stro:tni:1. '::t~di: i:i WIIO ~ : i t h rc":i;;t:,~i to x:f.?i(~ttLsnl,
l l ! . l , I l l ! : : I I 1 7 - 1 Pollc Ir?vo2.
(!ccuf:i?t,ioni?l, n tnklr:; c ~ . , ..,., ,,,"." *.".*,.,,,".-.-. ~. :?iik)Ir?-31, iii?cwn t,k~c:, ;:c.?s-ctnl:~ii~in ilX::tributlon o f the
900 p;iilrjrl.r.):: 1:ly t k~c iu : ::r:?Eli: ohor l$: ia nmd by thi!i% ~ccul;t?-.
tian. t,LnK,st thrt .c!-fuu~(;I~~ ('14.43 ;*>r c w * 0;: the? t o t a l nun-
her aE pilgrims arc k~t~ifirie:iI3nt@n nzlcl working em:dayc!cn.
h g r i c a ~ u r l ~ t s wlit$riac 4$axeo-afrtcus%kfr (1U. 11 ~~9rc:mt) O f
%he tots1 n a t c r af :~bl$jrirni;, ,itis nanlel;il!.:lop& 3Tiii tkac
xa.Llxad dmgloy~trs mrijrl$e a LlftUc wxa th>n ejnar-shtaonth
(7* l& pm emel ok Clw totat nuruL@r QE plLwirirn8.
![Page 15: of - INFLIBNETshodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/42395/16/16_chapter 7.pdfof '2iruiilaln has inormsed L'rorfl 10,40,754 in the yenr 1961 to 14,111,706 irr tho yeor 1965, Efmn](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022050301/5f6a23c25237d5706736d674/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
The busineosmen and the working eny.rlrtyae# m~7risw
bulk of %he :j.ilgri.rn barlp a t ICimflla. They ere Mat wcssll*y
and the ealnsim? po~iu l~ t ion re?wl>s?ctivrreby, As such thsix
lilvolihond tlepending upon cash incorm h~llgfi thm t i a unlfer-
tnka ptl~~rirnacio tv Eha holy t ~ l n c o ~ . liurther, the n a t u m maf
t ha i r occ!q)ationu alno $8 tsuch that; it mjnCanglc~8 them i n o
nuslbcr? ncl nr)cinL, ocnnt~~fllc nnet aeher ??r@l~lens. I'iuiiiinsaa
i v l v i ricalci rnpf&i:ijXntL~il, sosnt? f:an?e:rri. J.mg nbnwk nmrket,
t.,5t~crat; ::~3!:1ily n113 d(?ifi:it~fl i~r i i l ab$Clt: C $ W U ~ C $ ~ $ . D ~ OC nnney. ijn
I o r I :?c?x.V~CC LII ijublic r3r privrit~! i~>z~i:ttudlonri,
;!ry:!lcir!o ( 3 ~ ~r~~it lf . :z~:f : ions~ Involrv~x~ e f f o r t 202 n:!coqnitim,
I r ~ r . :,~r:s:nvt.btsr i?nR for: rai!sc:;o;rl wf :mvsr.i:l. gxitwnncao. Lbx
'thc:;;~; ~Q;):I!X>~ lioC11 t l ~ ? ~ cnl:c?goricin uf x>ou!>lo 40,~)rmil upon t h e
~>l:obIcm noPvtn!? rloity cot ],,orti! Vc;nknti?st~nra ellr menking salu-
ti,o!.;i: t o tl.lic:ir c;nc:inl, nc:~nomik! and oWlcr :?to?,>lf?mn. ' ~ ' h u ~
t:hoir;. ~?co:~u~nir: cc>~::lition nnrl t h e i r risli-ori.r>nl:cd or pxublcm-
ouic:l~tcd occu~~ntiono FrrELu~nce! Cl~enl 'to iri?l:c n t r i p ta tho
i~o ly rrlcc;n of '.(Iiri~~iaLn.
!rhe agrriculturtntr:j c~mpcifii) only about one-Wiri3s
of tho t o t a l , nuinber of pllgrlmn. LIRc *a businsssmen a&
the woxkinq ~ > l o y ~ s n , t h e e ~ ~ r i c u l t u r t r r t s aLso have nbmy
social, economic, poLLtLoal. on8 other pmblorfs. Yh@y anlea
f ind t h e tori1 t~ be a provider of soluttnna SkJ t h e i r multi-
%mlianua pxoblnms. Dcit since thoy nro ti& to dho :hnt>il ma
bwauspl *hair iiv~liizoacl Bopttndrr 3.0s~ on airah i.i~.llcorka, only
thaw ;anusngmt thm r?ho are r~hatLv~1.y Ere@ from the%r fsna
rot iv i t iae er uim mn posrgans their il$~l.culewral $;*a% fa
![Page 16: of - INFLIBNETshodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/42395/16/16_chapter 7.pdfof '2iruiilaln has inormsed L'rorfl 10,40,754 in the yenr 1961 to 14,111,706 irr tho yeor 1965, Efmn](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022050301/5f6a23c25237d5706736d674/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
eomcrtime wc? who ora w ~ 3 G W a o r rho have g m ag~d i t
facilities, mke s ~?flgrimnge to Tlrumlr. Thseefors, ~ n l y
those oyrkulrurists who can ufftrrd $m, RP their laisuse
t;Fmer, some of W f r tmey war aolm of their cr&ic facil"l6ft?.s
a tiilij.c8rni?gt uai?crtsbo yil~rint:i@e to the holy place of!
I :.2ncc aucll gno~ lo catiipriec a anrlll percentngo
a~oon~jnt. tlto a<;jricul k u d a t n , one CI:~ fir16 illy o smlf. 1m-
yl:xtir!;l 0 2 t:tk<,rt <~t 'iirtirtl:,tk**
Tho ilon-mn!.ilaye!d enlongst the ?.!kl<jriir& miiiptso sku-
,dento, hnurrcwiv.vwo onil othars. ii'ney unri~xtake a yilgrimga
ix?cnunc.r they are tho mt: n@&y ta -ad< Lmpmr*tliatre suluticme
t o t11eLr pmblcmtl. UWlouelg, ns non-earner0 they have t o
do;?ani\ upon their ougpttara for kkmay a d other nri:cunBary
airrm!yurnontn la bc i~v.xlu for untlertifi:.Peg R pi1;jrirn~ge. Dinca
tlzeir pil~jrim~aqo clo;~~encIs uiam tho conve~llmco us" t h d r a e p ~ z -
Qcaco, they have t% wunrU~ko tila iic11y trbs to '1:isumLu only
a.t the:! r~l.11. of their S W ~ ~ ~ O I C ~ O E R I . ila u am@(tciuL*nca, they hkwo
poor r~:prcl~entiition in the pilgrim bucly a t %'itwiiula.
'i'he re t t rml 6mi>loyee!~ co~apriae onXy nl~out: on*
huna%c?:c!dth port of! tho total iai.tgrfn~ population a t Tkumaln.
Yhcir i,mporthon i a s ~ w l l haeauao t11eis papulatian, i n ccm-
Waet w i t k t that WE th.ho ayricultwists, businsilpimm, working
mploysas anrl nontmpLoywl l r e o p Z ~ ~ i a onLy a tracticn cE the
gmexd flpu3atl~r1. Unnarrllly 8)?8&hgr they mmprise 'the
rg& pwu&atlm, Ad &g& m d ratirerX g~6pler +hey BcWat6i
F,U& oh thir *IFRLI in kha Cantmplation of the &vine + Sa
![Page 17: of - INFLIBNETshodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/42395/16/16_chapter 7.pdfof '2iruiilaln has inormsed L'rorfl 10,40,754 in the yenr 1961 to 14,111,706 irr tho yeor 1965, Efmn](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022050301/5f6a23c25237d5706736d674/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
praying Eor tha httalth m& ~ Q X the welfare at their depen-
dant~ . :.s they ara also peneionprrs they have no aiffiellatry
i n ap&ing a pwt, of their pernstlm $or undertaking a gil-
grimgn to Tirumala.
ii ftlrt1li:r i:iaiiitaint,R~m of t ho (!laf.~'ibutton BE tlie
piL~jrlriis 1:)y thiir ijcx~,lpnticn iind !:tat* of origin rmvt!ala
tllui: a V i i 3 i lc;j~:'i,t.'j' i .Vi ?.ha !::tztc:.; h:~,!?a chntribut& b&gfn@ss..
I I v I ' ~lii~~ltyt?l.i~~ in unn'csnoc w i t h ngdcttXCt~rista,
n<ttc-i:!~~::loyr,:rl mid ilr:r%iroi' c,~~~tloyccs to the pilgrim lm9y nC
1 I I iP tiin i s ? . :.;tiltc!.:, a l l y 6 (/63 per cent) contr$butcd
Lire ~'Ll.~;risir; dfii.icnt?c?ilk ou tt~ePr refisna~@nP. benafftn, Alnust
l i ~ : J ! cl'nl: r>Z el~tr ;:i)rtc~rl'tuci!;Cs' are Fmm tha states
i ~ l i i ! ~ : ~ , ~ : . k 0 I : ~ L . U I I I : ~ ~ R . fiut s~~inng 'tltc: b~~sin.naeamc?n and the working
oh:$ !lofcic?,:; nlra~~:!t ~Lhrowi:ourths (75 p,sr cant) asn from the
,.,Lirtc:: ni::rrc:r to 2l'.:uun!na iiad the sansiaing ono-fourth a m
iroi,l L!W: :,k:rteo slt,t\;%Cced $or atmy from :i:icun18ln. 110 tli~ ASs-
Lieca i r ~ m 2insn;rl::i lac?at~;iwen *tic? propwrtim) of n<;sicultu-
gJ.;,ko, no:?-eilytloye!:l .mt3 retir~il mn!>layc:c:a becomes virtually
o i l E.iu.l: tlac pruplrctic~n (rl' ,tho buakno?ssrnr~ri sar~d working eynployeor
dijcgocopr;, il rc:l.otior;#ri,j> thwn oppr.rirs t.o exlet ktc.:uen thn
piL~ct,cis arrc: ,ti.~ctr 6t:!t,A of osir;in onrl iheaupa'kiwna2. st;nku,uc.
Emsmic s t a t q
-i8&lrr-40 shmio Echo wonmic stn tuo of t h e I)DQ nil-
qrhkns raomzfiiny Co thelc annus1 lnen~ne an8 the :>tat0 aSi
@rlg1nr Far We prsswi: purposs, the pelgrim8 wLbh en annusll
![Page 18: of - INFLIBNETshodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/42395/16/16_chapter 7.pdfof '2iruiilaln has inormsed L'rorfl 10,40,754 in the yenr 1961 to 14,111,706 irr tho yeor 1965, Efmn](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022050301/5f6a23c25237d5706736d674/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
yearly incmac between F3,20+000 and i3*25pC10(1 nra grontarj as
r&ci:c1lo cloas ond Qiac;o wtth an arinuel inconirs d F:i.26,000 nnCl
i1110ve itrd O M U I ) ~ ~ U ~ C ~ D F xi& claas. mus* wr~cjst are 900
pil{jrims tho pr0:ui)nrtLuYir of i i ~ a [.;oar, t i le ic~iddle clecu ona
kl~c rich L'L;~LI:I ore? 2 1 j?er @+?EIC (PU7), 42 BE CO!I@ (382) ariifi
37 y or co~11: I3311 ri::;.~cc"iivt?1y. 3:kla tiriddle sAar~?j cwn~>xiaea
;i 5i.~j;:oc ceoilnii~ic ::t,,r?!l;ini!i tiilaal t h e poor ml:l ~a rich clrresc?e.
I i Wiit i;i:niLi.!;:i rc.tpr:!r,rkn.kafl hy tlnc: :il9K Gl.aia Xs only
i!sl..T ih!:; !>L:;c! 22 tiii? :jtr:olni~ rei?reoc?nte<l hg kht? o.iLt!~Illa c1ia:;n.
i'.itWn(;r thi. ;jour:llix~:n i;l:ak?:i a l l exmy t onr c ~ n t r i b a t n q
t:Iw ytilgrirnfl clix8aiEit?sl nl: lponw: but waty c x j c ? oi' therci colt-
~.ribtltc!P tlte ::rilgrtin~ ID C(IIW UWICP mi*'iiZc end r ich elailis.
; < E : O ~ I ~ J ,t.ti~.: rt,st OL tiicb :;tcitc:a c::<xitirkg i1ni2or klw ?.;ef;t.@gn, C*akxal,
riGi:tlx!rn iii~:?. :..ast~rr~ it~il.r*. (:VCL'Y cai?o of .tilcrfl cn;ztrlbutcd tlm
I : r r I i t ; L A I f r y 1 of t1ic;in coil-
L T I ' ~ : J U ~ , ( ~ ~ i l au~cill i~~:o~.iorc;i:,rr of t h e :.d.L~jri.~w ea.tcigariev::rl an
~;tith:llc cliiyjir one! cinEy 2 cl,nt:rlhucci'l an ir'?signLftci.,nt: pxapor?.
tior! of khn ;:i.Lgriri~n grrrti:~otl unrlcr rf.ch e1n.s~.
i.11 ~.?:~;.i,iLn;~t~,oa 01: tho c7Loerllst%kiun of t h e cconornlc
cl;r:sef; al: ;;tic: pilyricir; %lawn rimaolw an interofbttng pattr?m.
t ; l A :itabc;s cc,il"cslhut6~1 the r ich cL;?us of! pilgrhnn hut wly
@ feu :;tatcg c~)ntxihu::~;!:! both 'ktm !,i>os and "ihw mid?iLa clarrs
gilgrtms. fntarcvtingly c:n:nough, it i r r naticcd t.hnS. R R the
diabnce Erm Tirlwnalo incxiarrrccer the pWi?ors'cion of @re poor
uld middle class pilgrims dealaases. lhbs shwrr how wsaLLth
pIa~n M ant m1a La mDlailFsinq o large propoL-1:h cf
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pdlgdms fmm differcult placc?~ of which amc are neBs ad
some irn? rlhtiant t o UIQ bc4y pZ&cf?s of "rtrwlr.
' - f a
'i:ablc-dl showa the p a z e ~ n t ~ q a d i s t r i h u t L ~ n .not! t he
~i lgrins ilccardin:~ ku tho t:~,pes of tlrcsir fernilia8 a 1 1 the
:~t.nk aC th<:hoLa: ersLqtn. 'tlw Pmnlli~s of the ~LlgrLina are
group& inrto thr@o types, nno~aly nudloiar, oxtentria& md poly-
~:jynoun. '1'Irc~:io feiiiili08 whtch c6anj:~riwe (! rmn nad hlo t&?ee
83 r i m , hi:; v:ii?n? and l ~ i a ~mmsrried chLlclr~n an8 $3 r,Dnui;c i?11!:2
hi:> vr hor uninarricd chiliiwn iisa cloanifierl no nuelc:ar
fnieilic?:~. The axtc?itClexl f t i f ~ i l iiis incluein v@?rticallg( extRnAe4,
1~ur ' izontnl . ly extc?niIe~l csjd verrScalLy a:: r+o.tl ns hori~ont,;ally
oxtc?rr~lc;l fsmilii:u. l'ile i%>ly#yn(lass fi:~mflico include a larm
lrio t,m v~ivao anii hi0 unmnrria3 ccl~ilrirc!n. nlmo8t tvo-thirr'la
a E kh?? f:~inillo:i of .tlrc: pilqcirnrr 3x0 uxt~~~idc;ia, 61 ZiLtlc 1imt:r:
thnn a~tc-thlm:i of: ello f"rn1iiLtc3:r of ale pilgriinr; ore nuclc:sl,:
till,? lec~g uian on0 ,or cent oE the hrnLlLc?i Of tila pilgjrims
itrc pt>lyyyt~ou~*
i:urthnr, ti vast niirjority of W?o :;takes cnntributcd
pilyrims who live? in tka nuc!lear Prmi&iss. AS~wst every
3trt.e ronWPbutRlX nwro n&cr of p i l g r i m l iv ing i r ~ the e x t c i ~ . ~
B?ed Iarnilioe than thasr 1LvLving in tho nualcnr fnmtlic?s or
w&ygymua eamilieun
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the State ot origin. Out of the me-Wirclrs oE khe 908 pll-
gri.ms l iv ing i n the nuclmx f!nmtL%en, the praportiano of t h c 3
paw, Me micMla @laas ~ ~ 1 4 tila rich clnso a t e almast wuat.
0% tho two-thixda of the pilgrims living i n t1m ~ ~ t m d & l
ant1 polygynoue farnllies, thc? percmhgo of botlt the Micldle
clrun ;mrl the r ich claoa nxo W ~ I I O L ? ~ e~jitill anti tit t11a ~ a m w
t i in@ nor^! thr!n d~ublo thidt 09 t h ~ pol^ clnon.
It i u intnsoatli!g t o rrutc tlict o antaL1 uercculea$Tr?
of the ,,!nor clitso c~i~wng t h o pilyrfmr: livow Jlo oxtont?& Enfid-
i : : uut ips tho cltstr,ncc exom iOfrurnslu incrennca, the
pro:~~artirrri d the ,;JWJX l iving in f.'y.trn&ed typo of family
decreaws and cninca t o nilught. :rille sIiuws how tho poor
pcople mrilntofning a~t01~riec3 fimLli(?~ and l iv ing i n l~lacera Par
away from tho l~?ilgrSm p)li~crit of li'isurivll.? i i G a n0t URCZwt611ke
j,ilgrimagn t o Tlrtnuial;g, '.!'ha rni'tst?ns W?:f kh? i2Lverbo end
nc& WJ bf? exploral.
c.,cncrnlly iiiiecli:iri<:~, tilo nxtea6:lail fnmify s y s t m i n
r i l l titr! Chrec c:~on~~~~~ic cPa?~ac~ ccintriI>utcld :iDre pilgrin~n
f ~ t x t all the statna. Thia nEy $o ilue kc) ttke strung rdigiotsw
fnaWra moro aften wo0untuEell i n tho oxtend& f f a d L i e d tlnon
tn t;ho nuclear f s~d l ian . "s'iro ax.tc!ndocl F:orni&ico uauolly
c m w i n old p w y l ~ s vrha are tcers d~votreZf tu rc?lbgious aet ivi-
a#%. Their so la ic pmrainmt i n awes&? tlitwkianffi o r rittlol.
eat;&lri%iew* i2@&aps, t he 0x13 might have inPlucsrrc& the okI!:llar
wdxms ~8 6halr gPMZLLrara ko undxs&ab vilr~rimtiga and fuZPS1
their tdltbtjawa 4utiasL Wr jnflomants also tevcsLls8 t h a t
![Page 21: of - INFLIBNETshodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/42395/16/16_chapter 7.pdfof '2iruiilaln has inormsed L'rorfl 10,40,754 in the yenr 1961 to 14,111,706 irr tho yeor 1965, Efmn](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022050301/5f6a23c25237d5706736d674/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
t h e i r eldt)t"B P m ~ ~ t e d %ern ta xrnaertoke khe pILgrima(~a to
%'lru~lalo, and thereby f u l f i l t h e i r r(?llgiwbl duties.
Naither mocJtsrn cducatiun nor m&em science and technolagg
could h a p the extcn8kul 2,amilies cul t ivs te tottnlly sectiletr
outlmk and thereby WCil11y waran them fm relffious act l-
vltieo. strung trar?itLans and agml peopLe are st211 plnying
their domklnnt polo i n t h e rnlfgious act ivi tLes of the
exteilclal cdomeatic groups.
Like t I ~ o c ~ x ~ c ~ I ~ M ! foritiliosa thc nuclear families
are ouk~jcct t o tthc irtfl~encos oE m3ern eclucotidn ;ins wfier~l
aciencw and rcrchnolqy. L t k ~ Cha c&endE*l d o ~ a a t l c qrourm,
.tilo nuclsnr Ek~rcrilivjs almo uro nat weaned Cmm the influence
oE tr;2tlition nnr.!i elderly peapfo. Jndeixl, the ststemen& of
thi: rr?3)l013d6nt8 rcvomlc4 .$that evonti~auqh meir nuclflar #;mi-
lie0 rrrt.1 ~ t r u c t u r n l l y raffnc2.cd. no itK'lep@n&ent units, they
a r c functianally still bspendamt on kh~mfr parental fnrrdliea
arid tha oldar 1~fmiila E B P O C ~ B L L ~ parent8 an6 gciml-porento
though otayiny e.wily Lm thrm conkinue ta exwrcise the i r
influence upon them in many rnilttera, e6pcteial3y in religiaua
l i f e . In other words, LiRo tila lla~tcnde8 fnmiliss, the nuclaa
families a l so e r e a t i l l un(1cs the otrong influlmce a!? trs-
di t lpn and 014 peaple. Further: inquiries my ~ ~ c a l ot;hcr
m w m a , t E my.
E
Table43 ahwe khiv p&mb*nki)~g~ dietxibution of the
plkgrj,m by Weir dtacatim~~I latatus and L'catca of ~tLgin+
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(ld: the 900 ~ > i l g r l r n ~ , On@-trmth ($1 per ccne) ere iLIitsr,?ces
mil the rw~ninl.ng nine-%ma 189 per cent) A P ~ 1tkalfnt8~.
iimang tho 1Ftert7t(+i1, ~le>oc, edrlcnteid !at.xsir<m eifth clnon
tenth clnns, nncl thoso witdl ~ F ; ~ c I ~ ~ . c I f:i:m~1 ;;osBg~aau~t,~~ ~111-
cr?t:ff.~ti hclVP cxl~i\l rc+l)r': s m C n t i n n , each Coniprisinrj nborit
one-tktrtl ((33 :!lcr c:mt) oE thc 900 pilqaLiis. on the! otllrr
I , l:VnoEic !litti :LnCernmltiit~o r(ltxr:aCif;lA m)~ii~:rb~e: R 1i t t~c
~i!f>rc? tt[1,7n ont:- t~~~tl i (12.89 por cmltl of tho 900 pilgrimrr
~..hll(:: .thoso wlao r;tutiiwl upto fgLPr hb$:lf3 am;?rise> lm,l.;8 *him
c>ne-t,cntIi (r; per cr.!nk) of tit6 9130 piigrime. Thus 11ulF. of
tRc 900 g ik r l r ims r.i?ro m7ucatrrd.
Ti,iI>l~*4Q rc?v>:!!.ls the: clnllri vr~ri8timn of Cbc pil-
!jrii:~!r wit11 s?feconce WJ t h o i t cYliuentinti31 t ~ t ( i t u ~ ~ imnd 3t;ltc.
f I , ' i ' i ~s? ali?i;&.~lfno & l ~ l ~ a t L ~ i l d VarlOtl~:t : l 1:~ml
t l lo t i'r.i!mnc; the 201 illd.i:a!,riitos 74 pc!r c:t?rct: fjslonrj to lo?oor
I 13 ycr ciak l~r?lOr,$$ is t!\iiId1r. czlasri enrl ;?noVhor 13 pc,r
ecne. !!(?,long t o 11'1,611 e l i : ~ ' ~ . :i'l~lfi 3170t:j tho prcltkmihlari~~? of
, : I I e . r , i~s,~:.totj. ti>(: 72 f:$lgrirns with
ahicac;,!.t.icrr~ lapw f i f t h c:l;lss, 36 per rme: (26) belarig t o polar
cx;ii;*, 44 pc?r cant (32) .to rnir7tilo clis:;~, and 39 per cent (14:
t o ~j.ck~ clnon. 'I'h~ifi l,oi:lr Cbc: :.or:r karn? tht: 11liCTc3la cI,~.sr,
p t l g r i m n co.;o:3~iar. the bulk in knrrns (32 ~ihii%?t3C;!!L.y @~\ l~ i> ' rd~n.
Xn fr?cC *hey ccmpriei? nlmnt! twice the pEOpottLc3n af! t h e
rich pilyrimtr with eolmtatg MuQattan. Qf kho 297 pi l -
grim with &wel;lon bekwan liiW awl &nth olasn, 14 @per
tan* (42) bslang Cts pow clae*, 92 pw emf (152) hskm W
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mldd1e daksr: arrrl 35 ller cmt (1031 bnlmg Ca rlch ctlnrrsr
'r'his atmwcn the, dornlnancc?. of mi&llo aaaa ewng thorn w i t h
~tLgh schanl ~ l u c a t l o n ~
J'molrr~ tha 116 pilgrims with &kem(t?diata ~rlucation,
10 ~ ~ r ? r ccilt (21) ilekORg ts 1 3 w pWrl 54 pox cenk ($2) & l a g
to the rnid?\le cliri~8 anfl 2U per cent (33) belonlf to Usa rich
cLaa!;. ihio chow%i plnca of ~ ~ r i r ~ ~ a c y of tht. rniddldlrs class
cmr tho o t k r tb1o clariscri i n rss!;ecr of junior coilegia%@
c?iluc,xCiori. On t l i f ? othher klnnd amurzg tho 232 pi lgximn with
gzailunte cduc;rMc\n, 57 pax cent (133) b6?2ong to rich clinss
rmlt orlly (3 per cent (10) bolony to :oi;aw clnse, l i t t t acnanrj
t l ~ : 132 pilgrir)~:j w i t h ~taatjgriiduatt? aN.cr*Cf on, 511 pat cant (42)
bfl$on?j k.0 the! Iiliildlo C ~ M ~ S , 45 i;CK cofi'k (37) bel011g t o the
rich cL~I?:~: nnd oonly G cesnt (5) k26&91?1:~ to tho pow class.
'lb hc brief, Cvro~thLfl:~ri elf t!?o ilZitnri~tf!o Lwlong
k ,,:ens r;,l;toc, i,,oro than kvwtlnlrc??i nf t:iit,t~t-a v!:Lt11 eLc?rntntary
r?ilUc;~f~c:::a hulc~r~g t.o p(31)a. c 1 . o ~ ~ 3118 tniclt?Po e l n s ~ , illmost haif
;in:! NOC:: t t l i i r i ontz-l;l%lrdr: oP tl.ii,raa w i t h hiqh aclboll nlucatiora
bc1.m~ (:B ifiiitlilla! cl~lns m ~ i l .rich cl;r:is rrmp8ctivaly, moso
t i~nn half ~md olrnoac mc.-thlrdclr: nE thwe a t h jvnior calle-
yiato ducation belong ta nlddlo ci63s and rich clasn rqree-
tively, Par motre tlmn hoPf and a l i t t l e mare than onmf;IrLriirr
B$ Wae wfth mlhgfate, wlucatim k l t & ~ y to rich claan an6
mlddla &a$$ reap&fveLyJ FnRlP M& lests Wan half Ule taka1
n m b r of $hose WM uniPa@Sky slfmtion helwrg to #rich
a1411 and xab$dla Gtleras c@argtsativdyc Thus, the bulk crb
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pilgrims amonget Chtl mr nt.@ iltllemtas whale the? bulk
many N c r i ah and rnLdtll@ clans art! not @JrZy & u c ~ t & but
marc educated tfho ?21t pwr c~L:lase,
S"urthi?h VhB Stat08 sltununt~C1 n m r w tS, Tfrumala
contrihuti. the f~ulh o f khc illlh?~atata@ tiho are m s t l y fxm
the goor class. On the contxary, tho Dtates ai tu~ l tad awRy
from :l'irwnala contrrlktutcb a30 many ~ u c R ~ c , ~ ~ pllfjd.ma th:?t
khho nuutbcr (3E ilLi%;r?t.r\k!~ !!alas into insignlficnnco, (,lukta
akrlkirngly, 0s th:' tlicrkc,aco fsum Tiru~nalr; incrc;?ncn, t.ho
prt:y)o~:tl.on aE pY.lrjsirsc v!iCh hft:ltbor e:3.~mtia:,tlt ~ t t a i n ~ n t ? ~ ? t n
i.!lcsu?:;nn, :, rcbatin!:ship thus spy:a:c?tr: (to mztct ~ ; ~ ~ V ; Q G I I tho
::;tr:ti:; o f ar.ii$u~ of: tkiv pilqxS.alo naii c3iucntio:!n1 RS twL3 ner
clast; ! : : tntuo of tho pilgrlme.
r t ~ ? l i ~ i o u n st:ltus -,."ww,,~m...- ,--u,w
?'nL1e-45 ohm:; t.!i(i potoonki~qG jl?iictribwtiun o f Ct~e
900 i;iil(yrirna k$ thc!ix r c ~ l i p i u u n r,l;,i+kt~::;~ Of tllc 900 pilgrims
gB rrgr cie~l) are l i i n [ i U ~ nnii t.Lw rcninlni.n(j onr per cc?nt incll14es
Wtti18'lhl.c~tn, 1:uslirnn and Chrini:l.ana. ( ig(~ln, niilo1?(3 the 093
i.llndus, 84 rrrr cone: arc? Vi~ishninJ.O,en, 13 por conk lini.vFten,
2 per c m t (:nnapakyna 0.~1' l.1163 thnn 1 !?or cent :;nkccsyt!s.
Even though the bulk of the piY.grimn enmpxiuon !rlnclue, pi3.-
@ms of other reJigtma ~lacr cm3:1sist?. tl emall M y a t ?'Zrtmal~
More Elindue v l g i t Ylruilafe baeouse t hc i r 1 . i f O :I!; QrderaX ly
*cis r d i g i o w BeLth pzeecribc~s a t least once in their l i f e
tiw Further, not Q&VJ NFndus but Lt%ddRlsta, ~;lu.lucLims an8
Chg&rt&ans also v i o i t TU_tupla&is bccauee the i iei ty TiZurnctla
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ha@ an uudiv*\ror~al npbraal. t a peupln of all c&,giunra os a
pzob1crm-ooiving 6upcmotwnl mrity.
r 3 m g ~ 2 & g w k & e ... Tho pilgrim ectd.vttic.o a t 'Flrrtm!Zs t ~ y be mwlved
t o v . typo!;% v i l~ iL ing the t.,cqnplc WE 1,ord Vfinkat~n;am.
ncain:~ tb* ianl, sc,ttinq rwiile of t h e rii\:ril n~mlcea perfor-
mi;;l in hnfl:iur of tlln i:~ort?, l?wrch~r;inn. o f haly ConiZs aC tho
4:cm::l.e ol" thr. ?:rQnl , ~ l c i . ~ i n r ~ ?.Re 'nolv t!ntf!r.Fnl.l~, nc:idnnrLcla,
::nc'l 1.cri~lsr shrl.!?c!!i it 'i'lrninola arhl v$.rii.ti.ng tho loon!. shop#
:n~r! nwkots ma: nnlriacj purchr.tlet,: c 1 t holy bnoko, #orno tioly
ohjcr;l~ and or~mc! tat~n!:i.le.
i,,Ltliongl~, ":lrortxiY;: on tlrllc rlilZ:r nnil ';lruy~z\td. h t th@
rtRo or :11c !1?.1.l~ r:~. , i~d otr .tilo dLn%ltxk c!r~tlflca. thoy nm
Lntc!r-:jcpcnc3anc pilgrim plnccc:~. !iithou*. to111:liinij 'Pixurntf
onc cotinnt re;rcl? '~ 'L~ul f i~ l i l . Tn Enct, the vti~r.ious ordiaancc?e,
insucfl by the? nacri!;l t62xc;n nn3 2afthCully tallawed by milliano
of pc2roo;nn inalcc? i t c*:j?Licit th0.l: tho pklrjrimilga t o T i m a l a
~ C O ~ I C C ~ D ~oinplt~~a m ~ ? only uhcn it Sncluilec: v ls t ta b
hoLy placar not mly i l t Tirbapatf but nlso t o the fi&Grc:d
places a t 'itiruchmur: ontl i;rLnivaamm%inga~iurnm vtiich arri in Che
vicinity of Tirup~,ti. 7,%Orefor@, %he ]~ilgrirn ockivities iio
ntJt st*p with ChaRe cnsried ni: Tkwnalo. k@rstXy they will ba
L o l 3 ~ & by thou@ m be perfam1 a t TIr~zpar:X, Timchmur aM
SrLnLvaremapusirm. ht Tlruahan'w there ir t b r? mp3e aE
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ijoclOasi3 i*admvntkil~i, Uze consort QP. Lord VcnkPrte~wara~
iht ~rinj.~3am0ngapurm lit26 the twtp1e of iealywnuumkrstc8$uara
or VG'tknt~5~&t.~i r ~ t tho t ima of HXE w&dl;nq. An Tirw.tS
thc.ra ax@ the tc~r4lca UP Lord CovincIaraJa, cha b x o ~ s r of
L ~ t l Vt?nli:it@nvmra, i . , b ~ I Iinm, an incnm~dtion of ferit Viahnn
rvhn i s nonu othar than Lon1 Venkake:cr,irora 6ilmaeLf and Lord
:;n2Llr:c.u-!sri o r Lord ;I:@tmrn imshippc?d tjy thc sago IcapiXa who
era rt.'vc.r!.t.c-il liy *~oml Viohno, The l?nXy 112nt?c:s of Tinapeti,
:I:l.r:~,~cl:l,r~uoi.: nnrl :lrl.nivaai!mr?n~~c~~:~t~t:n~;~ ere Wlu6 ml.ittec? t o t h a t
0 I I . , ~ . I~lmco, 9.1: 1:: na tronilcr f P t h r ? t(?atr:llial st~bnr,
, $1, ..,,. . . L ' c Iscumb;!ns: rrlim t t ~ e ~li?nvLttc.n nf r.arvJ V~~rTtat.arr:~~rrrit krr
vlnl.~: '.~irtv:>:lnz.i, T:ia^iidht?ntinr an8 ~xi.aiv;~aarn:!ngar,ur~m also
kc?: tc'ic:~ riri~m?.lo.
1 n v t , Tir-nehanus and
i:itl.i.iivcl~ne:sn~ji~i3t1~: !XI:{ Iar: rc!sf.4ved into kst:t'> t:;l;rak vLsikLucj
t lxo tr:ii!;~li!r; and vi63ttng tho I rxa l she>p:$ nrld 1na~-!reCa t;a put-
ch;:ioc ilr>llg bowlro, 11oEy ol:~jccto nvrd :;o;nr. t ~ , k ~ n s i l n . Tho ah@*
!ling i.rctlvitiea c,Yi ~ , S I @ )J.lgrima ot %iru~i~'lc? i3o woll the
othr!s gllirct?a ace also rag;irdrxl or; an Lr;r;,nl-'ciirrt arjpeet 02
j ~ i L f j f i i ~ ! , i c ~ ~ . 'i'llc! f ~ l l k b011t:f : i p c ~ L i j i t ~ tl~uC; "b0 ilho YO06 On
t~o ly r~ll:~zimngc.t ( I must bring an ~~cE!asfL (pawti) ," b.loxc~vsr, juot i ln OCmijr:#:: v!atur i s crinrrid~?r& haly, tha foa1rn
o f t e n , tl, the i30ril are alsa cunntlofed holy, '?or thin
reais.co1 g,t&gdrae buy hnLy Cands (p~&sn8irm) and ptxrchaaa dames-
t i c : u m a i l s . f;fncs the tm3 nf Tt.Fa?~atwe! mfl saercd
abjracts mnilable a t Tlmnala nre not: wcilnbl~ at m y QrYuar
ptaaaa, the gilgstrae Cry M pUxQh:hasr? as mny holy ~ Q W W Wk3
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sac& ObjocCs r#Lak& +a tile WpXe of Lord Ven'kntesw@ra,
IhUa ma r~ilgrim mcfivitiee; 8t ;l:'Strum~Xet and its mi&&
places of Ti~upaCit 2imhanur an& !~r&nivaaemangarpmm
&race both aocW &c!tiv.vltiw anll saeulax tletiviC8es.
m f eccorntx?&it.ion
Uerforo performing their 8ocmcl Plctiviri%b either a t
rirurmla w r st TirupaLi and its selafwl ,plac&o, the pilgrims
h i ~ v ~ to .os& a.cean~ticAatLon for their stay for a few aayra.
m m g We, pilgrims there mar be% a Latw who v i s i t T i m i L ; a on
a s p c i f i c day ancl return homa +Arc e m day. On the othsr
hand, o vast majority .y: CIne pilg~kmo atny a t Tixumnla ox:
Yirupati and v i s i t ~ I P J V W ~ . holy centres. EonC of these p i l l
&no avail themsalves of %a aec~ixnoc3ntLon avt~ilablo i n
clioultrins (dh~im~onlns), rottngm, an8 hetmla. Sow of them
s t a y a t tho housco of Choir relatives and a fw r l t acliuimrier;.
nccoinmcdation i n t1ie chwultrisa mninb?inad by the T ~ Z U I M ~ R -
'l'irupatf ::~evaeChonwno Fo ROC ~ S @ C I 1t 50 nv~iiliable on payment
of fix& rates of daily tent, Tharc: arc a Eow choultrios
m!lntainod by ydvnto ozqwniarrCimis. AwomMatim in theon
ctloultxies i s ~voi lsblo mly on ~h?y!8mt or? s~?ectPi& rates
of rental.
T&lol-PG shwib the parrcmtag~ distribution of the
pi2gdm according k% types of ~ m a d a t i o r i avail& at
Tirumabal BE the 900 pikqrim mly 7 DM cent have not ~kayahl
at my chwLt&y. hat& ar s d n a r y isa~auar t ; h q w a n t buJk Po
hhei~. m ~ r an ws (9ay Z d i r k & y crmErrr visitling XJrr
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te tnpl le and ~ a @ b l g baM+ The r w f n i n g 93 per cmt have
stnyecl a t one pleca khe other* O t these, 25 p r ck?n2
m.outd use frr:u ncemtr t i fan avail&@ 2n c?hau l t~ i~s , in
a d n u r i e a am1 in the hams of relatives, tho zennining
$8 yes cent coda otey Sn &tuifl eiroldltrie~, mt%agc?a and
I~otols. cn kh~e o*ic?r Eimd e t TSmpa%S, a b u t 26 per cent
havc? not a t a y e in a hotel, choubfry or. aemineury e M the
se~ni%ining 74 par cent stom i n chocrulW3es, i n hctela and in
r13kirtivae;' Iruusc%. Out: of ?,hose, 22 per cant wailed them-
selvcts of ttia free u e e m n k i o n avsvaUablo t;a a iamrjs extent
in ctloultriao and la ,~amcr gxkmt i n tho kauscs af felnkives
nn.1 tt1c.i rvtrntning 50 par cent, ~ifsyctl i n hcstcler an4 i n mi& dmiflcrioo.
:in cxai11irfno"ion of the t ~ . 1 6 % of occ~rlntican ut;fliiterl
by Uln ilifforent cLn::mn of pihqrfnm fc:vcala that at both
!tiru?j:!i:;lrln onci T4.mp~t2, not LCBB ellan CiO pcs cent ef tho pow
ai;ionrq thn ililgrinr3, not letio %!?an 1.2 ~ o r cent of tho rflfiliile
~ l i i ~ ~ l pikgrirn~ and not Leos Clrnn 4 )?or callt. of tho rich pil-
gr i~~s 118~4 free ac~nmtnhlation~ llmmver, nt: Tirujla'ti nono of
the r>oar stay& in ]mid-choubtriu8 asit3 hokcJn a t Tirumla.
i'tboUt 81 per cent M t he middle claso .nllg~Lna at:&yo$ in
paicl-chauleries, catbgcm and hobI# a t T&rumnba an w13inst
59 PC cat aP $he fnM4lc cbarils pilgrims who akay& i n paid-
cbacla&-i.as and M&&a st. Timp~kt . 15urprisfn~Sy Che ~?ropoti-
t;lsms of Ws ~5oh gikgnlwe who at%ycaa in pe*idu~:hbuttrie~~~
wmpsla & ha%@&# & T3gmTa and T i m a t i @re almst: wZ,
W Ir Blsl par m k aad 89 gsr cant slaf~pactfveZy.
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The f igurt ,~, Pn the t&Xa ce?vft~X t h a t a vaok mjor tky
of the poor pilgrims utitilbr&ts8 Prae accW&tian avaLLidbZs
in the choultriera, smbnaxias and httuaeer oL rel,&ives, oat-
tngm end hotelo, Sn 0tha;r worde Oh@ placw a5 a c c ~ a t i m
bs di rec t ly xoiatnf to the @conom40 ahtw QI? tha piXghSmst.
kiigher tho ecmomic nteCu8 of the ~'.bLyrirn~ b a t t e r Za the
type of occ-Intian ut i l izn7 by the pklgxtm~. Tho cottagcv~,
piiiel-choultries iirafi hokole conksin hc&tw PacilLltica of
nccorn!i:odotion thnn those? hv€dltlbAc An fmcl-choulkries. There-
fore tho rnitldlo class and the r ich whv ~ o u l d nftCotx1 euch
fnci l i t iars hclvo utilfired them. ilak tho !.ro6r who coitld not
~ f f o r i l such Eacilitic~ri nviiilw7 only thost, t h a t c a d 4 be
obcslnc?d by f~roe of rentiiLar The aeonomic s t a tus ctf the
IriLgrLrfls hike t l~uo tm n,.g?<:ro)rtt roPotl.ot~ahip vrtth ,kyiy?~ of
; ~ c c o ~ A I I I ~ ~ ~ J ~ ~ ~ : ~ av:all;ibl c fax tlac pilgrinn a t TFrurmLa nuii
' i ' i ru~l t3t i .
0% nsmQi&n
Tho type of oenaciatlan rcrvoalo whether a pilgrZm
hen c m e alone o r hnn corn, nLOnr~ with h i n i,ar&ly or: has coma
&n tho caqnny oi? r o t ~ t i v c a , PriemPs, tourist: party or caslunl.
Table-47 #haws ma percentage dlstributSon of tho
p i l ~ h m e ac~azItS~gl Cf) t h e i r eumomic 8.ti~kua aria typo cl t
~sawfi%tfon. O f tha $00 pilgclms, only @bout me-tarnkh wm
aZanr, natiltly swan-tmW aana atmg wikh t h s t r Z~&l;lrs, a
lictrla faeo #m ostwW*# Sam In tha Uampny E&%r&dl&
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a i i t t lo mra t l~an On*t~?entieth ciltre in t110 company of
relaliv.vo?s nncl the rw~iiining inoiqniEic:mt fractian aasa 98
the m~j:x;my of! casual acq:~unfntinncns or u .touriot pnrty.
ihosc who can:: olane om3 i ~ i t ~ y l a trrdivi(1uals. t r t ~ ~ o o v>l~o cme
rrith tlieir' farnilion ccstn::.rtsa tPotiw!stic groups mull inclrxling
u Y:VAII imti l l iu t ~ k l : i 3 ~ ~ X O ~ C , I ~ ~ V % ? U 3uCkl &a l.,nrunts rmcl ddlllron
tiad o Elm., !roconrlur':y ~@!.I+iCPvt!o nuelt &I$; 1jr6+tl~lput1?n~ In-lc~cus
urul +.l.r;a~c?~chllclr&~n. 5'iio:ro v#'iio aiaw in Lhs Gtliiljiahy oE rela-
t i v e ? ~ coiq.~cine (jiotlpu i?ircik eoklsiskitig of n lpflgriri~ ant? hi,#
I ox i c . !Choue win CI?.III(! in tilo com?,imp of
r . 1 i I g o . i:;aC?i uwh (>mu!) lr~cLu1& a
(jroln;r oLI j~ i lg~ 'P i i~o vlio ilia@ L:rion!k; il'id WELO w@SdC?II in Uw
O,LIII<! or dSffi3rc!riC l>lscor;, biiXonya:3 'CQ tllf? aar2m or Biffcxwd
J:,~U.~'C!:JZ$.CJ;IC;, o;lfiu a: t4ii,ioi<:ilt c a i i ' ~ ~ ~ groups or religious
gr 'oq:~~. illiose vl~tr vtr;Ui!zd 111 'Wli! Cuis\tJiikly oL: cuouol id~riui~in-
,i.lnuo:i ;irtJ very fi'w. 'ilioy wcjrw akkl~~r cu-trilvullurs QE
~ ~ o l i l e ~ l t s 02 +A112 r;iti:n:t ciky ~ C M ~ J ~ W I I ~ YL'bO8i~8 Who C<irm iin the
~uii!~j;rri:, of ii .tour.lut 11aty iirt3 nluo very L'Qw. 'd.'l~c?y a l l GOI~W
In .Lomist huc~rs fwii i(5i;fw~utt POX.$& ixi AnilRra J:Jr~rlooh~
The clt3r;s-vc%siutiong i n xoL~rtBQn to the type@ aX
assclet~tion of the pilgrisntl revnil1 kWC nlmg &as0 who vin i t
slmg w i t h their families, the pmpartion afl t h s rnktlfllc and
rioh claars Sar ou&ank that CAE tho poor class* I n fact,
a h % thme-f!ourLhs of the propartian of the middle &sb@
a d rich pilgrims vis i t& along wLkh theis Pornilkas &@ againsf
a 1SttrLs mra than h ~ l f t l r ~ pr%WGi=X of t)re pg~r cXiaas'of
p f t g r b , %hi# nwgk#arE. ~*6arrrn@~t of n&%tXe mtl
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rkh cLetss ~)ilgfrim may ha d~la W lam impor25ant ~ m s .
One it3 that WeY have mima tn @%?Lord a jarnay &ieh
incum haavy Wiivrrl csxp@nsarr seatson la %a% Way
night have @ken vaws t o win% On e p l g r h g a in khe
co:?pany wC ththcir fainilies.
Llnss~vn&atLons arw wZso stxilihg. i n t.e2nllion ta
kt10 ~:?il{brirnatgo uniiartnknn i n the CQrQXmy of friancls. yhwec
who c;rtnc: rrttl~ PxSendo arc nxmn nmmg tho pilgei~ns of rich
c?:l.Llu~j (12.39 pcrr cat). 'ihia m y be due to t h e i r Large
frtcniiship circles find noun& aconaRic means. 'ilhoaa who come,
oLonr! on pllgrilnoge sm Pnorn n m g the poor class (23.53
par cc;nt) OF: tho pilt:jrf~.lms, Pilie nhnws thelr pwortiy ancl
t1lrd.r cor~am;tm t c~onnndc i n a b i l i t y i;.r I.?rSng their familk+@
:~!,fm[j with .t;hrjrit. !rhciy m:Lght b;:vv :~f.i:o tzhkcln t.hnirc voc!3 to
cnnc! n E a i > ~ on n j?ilgrir:mge. It :mr, 02Ly rtklm it bbcorn*
iirrrv:i.r:~:!,l.c:! t.hoy :rhauli! tiiiyr tolc,r2c.;ri I vow ($2 f..i.rc! ~f:!ect thaf
tihay r1ou1i:l c~ni?ort:rl:n :t n i l ~ g a i r n ~ , ~ ~ ~ ! r:l.cxri: :rit,\l I:?~o!.s fmiLies.
,l,jrus tkqy nee 1~!1!13, rrr!r?ri! t,h:hnbt ocmomic: LirnF%~t;iana. A t
tit:. o;..r,?o tirm thc?y nm nlot l VJCIL w n r c 15 U'iair hnIplrssnneso
in uMo~al;in(; their jnlmoy to t t ~ r ? holy ~ L B c ~ ! QE pilgrimage.
,~mm t h ~ ? fact8 $L :lay br. infrrrrtxl t t t z t the? ~CO~QIRLU
nacur; of an indiv.vifiual t n on hf>~Xtnn% a3eeorm&nwf Of un;leK-
taking a i?$.lgrimcll;ct oithas o.ten@? O r aLcrng with his Enr~iily or
fn i;h~ cmengt sf seZa&ivc!r, frfentnds. ma ~thtlr6.
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TOM@-@ shws %a d i f f e r ~ n t purposes dt? making a
pilyrim~go to tho ~ ~ 1 s Qf T i ~ ~ k l L a * Tham purpaea can
bo cl8esifiefl into six bmW catsgoriser naMy etlctal p ~ w
posse, ccvnomic purponoa, %luc&tlannl pmpsos, health pur-
i) Une of the eoele5 purpoec.8 i s "offeringM a child
to tila LOXT~. The d(?voteca who belleva that tha
cl?ild tiley gal tias due +n the blouolnga af the Lor4 "~f.'Esz"khc ~1Silfl r*1 t he 1~0r%7, :Ln this can-
nocticu! thoy bring the child t o ths? sanctum sancto-
rum, esa tba hard, and scquent kha p r l o s t ~ to involte the blr.osing8 of the Lord :br Pre chll8. lu'hm the
prleattr do kt, tho piLg~ims retire to one of the corridors s t t t~a tcd outside thc: sianctvrn smctorum mil mnmin thake f a r 8(31m?tim.m0, Ch.hr8r@aftar they
recclivu 11oky foods from Wza tdn~ple staff and come at& of t l m t ~ , ~ i p l e , f 'iiki~>g the chX1d Ento the senc-
ton, oa:l ri,ic:iLvLrig thr! l~lc:.r:%blg:; !;il ,L:hc? l.,Oril th.hrOugh
the priests ha8 a syn~bollc nb!mificnnct? of "offering" thc chtZd to tho Lordr
nnokhnr ~ o c f ~ l purpooa t a "pruaentatiun" of ;hc cotigLo W Chg Laxci, Lf a tmvl or wornon gets hi.:: or lacs iiesLraij nizi,t.:, tht,! cix~plt: take a vote t o
umlertnko n pll$rrimacye ta kha ttclnple of! the l,Orcl.
rha coulsle visits S;16 tm1pl0~ n%@s tha Lord, thanks
ale, &ox& %I: uoktlny it and prays W tho LaXvl tn blesij tt idth hq>;)y ainsriexl Life. 'ililiL; r~ctivi'cy of
the coupla $.a cnlkert "prosmChlg" the col$~le t o the
Lad*
&&@st slailaul m I a l purgoee i s Npre3sVICutimH QP Cka, mug&@ ttself lapnertba&&y a f t a Cha wa&Ug rikas me pifama. CilQ .~ktLgxBm who the
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10arriikr~(?8 of t he i r am8 oa: &ugh%sxs taka the newly-w&de *a Cempls 8s 1t~r@prernt4* tha came t~ Che Law3 an& seek H i e Mcnsinart Esr eh-hsir happy
married Pifa. liew, it: is not a quastion o'E !pt- t inp a desirabLe t o tho WnR and d~ughlrers, but it I:; a westiaxr a6 bcstuwfng 06 khe mast happy mmi& l i f e Co tho ne~dy~wetls.
iL) '.i'iio scnnoioic j juc~~oooc: i:irc!! corac~'rnr;8. largalp with the oxrj~ctnd )n4tmf ill x~)~ft~r<l:::+ TIIc! oconoinic reward may
!m u i~rkfiy~?or ilnrvorrt for .Lho ayb"fcuSturizie:, h a ~ a . ~ i r 1 ; t : jo1s:i Cur i*.irc:: cilucatefi, pron~oCic>n tg the @!ripLn~ririi~?:~, ilo:::LmbLi! .i:ni~xnf or3 to ;,eo~pla in r>c?micc, nix? w~Ccti~r?cy o.L: hoar oUPic~! succt!c;s t o :fiZrrr ~.XOR11Gt:ljllJ. Y b l h gmux> !>f pw$>o- i;sn i 8 t11u:; mcolaiti?cl moiitly ,to eeonomicl n$tivi.t4r?s
,... of tlka ScivaLoos. nnc ~:il:.jximu ;~ : i lw voi+s or raciuesta , L I ~ I , . , LL? . . ,I ;4il,!~ri~d:;:,~~ c.7~' !;,LE~OE~~I c'-- J k t ~lacsf&i@qa
(r:>mac! l;ar :J c;:ic.r% l:Lcij) -Lo t\hc c,afi1 rstlmse h ~ 1 p they
~ougirl; f u r ;J a,x:ctftc c:conomic .cicOblerii or for ;>!a econu~iiic re:dard.
j.ii) ,, tr%o i:nr;roi;r.c: arc rclntml to eAu1C;dtban. :?om8 toke a pilqrl~;uqc. t o 'Tirumiil~ i n t t i ~ t s ! the i r chi ld
in to ~ ~ l u c ~ l t i o ~ t * i:.ithcr they bring t he i r own 17rh?ll?0t cix i!li:y :ir.,r!l,, .I!lc hot;! :.,I: thci t;.lriyle atlthmities to
Vrnalrc ~ I I F : I ~ W ~ V I C E I ~ OP a prlent fxom the Ao.socla- t i an of i>rieats (pu~ohi ta sangham) maintain& tiby
tire teiirpLc a41ilLg.ritjt~iit.1~1~ tin an uuajpici~us day,
ct n r~~)k*~Iculnl: i ~ ~ ~ . ~ i i : t o u : : ~n~rncnk, the ::!rLhmt con- Anctg certain rite!s nnd in i t i e ten Cha child LnCw c?ducetionl lhLs r i t u a l %PI c i~ l l~ l i? %#earning the Ir~sttcarrs (trkehiszabtiybiuam). h;iet~?x t h l o riruaL 5s c o w l ~ k ~ d , the child, cncortci! by itn r~tircntn *a priest, enter# the temp.l.s, rirres t h e an8
paaya # t t lB CCP s@& .the L a ~ i ' c blasaing &a it* ImXuca~m.
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ciifforent i9m83osa reis&& t~ bwluaa:arlan is dwJc3icatio11 O f bu~lca ta the Lo&. Same authoxa who wxitc? xeligious baa:ts or hooks relor~El b %a ikfa- histozy of glary of the Lor9 wioh %Q cleclimita, Wetir woxku t~ the I~aril. 'uch peay~le? bring n copy ofi their ir.oxks, glncti it LoZczre the f c f - t of t1-m
iorcl, t d ~ c n &:ke it .mi! rtzi:ire t o a glace iasS;le
the t@mi;d@ cnna read aut a po~%i,m fmm i f as if th<hey 9x9 ~C!O~?$.~J(J 'k'J 'the h X & This f0IXd PZ'@* r;t?ntnthon of the vork to t h e i~ortl is perfanned by i! Cow e;li.illCiitc:~l who are exlmrt8 i n sacred iitarnture,
i v ) i'C!~r;Oii& 13C?,?.ltM iti ;iL:>0 ii 1;~ilfll.S ik~r. nlc.lcfi?ij a 1 3 1 -
i:rlmi?gr* 'ku 'i!iruluilln. iitro[;lc who suffer E m m sorne fl.lnc!uu~:tr; rnrr1i-u a viriit XU Lho ::or:A1>le: ,?nil pxap to tho i.ortP tx~ cuso tlioie illness nr XWS~QXF? tlieir
hefl1t.h.
v i ) The religious purpoeew 20s unrlert.tdcinq &i pil.gcfrnngo to ~:irurnaln nro iiaUy. illr: mwkive8 vary in clccas- rlonco w i t 1 1 agu ix1':i p;:x:!on;ility. ::t:?ncr;jlly ~pc!~S<ing
some oltl gcnpln unrlart.?lro 11 .jcd~rney t.0 %'iru~n~I~, to
ncquix~: i~mrit, t;O gat r&e~3tion f r o m sins and
purify th~mlves. 'ftkey ere fhe p&opk&? k12io GnntacPl f&mscrlvrs lFroiir t ha t;nr1dly af;Ccir:; cnc3 r.g!~o nxcr in search of tha gnths thlrrt L ~ e d the13 Cs :ptocns l i f e . o m @ pwpla, young @.n& oXA alike come ko sea tha La& solfie; oMcra who are, mossy e1d@rly poser coma, on gtJ;i.simaye CQ perEom ritual rramlcars in
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honaw: OX *he LO&. They yay pxescribefi amuntr; of k~lorrcjr tn the @xchccjuc?r a,f trn11~L0 and gee *.he isewd.cee pfirfwrnsc? +:Q tho: LQK~. yhey n:,va thfl bnli~t* thnt by garforming such enrvZcl;.~ to tho E O X ~ tthey csn ncquirc? mctrit, mlerith@r ttka 0113 v!hO QWC! Or1 3 >!%&grti&?go tG th:? t~~l~jlc? nor the younrj anol old w!?o ca:nur to sen tile L ~ r d ani4 t!$c? el~~erly i:eopLa who yet the? .sn&red ~oxvlee8 perfarma1
i n lkunrtur aT: Uir! i,or<l have no ntlkor nmtivta kt~cm c?c;xridh~g !.x:rLi; ~ o C thenl;$olvc?:;;. !:are 8c~v~tinn is 6 i:trc.:iil !!ic.hc:nt r:n!y rc:"iurxr?:i in ~:~ :cub l in rp fgf"i11,
:;iiwci I ; K ~ . 711- ?~!:IK?J: r?:I.i.:~P.t?us cjrov~nfl $:or treder- tr-'l.ring n ptlr is.i:u;.:i'? to :biviaro-!l.?~~ Smne people m % k ~ L t i irj perf uxiii c~.!rt::Lal srrccif ieiis ~ khct ~. t f ' )k ;~ i . 11./:f.-?r.'h(: O S l i r ! l , r l.ci c,3t%::itier@il sn im,poyjaski>nt .,..;:.errJ.:Eli:c: .i:o .;.lro i,cjr<!!. :.: l~!..re!i.'aru :?om<? perrijle vVLakt tkir? tern)-tlr '?nl.y t.0 J J ~ ~ F - P their hair, l'hr;y get LirnSr he?ar3rr t.n:,i,aurocI, t;iko holy bath, enn the, Lax4 and ~u b::c'l: t,o t:irr:.fr plsc,:::. ::his tonsuring 02 i , l , : , . ,, ,, ,: , ~,JJ!; ~;~!cf."$.J:~.~:c: by 112t r::;i ,r~~ II:?$X cI:$:!~a) CI~!~~:JOI 1"-
Zen tk4.c ci1c!?.3?.ury oE crria'i: ~ l n : ; fkleshf:). +XLwre rnsy
l:~:? ot;iic!?c i3.g~:'irim ~~I?cJ t;::l;i> Vh):*:!J ti3 mmolre a yf lygxi-
: : : I : t r . LYI .LBTI~IB of aff:ei?ing : , I : i , t 1 : , : I 7 ; ~ ~ 1 . 1 thny ::onghk ffcx c . . ;.rrcli c ~:'r?hTlQsc! conacrt b4. . . . *,, :I .,,~,xil.i?L\r ) ;1 x:~l.i:.jLt:~~xii OAP~::, It may be an
i?ct.tnt,r.ilc rmc, w !a:aioL wirrt , citi c!!l~cationizl onc;, a ;,o]iieic;tl ljrici or CIIIC? ti~ixt: Li> 33:!.::& OD health.
Ii~!;;c::~d, :~over;:!E crl: .i;bo yil.y:rirr;~ klbo fuLfiZle8 their vot;a t c j .o]lc Lord 90s nocllsX, stwaomic, educntio~anl.,
c;fi3,:L%h w;i j;p:ili+xt~i:..l rrc;xntJwuti ilitVZ16 tonsure8 +&r!ir heads. t u d ~ a k~n-inajuriny ia nnnt p m l y on reXit~iw~a gmwdlr* iJn t h e ottwt ht~nlt, Lf &evueae without m y nmtLv\r~. cixcrjl?t that o f gi'iiiding rrrrLigiwus merit tonsures his hrjcc! ao an act nE sacrfeicing hi+ bratr w *he Mzd, then h%a j:dlgrimage has anlp a 4~3giaud
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baeX8 but not eoonomic, social es omer basis. Iherofora rmng t h c r ; ~ pilqrkmo who offemd their hair t o earn xe1igioue mcit nm wncider& as peog~le tho vts i tsa the teq)lr? for raligilaus pusl,
pose wtrilc ntha~w who ci?Et?l& their hair in PiiLfll-
nx?nt: of tho vaws they lhava taken ear achiovlng spaciflc goal8 are cmsi<lcrd aa pwple w l l o viaf- tcd tila ttmplc f a r saoiel, lu?o!tornlc, henLZh, mIt2,-
cationnl cind politteal. purj3osas.
~'c?flnxrn;lnco sf life-cyclt! cePvfiinninn atao lis another raaaon for making a pil:~ri1ni3ye t o 'i'tmm~lil. iiorl the pilgrims pocflom Wesa Life-cycle cacelaio- nioa i n ilsacril.rutt i n the ctanpter 01% tho s,?cxc:d pnrllonn;incc!u. Blc)rr~, it ciouLd 8ufPice. to may tililt
tahiln Censuring of the haad of il clljlld and mrrlngc coromaniec are porfonneii by riwple of! a11 typos of camtm, ?:lit? nacmd tl~mad emi-!?my l a pcrfanwd
rna~tly by t h o Liri~lrmina nnil to :nurile rzst.ent by tbts
V t ~ i o y n o .
'tho aocuunt tjivnxr ok>ovrr, 9Lvvl.n only a : I ~ C ~ ? I I C I o f tha
tbotr: journey to ilrw~alra, ifw~~over, i n tzlo encounters wtLh
the other pilrlrlrn:~, thr ~ I ? V C . S ~ ~ ~ * ~ O L . c~uLt"Idantify 5 c w ~ e l
other purpocau of the v i s i t s nf the pilgrim a t TimmZa,
Some harron vTornEa, paid PI viibiC amtl W% a Vow Chat they c:!o~lLii
rimit tlls tsnpla arp$n if thny bcnr chL1drM. dim ~tMrn*C;
c w an a pilgrlma~e m the shrine whm %e!$ got t!:#o'ouf~h
t he i r annual maminatfonr, A party ooP middle ciao# niLorimo
came i n iitn nw car trJ thm tmpla and Wok u vaw that it wall
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p@its# would stWe23 &we m w i k h k h of gmftts
wi'eh tila Z10xci W kl8Y of putking ofEarirlcyo into the a t f ee
wriuril (bundi). ::wmiI rich pilgrims canlo in khehr ne??
cart; an n m&?an t r i p to tllc holy plncc and prt3yed to tho
i,ord t o sso tElat Cht: new cars brirrg than back. Thare ~iws
fcvi ocJt~lcsu lvhcl broufiht t l~cQr ckiltirtsn Lo ttie t ~ a ~ 1 e prcmiaes
ao!l ~,ierformr?rl t l ~ c l r nnr-boring cnrtxmion. 'da:cr people vbei-
li?,i t k i c tomirlo bt?cnusc they won a ceur;. in n court ull la*!.
;;uioi? cithero csin:r? to :led< tho bLennlngn oiU the T,oril hEieore,
o!x:nd.n\j i! noti l>uaLr!r~ol;, n new Pdtct~ry (PX il riev! lii~> ~OPUPC?
c!nki?riiry n no\.> jolr, tolclng upon ,na ncrv ~ , o l i t i c a l ~ f f i c o ,
glvii~u tr clnncs! !9rogxali%x? t o m imtexnnClonal nudiencc arrcl
rclq?n:ji~ay t b i c i r f i r ! ~ t vnnturo in cfnunia Piela, A few c i ~
nn "to\trf:)Cnl' OX "viaitars".
r:ii~! prcccr%in~ QiocuanZun an t h c t tllffexent p~wposor;
ut viail;:j uE t h e pfZgrima rcrvonlu 'cia@ mnot Erot::uont ~!oCiv;>-
t:.io~r of Chc );~tl~jriiixi. i:id tho rrn.~,yiler; h>c!r.il tal:t?n over an
r!xk.?rii:iCr'i ~)r?ricd 02 t i ~ n @ c,udl au nnc! ox tot) ye'aro, tho i n f ~ x -
snkfon on t i re rrt~r;~nr;on of biults o.1 the! pilgrims udould hovi?
kccll fu13. i!nd ift t~oudt:. hiwe cxlmus~etl tho nksnifold motivii-
ticqrs of tkic pilgrimor ileawevB$$ 'he data snlatmfi tw the '300
sarqiloel 2ilqrirris does rf;vcs.iil haw tllo aitn d s pllgrllrwc~ci in
afton e i t h e r to f u l f i l Q vow nsc ~ mnle a reqUeotr what
m a c a y are t h e rW6t cmm SQE~&~&, BQ(U~&C, duceUannX,
h m l a p1itlcai and irttligioug prohliunn oE tho p?c?pLe Cmrn
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gotn~j to #let tho i r riast pmblnms aolvcul by seuktny the he lp
aL tt~:hrb aupcmatuxiil wl~oso impt3stcince bins trmscmd& marl
@ire houniiariea OE lnciia.
~ablil-49 uhows the diweri:,utfon of: pilgrimit in
rc:lation tn thu aur:>asac of2 h,!!lc!fr v i ~ i k s w Che te~$~la of
t~.'irunulo. 02 tile 900 pilgrifi~w moro ti3i1m half ($3 pcs cent)
1nr19c 9:1161 i : i l~~ririn~c? on votm relab* to economic isetivitiea,
rioro th:h~>n one-fifth (21 i>ar curt) m?de pilgrimage on
sc?lii:jioils :pur):>aoro Uznt in valve^^ (ino yxoviouS vows, iancl t h o
rcani~lning one-f f f t h (20 por ccat) ma& pil.yritnii:.p: on uoctal
purl>Or;o?t (6 per acnt) heal th purpooef; (7 par cant), cdr~n-
t i o n n l ( 4 p?r cent) snr4 jialtieal puxpowar; (3 );;orcant) that
invulvm4 i:rcvd.au:,r vown, Yhio sho:!o t i io Aora~inencr! of mona-.
mic i,ntivation o f W I ~ iovoteoa Ear raokino ;3 irllgrim~g6! t o
tlromnln.
2abla-4l) alao slimus tho clnao-vtrriatic~~~riln of! *.lie
pil.!>rlrns i n ra1nt:Lon t ro the ptlr[:Ionr?n wf Chclir v i o i t s W the
ton~~,:rlc! of Tirur~~nii~. its bho cli~;ij oto'tua Incxc~noa, tilo
proporbion oP t t iw davotons with social purgo~los as tho bti~;ea
for t i ic ir pilgrknnga bncrosac?o. Tlic tablo zc>voaLn t h a t
arnoar; those who v2et.kd tlw toit?.?,?Ls on ~ ~ c l n 2 &~urpases, the
pmportion of tho iiddrlla aloss i s on* irolf t i m e % thiit r~i:
Chs mr an& the proparttan of the r i c h clnua i n i32m~jt
daubla t h a t of t h e par. Tl15a collfitms the COrihiwn obsaKv&-
t ion *a& dditlrs clwm and r i ch people I~nve lnoro moeLal
p p & L m ~ w r pople. %!h:hp. &Idla alaapi and tha %i&
are raare @ O E ~ W G ~ D U $ - ~ % khair: swinl plns ~mBaSa stetus
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t\l+!* ttX? LXJOr. C;S~lncili:lly i n rrattopa oe m r c $ , a g ~ they
rc la t fv t? ly ilujra c~iref\~i. then the ;boor ilm chwaing the sort:
of o girX o r r boy idlo can lake a yuod r v i f ~ or a good hue-
bai?A. NaCurnJlp i n thiiit: anx ie ty t o or& a s u i t a b l e mta
for th?:ir childreal they s o l i c i t .&tie lrelp of the divinity.
r r l i a dnos not: mafin t h a t the poor bestm~ 1 , S t t l s nttclrstim
i n ?.tic r:c!lcctinn ot a rrcitc? for t h e i t ~ l~i l r l+r) t> . In rilt7t.csSs
of totr~.lrril;lyjt!, tho ;~w3r arc.: kcLcCFv<aLy l.eoo concna'ned than the
n1i3~{lu c l i i ~ j ~ nl:ii %jlo rich i;oe@o. Sn eantxx!etdng tho n l l i i ~ n -
CW, tho mirlitlo ulam w:i rich p e ~ p k e enoouncsr nwro
~ ~ r c ~ ~ . ~ l o ! t ~ ~ ; thnii thr! j'?mr. :i'hcrcfore there is RO liOY~~lot" i f
p;~):~,lt! vuftl~ lai~rc. r;rrcbi:!3, p,ro)lrzms Itavo n highor xapre~;c?ntotion
i l l f i i l ~ i?ilc;lrJ.~n bm:l.y a t 'virumln.
:.,ilililnr cit.inn vnrieitloraa uc?c!n o n f e t 'dith refc-
rc:rkct. to pflgrim;!;;j;lclo krnei7 on hcnL%h pur1;asno. Ir;iqj?ier Mlo
clai::~ ati?tua o2 tho pilq&*lm:~, morn occci,~ to br: thi? xc!proai~~~-
t t ~ t i u i ~ tux h i y h t ~ r c:lns:su:i of pilqrims a t '.<trtimirErs. ii~;zony
tile clt:votcae {rho vinF.k,r?Ei tlin 'te$r1p1t? r5ithur befo~u Qr aft~.clr
auoltl~rtj o :;oSuCfon Eor kl~lloir i iodth prak~lems, t h l g mmiddle
cLar?a cun~px$,r;o :! l i f t l a a o o ~ that1 S;r;mtJilrcls ('1 pez cent)
that of tho [IQOX hut: t h ~ rich psolslr @of:xtrir3o leos Wnn tltrc?e
times (9 1:er cent) thnC a2 tfro @oar, TIICGB firjurn~ ahow t11sC
the rnicldl@ d a o s md t h e r i c h hwu lmrsl health problcu~n k11an
Chs pmr popls. i n Pact the xrr,vcrss mdd have ka kibo cornraon
In fndia bgtc!auar@ unlSka tho middle cLa~s an8 t h e xlahr tba
l i x ~ ~ s do &lot ham the mms l;o gat a cum far kheir &&i6)#geb
0s t& a~ the maria d;o tsar& long Blskaucrrr ols
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p i lg r imso srh3 cjct the help of t t ~ e crupemafural. The miOr>le
cloaa rmd kha rich Lia suffer from ?my heal th pr&ldrn~ but
unlike the ~ S Q W X thay have t h e racanoMc rosaurces M have
malicnl, a id antl c W f o r the fllnaslr or f z ~ v e l long dE~tan-
ece to rcbilch a holy i~lncn and Clrsir helath pxaI~Zem~
r,olvc:Q udth the ileIb!.v Of the: d~2ty . :fhfln it l a true that
CIB:~CC.'L~ !3f: i~eOp)?!Ic! kwt, heaLW? ~ B O ~ X C I O B ~ tho fimr becaun~)'
ni' ui?s.irarii~~t,rit.Llkr or n)?.~ltlntx'ibic?rx and lael: nB adatquore eco-
r~?>iirLc ro::ourcr?c, '(:he ~trl!?la c:'lnr:n and ,the rich because of
i:i:rlnut:eltioar oa fr1b:.1lanc~3 nutr i t ion tlc!?lritr* @tlec!uncy nf
1 1 i n t i it, i s 3 r~~jui>lly tetm t h u t rinllho thr! pour, the
irld<$le c!.o:~::; ;nrQ t l io .rich b ~ v a ncilro econaok advr!ntagofi naC
:;a;Ly 11, h;!.vt iitcrclimI tr:c!s't:(.o'!nC hut ntso t o terlrvc1. even long
iii,:;~t:~i~s::r!.; Lo c~eolr. t.l~c, 1!,(:11? o !ji~:~c.ertr;lturd po!,!ara f o r get t ing
i . , i t , i n 'Ykrtn it irr olc?n~- why tlacl middln
1 I i.hi e f . d ~ with fii:?altl? p~:obJ.a!~c !l;lVr! ih hlt:~lzar 13z"Oi?Or-
t d m i i:!~;!n t i .~c , nitor ,,>i?oipla? im t1i.r :,:J.l~jdm k~o3y itC 'i.iniw>la.
Clans-virric~tio~ln i n tanna ~ p$lr:jrimngofi on polit&
c a l pur~:lo!aoa nra inf;i!xc:rtin!y. An;l?ii:g tho dovoteo?l w h o ha&
polikicitl i!~tiv;xClur~a t ; ~ un:Ie!r*ii4~e i:tic! pilqrimngo W X14romala,
tliers i s nono x~?parust?nt the r):,170rr &nf% there) i e higher
rapr~:jentat$.on :or the ziq11 ( 5 @ f ~ x cennt) Chjn fat tho m%Nc?lr?
clase (3 gcr cant). :i'lit3 rt:rxl?ons Par thcsa variations nxo
&car. I40yt cjcncr,aLlp e,?cnkfn~!, the p t l m a r y ca~?cn?rn of t h e
gaol: i r adlrning 05 their livlvnliho&. X:venthou~~h they ara
amxe of Ch* p ~ l i t i r s , t h y are nst Win involve4 i n acklve
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pc22itiUs. 'Weir ita~*tgsclny lies dwa no* bvo~vcs ehem in
aro comiilicotcd a x@liti&nl siruakion thptr , no t only hinaertr
thhcfr s~latenarlncc? but cklso delnandn e uolwkion wtkh %t\l heclp
of su:~omrasturnls 9fh0 are! Socetnd stiles and d l e o away from
them. On the orhar kina, the miridle c laas mA mare so the
r ich nro, by s~ulrc? large, the active yartici~:entzr Ln ~ o l i t i c n .
1hCLx U C U ~ F . ~ Y ~ G I~ick(~row~3. .tRcir ntannriciil, rIr~nit~~i>cn, and
i.1k:i.r: lilrtjo foLl,i)i;l!:9 ilavvg boc011:o %ni:orLmt irujrei'rionta af
o r v i E : 3oirrg invnlvcd i r r zwch act ive
pr>lLtlc;:l 1Lcu it f:; inc!viti.hlo for WII?~ ke k;,~cr? ::r:vcsal wlls
. c : : . '~''i:ci:~>forc, er i n c~bviuu:; why only tho mfdldla
elas:; J:L? i : ! ~ rich but nilno Emrrt tkn !::oar tlilvo n rc?prt?nmtn-
tior1 cmlsng tho pil~:jrll;~r; r~iln iic.vk? un:'!osi:c:licil a i3il$$rimage to
;,'ii:~uii:.la p ~ l . f . t i ~ ? i l ptWp<)t~C!G~
: h m ~ r i ~ i t n q l y cla!;u-vasi:itiei~s issn obscnC nfkh rmEe-
rwlco to t h e p i l t~r i rugc wri'rorcaken v i t h ~?ducotionaX mevtkea.
'~'1.1e y:oox, the midrllo n n 8 the r ich classon o,! ;)i,lgriuns who havr
colne U1 rirwealn wtW1 'lduca'kio~2aZ motives have @~3unl mprk
sentntion. 'ittie rtiay bu Buc to uc.voxcil factors. 1Y.t CkIflrjW
tiavo n i'tm bclic~f +dint a 1:hi10 I : IL~~, ;~ .L-( :Q i r 1 t 0 ~ d u c a t i ~ f l at
8 i ~ ~ l y placu ILXi.j 'Liruin;ilii cfin r:chiovvc: grl?i?i\t SUCCC?SB in the
f i e l d 02 &IUCCI~~OJI. iJOlitlVcZ, not all pwi>ls can affsm'i a
t r w l w ~ ; a tmLy plnce~o on8 i n i t i a t e khair ci.rildunn in to efliiu-
cakiart. i$zitm%gcit eirlat kwr o~lly Chosa uiho atoniebo?~ :t>m16?cl Up
a w rearourcase tla ur~1ort;lko 61 pilyrhige cm come W Tirwla:
m& t a i a a t e the i r erhilclrrtn inka &ucetfmi. Unlike the paor*
*ha ariddller dbaa 3rd thas d c h can b a r tias c o e t ci? a jWmlrY
t@ a May pZscer l i k e 2 L Z U d s r
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Nr~itl~er naar nor nridrlln clitsn gwp1a could take a
pfl(2rfmi:ye on the pwnoso of darlicating 8 baolr to the 5ntY7.
: c t i n n ntrrmgc cnincicfenco that thoen ~J!IO rleclictatad kt~eir
bncrlts t o thn LOrd i?rEf ?)In0 rich. tleAicating n book to t!%o
I,ord i!: iirl ar<?uou:~ t;lrilr bocatiso it iflv~lvcn ;nonoyo 9xlElurnco
;?nql 1.0t o? r:ritin;Icc~, Cnn 113 to k~<?(s&zT.nl:~ i: t r i p t o the
hi~1.y i,.ti~t:!c?, COnt..;cWWlc: ?~fi!;iinbntri~C$.v jnorrionnr~l of tho
t:i::r,~,.l.i! i~ i i<! i!c!f: I:hi.:ia: porZ:.i!i:.;$:ion to ~cc!k entry in to the aancC!
*~:i;ti:t:::~!:~i!~i EOC ? ~ d l . c i ~ tin:; illo Isool;. L;ria>times ;i poor man or
:I i,~f(l?'ll.n cl;:!;~ !,rtr!ion r j t? t? !!Rtron:rqe fnlni r:r?ver;.ll !.!co$)l~: %a
;!:: .I I b i;l~.,i:~l,r. t~lion<.li: C ~ I :r,rjnRLci;tr.> hlo hit:&, ;io*~ilvcr, in tho
I)~:c~::c:n~ COI'lf:?:Et tllr: itl:?n coE ~ ~ n l t t ~ , ::CJ.IOLCITCIIIII i\nd j . t ~ f l . u < ? n ~ ~
!r::iv~, uii;iectskon e !:iilrjrilii;:(,j~ tr~ '1f.ruiz;iJ.n t,r> rl~?Fc;8tc t h e i r
to t h ~ ? !,S(>J.-(l*
. .civujral ;>oo;?lr! o f 011 tllc! thh l l r rnlaa:it?n hsivm ;~l:;o
coin;! to TLrtroial;.~ to f:,12til, chair vow:; aftor gott ing acli3m&nsio!
lntn ,ic?sirccl o?ticntiw;~l inr;cPttrtian:i nuell a:: ~miduato, pmb
qfrodunte, cn$jilloi.rlnq,j :!nil mcr:1fc::l, collc?~~ci:i. ii:Auc+ltionel
ay,porl:tr~~il:ic!i ara ou;;LLy i~vvRLlnh?.r: tc) i!l.l cl8,r:~r:os of peoirle
.-.t: ,t110 r;;.i!irc .timi: ;;:?.;!f.sc;Lo~~ i l l to ei?uc:>tionilL inetf tut iono hao
!.>ecoii;c? i l t jhly aa~q?e+,$tLv.~o fox n.11 clnr;::res. iJ.1 the three
clar;scr; not only rely u y n t h a i r harsl work ancP in tn l l iqmcn
but :ilsa ui;dt~ the auL~enlilturr,l. p0;vera. i.!111: the? poor ~inI.lke
thasa of tlje middle cLaar; nnQ tire rich [my not: hovu econa~~lic
~ a e r t + i ) r e i., pi1grim::rjo .to ti p~lnca l i k o T i ru~mL~.
Thr r$spi,rpnslea of t he taformants TGVORI t h 3 t the. poor unlike
$h.hose of the middle &ass en6 thha riheh hnvcs eLn.wlxye bau\
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jvrliciouu i n spmdin~3 tllelr scanty remaurcen an khck ~ptl-
grinxiye t a *irur;ialn.
Clnse-veri;uticanx; In relatlla? to tkie eewroruic nntb-
vati0;33 for the v i ~ f ts 02 .the j;~llt;gxL~n~ are interosti rig. ),&re
tltnn three-fourtlza (76 pnr ~ent) a t the, iaowr, and r 39ft30
ranre t lmn Ll;q1.ll tho r,ra;:oxtton nP ~ I I G wie?dLe ~ L a s n (34 par cent)
nni? t.h:hc rich I!jl mi!r cent) ht?vfr unclsrtalcen pilgrimrtg~s on
tho bi.334:.: of cccnnr>~:fl.c !~;otLvors. Xn rllic c o n t a t one pay aak
why !',he E:ORS I . i i l~13 al !IIc~)IFII. M ~ ? L . F J s G ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ O ~ I t l l i 3 1 ~ the iziicIt?let
ci.n.;~:; ilnd t h e ric.c:l~. 'liicri? i r r no iriuy~Lt? ansmr. rlok~civer,
f: i icx t:olloi-dni~ cch:tr:arllx~cy ieey nft;ir :;om@ explanation.
:ciconril y, ,:SIC? rnnturx oi: t i le! ~.!conornic nrclblcng f Welf
RQII ~:atn~th:l.r~~:~ ~ C I CIO w i t h t l l ~ III~JIINZ' ri?prf~~tzntilti(l~~n OR the
poor kt~tlnn tho 111<7,13.~ cLnrjrj trilr.1 kiru rl.cil. I ;crmr~~,lI .y, ,tr~e !,>oar
r e o r r e i 3 , 1 . i irkxil(s the rtdddle
cli~ss [email protected] arc liwre wncnmr;r;i ,~~:rii;h t h e i r iii;i~alancal or i!a:i.--
c ient f fmily buiig~tS, and Wle rich arc r,louc t;r3ucil~'d kiy ,their
AnsdeyyaCe aaviriys and w~ua.ti:>fiictcIX~ buliycks. Lkl suCh ,lie-
EcrentiaL a i t u a t f o l ~ s ~ i f Wle iiaor, the mid4le cllii:;~ mid tho
rich eirhe~f ex!:,e~t&, tt~urr cxpwt:eii or urjm~~c?ctcil
riah ham&, b&lan~eii err our~~tus bud~c;t::, aai\ bu;c@~r ijavfny~
and hugc pecuniary E e W a ro$porcll;ivcel!, Uiey my c~nsrfdc~t
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ttlesu UG ~cono~illc tiitVnr~@i?ljos bcaw1~al upon them by t h e aivi-
nitii:o. Thcseforr! all Uw t h ~ t i e clar;~an wT paa$L,ae aro prozlc
'm fnvouc a : l l l : , r i i t~ge to t i le i ~ v l y pllmcc 1II:t? 'i'irwnltLs,
Neithrr t.h.ha paar not tho ml.c¶dla clans can afford ta
bra i n v e ~ ~ x a r in an b8uskry l ike that 02 ESlm*nk?king. So,
only rich have the smomic advankaga of l~&ng' f i S m p m -
dwezn, AEgrr invosttng huga auaar cf munay in chra production
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of fllmo, it Ls but siaCux~l for t h s pWwcklf: ta emk t;h@
help of t h e 8ui?amatural t o make the fi1.m s hax-office
nuccct?ss ,md R ~ln~urcci of: qreet wonnmic gain. Thus, as a l t
the t h m c c!lnf+:lC?:i of: 1rc3opl.o arr! moro concerned w i t h t h e i r
cconnmLc lift?, an ovc!r~hol.mlng proporeio~z at each cl'lmso
caiscn!; a:> :rl.Z:(cimc to ,l'irumnl.n. l:lirth~.+r, an tho poor, more
then thr: n iR i ! l n cl;i?;s nnd thcr rich, h~vvvc% grentor mnern for
t.hc ir ,:canornf.c ilccd8, tt7\? Ei~riini'r itas a >~S,ghcr r ~ r ~ ~ e n ( ; a C i < > n
t.11-n t,hr 1.r.Vtrr i!? t ! ~ !>il.!rrim hn'ly at: T$.runinla. Plorcover,
L!.I!~: A:h;. o~i;l*lS.c cZa.:~a ,?r.nil h , the poor nlnn ~ L n h to
: 1:h~~ir ccono!?:ic q:!irtr; w i t h tho Gr~sd by umg nf nffesinnn
4;o t.he or.:!, tlrc: .,:c>or nlcro hove ~ 0 1 n c t moans t o t ~ i k e a h e i y
, t r i p to :I :>LRcc. lilct, r i i F ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ l i ? .
r.lnos-vnuic~tlons ~oeril m axint i n r e l a t i o n to tilo
rcli!~iou:; ,puryo::ca $:or ~ i h i f h fltc ;7ll!jrilon trnvel t o Ttrumolo.
:iilo i'i:~un:n 111 t h e tcbLa rihub t i r a t t i w ~c! i ) r@centa t ion of ,Me
I a , (26 per cent) and thr! riel1 (23 per cent;) is morn
thrm Bolli~le that oftth poor (I1 pcr ccntl. ' this snornaly
raise!; ellr. c~ucottoi~$ nro tho poor 1n::s rcl iytous 1:tten the
rriicldle c l o o n anti tho rich7 'the ;!nnw(?rc> i5t mny not be.
s t , tho may i~avc! t h ~ wish to come on e pi].-
grirozgc! but t11hr.y rray not hovc? aOaciun'te ImIa t a ry rosousces to
EulflZ their wiah. For Chin ronsrm, many poar people who
had u e dasife to v l d t Tirumla might not have unclerWhan a
halg jauruef t o T i r d a . Un the contrary, rnfiPdle class
and dch may not. anLy hmtd a wi& but: ~ l a o have the immo-
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no i ~ ~ r ~ r t f l e if Were i s a lawe pmpa&lon of the m l d & l ~
claw% a d the dQ i n the pilgcirn M y at: llirumnlat
:;@conrily., i ~ ~ f i t OI? a e pogr pwple are i n t h e habi t
of pontj;??onin~ t h d r 1~12grimageu wti~at~ RXA pureiy me-ant fo~or
srlF!&uus l,urpoanB. Thnp urnwal3.y ~ m # t ~ m e i their pilgrim~;3es
oven f o r Cwa o r three yenrs, till. W I O ~ p003 up the xqu i rwl
mnonc?torq recourcc9. t:orJevnr, the pw a r c not i n the Wit
of i~oo tpon i~~g the! pil~jrlr~tt~ged rel.n~aB LO sncinl and ecmanfe:
~wtivo:: lx!cal~ac nitch pilqrimlryes a m bouncl by vows which
rocrulrc Lr~nc3iuta Pulfil~nent. Dut the pllg&.imnijr;s w i t h reti-
gllouct anbjoctivou orla not under vows imrl therefore they axe
unilort:~Jton leimu~e3y. On the CQntrOry tt1n mitlillo claorJ ant3
the! r i ch rlo not hiive ouch bclrit b n r s i ~ r i l nnrA oconolnic hunlles.
i,vc:i i f ! t h y hava auch ht~rc3tr?c, thcy are selativoby nlnre
tor!lpixory thim thnao oE tha !>@or. Tharc?t:orc!, mbra rriiili;llo
clcuia 011d r i ch peol:L? an ptl!~rimz$fi~e w i t h rediglour; cim#ves
arc l ike ly ilo bo oncount.e+r~rl wt: n tioZy pli3ca itkc! Tfru~mLa.
Ihicf;llg, rime i a ;nn Pmpoxtanl: fac tor cantmlling
tho pilgritnngno k#sscfl an tllo roJ.$gdoua uimo only. Tbc rdi-
g i o u ~ puxpoaa of thl! pilqjEim%Jn i r i l ona t ldkoly t o ariyinntc!
from a das i r e Eox 8wCerlaZ benefit. Such a pL1gdmge La
likely to bw combinad with a v ts lC ts other sacred plnaen.
Since such a gily~imge is llktaly to take cansStlasiihTo ttrm,
a weak or mrwr mlatlveLp aE8luaant pilgtirms axe l i k e l y tm
~oneti%ub kt digniE?icanb man a ptmdomhm%, grnpork1.m aQ
fhrt pagrim body ak a a w e d l i k e %'Yrumlsr ma 5 1 ~ s -
1&m L ~ S fhs poor rrnXg glLves them 88tdquaa le$#m chW&W
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which they can unfiertnk,@ a ~ikjrimorjc! baud on tel igiaue
m t t v e ~ . ~ ~ W T O O V C ~ , t he i r Liv@lih~od ~S;VOEI then1 smX1
$.name out of r~hich 3.3.vlng8 ura ir~~:~c,:,nsiblc ur har41y WE-
s ib lo f o r wnc2wrt;rking yilgLYm~f[aa, cjll the ether hand, the
mirldle c l a m ancl Mlo ricll can dovoto con~iileritfrle time fax
unrlarti~kin(l thin t y ~ x ~ & pilgr5m;~go. In fact , the v~.ltitl-Co-do
farmer:;, tiatrl.t;hy hrrsln~nsiilen, well-glucccl e~nplageeo have
token zzx vacation ;m:l opcinP, t i lm on l:d.l!jdmlge based on r&L-
giouo crimo. :~cvmi:!i oi! tllern viuitcrl nu m.:aay ohtheir as
l.ro:.i[~ihl~ iicpondin~ lr1~flil t.krc rnmlo tc i~ ly 9osaurccun a t t h e i r ilis-
roliginua oi(lniflcnncc hail hajtgen& Ear ibrh extendwl pardoll
oe nbour a wec~l ' i or mare. 'That moons unlike +:he poor, t he
rnlildla clims anil tlto rich hil,vu ~clmx~iato time and iranstaxy
resources t o nl!%art'l t,hio typo o f undnrtwkiny. :ihust~fortl the
poor vha unNerertlra n pilgrilmlge f o r it xoiiyiaus purpose wXonc
r@:ellgious i~ij.~arl&, ??@tilegs cvr>i> mi).rrilr.. Dut rrnlilie the mLddlo
c?lssa ancl tfke ~ L c h Uey iumc their own hwjler, 02 time, nloncjy
and habit i n undart~akfncy n klalp jaumey for acquiring reli-
gious merit or far cori&wking a rekigbam rite. ,~'hc farce
d" habifi smoagst Ul ts pear LIB &at dC 8 3 1 m ~ paatgtonunent aE
r pilgrfraage purrLy w i t b rtaliqiour, 1wtSve b u t it doe# nee
aZXw th-s p @ a $ p m m t of? a piLgrimage based on #wi!aJ, dnsd
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wonmlic motive#. fi tSramugh attudy of e l a a ~ v a r k a t i m r i in
rdotioon ta the ra l ig iow i~urpQsas gP the pilgrfmagea i s
called EOX.
'The rruxpoijos for which ppllgrimv tswd W iol'irumola
nlea seelo to be in ~Lrplficant rolatLblshiget to opcciicic
~ti . it .t~ac~. 'T~IBXC EIc!C?m31 to exist a rdtat ionst~ip ~ B ~ w o w ~ ) . .&a
c~mu~~atboacsl stntua and tlsc emrlornic purfmnos of the ptlgri-
mogc. 'Yhklos who undextoak the yilgrfmqe:, w i t h ac:ononi.c
inativecr a r e the f,:hw>rs, -kh:ile busii~esumm, and kk~e m~rlcly;eoa.
u thc! enste s b t u s and th(i ,pilcyimidgi?s ba3c?ii
on eati1c)intc iisr? rn l i y iouu ~ U P J J O W J ar6i I I I ~ o c - s c ? ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ . A1~~7ngi3t
thu!ie clcnrutf.!co uhu hovu unilartokon pilgciiuayen for ec@nomic
purglnaori, f l ~ c r o 13 n large rc~~resent~~lion f o r CIm fanning
ci?i;tcr; (:rcddFs, iia!tvnno, unlljnn, rcalagk? Kixpuo, i<8 l1~t r iy i~s~
i.lttrlaliarri er13 l i h ) ~ k ? i i ~ " ~ ) , i i l@r~:?ri t i lm C w t < ? B (V0ii:;yan nnf?
ilan!a.!jdis) iincl for )?rie$tly conte on4 nrtisn!a ceat@:rs [or;iiimino
;in6 SOFIE backl~aril C U B ~ C ~ ~ ) a
:i'hnro i s Esirly obvfo~ia relrlti.onahfp b6ar;Wem tha
age ant1 canto rrtatu:: artcl the roll<yioun puspoac: of tho piLgri-
mages. Thaae who carno an n pPli;rlma(;e w i t h rc!ligiouo mtivea
a r e i n rhc! age gmup 40-65 yenra. NoreMIer, R Vast !ik?joritr
02 mam balonij tw the p r i a s t l y (Wrahmtna) mercsnkile
(Vnisyas), and f~osmSng (EeAdfs, Yams , Balijan and 1:shntriyno)
eiauasla, *his clsarky raveals the CQaesa~ndenccs batween
Chc r)anakritis wey of l i f e ac the caste gmuprr and undsrtaking
n pUgrimage with g&tA~t&aus l ~ t - i ~ @ ~ "
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T h i n fa a180 a rakationship between Ehe imlltLcaZ
l:tatus of tl-la dwOt6J~w mcnrl kl3@ r)alfticloal pwfmnae of! the
i Thoso tiwatcset; who undsrmak a pifgrLras~~e
I~rrsd on ?:olitien.l rwtivw are active politic4en~t. t)L: thatre,
63 per cent belon\? t o oi;edtl.i8, ].;iirrui?as nnd r, Ew ather farrtiing
C ~ S ~ O G , 33 per c a t llolong to 1?~~1Jmn14n?+ and thuo mmalninlj 4
per ct2ni: Lr!,Zong tn ather c;lr;tg? group:r,
:i.'he prcc%?irag d ioeuss to~ ahown t ikirt there SN EairEy
ohV:LOus rc!lationc!bip battiern the age, ccaski?., clet;~, ocerlpa-
t ia;~;~l , poli t ical an4 rel igious trtotuo erf tha Aowoteer: ,?11e3
the yut-l,mrir.rt of Chcix !?flgrFmagr to 'sir~uflsla. tJhatilver this
rc~lntionnhlp i s , ono titl.ncj i s clcas. ':ill(? t~a~plo of Tirun~:,ila
ir; o r r p ~ ~ i a l l y Env~urFil by pi,lc(rimri t v i t t n r?paCiflc p@roonil2 o x
ru t e r in l deniras, wrivcr oncl prablnn!h tcnr:l? aften, :Jx?
objective of 8 i>ilgrirnngc! to 'L'irurls?la i s either: t o fulfil . a
vow or to imke a rerdu(?gtr i!or a 1 ~ r g e r'i~lrfoor oIj dmvot<mw,
yilrjrimaga is not onLy rcli(jiouoly dciuir"Llr? orrtP ) . B ~ C ~ Q ~ ~ ( J ~ -
cn l ly nntiafying activity but :lLoo mb actkvity with much
ri+fcronce to Chr expeCC;mey of a s1reeSfic rc'v1arr7. In other
c;a&clia, thtr n),acil:l.cfty 01: mut,ivei i:i tnvatly c blb~bs o f the
pilyrin~agc t o irLirun!ala.
irow. rlze queatim irr why the pilgximngco W Xisurr?Ln
am Lwrs oE&n M e an vaw~lil The anmti.1: may X;o Iout~rl i n tho
natuspi of the dsrity, the accarrsil,lti~y W tohe trmpka, aniR the
apocialitr d the ter@?fc. Pirat, &a warnpolitan nattuat of
the &W fb~voura the gmeence oE a l l craw, croMs slnBl *&I&=
g i w . S m I P T y r Ohs Loz'd t@ EegbrEld a a p b ~ X @f WIDI)E~*YI
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htlpk3ineas and salviacton. 'I'hlc~ idwa mnCXnues to &at in the pcoyla and mimifeaw ituel@ oC the trample of ma Idor3
i n t h e Eon of fulf:ilrc3n% of varun, a~hlc*clc:i~>nd of merit 9nd
rdlan~ption EEOIYI ain. :i:hirc?l:y, the Cor8yI.o of the Lord i a
rciiiiily cir.:cc;!i:!iiblc ;,\t i&J, ~~I:IC:I(?FJ t:o ~ i i l ~'tnputl~i'r:to!!i: froin
cvcrr jii:irt o f ti10 c?oua~t:ry. '.tl)rl: ioc;lna, n ::1i>~ci;!l reLigboi.se
ocor:;lon rice(! not iin ,9:aitc:i i f u r 'bo tul".l ;I vn-: t;u the Lortl.
pl.l.\jsJ.nlu tb~roulghout ,ti~i: ycxiu. i?iC,tllly, for t l ~ a fulfilment
o:t ~~liitc?bd.i~l c?anixc:~, :a 17atty ?[I;lt~mtc;cl over! : i t tl qr6::c:aC &it-
t:il~co P ~ C J I I I tho nncitl-eul,kuu:cl ?11?.%.t:u d:? ~ ! I C :>23.1:e.Lma naems to
):I? iiU>J1(! i l ~ i ~ i ~ . : i b l i > t:t/lWl iL :?Gel::,' ~ . E ~ C : I V ~ I " ~ ~ CIQZOS~ t<> thh OQC~O-
cittur?il iirlllnu oj: t l ir? pilgrimn. ~,kmLoi;01y, no matter hot#
I t i deity : u tilo ,;~LS.grirnn vi:;it tila deity
viro can :)rovlile :;r31utl~:11$3 'i:ii3 kla~ix prablenis. ;?icoplc! tend to
exert: U~~?is:;clvc!:q man! raaflk1.y .far a 1llg:il.y ~;r.eciffaI ntrun<fLy
~ic>nLi:c;l p~~::ult tir;in for tilc:rc :jwioxaL u ~ ~ s t ~ c : ~ i f i e B goals.
Piaonn ul! ncceonihiJ.3.ky tn i~i~vc? a vLI:~? t!m tie& -._,- _, l_ly.l. *,." ..-,. ::.,I'., ..""--.,.11_1..,l.P.6 ,... ,.I" Yi.:...ll-...... -- 'r:ni!lc-49 ::l~ci~.in tl~c? pcmtmtiifliJ ili!,C~fl>ution 0f the
yLI.rjri.n~o mcoriling to kt~r. iailono of occt?uaibi.lity W hove. n
viol$ of? the J~orf3 (dt~srrnnnllr) a t the tmq,lt;l of Tirllnlnln,
;.:ore then ha l f (53 aer cent) mnv& thmagtl t h e l m g ~(C3Wal
qwue and he8 a~ccel?fltI,itity ta t he ~letnckiun sanetorufil t o t~nvcl
a vim of the XIQXL~* Hare then csnol-twmfieth (be!%$ gar
![Page 51: of - INFLIBNETshodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/42395/16/16_chapter 7.pdfof '2iruiilaln has inormsed L'rorfl 10,40,754 in the yenr 1961 to 14,111,706 irr tho yeor 1965, Efmn](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022050301/5f6a23c25237d5706736d674/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
were veby kmportmt pemonri, EIB the^ toad ajtxaigha~uny qe to
Uxo sranctum sanctorurn and have tI1e view OC the Lordr ktom
than one-tenth (13 13Es cmt) could pugchase biak'rsta of adrnia-
nian inW joining tho ohnrt ~uauo ti, t!m L~DIICIUIO ~ ~ U I O ~ Q P U ~
anrr Bave a af +ha LON, LCEI:~ tilt11 ona-lfiStti (10 pw cant)
cnulrl hnvr n 'ri@l,> of! t l z r r JJC~FIS imly n2ter ,p~ctking a m a w i -
ccn pc.r.fnrr%d in il:?nonr: of t l ~ o i,r,r!.:.
ill.! ':fg(i.i??a ft'i ti40 tuiEYl.~ dl80 tm3id l%?i,tt aJna@L
:ji,w cc-!It <J tirc: p:,oie went in the ~rxauc C ~ J A ll@~l i s viaw of the
~~orrl I)ilc.i~li~! titcy lliiii tlwit;ht?r rucn:m;i~:lation Lottorn to avnfD
(:ilo riaio!t<J ia~r moao, VJ pilmitiinc tkcko't?; t o ski> Mle ~ U O W and
,,jt?l: i'!iri.!ct: entry In'& tile fianceurn 8Rncksrwm M hove a vicv of
I 0 x 2 on tho contrary, nbrJut 69 pnr cent o?2 the mtdtllar
CLU::IEP l , d i ~ j r P m u CUUL~I go in the quL?ur$ to hava a via%? of the
mrci avid the rcilritinlny 90 par c@nk h ~ d o A q ! t ~ l ratibnr methnz3n
t;u iltrve <.I via$ 0.i' ti10 imioirl, %a t h i n c:;tr~%ox,:.:t;, '~l lnilst 6 p a r
cent couM ufiltzc rccomi~@~%list.ton letter:;, 2'1 !i,m calk ~ u l d
~f.Eoxyl itioney to ):jurch!.chuow kickat:: of inilr~~iuaim ;knd &>auk 13
pnr ccnk t:aubt? gat tilt* v<!r!.caun ~rc!~vic~i.?r; pclrt~rm~il to reach
t h e n;?nctuln sanctorual i i n r l hnvo 3 i>J.ij:lk of the LQFL?.
lhrr xictk ~~r~vtx l tl~+?ir afl:lut?lr:e &%en i n gaining
acccnnil,iliky tt3 tho otinctl.,u% snncknrum arid t~ l ive i lg 3 vie+? of
liDw3. L493 elan mc-~ourth oP chair ~~urnbor ciuv~x? 19 the!
generat queue but m r a than tt~ri?t:-9owthhd uusul; atr\icr mows
to ga to Mt. smctum and see ZFhs LoBL About. 17 per cml: o f
ba* VQZF inp~rkajig persona ukilbeeril %heir pchraonrk
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7 par C m t 1yufchsM ticket@ of admission on8 as ~iwlf a@
35 pet cent of Zhm utilizml their 'paid seemicaat ta have
dix~)ct anwy inta %l?r shlncCum nn% I ~ v e o view of the I.rsM.
tjO!:, f;!tl~?Ei'2~,01> Vfi 1st: r'c7i1r$:i,t>iqp~'i +;kk;,f; ??hT
I ! ! 2 : ; i ! I : 1 1 j : j , . : t!l<,iir e,fflu..
t~:ie!f! 1.n ~ ? > . ? . : L I I ~ f?,i:t,:r;?. i,::::.,tt:.~;~ t : , ~ t,!j~! ?~:'IIC:,~"II~,I ft?~: vics,j.,,g kk3,@
1,orr17 'it>!, PC**,OI:II: :I::) t.Iiil::ti; i;he?j: i.!,?x<,j ~YY:.'!Q~: VO!~ :Ilfit: .k\k~y
:~onl.ll i;;ovc? I n I I I t i ! i.lie.n 1li;vp vie?,, 02 .me>
1>1;r11+ 11.' ttii,$; f.r; w, ,>. x!c:!J. ;?.te(!. 1 ! \~~ ! : f , :L , : ,~3 f i pxj . f>~r;~ 1,fny 90
I : i t the jii~ol: yl:d:?%u! ;xi?!? 60 i\c?r: cr::!t 017 the:: i ~ i c ~ c ~ ~ ~ ?
r:ln:::: Iccr!:~li. !:cn.i in ,tJ1( :!(ni:.r-l:l. cp:..ru:i r~ni l hctrl E I v i ~ r i of the
i8or:?.4 :.Inly n!.ou.i 1 3 ::x!x cc:~~,?: or ? h c !jaol' ?>I?$: ~:Z~fioni: 21 per
n . 0 t 1 d 7 . , I . . : : . ?!nr!c!r vw ttr ijn in the
i f i . I I : ? v t t i . '!:!le nimoinbg 77 per ,rant
of.' II~;<>,? I~c>r'l ~~ei,t ,h?r ~t?coii1:i!f?11i>r3tiOil latt,efi~ nor f;BnQtttr,y
XOGiX1rC:C(i:l t(> j~~?i'cfrc::;~ (:LcI:r:.6:3 k l f ader?:;:!im and arrange 'pti i l
ncrv.i.cc!i' h i i ~ o @.C!C(?DL' 'Cb rhc; i:nnCtUrA an0 see chi? LorOi(.
I I : o r I , t i c r 3 i t 0 the rnic?ePLar
cla~r:?; ,,ear,la i!i!ir~tc:;3 Go s;,lvc! Shn ucwco n@n(?'tiix>r ~ ~ s O U ~ T C ( ? ~t
thui i : itlt,boa~':l i?::i! tllr:rg:rLarc ,tilay bcxl nut ~1CIlixrx2 fhair mmay
to ~ i ~ l ~ x : inai!il:: :it:, ilrr L;I, reai:ll tlir! sonstuin and havn a view
of .khti Loc,l, ra.;i,on C\ieli.! &!,'lli> cl;i!;s pcl~pl43 dl6 not hnvt?
recom$ndsctnara ~3 nsi)?~ d i r ~ c t wkxy intx elm Enncturn m?
the T I . ~ ~ Q k~ snVrW wxtp:r~t c l c ~ d ~ ~ a ~ l i i t i ~ flxi8-
tmt reIatLm b the inwanrs aE gaining access t o the
~ ~ g t ~ #mcQrua have a v i m ae the bfir(L
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poM aenticae [~qt amrf~
W l h 4 0 shims Who pmantaye diotribuCion of the
pil!yrlr;tr according ta Vie %>inid aemfet?st (srjbta senran) got
j~c?xPoxmecl in h m u r oP the i,aml. $'he ~ w i c c l s got p9)rXonmd
i n hhcnous: of the Lord ~rs8 Gwprolnhomt;n swa, Visvwm~%
ClOO pil~rimo &out. 1U :?as cerrt C F I O ~ theae sewicca pe&omd
in llunour of tho lorti 2nd of 1;I'to sanaining la2 par emt. n]/mst
70 DOX cent Eulfilli~? uom vovts and tho 0Cb0s 52 per imt
crcritc? t o tlw? tr?r!n~l~lo ta f u l f i l eltrtr zi?lir]iozns cleniren rtithouk
nny vows.
?i~~lgng thcl tbroc) cconoa~ic clo:;t:r?m cri: tho ~siigrirna,
tlio &mix t:oiild not gc!C t h c flc!mltc~to prrfor;iK?d in hosionr ot
Cha? i.~ril f u r f;hc ni>vlor:is r;ja?:on of lCra ?rovcrty. A!ar~(j tho
r ~ ~ ~ ~ l ~ ~ l ~ cli~ar; '>c!o!ilo n:ona !got cnrtnin :iomiarrt!a ouch i i :~ T~malr3
SWZI, rirchanr?. scvth nnii Ximp~invcii nwr7 6r~rforrnod i n honour
o f tha Lord f o x Uiey Liwolved Inryc?u* ori~untr, of nonoy which
tiare heyoncl tbois moann tie ssnrure. unliko the meddle dosa
pwplo t h o rich got olio uarvica ar tho other pclrfomd fax
ths Lard. Tha s m ~ t ccamrflgn i;etvieeu wt &3~&7m?d by fhe r ich
ate XaJynnotsm& flevu an0 the i.)ratyeka iinlyunotswc :3r:vs.
;im@ of tile rich got 1iaL"PoW watt 'tnosa samiceer ei?ch 02
which tnvoLya8 yaymc OE hmvy awmra of mnay to the rnchaquar
af the Wple &initl~a%inr. Zlhw, cPa#mVaEiakfana do
atlt Sn sc&plCipn to "M w ~ i e ~ ~ got' gelcEem by
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yisiks of 1 3 L l w d a athas: ekiw-
'J'able-51 nrhowu khhs pacca&g@ dfartcibutlm af the,
pi3ijri.ims cccording to klreLr visits to at? ~ h r i n o e ather %on
th* Cetrr,le of the Lord n t Pfrumla. Oi! the $00 pllydms
alwat; half violted 8hrlne or: Lard Vwat~asrrami, a i l k t l e
rrwe kl1+1n ma-quarhr viaitad the sl.ix%na OE LQm3 Vsra~nsqjn,
u little loss tI16rr afiwauartez rrtattml Chr! sh~hxirre of Gdnc
i;nnanufc?. tibout 17 par cont viaitel tho si-iririe of ti%@
r:,njilncyo i t 2 G k l i r . 4 ~ ~ ~ ~ 11 par cw.t vLait& the holy !:llerc in
tho l;c~:?:)le ItitcI~on vihr!rn L;iotl~,iacle V&ulaflatL ia install&i,
iil9aut 5 pox conk v k ~ i t d the c100Cd mxridor 035 the Gnnctuin
~,unctaran rqt~oro Lord Vfehvaksona i a lacatwl, and only about
4 per c w t viaitoil tho shrine of Lorit Yo.mnnr~xal~aawrami,
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shrine of Lard V m B ~ ~ s t ~ a a % . its t h i s t u raulogLsacl $,n tho
re l ig ious lktrnrature, t h i s hns Tong bacame aomitan knoru&&g@,
whether Mraurlh actual P ~ ~ Q i n f i o r tylrough om1 rraclitlgn.
On Wa athex hanfl. the Other ohrinen a r e n u t ou lq iz&, In
ttsa rcvliftfoua litr!reCw~i, h@ncet they hnvo hacoato l c r a popu-
Tar. Thereforn, S t f e not the j>hy!iiecLL i?r~xlfnkf;y to t.hc
moin dcbty of l~or4, Vcn:art@ri~i;ar& but it i o the rgsa?t mra e.?E
antiqui ty J.inlttail to t h a t OE I,ozc\ Vc.nliotu:cnv~t~rn thek besCowntl
high ~ ~ r o t i i r u and l~f!,jh rriinctity 11g1~1 t:I~ll(r a h r k 0 a$ LOrd
L.i :,T. * 1 I , J O ~ , ~ . I ~ I ~ .. (.... nnci tkit!soby <ire?$ a ~:olaCfvc?ky 3.rixg:ga b&y of
~:,i,lyr%.rtt:b WJ tlit! nhrin;o of lion3 Vorr~hant:nia%. Kvovt the Local.
ancient; iiccounLs (olrtmlo puronrrs) aleo 318!7imxt ktih inference.
Vi0ikfl 0 2 - 2 i u J m t a .".--.-* 'i'iibltbFi2 & t w n +2:~? ~ ~ o r c c m t ~ y e Li:ii~trj.l~utian aP ttbo
pihgxlat:: i ~ y ei~iiir vlti i ts ,co ;i;f.h.~ ~lt?l!~l~~arielj (mathas). of tho
900 ~~tl.ijritris, only % prir cent v i r r i t ~ d tilt? so;niniixi@a. :>;ore-
Qvcr, none WE ill(:: ~ W J P vi.rrit::tI tho aoii!ln.nnricf;. Only f ive
n1ir:irIl.e cTo::iw yr?,op.:L~: rind 24 11.cil pe41161 v i o i t ~ ( 1 the shrinas.
hhy none oE the .anc;ilbnsrto:11 drnrrt poor j,ilgsima'l 'the xmaan
2s tlwc i f tho poor jrilyrkinr; \:&#ti to v i a i t t h o serninarfoa
they hnve to okay f o r one rwxe Bays This lwans heavy Sbnm-
~ia.PL1 drain which Mey cannot aEfad. Z'ho midale clecm and
rLEh pi lgr inr Ao not faca #tach ixvblemrr. A~it>Uler par-
tlnmk questica~ to bab mIoP?CI i n t h i n cone@xt i s +&at t?!>~
th+ #caxninar,&ieb i n ghylaral heva not drawn mny p i lg r im? 'LW
wrcm f r r Chs frsaa papu3arLty QS t h e eeominas iea. C w i ~ r a d
t4 the shrinw, tiM ~clmlnUrlala are lies8 p?p&er~ fa fa&
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none of tho scrmfnariatl, @:wept &.her of tiatkisamji bW~ea&
is aoeociotad vkw 1 : f i l i g i o ~ ~ w w t a of imp~rt. !ri&out:
Ulis nsiaclcfatiQn, tiia alkaneen f&r aecqting the sw~irmarLnu
ne: pLa~i'!a BE h L ~ h sanctity ore hcl,o& ~1im. Unless th is
hnl$:)ena, dovutoor; Emfn cltffaron,nt r&gione are not 1Pkk?ly to
coma as l~il<y~in~s.
As nnir? ob0vi3 unllka the abhor sminarins, &fiat of
llathirrainji rlntht~n~ 5s jmpukilx Weavse le uras acconloci pzaa~
tigc by nsraclstlng uikh religi~ut: went8 ni.: $rr,,,ofl. It ic;
tilo 1;~lncs~ wllnrc! o!? clacatie wP greztt 1705.&3c5 ni+rm?lg Hritl.ttrirrnjijS
v . It; L:; .?law trio 1;Qnca r~horc the isoml lrlnnsc!La: pli$yeR
clici~ iiikh i i iathir i~ lnj i and acailercK3. it m a t hfily. ii!~e tgacli-
t t u n o l litoxilfwcn ZJSYQ rnvevcals C ~ B E ~ Q two w m t ~ a s a 0 ~ i ~ t e f i
with elv! 1Lfo of iflord V~bnk:itast~ara rand tifa c3wotee i:athlr8t,inji1
ilcnmvor, noi.r there %.n nu Xi%rmtl kcl .oa~oi?arjiita fnc&ictt
that t h i e placm in an ancient, EohgaCtcm one of greater
snnctity. Por Wrio remon t h i s c~r?rlinac.y lu nor aktraeting
170 many !,,ilgrima co it ~rserl to dotWsict pkl$lrims iibouC e em-
e t q ego. It, t~awwer, sstnrta as ,tho most ~0:jdwr gnaa ~lmut~gst
tho seinlnariee,
grim v5aitad the holy wa.teri?alta. Amol~gaG them the pmpor-
kt(gt of OM rich i t 8 mra Chw tWiaZ: uf thrr poor: an8 %he mWlr
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c l a s s p i l ~ r i m s . ~ u r W s r , mjox&ty ofi %a p i l g r i m vieritalrl
chc ir;c~~avlnesenm Cdzthmn an6 the t,kaeagantJzl ti~harrr.
Unlike the othrs hoiy wa%rEakls, thoee of ~ e p v i -
nuswa tirthnrr arid tilraaaganpit tirthilrn d m more ~ . , i l g d m
beca,u!le the rdinfoua l l tmfnk i lxa has morc often eulaqjized
them 423 centros of groat r;nnctity. L'tcrkhehar, kh@ mlfgltsue
troili'tinns iinvs acrorciml than mom prastigr, tlian athers by
Linking .t:h~i!l with the tdrill?ll? of Mn? Venkriton%?ura. Now
t h i n linkinq has been (lone by the rcligtous Likeratme has
b(:!r~n a:;.,,;lai.ned i n tho fis~t cha1gtr.r.
'iher@ ero oather raimona co $;ell. An maellant mots-
TPIILP: ~oild rnnkos tt10~0 IioLy traterEnlla ncc@r;sihLn from Tiru-
mnLo and L ~ c k throwjhouC "Jle pcanr. Tilose who are vrilling t o
!JQ t.0 thcoo cc?ntrr?s con Crsvnt by bus. ito(zirln Br.limc that
;I holy dip iri tlic.;n Cso l m l y r$atcr.f?iills can rc?linvo them ffrotn
c t l l siino.
~ l ~ n o o t 70 ;,@r cent af the: pll::;cSma have not viritad
athour; i>luces of lrerly wntc?rEolle to2 mnny x ~ a s a n s ~ 8011% of
th#;m t;(i<l not IIBVQ t o vv lp i t Chaot? ~;lr,cr;?s. some clid not
h$vc rimey upeniji on a t r i p to rheisdj boly places. Soma
cTLB aot hlrvo sutfictenl: knar2cflge alxrut: Wese holy wutoxfalis.
&a& of tsansgo,ct t~c i l i f i es to the holy woleerfdfr aueh 88
WnmaTucJflhnm tttctra~n, iQaspu ttrtham an!? wthcts have yrcvenC&
pilgrlnrs to +aka ra journay W thee& @acre& ornuell.
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g&&&oE the null~sims I x walaccaq!
'?able-54 showe khe percmtage diatrkhution af kha
pilyrimo uccorillng to their v i s i t8 ta the templa8 locatad at
Tirupnti, Tiruchanur aria riMn2vnaamnngnpu~m* $.a said
alewhere?, the pilgrlmgc?! to l'iru!nale i s belienveil t ; ~ be
coin!>lato only when i c inclules visit8 to the ternplea raC
' ~ L r u ~ ~ f i L i , iLrxclii!nur ailii Griniv~stlmm$nyu~ab?~, Xhr tentplea
1 r 'iiruck.onur and r;rinivasi~raiir~g+x~ur#~r~~ aci.~uerad an
,iiir;r ~.IL ; .~r~tS<juirty i iM high ni~iaceiky ii!rcrTuuc? they :*ra nssoein-
L i d v:161 tilt! tc!;1141kc c j i ii,orii Vr?nhoter;carn, in faat tho myth8
i:rr:I tr.2, I L tioctr i~sn3cinS;otP w i t h the %c<ilple of Lord Vnnlcatw.lbmr
iirt? fu:;;xI w i t h rhoon connoct.wJ <with the 'tc?.nlj>lc*s o f Lad
Ocrvlncliiri~j;~, Hotcil, otrd J<i3r)il~f~war?l ailC Timlpati, the t M t p L ~ of
i,ndin;iv;:itirlovi i?t 'i'iruchnnnrr nniA the tomplcr af! t . O ~ l Kolyann
Vcnkntnnru;?ra at i;rinivnsnmnn(lnyrurnm.
.~ilt! tirbtc. rc?vc>;rln . t i t o t al.maa'e $17 1':':r crxc 06 C ~ I C
i,:l.l<!rlnr::~ vi!;i,tsci tVi(: terij>lc o t i?nti:ttrrve;tb:ic!vi, tho ~onoort of
L u d Vcriliri tn3via-;nrn. iircit ii~!ixnu i i VUB* tniijori'iy of the piL-
~ P ~ I I A who to "iru:nxd.ia t o oed: tlrc! l~encvnle~cn and
help of $he cmoort oE i,crLr3. Vrir~'lcat~owam.
tor r$imiSor rcarion, nlitlosi: t+;!o-think2 Oi: t\\c &it31
nWar of pi1rJrinu vf.sit& the %crr&~lo aC Lux0 c.iavinQerc~la-
awaa % $rup&tir bovin68~nj~s1?8.1~1i is hl it3veQ to br? tho
&dm brother of Mcii Venk*,itewiviSm. r'.lmout one-third of the
W a L nunlr~r of piiyrima visitc?d kh.ha teiiplo of Loxd Kapblb
awcsrer. This t e ~ l e has e&[email protected] so tnueh a xcsyutatllcn La
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t a regnrdcd as a place of groat a n t i q u i z y and high ~nnctiCy.
The wadi t ion rwaaltr t h a t tha grr!etk oncimt sage Knptla
himaelf Linstnlled %a kcan of :lava in t h i s t;p?n~.)la. Them-
fo re the !)lace 11na ncquirM grea t p o p ~ l n r i t y ~ compara.t;lvely
leiis nw';>cr (sf i'ilirrian v l a i t cd tiha tei%A>loa of i:oc7~nda Rexmit
and I<.i?lyi>n;i Venk;zl:nswaso. rile tcs!:~ll,lr: of X.od.anljn !Inma is not
62s milch yopulnr i?3 t l i ~ t of LIXYT; ~2ovLnB:wmj~mnmi, A~t;hough
t i 1 ! Xc!lynnn Vi-n1:nr:asr;ir;rii lo pc~~dstr it; I n s i t ~ ~ a t d
f u r <lii::iy fro13 ' i ' i ru~x~t i .
:i.'l~o claur;-v;~rlii t inr i n re:t~~l;iol? ,&w t l~i? VILEI.GD 02
i . ~ lr. ., : 'S%i!r i f i~s to t i i c : ~hr i r l t : t of Yirc~g::t;i, c h n u r , :>rinf-
v.:~s;;.la~in~j~s!,"~ur~:~~!i rc:vc:*l. E!li!t f t L:i rnorr. of tc?n the rich :hd?o
v F d t thi:::i? t~p1.i::; for they hrlva acI@c-juoro time nnd rnanotnrp
rc::ourcofi to vL:iit t!lc;rrc! ::~l;ict*o. I r rcs !>oct i~c of t h e i r c lesn
s1:iittm 3 vost mnjority vifiit t h e temple of.! UOElflcr,~ PnAmavatL-
Acvi bccnr~nt. l.t cow!ri~n!ncls mom ::oprrLnriky than other temples
nave t h t of Lori3 Venlretc?rib~nr;!, ~n?l. noro thtn other t;mplspr
in iCn t~cighbnnrhor@ it bna~;tieol; thc t2mtecjs t o make kheir
pilgrimage n com:(?leto onc hy i;lr!Rbnq it v i s i t to F,tnd*ZEl
pilgrims i n raLstlon to t i le luvelci of c?~jlc.r~iEiC!xre in~i%rrml
an t h e i r r;,ilgrim;lg~ t o b r i r u ~ n ~ l o anii nther mlo~tnd pl?rceo.
rawg the $00 pilcjr5.inns 0 Blittla lags %t%n 58 ],>i?r rcant nptannl:
betwoen ~r.100 and ri,2i00 on t h e i r pilgrimage and *u remi*
Ing %pea% betwmn k%*MD/- aad mm W P~r5,000/*r.
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Phts class-v i t r tak~~n8 lo rela.tion t~ ther 10vels BP
rxpenclikws i ~ ~ c u r t c b 513 pi lgr lmga show t h a t huniaraad percent
of the paax, more then ma-thirdi GE ttia? miild&e class wnO
about onfrthirci of the rich pilgrims s;mt naC mar(? khan
r;.500 on i,ilrjrin:ujc?. l o n e of the ~niAalle elaan gilgrirna could
srx?ncl laorc than i'::+3,900 on pil~jri~cirjc. iin thr. L'onkrary We
rich cnultl ci:~cncl 81mro tlirirn 3,3,500/-. '!ileir o~~:~onilituro on
pilyri:n:>(jc. Grf~rir;cvl mrc!n thr! !:;.5,00:)/- lc>veX.
'&i t : ! fl~~etl~i,E;ia>:: tr1 Chsi axi>endLt,\ro S n c u r r ~ l 0x1 ail-
irr%n~..i!.ic :: ;!~:i! .rr.li.l:l.:tl kcr t :hw cliucnncn t ~~vc l l o? , nu~nlswr of
IIIC?:~~); ::!r :scr,nm:i~inftcl, $h@ r i tua l BCEV~CI?FI /iot pfir:lreormo& in
lioncur OF .the? t80n?, thc uffer inyn n?alir? to tkc: Lord, the (jiEr;s
glvon t o t11c bcgiJrrs, the rcnC paiJ to the hotel, c!&>Cttifja OP
otl;llcr mccoinmoiintior~, lhs? chaxgms paiil f a r MckeCs of ~dmlssiot
i o r f ~ o t l , f o r holy fnofiri, fat" pruch;,se a f sac.reil a r t ic les ,
ri:li~jlous bonko, and AomesCf,c utcrlnila. Tbora mny bo Other
tnciclental cxl!snt!ituxe such ns rnsdlcinen, paywntr; nuele to
portere, t:arlu!.oy cpant on feedin[? t h o jroar and fat pniil to the!
pxir??itar 'I'hur; aevt?ri~l E~zeta(7rfl llwc got i3ixecC rclistlan t~
tilo exL,fijlijiturc L;ic~irrcii by tlic !ic.Mt;::t::: Or2 their &riPgrimngc
itrmirj,a and its; relatccl ~ J L ~ c C ? ~ . ~ .
Poreigners who c~mc-
'Fab1f3r56 ehoi!~ tht i~vrcmtaga i2istsfk>ution oi? ki-ic
fDreZgnara who Wcrtook n journey ta the Cem~?la ot 2 ' i m X a
during pi+rZc?d 5m345. This dslta is l w a d uyon Chs
m w ~ n matakstnad by th8 Ttrurnaka4Ximpaki Uavas*aaan'
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autttoritlss. ~aPnast 59 gemcnt are $ r a m riwope. t<(orc
27 per cent are from iariwrica. Aadrly 6 hwr cent nra fmm
rbtrto, 5 per conk a m &mm ciustrih sncl L-lr;w %eaZrnnfi, nnd onJly
2 per coat are from a;%dca.
i-iWng the 5 ~iincartcrtn aowkrI~?~l , U.%.A, cantxibutgd
vt~out 22 I?W cent ~ l t d 2;ha nmnainirig rnkm~ciea ccntsihutcad
nliout G per cmt. rli:urrig klao 14 biuropaon countries, Great
orlt; i in nntl i?'r!.nca.! coia&trii:tlWd lnasc urn 2b par cent and Zhe
ri?j:bt of kt10 countric?n ct>r1tribuW'1 li;~:: thna 23 pl?r cmt , All
the 5 :!Psicon coun.krloa hrivc coittrib~~tod less tiuon P per ccnnt
elctr. l\!~!l?xlq tilo 3 ~.i:aii?n m3uwWi03, <Jqi?an i%nd ii;jlny~;i.ck can--
tcLbuGc?i !; !,:or ca!ilnt orlii r.Eie rt?nt r.t>srr;ri.I:nitcfi nllnut S pox awt.
cli!r;txi!iir! cc9nrril:~ciec;~l ani.:rout 4 ;,cr COnt 13ut N0:r Kcoland cwnU"i-
butc<l lcnn than I ijtlr: cmt. Thus I d may bo s i i i U that the
cla,nrelapd countric:!: 4:: wall. as tlioou counrrict::~ v~hbch l~rivc!
c o x ~ l l i l r~Lix~Ion:i b i i M ~ X ~ : t i m h:?vr: ~~mtrSl3ute.x3 ~ac)rn nurPS3ex 5%
gac~pl.: thir~a ktlc? i;Icvr!lrti,tny couiztricn oa well <arj Chic 'thir(1
:1~rll'i countr i t :~ t ; ~ the b a y OE foccd.qn vPrbitors or p i lg r i~m
nz: !i'inue;:ilo..
foreigners who und~lsoolc a j a w e y to 'i'lrurn?la accortling to
the pwp~ssr of Ute& rLeit k~ '?isumaLal Hbxa t\~,lzon haLt the
uu&ax ma? ptip&nm $ 3 p n cam Iti'bruwla as -tats*
Gn ChBir wrlld w*lur Way hplva chasm TlrrPfrnlla okso sar a @ace
M the& S m ~ e & . A w ~ f mjw*1ity of them ztra fm f-
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l i t t l n m a than ma-CmW (12 par emdl of the
foreigners coma to 's'lrwila for We hac~clac p u ~ 0 s s of!
sltzuilying its ~rchmol%y, '%toe Poreignars otudis?rl the
~ r t and ~r~hit(Sctuxu Of: WIC tci.rntlo of %mm~la,
nlrrtost thret*.eirmtiotho ($5 per cmCl of tho bt.1
nur~krer of fo:oPeigTleru Crw to rirm&?la ns pilyrinra. ::am@ of
thera arc., bnliworii Sn t.risl?nn cult: whlla others tlrcs Clroae
u:ilo are deeply intertist& in iIfn& phl l~oophy ~ n 4 culcwe,
%'hey ~ I W E ! c:e)n?u t o Uruma3n not m l y t o rac-n Elto Lon3 but also
to occ:!uiro ralirjllaun mcriC,
'i.ilora urore ~.bhuro who caifiu! ( l~ir tumla QR tho p i Z -
grlllii~ga can:blnsci w l t l s "tmua^SsmE'. Pimy won$ fn t e~e~ te t3 tn
Hi,niluio~il. PRoy were! on n werlil Mw, i iw~evw~ Ciia tlsity ai!
'iiru~nibl.r; vlno tho object: of atkrtiction thet11. :titair tour
V:C~E cormin@ with o pt2grim3ge t o %'ixuv,:u%o, BepondDing lzMJn
the tot?,l, tima t h a t Cllcy tl~cl <.ac?~I& to i\cavote to wOt11J Wut.
The pur;aoon of tlleir pilrjxir&!ju ~tiflinosjtd QrOl'oia a de9ire
for spirikunl beriafit but no% for material benefik.
3.f tha Eor(3lcpara who hnva mink, on ,n rl,lailgrlmge
an13 k h s m who h+v,vo carr:a an i? piliirimilyc> ~amJ~inPxJ, with towiorn
are Panuicterec? togerther, their pro:?Orbi:2on wmen Cl, iwzc t3on
ortc-thid ( $5 per curt) of: t h ~ total, ilu11!13er of faii;tcjnar::
who cam tb T ~ . ~ u M D ~ Xa Pnct* lwth th tm ~ B ~ F : ~ D S L C G my 13tl
t30at33d $aga&gr iae fllgshs becaugls Wla chief obJactivp! of
visit. C@ T i d i d is the gainhy of rekigLouo &$,
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spirttual bonefits. Do.t-3 a?r;ierica <mtI k;uxope L W ~ C I E S ~
butad inam nu~nbaf at ouch pilgrims and pilgrim-CU-twlrlsts
to i:hu bnily of fo~okjncjyff at Yirurk?lo. XC i a Lt6xestFng
to no% tlknt mout p53grtrils nr~d pi lr~rimciamtmwlots Im
America hod a1ret.y visit& the te111p1,o of ea& VenkaCeshraw
10aa1;~d at i,ittobLUigh ah route t o the h a y ~ ~ B C C of Tirumla*
- k:pJlbic>l (m - .-- "...
'rho pilgrin? f io ld uf Tlxur~inla to:n;ilc r m n l a intn-
rt?3Ciny n:;atlol, t~nttemiu~g. i."som the! pilgriri~ ragiotmra
tanlrckikioil hy t t ~ u toiiipl@ auui;hidritieo, it %u evident ?&it *)to
,,. . ?~~ui i l ; - i%w tf ! i~?; ih i e , oae of p~tin:IiYdlu ~IIEsP(~c~;w. li'11~.> spatial
i I i : ; t r l b ~ t i ~ ~ ~ oi: the gill:yrlrcw itrf-{f.~6:1'lc~ t h a t ~ I ~ L I ta~610 10
r.ol~~t;c?tl nK)r$t to tho iirnvidiun apoid-iing arerat? c i n ? loai; to
tilo i.Xyiin llpncik&n~] areairs. tIotmVerr this i'iold &tirn &lca$JCJ@-
riitoa this d~ff1?~0tltX111 Laflusncu uu,c~t~:d by tho teniplc.
ihu fieh3 drrto revcnlu an if 'Ulo kc%f>lo i o u%arr;i;ly great
lnflucncc? on tk~o i~r;?vii3f,m npiiklmg arcnr, on& neyliglbze!
influenct! on the, /'.tyiiti q)e?akLt~~fle arf~ien. IIrlf! tho nnm171@23 b~e!n
eoLlwt& over an ~~x1:onMd ph:ri& aP one or *.via yenrrf, tho
ranlity would have been exactly what EJlc j?lL:.;rim xeryistoro
had j.n&j.~.catea with rofoxoncs to the ~'paeinl dl~t~ l tb t~t io t t
Ula pilgsirmr. Xl~e gre~itor tnfluasrca of the *nr~le m the
D#$vidien rapaaktng arm& khan on W AXym spoczleiny arena
my nt@fbUCar_t ta tRsz ag(*r.oXrf E U ~ ~ U X ~ I ~ diff~~eretrcet~ hbm
t W Q BCBPD.
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*:url;ht?r, it kit notic& that a@ Ulc dfstmce in-
cxeasos fxm viWnu;raEfi, the pr~po%ion af pilgrim# dewasco.
iiQdcr\lcl;. this ZTjL~ti;IEIbShl.j5 ip nm-~aniiam and inamtd d&et;-
tianal, b ~ s u m tho re2atl.oonahip ho1ds go& to $O qrf?a% WtWC
far the oriviilinn apmking arms an8 to a laasex extent to
tl-6 rirgnn s~eakinq oman. ifad it bean madam it vtes ~ Q E P C C ~ C ~
Pl.c:l.d anc? the docmiiisirirj l+xapost;i,w ~f 'tila pilgrims !\avo
;il:;o lxon nbanrveQ Riy :;~l]jE~er, ??ho~ri1~1ur-nj,' anrl i:hn!:siborti,
i.li,llh~tL.i? illlii Pill. 3
canto, ltle onmyled pq3ULation nllw~n t h a t the c a ~ t b cmga~ittnn
of tho pilqrlma docs not rofPocL thu c a s e coqaanS#nn of the
rcccspecttvvc ragiono Warn wltich tho pilgrims came, Tills fs due
ta aan~plirling wror. fn $ncC, th:bst caste ccamposftLan of! %ha
pLlgsim body at 'L'imnw~La ilaas ~Cmr9nL the C s f M C ~ ~ f . t i . a n of!
the ragfans from which the: pilgrims crane, h l m s t s l l c~ntrrs
-- 1. b j ~ r s h . ~ ] ~ 2948 4 39242% 8 . Blur&waj $973 a i f b I 4 6 , 3. CMrabarkFCI, Ha%[email protected] and P d is190 r 77-78.
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i,luravus, it i s noticed fnanr t . 1 ~ pilgrltn rc?gFstars
~ o l l at: the r'lo:!:~&ca populstiurz Uliz~ there is a high "r\m-
I I L O ,. ,.,, -, Joe?) t l ~ l r a inmn t h a t ttar. c?aity :.k T i ~ : t ! i ? ; ~ l ~ 1& rela-
kcxi tn:rre to tho f':>ru;~nrrl cmstc!ti .tli&n t t i ~ baekt~nrcl cnstal?.,
I . ? l . ! A 1 1 ' t i :Chc nncxcul text#
rqn-o:?rmt,ati~ of tho b~ch,~n~~l Ccr?nCa~;;:, . : i ~ h t ? r l ~ l ~ ( t caste8 ~ n d
:iche*;lnle:l rribsn from tilo i3rrivtAtnta tipc+a?cing area9 in thc
pilgrim Rmly nC Tirnminln. Gat .t,\~ir; i t3 not ao. Xhat is the
rcestmf ~ h o rcrnmn J,ir?c iii t h c c?cor~o~aic factom and farces.
%he pnos ecm~ornic ctnditian o f these caste ~~ tr&bnl gxmpo
Biawwqpt$ pilgrimage t tn Tirumla vl'iich lncurs heavy expan.
dikwe. filmply because kapwifie gmups, an account 02 their
pararty, mula narr; CWlFI QR a p i l g ~ W t e tu Tirumalo dales not
Ehat kha drsiby af liirunaZa i s not: relato8 t.e thoaa
trrcl.eiiiu gcwpa, Thorn evre in t e a t tha womamic ooh~DMbi*F@
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that: ~&:BF them Caater and tribal groups P m ~ t l s r ~ ~ n g ti
jQwnaY to the! t@s?pket of Tirimla. Fhsr quant2katIv~ d h h
xl>lnC& to the WL~I~LWX krtpQ1lnttion mQ tPlw figures abt;alnts?
from ail~lrSm ragistert~ mny give an exmmua M~I t ~ m t
tha :~an-InBtnn WmaXa WQSB is z a o t a d mr@ to the hi*
caoto.oa and widdle castc:c?o, llhe erctuaZ a/Cuakion $8 different,
'Xlw: deity i a r e l s W CI, all cartea but the weI,l-&%lo f!o~ou?*.
traril c+~stoaoar unlilcs the poor: k>a~IPwnxd nnaX Seh~dulecl caltes
nritl ;.ci.im3ulod Tribeat ttava tho luon~bary reooercco t o under-
tnke n pil!pfmnyc to Tirumpla. Yhlo aituntim rnollLfc?&fxl by
t i 1 oconon~ic tcfncl;oro Boas not t:ur,poxt tt.ai!t 'cha Bolt!
af ,tR.ruin;$I.cl 90 rc!Lntc:tl w r e to the iriglx caster, itnd mit?d&o
t . r i i i u olio~makkon &t?6 ncae reinforce ths conclwSon C
o i i~hi,rri?dv~aj' oncl chi15xtiilrarti. h*lnlhntr~i and :'eilJ that pan-
.tni;i;tt~ sacrr!d ~ l a c o 3 , i n cjcnor;l, aro actlatcd iccrrc the - hi yh ;#kc?. i ~ i i ~ l d l e Ccntcr;.
r.bCI? rc:>pect, tn sucnl-url!ion b>ackpounf3 of the pll-
~c!.Ix;Y, both thr 11ilgrttn regtsCisx."i am? the enn~Lw1 pwguLation
rt~vtvr!:~l, thnC &ha 1a~l lc OF: khc? pilgrirm were fmm uchan an3
scrnl-url~iln plrcea. m~Pa&~ as QIYO m e a *?my Cxom Tilmmda,
Cl~o rural component oE khe pilgrhn A~ereasas mnrsi&-?irably.
Th i s observetion fa cntktratxy to khe p@palns BeTieE that; mm:
background favours the3 trrntitutlm of pilgrimi,ye.
4. nh@r&aj IEY17 8 IU4-19'A.
5, ChskrabmkL, Wh~%&'a and V i j l I980 I 78.
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i ; l t lr ceCarmce t o the a*tucat$ma 36ve3 of p~jgr$,-
~jw.ya, tho pilwirn registar8 as !re31 ae IF: pmamt cmpitricaal
dntil X c l ~ t 2 ~ d the Eclck tJ1~it a Vast i>%lj~&-iQ oE the i2ilgfiRls
hcil soire forinn1 &lucatinn. The inci.dmco ai? the iSliteratss
I s ri9t!lff r'.C tho fll.st;mcr? Iron P!,smiula lncroolnoo tha
propartinn of idl.grimo wiWr higllc?r c&ic?at.lonal ~t%ainlrxnW
incre;i!:c!. l'l~ifi ifcmmntlon i o nlrie mntrarp to thn pagular
)t(.l. 1.i3 l: thnt c?lusrii;ioii L:; rtcill:nn i r ~ q eiia i n r : t S t u t i of pLLgrP.
Ul::,,:J,:!*
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;$;:2N~i.:$: -~g.~dJ.sr&!:ia Ti~r:: !iinriu rr.!li:;&t~u$: lit:eri?turo i,s r,:!:rlotod with
cv:.rca:::l:;i~iIrj o% ballof t h t i t visiting the iscr(;d glacoa it an
c i t I i!ui: tile occtmrian lii-~?rna*urc tclatml 'u>
;.I$,,, ~ ;~ : I I I~~~.J ! (,#); I ' ~ r 1 3 ! ~ 1 , ? ~ 8 t,!~.l'!~l!:~.~ ? l f : ~ l ~ c ! ~ , f J j1O9,? l:.kit': ~ , X Q ~ Q ! . C ~ ~ W J
i : 2 Llli! i:rii!l,:l.ri: ;lot c~13,l.y r?c$k;i.:r.i'lciia blre !u:lantiarro rrnedn b u t
<,j..q$ ;jiC7 X , : J , $ + $ , ~ , J ~ , : , L:I+:~$~>:P:G c>f: tiis ! : l ~ ~ v ~ ~ i : ~ ~ ~ : ~ . YIIO v t i ( 1 ~ cLr-
. , 3 : : t : h P : I . 1 lul
,, ,,. ~ : , ~ ~ ~ J U J , ~ X : . L ~ ~ . L L ~ ~ J ~ I ,>j, ;li(,! ~\tttr~(?c?~ii:: z1,1!1 ~ ~ ~ : > r i - ~ ~ ~ ~ i r i i i ? ~ ~ l m ~jrnun&
i:,:(c <>i>(i l :~~lg Lilt: i l , $ b ? tji! t:hc? !,&)rt.l ,>:: ~ ~ ! ~ ~ ~ ~ l ~ s i ~ ~ l l ~ ~ .
It is olvvlor~aly bow rnuch to rsxrrc~ct: that nJ.3. dovotaals
of the ?,an1 i ~ i l l hrivn nn-~!tundnnr? hnses for tha !mri>ona nf
their visits to Tiruf i~ la . 1:tt Z6;11iky, thrt,rofoxn, sow B ~ v o -
vi8j.C tho kaal-rlo of Xicuii!mla i >~C i r .u tW of n 11lt~~ly.rel i -
gloue Seeitre and &came ht;caurdn of a m4enc n@s8.
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:.$ince tho ~g)wia l t t .y cE the MSZ isr ~ F & ~ ~ s Q ~ v ~ ~ ~ ,
okmiclusly tho dc)VOtor?a M8ortiil:c n pilgrimage to the twle
l a t g e l y for the soluUcn o f kh0 pxoblms of t h e i r dai ly life?
mWor than fulPilLbng their upiritu:ual needs.
fils &cube the litesctturr? mlntml w cte pm~um cad
I af ths i,,or?l iu quit(> w l i c i t u11out urn matit bas-
eo.oidn{g cat& tiin-miw~vi~ay qus l i t i o s of tha r,ard but iC ts mre
vocal about the? ~~rob.lw~t-c;olv&q potrara of the &a&, J'or
t h i n rorh:qon, n:ore oftm Clie n l w of 8 v i f j i t to tho texry\la of
?Irur~xiSii is to iiakcr n rqueot or: Zu f u l f i l a vow.
,:Pila 1:r~a1;do in r@nrKily acct?~;i,llric? at o l l timcc~ to
al.1 iirlujrlo ~ ~ K ~ D ~ Q C L ~ V C I @E P:hcir C C I S ' ~ ~ ~ , GracB o r rnliiqLen.
i:'Urt?:hc?r, :I :&).rc?c P,nl xcLiyiorar, nccocia;~ nee1 not bn \ d t c c ? fo r
to L'olf PI n VOI,I 'ti ,,,or& :i!im r;toture nE t h ~ ~ ( E I R F ~ C i n
t i . Thr? rr;pukotic:~n o f tho t811pLt? hnli r ~ c s l trr?nr,cm~~c~T t h e
br3zu~tiarica of l; l~t> cowtry. ':.'lrexfldc~re, the di.st,nncu Smrn tho
dovotsos4 nrr?n 02 origin 1s lol37j ant3 W@ pllgrimgn Wkwn a
lotl!~ Cirno, tsnuolly r. fa!, d n y ~ txa cvro b~r?s>?cn or even m!>ro.
l'ho pilgrims ara thur: not only fmm UIZI~ country hot &so
fmm owerfll othar cowtxtas (3mq GQntir3F11LSr
tpclcific nokiva i s t h ~ balifl of kho iailgrim8q~.
Ths templa i a a s ~ c i n l l y favaurcd hy pilrjrtms with D D Y : C ~ ~ ~ C
pwmal of matartat dslaSrrzs, mat&!ss ma probZem, Tho
BLveraS~y af pilgxlzn b&y is tam# of @aUal ly wide arctna
mwrlis how &ex k e q h af high #m@tl%y CYa Q ~ M U C I V ~ M tkm
d m - x af p i r ~ Z n u r V ~ ¶ n d w q on a dZstank 8eiky tar
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solt1ki.m of at~~%&f.teaaa mil pmblem OE Qadly l i f e . %liar
obrtamtion, rotnfnrccrr the calrclulusim of ~ h n r a a " that
i,)eol.~Xr! t m c l t:o amrt: thherii~elven more ro&:iilly for n higi.cjilky
~[ienlf Emy,, st;ronl:[ly dcuircv3 rasulf; than fag more ::$r?nsral
nnnpcc3.fieA goals. 13uk *.he dilt:~ 19 ineificqrrato Q cwntfnrliot
rho conclrlaion of ~hnradwclj" t11ac gilgriiiw who viere bow3
fu r t i lo lengthy all-Pn&la pl1grirdagc? I # ~ > R C ~ lacrst coneomnit
iif:out Chci oj,rnciPicl :jonls.
'i,'ifi cn"ccl;jrlyy sf ):,urymar?a is of greot itnpostanes
br?c:iu.m? 1;: t o intinmtc-ty related %itfh tho eoclnl, ecunor~tie,
errJ ptlic'r corltliCrLmr; UT the DOCSCIFIS ~,?i?king a pPFIgririk~~o to
I 'Pl~c! iininl!pnin rcwo~la l~ow the Siff went guqpsos
tor iukiFch tl>o pilgrl.ma mtlr?rti.,ko ig j n m e y ttz, Tfmmola bonr
0i~!nl.ficcint r o l o t i o t m h i ~ ~ o to the class, caste, aacxri~iation,
miueati.:>n, p01itI1:~L liiic, nnii rodiyiavm stxtuo of tho
$.<iI.:.jrirw.
:r,t~(! eln::n ntatuo is O i r t ~ c t l y rc:latrd t o the propor-
t i0 .n of thn clnvnten who cumw an n ] .~l l ! fri~i inj~@ wikh ;h~@hl
P U ~ ~ ~ O S C * I ~ i i l lgh~il t i le cconomlc otntuus, greater vai.tl he Wte
sey~roscnkat~ion for the j?ilgrirn:; -+:l~o visit 6118 ke:~:cj:wolr! on
s f r ~ i ~ l t purj:ronos.
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pokitk!~l ~ltivellr, t;@NWally epeakdngr belmej @ me middle
c lass and d r h .
i3roadly speaking, @ass variation are r~bbsnt with
r~)Qarorico f;o the pilgrimages un$~lrkakon w i * aducational
mtlverj. However, bias in favour clE a @peelfic ecorrmic
cXams, my bB founil i n relation to a ,pilg~.ir,1~gc? apocially
unlart:?l;e~n with tha rmtive of dwlkcaUi~g a book. In Pact
I t i o ttlu rich or those who arc! g a t m i d & by tha puhkic
iilnne can ii&iici>t~ thk?ir baoka to the deity bcsi~unc! tletlbca-
tion of R 1,:ork involve^^ flnjlllc~3, ~ I I ~ ~ U L ! I ~ L I C Q and other aecolos
factors,
The xliiturt! af econar~iio l>sublnriin far tho solutiwl
o!: libicb tbu ~lcvoteen have undertc?lic:n a ptlgrintaylc depend5
t!.y20n 'khc cLaoo atat,i\.uc 02 tl'ia dwoteen. Tha )?car axe nmra
canccrnc+d ~1it.h thc 1,roblerno of their auutonanm. Tilo ~ ~ i c ~ ~ ~ l t ?
clt3r;s orf: a1:feckorl by ,problc!1~3 of doficlk. Eilmily isudgo.!xa.
Uut "de rich are cancr:sneil with the Invct;~cnK?nk, 8avFngu ;mk!
iiuye yrofitru. ,i'lie ecaaomte niotivc?~ of ,&he ~ > f L g r i n ~ g ~ + ~ ~ rwc!t31
+&e actucll 1ip;tt"rial ci>niliCPorjs onrl t~rnblt?~iil, uf the pllgrb~w.
More of tiao poor than ak the rniitd1.a Qlosa am9 the
rich Uodertrtaka pilgdmagca baaed m dmnomic l!ntivss. Plrir:
mntradfct@ tlie ~,oguLar bdliaf t h ~ t the nitridla eLnan and tiic
rLuh e r s suacqtiblcs t.a more aconmic problems ~ r ~ i x aro j~surlu
f a w j ~ ~ t ~ a Bilgsimagcs m account d mmnamic pUXpQS@8,
'Phla obslamaams indfuaCe th&:hai: Chs b c ~ u a o of thdr
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pen to r callcern f o r t h e i r l ivel ihnad o m more afsr"lfated by
octnot':cic psQhlurns, hmce W~ey bsve a 3 o ~ 3 e t re1)rebanC~tion
stnan,:;st tljo !iilf;rri:nn wi:a vLsit+?d w i t h economic intrtbvas.
Yhr, Qat~o-!1Lotinotibr~~ of pilgrflnts are n h o ralnhd
CR tho pilgrllil;rgno k)nsed ?don s6jligboua puy!?osea. jti;mg tllnso
w ! ~ Cililli? or1 ~ o l i r j i o t ~ s ~1U8[IOSE:Ot tb1t3 r(8prcsantneinn of ale
r1116'11.a nEb:18n intl tllc? rilcti is $evar~l tiitioc.> mncJro t t ~ i ~ t lmt 02
Chc! poor. 'ibL!; Arr~li ; not liic?c~n khiik tllc 1:)ons. art! ! . o ~ rexi-
L It only mc;ars i:k~e.l; hocauoe 01: cnri:?:in habits, i~mfie-
t:u:rcy a;: iaolie:f;i~ry ronoutco:k @nil ~il~iilomice of urgency in the
YuXflli;ronc o f rcliyiouu aeczda tho poor taka tlrcsir: d'wn ,Cllilo
tx) caiiic: nn n p i l g r i n i r ~ g @ >en& an rclPi~ioacr ijurl>oeeo.
'4'izc: purr:lonclB f o r which tho pil.grl.rrinc;tls sro unflets.
till/l3ll iXJ?? c l l ! : ~ l2:>l.;l'ki.il 1..> Cn@tC? 8takI.I:: #.inti rjri>F~?~~ir)-!ial. nt..nkl
.,,I I . ! I F ! px01.?kc~ti!i nf ~ ~ q x ~ 4 S . c , t n ~ > i , I Ley ( 3 f cven k.:3 i13tc: robslk~i3 t3
ec.)rt;id.n si1otc.s or :~toP;~:;8Lwrto. C:ofit,~:>l CC 1 . ~ x 9 . L ~ ~ tLn1tdy
r;!;!fljs ::.nil I)c!ttcc r:rn>p$3 n u ? "i!. t,m_n,r&I:l.ct:~~t1:1.1~ evnlt::; c3f agrR-
clfl.1:\jr;iJ, ca::Cc!n, !.*rlcc: !r+.l:c!, Bd.(jhr:?: :,m;lLCr: ani2 bottcrr
r,;ivin!y:: arc! the unforcse,en oventf. aE ioesc~ntile~ crintoo.
Urrusu;~l d~rtlimd far tii~nc?lcriicnCt:> i n an una,:!?cctad evmt ~clatrni
t o Zthe artiaan castwe* S P F ? C ~ E ~ ~ sej.lg$eua event not cctcr-
brat& every year rmy sCtr8ct: pr10~1Qy 6 8 & ~ QKIUpB. FIUrC-
wer fie i3leshmL~ar or px,rLeaUy caste gxoups ere re l ig ious ly
wm m & l e gmupar. ii'hle V ~ ~ l e y a e or the nusrc8afile ymups
am rnwrc ia l ly mre r&ilo gmps. Y k m m i s no wondlsr if
gilgrhs Im euch 1mbi2a cetsnla @mpe hwidea thaae JEmm
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n ~ ~ r r l Qkh~f Gnat* gxoupa that face pmbleirs o f wpmd&c-
table events, a6istwnEilrs in largo nunb&rs a t a aacxd place
lilco Tirumale. d i p a r t fmm tha c?d&t.%Med occupstlearal
$JCOU:3dr there ace pfOfesai~unnL clasoccl 8uch aa the blue
collnr wWk:)tars, mnnagers, $,hyaicians, mcginaars sncl inidus-
tcii~liatsj. They tm hrlvc? ~axubL~?rns ai~laketl to :nrapr&3Lewbi-
lity oli events cnnnc?ct.cxl with tlihir grof~rioafana. Tho Went;fl
aray Bo ~)ri)i~,[.[).l;i(x~ in job, tznn~,E~.'r fram one 1)Zaca to another,
m::jni:.ra,bion f:rori~ i:or%ct,i~in ch;ar.jno, fovourtl of kossca, suceass
ia stargory, on c:ngi~let?riog f ea t ox Aozwiiiilncl fo r :?pcciff.c in8.uu-
Crinl 1)rr~Oucto. 'Lliono nepocts o f tti(? puqmoee of jsil(yl*inwgn
nr:w1 inuch ilurthfw tnvesCLgaEton LhaC hsa not boon poosLh10
111 the preoenc f!ielc2 enquiry.
! I ;incgo::r::!> includr. tlzosrn nli:;ioirc puruu?$t,!o witbch axe
~: ic? i , i~ t : bar acgtlirinqi ~mrit , accuri~ul.n~Lon nP mssit ; m i l the
%'hay do not signify any vow# or specific ceremandes. +ihan
a gilyrim says Chnt he hag, corm? @itQly Eos piigrimfigo, far
seeinq We deity ox fox taltiny aacx& bath it mean8 he isi
l ikely ~a parfarm csrtnkn rrligioua obnlsrvallcrso, reten and
cercm$as appgoprtata irea the p&s?n, including s hnLy bath.
Hewav#r, rites land c w l e r e are! mat LWrbqnt in ~m8s2vear
tihay dra dwirabla acljmcta ta yf2grimeg*.
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. , ih@ W@cific P~rposea af pilgrimgea, on the con-
txarp, alcc cmct:rn~xl l a r ~ c l y wZCb me's own pemon. Tho
iievotcc Vo;r..i t o lll~.Ics ~1Lgrtrnaqa o r perfam certrraln smns-
cury or trtatcr3,nl sacrifices to deity wboata help he
1 o r $7 c r r o r n '?tie sa6182, ecrmtsmic, &u-
cst.in!?nl, lir:cltt~, p o t t i c f i cnil!a rcL PqPorx~ purpouoo
ili.'c:-cyclc purposua) n:i:y l>o inclucllcx? frr .the 8ycclfic cat*
qory o.? !,ur,o::ou Pcrr they trra criuzcemt!d rrlti~ :hc;pc?cik'ic,
i , l;i::ychi?logtci-l, c?{iucntinnnl, m?i1ic!ol, ]:~ulit;tcitl and
I : I '.il1:1~0 I.:.: nr:~thin(j t l w t is spiritual, per SE
111 tiic!::e r;;,c?cific f:JUr&>O3aE# brhbcll may Snclurle iicrtliro for 4310
clrru of : ilclt'rennoss, for a fi~jle offopring, for: a swl0able
miite, for u r;uocoscfuf walliIii?g, for bcc;$;or cwps, fax highholr
i t , for nllc~vvintinrj anxiety aver job )?rom~tim, Eur
cc?c!u~.~~!rattori from illnc!:~, for nuccesa in exatntLnntLon, for
nl'!mlsoion into an ~uca tbonal inatitutiuil, ?far riinntng an
elnctlori and ao an. :thc$e [>ur~osas a m $:,i~ro.Ly ~nundane r!nrH
peromlol but ~ i x ~ n y apponr W clang to t1kO realm of r6Aiglt)n
bcci~una the pilgrim nhcfvn hta [email protected] on t h e su~ernotural
? ;.hbr; 6iopanlhinco Srs m:psn::;i:c%'i ist the fnsrn of cvmmit-
a V O ~ I B ~ xitu,cln nn;l cextzt~o~l%e:i presclribml by the r o l b
ttts, rituals and ccr~monic!a tiaek ho yetEom~e, arc mmornly
asvices fog the :htixyc?c:el?ncy o f tha attaini1:arf of (;lie cleai~&
gosjl. 52
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'rhn ~lulsccllancou~ pW~JQa8~9 of p91grimg~u incXu8a
O~uriot or nure ~ I ~ i t f . n ( ~ inntex~att9. i i Q m ~ pilgrim8 i,rt$EeJr
WJ ca l l Chorn~elvua t ~ u r l f i t n or vlaitaro. Sottic? kiaalrEl:y irusi-
nosmnan. wdl-UE.ilo fawtm and sol~riec2 :yuvemni.rrt nq?loyces
ZIceider~ mmny foreigners tiika ten vaeatfon en(?, corm c-,o 'l:fmmsln.
as tourfoto andi v i s i t a r ~ ~ en3 rr;jx?nil kin@ '0 im away front iha
I t i 0 I i n i l l r c Thln saiilp1.&j
::ill:ufia!r: ('lo 11o.l: i.nc:i.r~i;Ar ?,tic! nlS.nci,:!l,li:1n~!(1111n cntcqory but
;.?l:on!fci"i.tlrc: Porci.iw!ars tfbio viod.tr:il t l !~ r:t~~ni,l.a, ;I vast ai:ije-
r l ty Ercln~ig to thr: i:il~ic~ll?Plot;ta!: catecjnrp. :if thc. Fozcii(:\vzrit
snrl t;litl c?ev.votcen 5rc.i;; In i l in arri canol~:lcrcil 'e?9gwtlli?r on1.y ml
Lnsl.~nfi-ictn.i; I o f I . I i iklelu<ic(l i n tho mlaeoXn
X,!ncou:~ cntc!,i:xy.
,., ~ I i o nl:?jvic catcr~!?rizc~!.ion of the purponrs of pilgri-
friarjr: rmny noti be 6:x4-mlnl?;l l.n rci;niorn t,o ktii c:i,irn.JncIion natuce
oP the! tc81i:iI.o trji ':.'i):iimola ~ ~ r i t l the? i?:\roor;oo oE kilo vLnltw of
t 1 i~hi~rililw~j" ~0ncl.uI1FJ(r thi~t: pan-in:llnn shrL~es
ou no1.l na S1-m !;u:.~rc?,rc?gi.n;~i~L nhsdnno cu.ca .L~>:iyc?ly gansrab-
purpo::c oric?ntert but ncrt .s;lnci.Fic-]?~e(ii)~ie r>rfontr?d, That
moonr;, nuctr hl.yh lh:veL shxitlos nr'c vf*r.L4:@!i ,Lilrq@!y for gc?i?e.-
~lr l yul;sQsUf$ :fe*. ell&? v ~ u $ . ~ J ilIC3l~ag r!E!!r&& 20% ! J ~ n @ r ~ l
purification 2nd to a srziilll c.xecr,t for i:pwific ;lUrJ>O8We
uur the pxi'aont w1uIry 011m tttcit a pamiiinclu twnpln like
&at of' r$gumpa i ? q luo vtsited l;irqaiy for spaclfic puLpnsa8
&cause the v i s i t # utrca xllciW1 tm 8pctEic gaxoonnl or relate-
rial, &$ir@s, mtiv.vaar r%nB p r ~ b ~ e ~ m . iihuthur this $8 an
P
la, &hpt*aw&j 1973 t
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~ c e p t i o n or Wore m rsmrsl. okhws of th ia typc m y be
understood Only in khhe XigtiJht o f twehee raeearchea related
M tilo solationnhip b@cwhe~n the puaoorss of %he, pilgrinv
and the levels of slncrstl places.
Is~!Torc! f%or:iining{ khaw the tc~q$~dc vf TlrwmoLo li@s
: i 1 : 1 intc!r!rntion, i t w i l l . hc bo.i.tr!r t~ linow what
r::;:;.ct.ljf l a t i ;c ::oci.o-eiilter~l i1ivi.rr:St.y 91: bj.Efr.:rent villngoa,
+/\::ti::< aar:i ot.hcr cok,1~1:11it! brt irrlli,;: QIIC?. hob? tlli?~ ~~ivc~r1~Lty . . i , . it. I , t I Ilii.! jjx'&.'L IX.UBI~?L~E)T ~f
etrsti! ~xuu~lis In T1zJis in;ikcl tktt! IitiiLno ~13eic71 8y:~kc;ir1
unic!ur: unc?. i.vcrt %hri ot~iallufi;t i~n~~iluis kill iltive two or
tllrcj!v ca~:c (JL.Oul)li iij.fJ1L11 Cl lClr L~.r~iu~ldaxi~^j~'n, iJ11ii lRE011 ~iilii-
ges, Q)wna on;: uny Qtti~r given LfxoLtty, ~uay cani;airr ea
many a s 30 or 40 t1li:fuent Ooute I ~ ~ Q U ~ B . Sowewar, vlthirr o
? well given lwnl i ty , the rank of @very ccosta ia mrt? or lo.;,
& @ f i n d in tetmd of rFtuaS purity and iplXukL,iont nccu,:)at;ion,
1lftpatyl;le or myt&.int~ &a@ thnt 19 hi>orCant in clete:eri:~ini~ag
metal worth,
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Ritual PllriW, on5 its ogbp~sLte, r i t u a l ,poSluUon,
refor to n a;crsan'n o l i g i h i l i t y ;yo w{~$roach the goBe. '%'ha iiratunlnn nrc rLtu!'lly ~ W Q (alttiough *!pay m y be pollut@
hy c ~ r ~ ~ ~ f n u ~ ~ ~ t r m c a o or i?eo~ie) condust twny rituals
for pm,pld in the w:mnwrity. iila ficheclnlwl Castes m tho
~tt~c?r Iiolati, or@ rit11i:klI.y p o l l u t ~ l paopSa vk~o may no% cntar
any of the tc?;r!?loo ~,xsopt t1:lroir own. Ont?'s sCnto of lrituilt
:,lurity, llot~c?ver, iiapemis lnrqoly on iris eaonsintton with
, to~li l t inl~j things, fur tila cclrsto p~rtpJ.c! :1IvIcIe 14) thuir ~ I Q X ~ C I
in.to gubsjtnnctrs th:,l: ilr>flll? iml :rSntnnci!s t h a t purify.
I~c: C C U G ~ ~ I Y se t t ing far allch nsswintion i u occupei-
tinil. Iha lirahln%ns nra high bacouan elleg or0 prlentn
work vitir t!io qol'ln, not pclllting nt0~stmcc~. 3110 Veisytm
I::il?l~ ncxt t o ?:ili: 1il:iiiii;rl.no ir:?c-irtr;tp, tilay linva t:o dnpaglR 11pm
trac:7,e !i!Iicl? Lnvolvi)o irorli viiklr i.iuii~:~n bi:j,L~~gn, no6 p:>l.lotin<i
?,uk3ot.::blca;.i. '.tClr! ;1(j1:'hcul,turP3to ; ~ r i l i n~cx:: t o tlic? tr<a!err$
bcenucc? Choy derit o i l t i ) c~~St.ivl'!tiora t.;hi.ch invnlvor; touch with
m:lny potlutlng :;uJ.itit;:nck?:;. 'fbc! axtiaim costcs rmk next to
tlln nyriculturisfr; f a r thuy dank with ~mixJ-cuCting, iZOr1-
rrorltinj, pr~tti?ry-rimking nnd 80 on t~lifch involva aetw sf
~ m l l u t i o n ~ u c h u s rmoing death to Cha tnme a110 Ina@cW
l o t at perspiration tmd t t ~ o cmn of BCILIVR. 'the barhers nrr?
impre bcciuaar they cu t ha i r ilnd nnilrr, but theae Chinr~c; a r e
not, terribly defiling, so h&csrs hold B rmk bolotl tha
a&tsan gmupr. %'he rank af w a a h e m $8 Sower bacsrlas their4
mrC WILA FLoUring *hahad hen b a n cantPuntnztted by
WM.& wine, an& pcsrhopr wanslwual h l m l . 2Aa Gchrbd*d
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Csates rimk tlwi lQwefPlt bccauscl they deal with deed animls.
aometim t.arlr with humtnn fecao end othor leavings*
6'. ssocancl a e t t i n j t h s t Ckfli~sffi attxibutaa of z$t.ual
purity i.r dir19.!1~f- jccnusc the r i tua l purity of fc~oa varies,
psopla ccln be rat%? mccv~fling t a what tt~oy er.i't. 'ihe nza~i-
iilinri nal Vaiayns arc! mt%? purer because Wicy are vegatxarlens
and a:; such tk1c3y nvoirl siimt, ?iialctr it! dc,Siking heceuss nZ
itn hooocfntion FritPr (4ewkh. Xniost aLf. othor caotoo ore
i n - v : t ~ r;u they rank h a 3 ~ 1 !'jmtlmino ant3 tile
V~iiayrls, in thlii et>~ltcxt file0 thus0 Li; u r;?,nA%ntj v~hidi 40-
gcndn rlpon the type of: meet (pal. m o t , chL@kt?l and park1
oni? mt:i. I'hfi :i~I1Cilfie?i I:aGtE?S i \ rC Xiill'l;.6,di th~! l01108t hS:3klB€l
uivy (>t,i.t t i lo cxtroi~~ljr contominatkng food rlamolg beef,
iltldez f n c t o m r~l?o indicate LwcXs of ritual. p3lkv.-
tio!~. ?)rinkinq LLcpor a5 not a &mrticularIy ptzra tlrinq k3
do. i,'coplr! vi'r~o cusko?.oianril!g h'ncwurily~'? i>lLflor.i reraarrP;i<jr! in..
of 11:~i!uirirvl o i,creavt:.fl, rromn to sl,!racl ti10 rea t of her
I l f ! ~ praytn(j Eor her ilenfnil I~usbri~ij, ~IPC i1!13x1? dm~~ura th'm
t;hcine (jro~i!~~ W ~ O R C vLdo110 rrnmtn wmnrrie12. !:r(~-marikd
anoxvnl. rslntl.ans and ,tkt(? fzoe ~il<~vrn!tc?ult of r;omon in pc~l?lic
are alsto Bigno of low status eo bc iiv~ideC1 11y hiqhox ran1:ing
gxoup8.
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sefera ta the l u l e n tlrt!C govern who trlay dine vjith *wh~rn.
Caste peo;lL(? 11c:~~cVc Clii?t !?nllution i!r confaqioua, ewing
freere~ nnr: pawon to tho IIC~XZ: l i$e D cwbn<tunicabl~ Q&(lilsB.
:'citcr and fowl0 jrfi~.t&~iLZilrly f.'oo<X %hat i s ~ X O ~ B W ~ k>y
biikiilg or )Joi?hcc t ? z l n ~ m i C :lkl.klut:ion rlD8t readily. Cons*
ri.ucrrt:l.y, bf90::rle i3xatrcisa i~r!?et cnra to civtjiil cowkrrmination
iii i~cq.:r.:crg)tiilg ~tetl food. E ~ O N I otiwr!~. ihay u r i l l o~ l ly ~iecept
t: 11;:j i i l lavirr <:.cI~,&c'R 02 c:!~uR~ UT. I ~ l g h i . ~ g t 0 t ~ 1 : : illid * i s ~ O X ~ I
oi: dili:i3~;:ckZoii i!rcivdc:li;::1 ii rc!adi;iLy al>:x?rvctl;L~r ay&ol of their
pl ;~cc i n :;ottliil rariking, Jl te I ~ . v ~ ~ I I ~ ( I L ~ I s , :.'or ~ ~ ~ ~ 1 1 p 1 . t ~ ~ v1 iL1
I t a 1 0 I a , rlttdicating filcrir aui:oriar
pasLtfolr t u n13. okhcr :jrouyc. Ilhr: ;.rchmlulex7 Caste groups
accept, food :two> cvory <>$her cnale, vivitily doinonstrating
ti!c!ir loi.s:;t. ntatzt:r, ll'ieanui-jc ol" Illr:r2o> m11trictians. i t i n
not mnuoucil Par nnt? t~ :of3,.li? i i ~ + > r a k ) ~ r : ~ UC C ~ B ~ O B ciooltinq tt~rrix
Coljd uo]:ii~ratnly ;it i'i ~O~, i :un i ty tonst.
y r r t~ i c l r L ~ ~ O K : J t o phhy:lteal d la tonco btamen
y,cr:;onn, Lr: nnatbi ,r interi!,ctloirnY r~!c?oaux:t? of rank. 0nl.y
FC!U,:C: \JX:,>UIJ:) 02 r o l i ~ i : i v ~ l y cq~dnL mn'li: i.rlL.1 *it tqather i n
J ince i:!t {I fc;i:~t. ' iho ::iclu?ilulu:l Ctriitao pro c P u 3 u i f l e c l a s
untc.~ur?l.ribLc:~ bccnuuc? pkiynical coi~%;icct rr ' i tkr them w i l l poLluto
~~&ij<&r~ WE t ~ i g h c r cr!oton. Y l ~ i . ~ ' t i n why 8chsdulad Caotoa
l i v e i n separate hzuitli~ata eC the of a community.
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an4 self-effxcing !;uinnur. In Chu prcsenncc 0f nigher caste
mrnberrs,
' T h 1 . ~ i:~ri.af iiiaacmn%nn (j.v,vr-e s? pfctu~e of t h e ntt;"cri-
butt?!? ntlil fntoc;.ctS.wls b~ikwf:pn canto ,?roupa nt: M e Lc!vcL aP
s rtsr-3 or an rlr.hi~n r?<>i;:~.!mSky. I t rev~i~lti tile socio-culku..
r:%Y, r;livcriiQty in rtrr(!X :.it?<: irrk,sn ce>%?i;.unlt.Ln~. .:it t h o s::iiic
t:%nn 1.k i:iJ.GQ l?i-.v.::13, !ti.):; ;?nrtit?b!?atim~ fyf <!ive&fl63? C ~ S C C
:!r<:~;r>zj i n ~~ii~!i~irnfJ.y ~'C.)~IDC:. ~:i?~tivc!fz: nwj noinn oti1eltl.r act$-
vi::tc:~ i.jrilit~i!: ~il$.t:v i>~(il,rlr:.t t I l v ~ r ~ ~ l . t y oOB tkw? C ~ O * gri>t,~pa.
il!x!r!vor, ctVoil i.ll; I;!rh? tfnl:? of !~tr~,'aiP~::t~ting O f unity, klae caste
!jix!q:~:: ~ I Y C i)i:i\~1 to d:l:;plny 1:hcir fifvorc;il;y a t t h c Icv~ l . of
< I c ~ f ? l ~ ! ' ~ l ~ ~ ~ l i ~ t y .
tt t i I ? . ' i , 13 . t I 1 : l WWi
I i : : I : ! . Isillfcr!~ilt~~!~t4,0~.1,~1 bnarrl on
cnt;l;c:, C~.:I:I,'>~ c)c!cI~.,~?I?.~.cw~ /?k?d e c ~ ~ r ~ o r ~ j . ~ r~t:>kus :II~LJ:I; .~*.~>:iy ak
1 8 1 '1'1141 ii~';!i'liilf.n~:;~ ?:!LC< it;:\.injj3~1 21,210 SO!:((> 0thriltl.r CiikIb:!
grtriu;ai':i v~hl.!.c~ !jcrfnsr~~fiilq ?i!)i;ic' of! t!:!le.?.r i.d:Er-cye1.a rLtusLs
outnl,rlc ,l:ilo ti!lii!rl.o of ':j,ru;iii~ln r.~i:~y lic!m.:! U ~ I tilail? ! 3 f J ~ ~ ~ - l % 1 ~ -
gioun i i l ~n , t i ty nnil thnrt:by ju r . t i ty tiit.Fr unpcr:Lor Stati%J.
i3uC 15nc<! fhr!y entux: tho enr,~il;llc?~ ,tl~e,y rmv~,! ;.lOng with pC:l?dl?
of rlny cerlcfl, crew? OX relbgton an8 EuIELl their v!>k~s or
8W the Lard.
The tern:>lcs itsolf induilm sweral aWols t h 3 t
silgnirl, racrib.culturn3. uqua1Sky of all the d~tvatatas. 1%
srhatmnsl of myayaf oauplas in their atan8lng peoture with
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falfl& hands s l i g g c ~ t c & ~ a s a i a t i n e t f a n s iikika r i c h ma
t h o poor are istralwant far t h e ~ a r d * ~ h o statue8 of the
r:uslirn t 2 0 ~ 0 W t ~ f n their BUndinq ponkwe vtI& fold& henas
hesfdr!o those O f t h e iifnl!M ludevntocn a w l i s @ hn re l ig ion
P B no 11uxd~c t ,3 rro:ich the l,,ord. :<he acczpEancc: of the SrL-
vtrink~ni~vite idovvatnow riho bolo~ql:A ra .tho cai;kt?,?a ~f ppfieatp,,
! u ! oostiarrt nriO ~ntouel1aF~1~1:; i n t o tha PoZd of
r - n v ~ i i n t h w n indicnten hob1 cookc? ~ Z E DQ barnlor W
tnnvc love for the Lor(Y, rec!?kve thm bLesn!.ngn of ?:ha 1,10rd
iirld bc ona w i t h t ho L~Qrrl. Occqmtlon ~ I n o iloa!w not ha~~!per
wac*:: nl?pwo:ich t:o tb~a Lafil o f !L'fru~ia?ln. l'rnOS.tton h s ~ it
t:hi!t i i priest, 13n cj(jsil?ulturi~t, a ~(lttL@hi!rd, a 1eakhE)Z-
;.,ock~?r, i: ocl~olsr , e? singer, a di~ncc?r or even n p r a o t i W t e
i?i:!~~;ri,~c! their occty,akko~?nl i!FversL1;y had ;1c?ru2red n.pZritual
c!Ccc:;s to thi! i r0~d.
i . * ; i ~ i n , tiic:! r:r?li(lLuus 1I.f tei:ckcrt? Fif(lhli(~1lt:l irtnumc-
r.nl:ll.c? i;;ykfz;: v;i:klScll rtrvc!;!l l-laol: rhr? Aryan ?.rr w~1.l nr: ttlo
a~ravividlon ~p~:rk$.ncJ paw;>lo ware crxtlnlly Sicvotsxl tQ tho IaXcl.
ilic nnsccto.i.fon of various ~ l l r i t l ~ ~ v i t h tl10 nninc.?o of royal
pcrsonagcn, rc?lSglous ntnlwastn ntrd grost nn~st loe of: JJravi-
dinn origin, tho ns8oel~C26n r,f nuniffieant g ran t s alaia g i f t #
of l an~ l , galfir oilvm, jev~@llery, fit38 ):?fecf.ous abnao t,fitil
the ~ealet ly , wi$h the royal fnrnilter: an& ~ S t h U I ~ ntlmLnbaQre3-
tlve andl army of f iea t8 fmm var.rfoub Dravidian an11 Aryan
regianmr and the aaaocirrtiw ail various hnLy waterfells uith
mwa PanBavae, %rJ, Ramr i3esaraChii babi~3ea tbam OP
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nnciant naans af Xum$ura, ngnsthya, KepiLa ma so an #*a-
1Lse hati the Lord hod bwme irnp*nf k~ bow che irryaflaf
;rnrl tile) U+i*viiii*na, Wily elre k ~ r x l t ~ r l n l , racial , 1iuyliaCSc.
occui3cationa1, soctal, rconornic, ~~.I.Ltfc& orad rcZiginus
factor:; uc!ro no lr!tj;r&dl~lta, a t l i??~zt idcaliy, r3 ti.vfship
t i 9 . . tind how t.h~ Zlow o~t cltrvat~ga ?%an1 a l l gmupfj, from
a l l :.,art::; imn(.:i a t a11 tim:?:; of Iridia to Wte tofnglcl of Tirufl*I1i
::jpi~li:~oli::ei'l [email protected]'al intc~gralirut irk '&?mnfi oii ia cawqta-
litan i~utlonlr , unlvc?raa:L hrotl~cdlocd :1n?3 qsfrStuol unity,
;.!:ven the sacre3 functionnrino a t tlla ten\ple aP
:riruvneLa tlynk~olien how the n0cica1~c111~x&l divnrskClnn nrn
ia:~::?t~rinl i n sonring the Lor<?, seetng U1m &om3 an8 amking
nn:l.v;ltinn frouii Uro i~Qxc1. 'Fhcy cotan corn differant csocna.
Uot tlue !prL~x~i:I>.l.~ sf ~c?NIc(? tae l~~ nlwny* boc-in xlght, hna
i ~ l i i t ~ y ~ be@n thrc?h.!:kng in tE1e xovurcmc@ &or mnarvicer in klin
inte{jratir~n of 019, snc7 irr klta yror~a$jokiori sf tlao booic prln-
ciy)ic~:> oi; univer~~i.11 ~ t ~ ; j ~ d . i t ~ e
!the t,f:n~)?lc of ' ~ i r u ~ i i t ~ l i . ~ hi.? dlci~iyc addn~itted rwn,
r:oIl:Gn and ci.iilclrr..r~~ .rLs long si12 @i~c?ijut?m<l lifnt%ry rcv@nla
~ICJG; wt?ri c'lutlng t l i c u.:oroQ,,eriocl uk vjutuan'w degraaation, tho
te1iy;ilc l~ i l r l thrown i t u i:inorca opt?ll t,cb kiol~on of a1.L entocjorins,
be thay vlrcjinu, married or wirlo!vo. Tho temple history i s
inpiate with asvwal wm~!iplea l i k e coneart a£ 'i'irumrln-
nattbi, the wMaw n m l y Tarlgondtt Vmkectfimba, the acnraral
vaacrW vttginra who noC only rorahi1>2& the Lord but a l m by
their dwat ion ta %he Wrrl bit8 Mame woxsh%pful, or rWSm-
ti& ta tha, p i l g r i m * NQ ~ X s a m p m L tfi nffiasnwy Pep **
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tempin's ~ ( i l e i n kntqrattng tho man aM women by ignoring
the cmns-acx difformces An rnnttms of ~ ~ X i g i o s i t y .
Tho @cs,l~lU of TimmLa irZso provi&r en emiron-
i i l~ll: :lithit1 whlclr "LIQ s@elaJ. dt@t$.:iwtio:~~ of pilyrtm::
i\t!Ry. i t kltr$l dlraudy hean l l t~n t fo ] l~~ tj1qa.r: type 02 ~0;oeinL
oriltx c!xPota in a village?, a DX iiny cUlcr cuwrau?dty ift~
I ! ! I t fu ;ill o,r~3i1r bar;cd ~ $ 1 ~~t~~qijl~~ui; di.f&gmc~s mjd
tiivr?rsil;ic;s fu tcxr~ls w2 isccujiati~~l, fdal l~(ibL:-$., ca !~ ,~ !@ng~~ l t ty
I I rfucll a cocj.al o*.ciog <kiuirpi.@cil:.n i3:3 pif-
r:,sil.~?i i:t!i!ch khc? p;c,:iajc;t:; 4s '&I@ keifij:~].~:. "'1). c;:r;.Lca can
viui;. the! aiixictuin NOIIC~O~:UI:I. In 'ii~~? rush r:iL pi.!s:~rins i t i n
i i i ? ~ ~ u ! l i ~ ~ l . r ! Car ttcc i~bgi~c':r c;+ntc>n Lo avoL11 r:~rtling i n to phy-
:.?ica!. ctin"cici: i-iith ,khc louos. eih:i.(..&t:i. .;k 'cikc? Ciiflc? QE swd-
I t I : I c b 1 J V . 'ihere
1 I : : v 0 i t J ,tile ?~uej.n af
;,~]~,>,;;:i~;,>,:i,~~{ f,>i: (:.!!>tt:, t n :c%:ct+~i:v;i;br:j ,thr: 1>1,,~:::3iXli~~$~ 57Wli1 tho
S . . i :ri~a'i.lr;el~., ';IIc; I.ioEy fsnil (!9snnc:<:t;,1n) :~Efacr!d to
,?lr:: r1nlt:y ci~ii9 3.ptcr IIZR'C..PI~~UP~ ~~~IZ IXITJ: :~ t11c !,j i lyrlinn m ~ y not
I?n refranefl try il ~.4.L:!rlrtt r~:: Ill<;h~:?r c:aotc? avcn l.2 hf.8 turn
corlli>pi !,:r!Por~ :~?r rill.kcl: 2 i?f:Lgrirti o.C i.ewcr cnste. :In ttlci Prea
distribution of f o l d crvcry <ley f o r t h e t,ituusnndci of pilgrlina,
neither the tulns of ~miaf!nanlSty nor* the namo of prmllnify
err, &ssmnred. 8, CmhmZn rozy a t t no%* ti5 to n<ch~luZeA Cnsts
person in n kine of pilgtima. Zhaar? rritunkions in ria:?nA out-
side t;ha t e v l a yrlv~ius ths pt3grlmra w i t t i ern wjsmllty wlrlch
An the pmfasla world doas not taxfat. This provirled a &ear
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waw?lo of cocio-nilttirel integratLun 8f t h religious
lave11 in tho aacrwl precincka oE the of TIPUIMXB.
$!lsiblr: t r ; l n u E o r ~ i i : r t i d l ~ &fee
%hi! tC:rnx)Lr! not only prtav;i.ilec m r?nvironr;icnt for
s'~c$..Pc:u~~:u~~. l ~ t ~ < j : ~ t b ~ ~ t bBC :13!~0 f8rlt~t.5 ~I&IR'&~R~ 5 1 1 % ~
t i . 1 t i?t.i:rc?ct:g gf lc;jrin!n Exnm lar~cj i? i r;tilric:zs ~ n i i daf.bnc.a
1 i t . 1 . I ! I : t : I , f 4: l : r ~ ~ i i l ~ r ; nn
~::,:~.~:lliql.c~ (.Ik ti,<? <iV,L?? ~ ! l l O 9rx:'\:,<?xs !>:>%\> t?l*:! ~ t ~ ~ i ~ o ~ o ~ ~ ~ h ~ c ~ i ~ "
1.c*L1:r?.r~tr!; I.cli!;il.n : ~ i l A tlit? iiv.rt.??rl;ll.intic a!:poct!~ oE irinAuismr
I i l.rt ii ~it~L!.o:~~r~~hicc!.l n1)str;rc+:i0i! i ~ s NC'II. :I$ ill:lb~u-
in.:snt, for i::anqll~lc~ ;?uv:i~r:s. :1:6 23 t:hL:; fr,amr:c!ork :rhich pro..
oi,,~o,-; ;\ ?vi.!il.r; ne t <xrl,y ?or !3,!1<(oc3t:3\~''43g: the inrtaghtian of
U;o c1rp:t.t; r,nci !.iC,tJ,r: kr:,~il.l.r:Lonr, 9.n i:l~t:. clli'rtctc??: o : N ~ e LoM
il!??. ::)l.:~o f:nv n-cr~;nZ,:xLng i;k!r, vRCr!l i.ty n:i $1 ~L"oi~i:-.~~~oilit~r~1'1m.Z
I i . 1 t:hr? !..or'ii.
i.v~*ry~.ik~or<? in Sxrrlii?, U I ~ I 1Stl;Zc! .krriiiii.innol Boirlna
arr! ~;l:bc;c'&ftc-r?u~):~t~:~~,: ~ r i c ~ l t ~ i l l~12t in ulilny pLiic;m in Endid,
tilo ~jr<.ci(; trutlitioiriil duikiaP ntro vourh gcnn~xr.iZ-~ruryoan orion-
tLyi tlli2n O ! J I O C ~ ~ ~ C - ~ U ~ ~ O U F orl~ta!. I:o(.?~vcP, ohrinea lfka
tho:^^ of Yfrtmrll;3, '~.'irdm.ti?*L ant? :ioha.r:LIr!nlkri nre moxe
8pt?cttfc-~uurp!;e nxtent&3 khan genoril-purgc>$e crstcnte8, i!a
n lj.ttl:fl: triid$.tj~nbl, deity, ccnturit,!s aU0, ,thr? Irord trould
have! k;hrca a filjeciiii~-l>~i>t%c o r i r n t d daiby. :!:h,~ (:~ntcmci-
sing rclffiiouo &f to iitiyitt hzve oe~o~!@l g8ii;:te.r :G?n~tiky
than wan bithacp be1Lcvsc7. They 1jmzli4 f@ve o o t ~ b l l s h ~ d pl
Lhk betwarn the l f t t l n ~ 2 d i t i ~ I I a i deity an11 the appm~sia*
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park nE gnai~t Craiiitton. 31ae lacaL aoity might L?lav~ hr3d
cc?rt:iirt fe;>.kur.t?s i i S i : E ~ u uanfula,>ca .i;o tiwon of a ymae ~ra..
d L r i ~ l l ~ l i!eitg, ilnuic3ly &ow.l Vis!lnu.
M! the efforts of t h e r~~licgiolas a?:l,itn succe&?eci,
rn8 tile r!ro\fCed nuru of grfmC ,krwI2Cinnnl. Aeity Ilnrl gram,
the? i.,os;.l mXr!hC l\::ivt! qr~:;rarilccl :i higher ot:i!Cwre nncl r?nkarcd
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rjrc?iil: t,ri,xIi'ciurr i r r -hc! strcr~d porformncas, tilo pil$;{,ri~?ac;rc~n
t o t l ic> tc~ii4::~l.;. oi: t k i o Lkc3rul rtllr;hk G~nvn b!?co;ne more np?.ciiiie-
~ , o r ~ o a c oric,n,kcpl C;.l;li the c~cilcrn.L-:>nrponi? "rrbentwl. Yhf:;
r*.~l.i~jl.i>nn nikunticr~ e11::~Iat hawk? .tilt? r~ori! ta retain n
r~n!,,.,~lcly i t~ to : , ;~r i~ t r : r ' i cil~:.rzcl;~,:x of tile l i t t l e ;:a& gro&!'k trotti-
t;ici~:: en0 n t i;Rv !lose : :Fine iic)i:ilnt:e?r!,nrj with the vitirlity 0.f
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