odprti standardi - razvojna priložnost?

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Direktorat za informacijsko družbo

mag. Samo Zorc, podsekretar

Konferenca OTS‘2008, Maribor

OOdprti standardidprti standardi --

razvojna priložnost?razvojna priložnost?

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VsebinaVsebina

Standardizacija– EU vs. svet – Odprti standard – definicije in dileme– IKT industrija (konkurenca vs. sodelovanje)

Politika EU in SIVprašanja & odgovori

08.11.13 Konferenca OTS‘2008, Maribor 2

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Zakaj standardizacija?Zakaj standardizacija?

omogoča interoperabilnost povečuje možnost konkurence, zmanjšuje ovire za

vstop na trg, omogoča širitev trga pospešuje inovacije in konkurenčnost omogoča zmanjšanje stroškov (podvajanje dela) povečuje zaupanje uporabnikov v produkte in storitve omogoča uporabniško izbiro - onemogoča “lock-in” povečuje varnost in kvaliteto sledenje hitremu razvoju trga vključitev vseh zainteresiranih

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FormalnFormalna standardizacijaa standardizacija Svet

– IEC (International Electrotechnical Commission) - 1906– ISO (International Organization for Standardization) – 1947 (JTC1 – Information

Technology)– UN/ITU-T (International Telecommunication Union - Telecommunication

Standardization Sector) – 1993 – UN/CEFACT (Centre for Trade Facilitation and Electronic Business) - 1996

ZDA– ANSI

SI– SIST

EU – ESO (European Standardisation Organisations)– CEN/ ISSS (European Committee for Standardization/Information Society

Standardization System) – 1961 (SIST) eBIF (European e-Business Interoperability Forum – Focus group) eBES(The e-business Board for European Standardization – Workshop)

– CENELEC (European Committee for Electrotechnical Standardization) – 1973 (SIST)– ETSI (European Telecommunications Standards Institute) – 1988 (Mobitel, Iskratel,

SIST, Sintesio)– -> ICTSB (ICT Standards Board), COPRAS (IST project)

http://www.iec.ch/about/history/

http://www.iso.org/iso/en/ISOOnline.frontpage

http://www.iso.org/iso/en/stdsdevelopment/tc/tclist/TechnicalCommitteeDetailPage.TechnicalCommitteeDetail?COMMID=1

http://www.itu.int/ITU-T/

http://www.unece.org/cefact/

http://www.cenorm.be/cenorm/aboutus/index.asp

http://www.cenorm.be/CENORM/BusinessDomains/businessdomains/isss/index.asp?pClose=2

http://www.cenorm.be/cenorm/businessdomains/businessdomains/isss/activity/ebif.asp

http://www.cenelec.org/Cenelec/About+CENELEC/CENELEC.htm

http://www.etsi.org/

http://www.ictsb.org/

http://www.w3.org/2004/copras/

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Standard - dStandard - definicijaefinicija

vir: ISO/IEC

Standard is a document, established by consensus and approved by a recognized body that provides, for common and repeated use, rules, guidelines or characteristics for activities or their results, aimed at the achievement of the optimum degree of order in a given context. Standards should be based on consolidated results of science, technology and experience, and aimed at the promotion of optimum community benefits.

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Neformalna standardizacijaNeformalna standardizacija

W3C (World Wide Web Consortium) OASIS (Organization for the Advancement of

Structured Information Standards) IETF (Internet Engineering Task Force) BPMI (Business Process Management Initiative) OGC (Open Geospatial Consortium) DMTF (Distributed Managment Task Force) OSA (Open Standards Alliance) OMA (Open Mobile Alliance) ICT standards fora

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Odprti standard - dOdprti standard - definicijaefinicija

Open Standards are publicly available specifications for achieving a specific task. By allowing anyone to obtain and implement the standard, they can increase compatibility between various hardware and software components, since anyone with the necessary technical know-how and resources can build products that work together with those of the other vendors that base their designs on the standard (although patent holders may impose "reasonable and non-discriminatory" royalty fees and other licensing terms on implementers of the standard).

vir: Wikipedia

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The formal SSOs, as organizations representing the standards creators, consider a standard to be open if the creation of the standard follows the tenets of open meeting, consensus and due process.

An implementer of an existing standard would call a standard open when it serves the markets they wish, it is without cost to them, does not preclude further innovation (by them), does not obsolete their prior implementations, and does not favor a competitor.

The user of an implementation of the standard would call a standard open when multiple implementations of the standard from different sources are available, when the implementation functions in all locations needed, when the implementation is supported over the userís expected service life and when new implementations desired by the user are backward compatible to previously purchased implementations.

vir: Krechmervir: Krechmer, 2005, 2005

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Odprti standard - dOdprti standard - definicijaefinicija1. Open Meeting - all may participate in the standards development process.2. Consensus - all interests are discussed and agreement found, no domination. 3. Due Process - balloting and an appeals process may be used to find resolution.4. Open IPR - IPR related to the standard is available to implementers.5. One World - same standard for the same capability, world-wide.6. Open Change - all changes are presented and agreed in a forum supporting the

five rights above.7. Open Documents - committee drafts and completed standards documents are

easily available for implementation and use.8. Open Interface - supports migration and allows proprietary advantage but

standardized interfaces are not hidden or controlled.9. Open Use - objective conformance mechanisms for implementation testing and

user evaluation. 10. On-going Support - standards are supported until user interest ceases rather

than when implementer interest declines (use).

vir: Krechmervir: Krechmer, 2005, 2005

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Availability Open Standards are available for all to read and implement. Maximize End-User Choice Open Standards create a fair, competitive market for implementations of the standard. They do not lock

the customer in to a particular vendor or group. No Royalty Open Standards are free for all to implement, with no royalty or fee. Certification of compliance by the

standards organization may involve a fee. No Discrimination Open Standards and the organizations that administer them do not favor one implementor over another for

any reason other than the technical standards compliance of a vendor's implementation. Certification organizations must provide a path for low and zero-cost implementations to be validated, but may also provide enhanced certification services.

Extension or Subset Implementations of Open Standards may be extended, or offered in subset form. However, certification

organizations may decline to certify subset implementations, and may place requirements upon extensions (see Predatory Practices).

Predatory Practices Open Standards may employ license terms that protect against subversion of the standard by embrace-

and-extend tactics. The licenses attached to the standard may require the publication of reference information for extensions, and a license for all others to create, distribute, and sell software that is compatible with the extensions. An Open Standard may not othewise prohibit extensions.

vir: Perensvir: Perens

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An open standard is accessible to everyone free of charge (i.e. there is no discrimination between users, and no payment or other considerations are required as a condition of use of the standard)

An open standard of necessity remains accessible and free of charge (i.e. owners renounce their options, if indeed such exist, to limit access to the standard at a later date, for example, by committing themselves to openness during the remainder of a possible patent's life)

An open standard is accessible free of charge and documented in all its details (i.e. all aspects of the standard are transparent and documented, and both access to and use of the documentation is free)

vir: National IT nad telecom Agency, Danska, 2004

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In the public forum, the question of open standards is closely connected to the question of intellectual property rights, including patents. The above definition restricts itself exclusively to the administration of possible rights, not the existence of such. In other words, this opens up for the possibility of accepting socalled "reasonable and non-discriminatory" (RAND) licensing types under certain circumstances, thereby converging with W3C’s patent policy, which attempts to include both pragmatic and principal considerations.

vir: National IT nad telecom Agency, Danska, 2004

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Odprti standard - dOdprti standard - definicijaefinicija1. Everyone is free to copy and distribute the official specification for

an open standard under an open source license.2. Everyone is free to make or use embodiments of an open standard

under unconditional licenses to patent claims necessary to practice that standard.

3. Everyone is free to distribute externally, sell, offer for sale, have made or import embodiments of an open standard under patent licenses that me be conditioned only on reciprocal licenses to any of the licensee's patent claims necessary to practice that standard.

4. A patent license for an open standard may be terminated as to any licensee who sues the licensor or any other licensee for infringement of patent claims necessary to practice that standard.

5. All patent licenses necessary to practice an open standard are worldwide, royalty-free, non-exclusive, perpetual and sub-licensable.

vir: L.Rosenvir: L.Rosen, , OSA OSA 20020044

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cannot be controlled by any single person or entity with any vested interests;

evolved and managed in a transparent process open to all interested parties;

platform independent, vendor neutral and usable for multiple implementations;

openly published (including availability of specifications and supporting material);

available royalty free or at minimal cost, with other restrictions (such as field of use and defensive suspension) offered on reasonable and non-discriminatory terms;

approved through due process by rough consensus among participants.

vir: Berkman Center for Internet and Society, vir: Berkman Center for Internet and Society, Harvard Law School, 2005Harvard Law School, 2005

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Developed and maintained by non-profit organisation, open decision -making

Use of specification for free or nominal fee

Irrevocable royalty–free patent licensesFree re-use of standards

vir: EIF 2004vir: EIF 2004

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EIF response– BSA– EICTA– OpenForum– OpenStandardAlliance– ICTSB– Gartner -> EIF 2.0

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If the term “open standard” must be used, we have listed a number of characteristics it should follow:

“An open standard…should be:– developed and/or affirmed in a transparent process open to

all relevant players, including industry, consumers and regulatory authorities…;

– either free of IPR concerns, or licensable on a (fair), reasonable and nondiscriminatory ((F)RAND) basis [1],[2];

– driven by stakeholders, and user requirements must be fully reflected;

– publicly available (but not necessarily free-of-charge);– maintained”.

[1] “FRAND” and “RAND” are often used inter-changeably.[2] W3C will not normally issue a Web standard if it is aware that Essential Claims exist which are not available on Royalty-Free terms. Refer to

the W3C Patent Policy at http://w3.org/Consortium/Patent-Policy/

vir:ICTSB, 2005

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Odprti standard - dOdprti standard - definicijaefinicija (1) Open standards are published without restriction (e.g., potential

implementers are not restricted from accessing the standard) in electronic or tangible form, and in sufficient detail to enable a complete understanding of the standard’s scope and purpose;

(2) Open standards are publicly available without cost or for a reasonable fee for adoption and implementation by any interested party;

(3) Any patent rights necessary to implement open standards are made available by those developing the specification to all implementers on reasonable and non-discriminatory (RAND) terms (either with or without payment of a reasonable royalty or fee); and

(4) Open standards are regularly developed, maintained, approved, or ratified by consensus, in a market-driven standards-setting organization that is open to all interested and qualified participants. Standards can also develop by consensus in the marketplace.

BSA, 2005

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Odprti standard - RANDOdprti standard - RAND Field-of-use clauses. Nearly all recognized standards bodies allow licenses that limit the

field of use to products that fully comply with the standard. Field-ofuse clauses not only promote broad industry participation, but also are consistent with the goal of promoting interoperability (as non-compliant implementations will normally frustrate rather than advance interoperability).

Restrictions on sublicensing. Restrictions on sublicensing reinforce field-of-use limitations and reciprocal clauses, and facilitate the enforcement of licensing terms, including that all licensees enjoy RAND terms. The requirement that RAND licenses be non-discriminatory ensures that interested sublicensees can always obtain a license directly from the patent owner.

Reciprocal licensing clauses. Reciprocity clauses typically require licensees to agree to license certain of their own patents to the licensor (and possibly to other licensees) under equivalent terms. These clauses ensure that a licensee cannot block the licensor or other standards implementers from competing with the licensee in marketing products that use the standardized technology. It also ensures that a licensor is not put in a worse situation just because it licensed its patents in the standard.

Defensive suspension clauses. Defensive suspension clauses allow the licensor to revoke the license if the licensee sues the licensor for infringement of the licensee’s own patents. These clauses ensure that licensees cannot use litigation to block competition by the licensor, and thus, as with reciprocal licensing clauses, prevents a licensor being put in a worse situation just because it licensed its patents in the standard.

BSA, 2005

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StanjeStanje

Skupna definicija ne obstajaGartner poročilo -> EIF 2.0Razvoj konkurenčnih “odprtih”

standardovOsnovni problemi glede intelektualne

lastnine ostajajoTako ali drugače je definicija povezana

s FOSS

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Politika EUPolitika EU

Notranji trg•IPR

Industrijska politika•IKT sektor•IKT standardizacija

Inovacijska politikaPolitika RR•IKT•Internet

Politika RR•IKT•Internet

Politika informacijske družbei2010

Zaščita potrošnikovuporabnikov

FP7 ICT

CIP ICTPSP

IDABC

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i2010i2010

1. cilj - Enotni evropski informacijski prostor (Single European information Space) – interoperabilnost pan-evropskih e-vsebin in e-storitev

2. cilj - Inovacije in investicije v raziskovanje – vpliv na razvojni in inovacijski ciklus, z namenom doseganja

evropske R&D konkurenčnosti na svetovnem nivoju

3. cilj - Vključenost, boljše javne storitve in kvaliteta življenja– digitalne knjižnice za hranjenje in dostop do kulturnih dobrin

(odprti formati, arhiviranje)

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ijo Strategija razvoja Slovenije v obdobju 2006-2013– Povečevanje globalne konkurenčnosti z razširjanjem uporabe

IKT ter z učinkovitim posodabljanjem in vlaganjem v učenje, izobraževanje, usposabljanje in raziskave in razvoj

Nacionalni raziskovalno razvojni program 2006 -2010– IKT eno od prioritetnih področij

SRP-ji nacionalnih tehnoloških platform za IKT s področja storitvene arhitekture– NESSI, NEM

si2010 – Strategija razvoja informacijske družbe v RS– Izziv: Interoperabilnost in odprti standardi

Usmeritve SlovenijeUsmeritve Slovenije


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ijo Izzivi:– IKT sektor – večina MSP– Globalizacija RR in konkurenca– Pomanjkanje kadrov - veščine in znanje– “glokalni” ekosistem za rast in razvoj

povezovanje gospodarstva, akademije in uporabnikovposlovni modelizmožnost prodora na trginvesticije in ROI

– Podpora MSP zaradi pomanjkanja virov

IKT RRIKT RR v RS v RS


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ijo Kaj ponujajo odprti standardi– okolje mreženja RR znanja in aktivnosti– začetno sodelovanje konkurenčnih podjetij za lažji prodor in

širitev na tuje trge– delitev razvojnih vlaganj– krajši čas za prodor na trg– povečevanje zaupanja uporabnikov– zmanjševanje poslovnih tveganj– vključitev v svetovna razvojna okolja– oznanjanje strokovne in tehnološke kompetence– podpora izvajanju pilotskih referenčnih projektov in navezava

na EU aktivnosti

IKT RRIKT RR v RS v RS


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spletne storitvespletne storitve

vir:

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ZaključekZaključek

Ali in kako lahko odprti standardi predstavljajo razvojno priložnost za

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Vprašanja in odgovoriVprašanja in odgovori