Vol. 52. No. 10. OCTOBER, 1947 Threepence

C U N T 13 N S

THE GROWITI OF ANTI-SEMITISM. By Joseph McCabe

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GALSWORTHY'S SOCIAL PHILOSOPHY. By Profesor C. W. Kee/on

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TIIE PASSING OF BRITISH INDIA. By S. K. Ratcliffe

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, GREAT HUMANISTS OF THE PAST. By SheIBMB D. Wakefield ..

13

BOOK REVIEWS ..

16

EDITORIAL NOTES.. ..

18

SOCIETY'S ACTIvETIEs 19 & 20

•; s

JOseph McCabe on " The Growth of Anti-Semitisrn."

- July 27, 1947

Readings from Montaigne's Essay "The Worst of Vices"From the Cambridge Medieval History'.

Professor Mahaffy says in one of his works on ancient Greece that ifwe could bring,one of the Athenians of 2.400 years ago to life, he wouldappreciate the fundamental principles of our life and our problems. He

-was discussing those problems in his own day. You might almost say thesame of the Chinese of a century later in the time of Mingtse 'and the HanEmperors. Will men be agitated over the same problems 2,000 years fromnow ? There seem to be some Of our oracles that fear it, but history neverreally repeats itself. We discuss political, social and economic problems asthe ancient Greeks and Chinese did but in a vastly different world; aworld that•speaks in every syllable not of the power of Nature but cif man.ffnd iCcannot be long before it teaches him that he can rule his own destiny.There is no need of a Prometheus to bring fire from heaven. It is the mindof man that lights the empty heaven. Life can solve any problem that itcreates.

I take this morning what may seem. to be one of the minor problemsof our age, but it has the interest that it is one of the oldest, and in practiceand theory one of the most difficult. In the year 586 B.C., the bulk of theJewish people were expelled from the land they had conquered only acentury or so earlier and were driven across the desert into captivity. Withthe ,exception of about one hundred years they have been captives orsubjects of an alien power ever since, yet they are the only small peopleof those remote days that, live still and create a problem for the greatnations. Those are two points that we have to bear in mind in all discussionof the problem of the Jews. They are, and have been for 1,900 years. theonly people that have no land, no national home; and during the greater partof those 1,900 years, they have suffered bitter persecution from the nationswhose names we hear today. I need not reball the horrors of the medievalpersecution. When in the sixth and seventh centuries, the Goths and otherTeutonic peoples were converted, they were easily persuaded that the Jewsmust be punished for having killed Christ, and in the days of thosefilibustering expeditions which we call the Crusades, the knights and menhardly needed the exhortation of the monks to rob and maltreat the Jews.

In our modern charity we try to thrust all this out of sight, althoughas ,a deep-rooted element of the Jewish tradition it is still psychologicallyimportant. Perhaps our historians do even worse when they scarcelymention the magnificent service which these Jews rendered in the restorationof Western civilization. In the real middle age. the middle of the MiddleAges, Christian civilization was almost extinct, but f;om the Atlantic coastof Portugal to the Persian Gulf, there was a civilization, mainly inspiredand controlled by the Arabs. that in many respects surpassed that of theGreeks and Romans. The Jews were its intermediaries who carried thelight and fire of this civilization to the northern nations. No*Arab evercrossed north of a line from Madrid to Rome. It was Jewish merchants.scholars and physicians who took the beautiful wares and the scientific

• instruments of the Arabs and Persians over Europe and Asia and laid the.

foundations of the brighter world of the later middle ages. Mohamed andhis early fanatical successors had despised and persecuted the Jews buttheir power passed to the liberal descendants of men who despised Mohamedand his pretensions and for four or five centuries the Jews had the goldenage of their history. At the time when Thomas Aquinas was assuring theDuchess of Brabant, in a letter which we still have, that she might justlydespoil the Jews since they had become slaves of !the Christians, theymingled with the Spanish Arabs on terms of perfect equality, shared theirgreat wealth and culture, and relit civilization in the northern countries.

Modern. anti-Semitism is mainly economic in its motive, but it wouldprobably never have arisen if there had not been this latent fund ofsmouldering religious prejudice and a corresponding tendency to isolationin the Jews. After the final expulsion of the Jews—about half a million ofthem stripped almost to the skin—they retired to the East and to EasternEurope. Peter the Great and Catherine (as long as they remained liberal)opened Russia to them. But the growth of liberalism and the multiplicationof wealth in" Western Europe, brought about a flow westward, and .inGermany and Austria they became once more rivals of the gentiles in

_banking: trade and culture. They supported Bismark in his campaignagainst their old enemies the Catholics and when this crusade was abandonedfor a struggle against Socialism, in which Jews like Marx and Lasalle tookso important a part. the opposition to them hardened into our anti-Semiticmovement.

More than a million of them now crossed to America, and in time theybecame the rich and politically powerful body of American Jewry. Alarge number of these took before the beginning of this century theZionist aspiration that had haunted the Jewish imagination even in theapParently hopeless miseries of the Middle Ages. In the scramble for helpin view of the dangerous pressure Of Germany in 1917, Mr. Balfour then(November, 2) made the famous declaration=never ratified by, Parliament=which has led to so much bitterness. To what extent this was culpablyambiguous, as the promises to the Arabs were, it is impossible to say, butin 1930, when the Zionist aim became clear. the Colonial Office remindedthem that Mr. Balfour had made an explicit reservation about the rightsof the Arabs. If we assume that the British Government at that timecontemplated a Protectorate, we may suppose that the possibility of Jewstaking over political power from the Arabs would not be imagined. Today,sad as it is to see a great country like India severed by religious hatred, itis difficult to see any solution but partition. There are twenty-five millionArabs, fairly well-organizcd, and in their turn dreaming of a great empire,spread from Morocco to Persia, and they will never agree to a surrenderof Palestine. The present situation in which gangs of thugs and adventurersexploit the ancient Jewish faith of thousands of poor European Hebrews,is just part of the demoralization of our time. But neither side now seemslikely to submit to the rule of the other.

(Contributed by Joseph McCabe)

Professor G. W. Keeton,• M.A., LL.D., on " Galsworthy's Social Philosophy "

September 7, 1947 Readings from: " A Modern Comedy."

There is a special appropriateness to-day in speaking of Galsworthyand his social philosophy—in fact, a double appropriateness. We have just

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;pas sed thrimigh theilbekisif merd f o duba rst÷pOssi bl s i nceAhosewwhouread3iGalsworthy's noVelsilreealk thezblazing I suhsnof and!August iwhichgthrowddeeptshadesitoyencsobmanyibfdhisi pagesri iOneirenallsghelfamousksurnmertollihniJubilee ,of4l887,,whebtalbthezF,orsytestofatheLoldignnerarignmgatheredadfitifully,oto- selebraletlithelt roval.yreianl andij tcb giyeiimpiiessiverprod ft oft prosperity ackci ooda vgh,t therntwere thint5 of CleaVagoalthe hofistimmgri,uightslint-Soames'sbouse„iff Montpelier Square.

aifilitSqiimnatortbred,orin anotbertwithitheiri, insoluble persbnal

problem/al:tit:bug!, pHiteepsitiltat,tothert,sumichwiliPenofAIEorttefalinly. went, idown,to,sen-dinib gusie ffwb7S‘ciames msdiAipaint,.at Mii.Pledurlat'Or &kap thet &le-A .:sumnierecatber,4ing,,pervadnkaheI ficlia:r1SuthiWelisif:alforSj9eldn..wliatherldelittlaterfsOld?,u1SpInt ffirrisylteils,d2Iti

thje rni4fY4'suirAert hebyflAier intfieskrar at' thd eriil'otthretTirStlw81-14!-WaiCnkah-viiimi lbn (brd J6Nbks

r :- so, oL.soOtt nt:111.1 tLakandson)tarkriEleulA-orsxte,,the,chilaIoStiSoarpesEqicsve sisecopd marriageraaro4r1tlie'Sunex libwbsltOgettild.Cor intOlerStilS% 'clirhye's'thvesummer higfit'Whai'llithr lirdoded"tiovsaagthe' final kir oli'll'er-Iidvel).."Nd

VheESohlinegWfilabord'2ind deRiNin"poileNains TelikhiedAri itieIttima'Arad'Whig& rice ?tan Irtgosi3 raia ?dctelAi icrOf ,i lP FrOrsymPetoviiiet,lia

iiirSETMderhf, hi

rdYifiETTUi. ;Die siEt OW6ShjrIhr=eaterned.toteifgalf.liis jii)oh'erti);; dirchhaTfirglIshnia'n valid '1914ThigilecEifilaiih9he "iFertelinoliamost honqured power in the world, and which.,,malice,ihnnifeleriCebibaveliiirTce rdekroYdd, vtliereb-Viiikedipitatihgi &IP hAtiOnal

nzaiwmA lo ‘(bod lunowoq ylleohnoti DIM don urn smsoad

tub iii-narrn. pirlt In pritirinbind wit mnIiiri >Mot ln Indmun 9ViplThis brings. us fo tne second reason why, my, subject is ,so appropriate',Ittn; .... 11,1 Iran

this morning. 'This summer has wentanother, and the greatest, el-Ss in our

l rie'cuerrit'h iko 6Ve unplo ;'` alirfedcleYS,Of :t6P4tadourth,y7fta,

TOilhetlieniseReg Wlcal'avourcl' Sharties InIVRithhoght;OfHig d&,'SfilirealrafieffigilrifidluatelleCrshensaleafboutl'holiii

'QOM elilid.l'ilnatile),%15ffaii11, knell etliw countr)P the' fall aienFaqilic

4dAtiaitTOplie Wenaret5fibW1Iii:iolVed?'. 'Me 'rea'htlietsliotild'ers? aticluhirdU'rtl`diSiciAsaln"ITliterse amsrxah'eiheri

diaiiedliolheliil'afattepsnirSolifiresibidiselfWegthEdi-lihnscitiSisT•friiiTgoinelibVittherldder AlWiitTS6 felt: A alletlie\FOrSyle-salWAyOfelbr:thatcif ShriieDbaektaftefrallwaila !al th-ouivon-6 Fsi§c,to ociii d eVei'reklieetlifecItFarSb'AilleintOaahything:iiivdefinitelialvani'exPregstedridpinionil:ithey would ibe'i able5toforthritheiil conclu•sions &obi' discoVeridglwhetherl Soameshisrone extravaiance=thelbuying ofiiiiictidesr-emiAthetheion thei8ontiarY,hdiwasiquietly buf:judicioustyrsellirig ihem.eiziwg of onoimM moil biiaiqa

al9mArShOrtblirrieliAagb;lciriTdiibutifig- ignebilti,b•gl i tein (IT !A3grabirgen! (SighWes•iblil fi eido &dile reolirse ?bee ti OKA' ipaability; digarigirigibblibffiqf tefind that he had never heard of CalgW6rthfoAltflougli hejaFdidSsedable to tell me quite iflioiYabbdtAKail'iMartAThiS•,-I fear, is symptbmatic.Our traditional national way of thinking has been so befouled with thesemuddy and second-rate Continental thinkers, that we have lost much ofour lordieravighuit) Abd toureafikity Thri mak in ip?Api'd \ ancOsoundEdecigions.We seem to think that becauseashoddyL, sup jejayial political clap-trap hasreduced the Continent to a aert`i,iiliere it'has not created a vast prison-house, this is an adiquate jusiifibbtibdif&ifbisting the same shoddy thinkingupon our own people;,bo,doubt,fohthe,pmpose‘oC, producing similar results.

Yet todaynwe neeckAynore desperately., than. vit baSic per_ needed it before,iiilthie"Couraa. 71411 thhieatidaciiy:ualWarhility,n6d all 'Se 'imthlFs'suriess of

Wei bi-aikrthe. tirOlWalSTtliC Weightis:' ta.CliVes"ralinhrretit511cd"ih

4

last,,centnrylof Elbe, Forsytys:ifsweifireLablestoilpullathrough.riyet we tare, dailycloingourcheslifinally to ,destroim„these qualitipsygmongr,decent Englishmen.friforsedisfilkan tinereasing prniserfolfjourtyoungfrnen and;,wornent haye2 littleconccepticOthor great -Englishmen (have. (been nand stilltcarvbectinstead;they,yeam fortthe revoltingoiniformityapfo -mediocritylthat content, with tthe second rale, or }worse., ifodayswenareg in theegreatestt danger,:of (forgetting,w;hatcculture 2anch decentristandardsyol2living,t andnfreedommreallye mean.,Irr.c.k only hastournfogmertgreatnessigone,ibutieven,the:sands,ofsounstandardsOf life i‘treapl-efiyiyunnigg,out.g-An1Americansmti-o1hastspenttsomelmonths441)0ns-country:I recentlyfreported lhatiouriminingtindust-fy-twastatfitatheMorse=ancl-bliggy istage •:that• it trequiredt completelyt neWn equipment,s:andilthatEriglishmen•thadigrowni;so tinefficientohatioothingtwoidd-setatlieiindustry onitsifeet yEtiltallithetkeyupositionskweretheldgby Americans: sl,am not corn-,petentptoEsay zhow'treet isflis,stitit this /is agenuine3opinion:abroadyeti itfaitstlo, distmh,touroalmostbintolerable complacency:Fe iadJear.itoccf thlotianalt -isfsometimest-Saicrathat(therè .arelitivb1Gakvkirthys: ithelearnest: andat rtimessthe' savage tcHtic 'Of la? syctermlwh ieh-pushedtathe weakeraniembeiscif society/ruthlessly tinithé wallfiatidrthe latels,Galsw6ithyg.thetfipologignfora self-satisfied and prosperous society, accepting theng6odl•things2of life.wittua grateful:smile:in I abel ievelooth .,,viewsttO beiglossrexaggeratiOnsfliThereis ahnattiraltiand continuolis tiro'greaSion of tideti'sinuall Oalsworthy'si'svorka,yellthereoare •the IverytclosestolinksMetwébni,the olatestrandothe't earliestys 1 Itemergesn perhaps? niofe lelearlysinttGalgigorthylsl play, '11ThutSkin !Gamey,'lhanninrsismatbfithetearlier,blaysaorttfiéalaterthbvelsoitin [that filfiyt•the awnsides'areequallY ,matehedlin 2strengthitintiresou réesi: in tgoodlqualSkin 'Gan-jell; depictsiltheastruggle: betweenbtheolandethmiddle: class-es whohive built; mitEngland's fgreatnessaim the idealbof lservice, and theonewer,More. vigorous, I esstkol ishedl moneyed tolasiesiwhooliaVettheens th rñstingith eit.wayilb :Melfront thEclastliquarteni,ofilheminetienth teenturyco andit.whose hour ofstriumphsapparentlyqcarne ?dathetend,offilleEirst,Norld •WarlATheyhags imaginedr,thatItheirnwealtht would, nurchaseAanythinga includingcentny

le_ ,into •thoseriscicial' citadels 1-from 'which- hitherto,-Ohenhadnheentirigorously- - t a --escludedt Onstpie endtpleir sterlingqqualitiesfwipifortthemswhatitheiLimoneyhad rfail ed lo purchase,sbecause;jastOalsworthyoclearlycseesa the,essence•ofprogresstandistabilitycis change anilladaptationitfindtthettraditiOnall,cominonsensetand hreadth•toftoutlook2,offlthej,EnglistutgoyerningLclasses5permitsiia „stegdyt, rein fo rcemen of cithat,sclass n frPIMEthpse.35\3th on hitherto bhavet heepexcludedgfrom ltn-tgat istIonlyt-whenwo sopialtelassghas,ibecorneneffete,fornnreasonablytinarrowt, org isteblindt tojitsisociol responsibilitiesothatrigals:,worthyo attacksbits with) tall', the-nfu ry What, the nun loosed ?in),Iiis•cearl yx;plays:LifStrifeifiAiThesSilverd Box;',:tson ̀t.lustice. Moreover, these plays" of atheyoungeroQalsworitiya notitunnaturally ;saw • the social!) struggle,in ,terrnsafconflictini,fo icesinThat-liS Ian ofigaging-habitofbyouth„aff t:isLonlyelatere thatwe; tandtsGalsworthym,seet theltstruggl eo,ip) terms.gol2human iffiyes;)tl,inmanaspirations, and human limitations, and with rnattiritylteornes Lincreasing -toIeransenf.o.t:,human,,wea.1,mc,ss;ftIA.;t:tst.z,1ll,it:iotftfii?.giisaaporks z}rthilefsallow

..

r1ste.37/ chi 1st:flagon au losticwe thirty; sztinflosIt 2E Forf alIthei rangeg and/ varietya,ofmQalsWorthylst works.. however, rfrisreputation willtultimatelyttrest tipont hisidelingatiottof the -foittirtestetfitficeForsyteyfamilysand (their:connections in the1loriy0i0es thqt 1.ffigPi•I'COQueenYictoria'stf-Jubileefin pl8$7tamWheng wef first (make thek acquaintaneei thersV.genera lion eofnEorsytes elderly•10 -1.-4..shq4d2 ofothe'sffirniiiiOld .-Jolyontla• character(drawnewith nfi1(tice1yigour,lpower, and insight,ofwhich-Galsworthyswas capableilwasjborn;in3l 8,06,sotthal1Moilinsiness .ca rest-almost: exactl yi‘spans itheAreign of 1-Queenayietoria,cforAs çdjin1.,jWhanwe first ameet 2,themlgtheitEo rsyles eitre,sinnno) sense( mentherm of) Mel culingclasses. Indeed, they account it a point of honour that atino,,pnintzhaye5

0

they contact with the ruling classes. Old Jolyon's father, Superior Dosset "

(1770-1850), had been a speculative builder who had made his fortune with

the sudden expansion of the North London suburbs at the beginning of

Queen Victoria's reign. Thus thc Forsytes were both provincial and

suburban in origin, although their roots go very deep into English social

history, for "Superior Dosset's" father, in the far-off reign of George 111 had

been a yeoman farmer in the west country. In later times the Forsytes

liked to throw a veil of gentility -over this ancestor; but in a very revealing

interlude, Galsworthy makes Old James—a very lovable character, full of

human weaknesses—pay a visit to the home of his ancestors, for the purpose

of discovering a few more facts about them and their way of life. He gets-

to work with characteristic caution, but what he discovers convinces him

that they were really very small beer, and without regret, though with a

hint of shamefacedness, he gives up the unfamiliar task. It is characteristic

of the Forsytes that whatever their social standing may ultimately become,

not -one of them ever thinks of faking a family tree. The utmost they permit

themselves is to infer that " Superior Dosset's" father may have been a

gentleman farmer. That much is permissible. More would have been in

the very worst of taste.The Forsytes, therefore, from the-moment we first meet them, to the

shattering moment when Soames perished in the ruins of his house at

Mapledurham in 1926, were middle class, never more, and never less. They

despised drosses of every kind. They expected all their menfolk to pursue

some useful occupation. They held respected, but not unduly important,

posts in commerce, in law, in architecture, in estate agency, in book publish-

ing. Each was expected to add to the substance which the thrift of their

ancestors had passed down to them; and most of them did.

Occasionally, and with some embarrassment, they produced an artist, such

as young Jolyon, who refused to follow the well-trodden ways of the family.

All the Forsytes were hard working, and practically all of them were

thrifty. These qualities were seen raised to the highest point in Timothy,

the youngest brother in the eldest generation of Forsytes (1819). He was

the longest-lived of them all. Having made an adequate supply of money

by publishing devotional works (an occupation almost devoid of risk in the

nineteenth century) he withdrew from business, placed his money in

Government stock, and lived on the interest. When his eldest sister had

been buried in 1886 the hearse had been followed by half a mile of carriages.

When Timothy died in 1920, only the ever-faithful Soames was present to

see the old man decently buried. Of the younger generation of Forsytes

few were conscious that Timothy still existed in 1920, and none of them

cared in the least. The gay and silly twenties had just begun. Old

restraints had been thrown off; the break-up of the family system was

already well advanced, and we were on the Threshold of the Wireless and

the talkie film age. Since that date the decline of Western civilization has

been rapid and unceasing.

Whether Galsworthy fully understood the extent and imminence of the

collapse which awaited us (together with Western Europe) is arguable.

Galsworthy's novels, though full and accurate portraits of English life, as it

progresses from the splendour of the Jubilee of 1887, to the first mutterings

of the storm in the General Strike of 1926, are extraordinarily free from

politics. So far as I remember he never mentions Mr. Gladstone, the

Marquess of Salisbury, or even Mr. Joseph Chamberlain or Mr. Lloyd

George. The famous 'constitutional_ crisis -of 1909-1911, which left the

House of Lords permanently enfeebled draws not a sentence from him,

though it has been described at length in the novels of many other writers.

From Galsworthy's point of view, that great struggle was irrelevant for

several reasons:

6

It took place above and below the class in which he was interested.So far as he could see, it would not affect in any way the activities of thevarious mcmbers of the Forsyte family.

And this is important. Galsworthy never adumbrates a programme ofsocial or political reform (as distinct from, for example, Mrs. HumphreyWard). The question he puts all the time is: Given a certain social setting,how do normal average persons of English stock react to it? Unlike mostof our modern writers, Galsworthy does not clairn to have a remedy foreverything, nor does he condemn before he knows what it is he is con-demning. Indeed. Galsworthy, exactly like Soames, always avoids givingan opinion wherever possible. He prefers to set out a fact—an episode—and to let the reader draw his own conclusion from it. In depicting theGeneral Strike he does not, like Cronin and others, draw many pictures ofthe colliery towns, nor does he cunninaly give a few episodes depicting thebrutality of coalminers (or capitalists, which ever you will). He looks atthe strike from which we should call to-day " the consumer's angle." Herecords how decent ordinary people defeated it, and the main questionwhich he propounds is: What damage has it done to the community as awhole? Will the country recover from it?

There were clear limitations to Galsworthy's genius. In the final threenovels of his great series of social novels, the three which, when republished,bore the collective title End of a Chapter (meaning, of course, the end ofa chapter of England's social development); Galsworthy forsakes theForsytes for the Cherwells (pronounced, as he tells us with damnableiteration, Cherrills). Now the Cherrills were not, like the Forsytes, middleclass; they were that mysterious thing governing class, and had been forcenturies. Even when they were East End persons or obscure assistants atthe British Museum they were all so noble and distinguished, and one feltthat even when they were passing the salt, their shoulders were bowed withthe almost intolerable load of Empire. Although they apparently knewthe Forsytes rather well, one felt instinctively what magnificent condescen-sion this was, even though several of the Forsytes could have bought upthe entire Cherrill possessions without noticing what he had paid for them.Somehow, of course, if you are a Cherrill, money, if it belongs to otherpeople, is dirty. Its only use is to be expended for your benefit, if youcan, tolerate knowing the people who possess it. I am old enough to recallthese various volumes about the Cherrills as they appeared, and the recep-tioh with which they were greeted. The early thirties in England were a, period of stagnation and gentle decay, and it was felt that it was somehowIndecent of Galsworthy to lay bare the poverty of intellect of our governingclasses, for in Galsworthy's novels apparently the governing classes nevergoverned. They spent their time running round to see other chaps fromthe same school, who were now Archbishops and Cabinet Ministers, andField Marshals, and other things to stop something happening. The shadowsof Mr. Baldwin and Archbishop Lang seemed to lie unobtrusively acrosseach page of these novels, in which the world might perish, so long as aCherrill in one government job could indulge in polite conversation with aCherrill in another government job over tea and cakes. Unfortunately,we know now that this is exactly what our governing classes were doingduring those years that the locusts have eaten.

Now one school of thought denounced Galsworthy as a reactionaryfor depicting creatures so stupid as heroes and heroines. Another gentlychided him for " letting the side down, chaps, letting the side down," forsurely the first duty of a Cherrill is never to tell an outsider what is happen-ing. His lips must be sealed. Therefore it followed that this Galsworthychap, for all his nice manners: couldn't be the real thing after all. Inreality, Galsworthy was simply describing what he saw. If the result was

7

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jo 2 11ONS often been, said,flattrSonmes••starts asitthenvill3in„enet; end3rasthe herof iti:e4Korsytsfichronicles,v1Intj as,,GAlswortny,, penetratecr,more, cliepl*„ilitzithe(psyclio1OgLeals rri,47se.juthictfliIKThe,19.anj ofirpropertY,':vas (thenoyelistIconteroptucnsly ,nicknamesA Sqtnncs,ohiss-resentment-Kagainstizhim vAnishecl.'nEyen,liis Rhysie31LetialacteriposiseenAtto,00fteq,,Iso,,that. aat ohofifiish-.Soames,chas,:4cquirgdAsolpettiling,,dfathotigignity,ithihsoldclolyonrefaining the sensitivity of James, his-, father.t.;ligt.qs briet1y3analyseiSoaspes scareer..,„:1:heiison, partner, , and _eVentual successor in hisliather'sj business

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French:Jestair& to pr!didrrieta.,Jvlieth lt,(31&raic hirichali0 'Wrifaiili fill '10 hint (5'``I',1-6geSiVCIV341e.'becdiiiek-„t14.

iherr rirrgire?.vitti"rledt's1Zilt,'!VvithOlitreceiving,,,thtM)cYrlYeVe'r? bv.',6ciwediOawt;affetevtiatrilio'n"1-lis`dairihier,'lkho

fird!'prokliiknzitiy. heil;VOA arelessnaiil-71AtideFtiaricieffrifinOuVreVaii"fret'in3leilicg InclesrOlf '11-6F Idea' iij Only 'reAtnt, calana 4117,71, nglai •.:3;t1 ,interest outside hisii work, and his; daughtertkls the, copectiorirocip,ictpries„thwitiial iPTAI alOerfithria ViihICIValnYOst .inCl!Ohlritafilji,,,,liejrnakthytgre.decia '6 r h s_relgtiOns,Vvitti issp4renis Wei.sliOwSparemCWei's ektreifielS, ferird'.of`hisUfer'Vr1 liis'SisterChilrlren,jand;WeVig f?eqUeNtlYfOGge' aulialleceriniirq,:his silgtC •'r VOArsdiriedirigle"(62sVithly"With'

WaririVOIQU-filiMeli?iiS'WIT-ggsoca6ivr 'au/ al —1 Ihnu 1,-.1a -9, IIJII/w ow

glre?e and finished rpicture pof thebrepressed, undernonstratiye„good-natured bds'iiieggiiiiirtf,"sferlinUTWoittli, :A(118 bartiV:iii 'WftWMP.1:JOV6W,theartribe'rlaietl

?•; c inhoweinU in '101 .cle!JACJNeville Charnberlain, in 1939 • • • -El

e0101-,1 0/0iU UtILIO1 p marlin amo ma Insqe varIT .barria togbna In zfact;ithe tEorsyteshcamelf ullylinto, their, ownv withrMr.aBaldwin?andiMrat,hamberlainosgrISafetyirfirsto'a (was ctheirdiwatchwcircla gndlz-like 1:1 4E1

Chamberlainattiey(iwerdlunableltoribelieve thatillitler, wast reallyl as bad as;he <was rpaintedrlichore (Was; howevertinothing sinister, ith thisrlifh is ovas„ their(general reactiondth evetyoperiandc it-dneluded iaanaturali aversion (to lextremeS oflanyilcindaLl .zaka fans gal lave dot marmnavog 191110115

an'tBeaneFna'Sriarriignalvfhne "OldelleInei'dirOrs WfOr'sYtesYttldgi011yoW:James, and the rest—there igs?.?stibtle Ymcidi-• Forsytes.have; nth dpUbtswiddiesitationsaa1Foththeth thingscaiti eternally:fixed,ats they were dn, theida ysacif tQueenaViet or ubileenThey haviithol!direct-

contact‘with crimetiorjnovdrtyg obwar,thr any ofithelether cartses kif "sobialiupheaVal.zi Having blived (useful (and mioralilliveSDthey, feelbnoiftwifigeSyofrconscienceD and nthl decesSity, to oefigageTfeVerishly(mintzEastictEndHsociallexperiments:basgirhembers :Of .thecuppera classesslin t-Edwirdiah literatureincreasinglysdidn Soamesd hoWever,iddelon-rttoriAifferentrgeneratiothlandr

S'

widetiGoef.ceptionsgil tle isisonsciousaloO changenand>,insecurity, IsHecnowsittliatitheredare-afJpt of i new3 ideas (about; though1i hedoesocifi;undeeistalid4hern,13,yet1his •fitithLin En glandynnd fitsiiiltimate3prnsperhyrthinever,really, shaken, npheiven jni the heisht ofithehGenera6.5trike.,d0n4 the.other,handlhergnows ,that. his ordermitic grentlinichllehe is tolerant enougli not to regret this unduly it those who seek: toigispOsscsathem show the same f‘diligence,3theasamef capileity11to3work, and the samebreadth of outlook as the class to which Soames himself belongs.

Here, parenthetically, it may be noted that these qualities are them-selves ofi fairly1 recent, growthlarnong thefForsytes..4Fheyoare more, plainlydefined in"Soarna'iliafi ntlier'oF uhcles'7With ipasibre exceptionof Old Jolyon. Vt-P1 .fil lochnatqaa

. The contrast between .Spames, ,and his, onlychild, Fleur, is the.centralpoini thn the 'FffiTyie' rioVefriAdcOrldineltWiherainili)iiree.aniiCh appearoaOthethegihningeofothe secOnchsefiekThf three novels, Fleurwas born. in .1901. Todaye iherefo re, if ishea were a real, person,. she would

sgiuffinVt'doubt.fiCr`i cliZrinteria PiEduld 'havedeertriennTariijnififlrth'el pas;iiii"Or ffirePyja'rg.,annet173. ReVijainimintaa"hicdehalaaliitteiendtqviherhoi)ilpflSrtianiesneigtiOtiVrWittPhirs0 N:riferIfFne!a'r.fiot:fiGholdain"WhiCh".Soarna'sirseCefid" wife, 'itiiiiceife ffieur'EFOther)71clegs"filbt""niiii:fiseulierncentgnaiPilioirs1rfOleFanCenf"Seillingi d-Fleurl girciVIS'nreserved, distrustful, secretive, .riwanting only slight encouragemeritalittotiKifine'bopeiiISPIFirczil?' The 1oriet'iliinag Mild-1141e iealljaliciritPinriraTiVillief°Cougiii1,61.1bn='!the chila Of'..S3finICTS)

ii),ftlie'matifientalifig.1°Cetiieh rthea efitire2a1ForsKenih6r. IDe•ichteatesnIhigliaant igsu'e7 sh'idu'seers'"heitl're teiiien'argiaciet91%

el °St a sialiietirshel'i Satfiplii I S.1 co fitefilp did Lis?1 S ecter'ei-titflie'etbmiTailsiFiefiehlWiTithlefs13,7ra,errat1 theredsfrof. iherlfzith filijaPiritss15nil n I Weer 'Ofhgt 1ife2a Andiefirfenas iliaiiea'ATiiftleaSiknifieaheelrfarliefiraSantleialabeliefs?Yefriii9gesekifiS fOnaifialfer °ail-Fat;artY/coSeilfecisteciiiifijaerytfttastaled!Lite° is ris'afilthleOras 'She,i biltathisarohlYinake:iifief`tleela rifore2fifigtriifedthan ever.. ,Fleur is a portrait, of very great fidelity of -ficaPageneflatiaffWhiEti ieficeelatfirrthea. fell the theatinefitliiisiAii§7althe rfailin'es1,1flandalheariincehaititin infPeriritanaifYett"WaglAtill-Yothe*thiotiklii tdifighltih ftlfelSeefind1WorldaWaT!WithrtfiV7dertaifitylthEat all faithCWieFedellisienstfiliffffffirs aftelfaillideaWWerethelfnaterialfiWith”Aieh Vie-gifeS refisiialedstheThillkYOf their!afellaisacl ThlaWas .raiefcatiff-aPcand'fitidefstandatilekreaCtilin 3 ffonitheaVerea in ties Piat theifgrandPatents7h 101-Wes theNeVOlt Ofettfbiliright,t31bung1,thingScoOthelfwelitieSagainstdVictonanl"Stirvivatht,h1ageinstillfekEnglkhthSini'dayj againstilelfurdh2gOingi althi'ghinstlitheasimple virfuos Ofii:theYearliertiForsylds.131Wittibver);;greatirAillo Oalsworthj.eernphaiizex ;that 4thisl foetlesSogenefaiidn1 6fihthepriifelSsione m id d le rcla's s ist1 ithigkaf problem' as na ivy in c re a'sinll yafest I eSgproletarkin3 and ag and; again fihe'tinsitanthati the ilespongibilitiesrloflithic

arogreater,ibecauseittieir/oppoftunities1Weretko inmehttureaterfatani Osttaastbt-W-oirtliygrrioVelitra's1Welf iilayV liakieTifer-Y reiin'SiaelabletgelatilltSign; fiCariee,for2thdlitihlitect 'States, mBetalffe th-eSi firithhettlieceiniirch&FICtEFdiqWinViroife biterliipeltheilftiletlihir"PraertiCallyleVer$frPaie" fefleedtg,atibiadute 5 final ..fatidnfeadefiiiingliddial relatinifShipapinfidP-enisfentlyuaskinS therepfEstion: AfPitlieiet prebblearfea0Ndeijfiatetfolltlieresponsibiliti&rofaffieifb fi,WhatdarealtheSTI rifàkif4g; blastlfe Weifherith'gel Whiehil has (Ibeen Lhb.ntleacr doWnaaloafitheni? Unfortuifatelyafilthiafascinating,lsoeial analysiS stops justfiWheiliwOtwant11ititif tgoloni-ainlThelearlY.thirtieg:0 GalswerthcQ.raacily,Ilikte.'IthesSreaterstlofdhiai'creetninsfl livetlj outhisi allotteclApahnin2 thisnetatf.pefiddocif 'change; illicitwhen hisl-Wdrkfadedthere'rwasfino onet left tth-dhalyserouriisOZialiistruEthreLiOithersarrieilferinsoot

C9

quiet realism. As a novelist Galsworthy must be linked with Dickens andPriestley, and, like Priestley, he also mastered the entirely different techniqueof playwriting. The work of all three has the mark of permanence upon it,although at the moment Galsworthy lingers in the curious twilight whichobscures the true status Of those artists who have died within the recentmemory of all of us.

(Contributed by Professor Keeton)

S. K. Ratcliffe on " The Passing of British India,"

September 14, 1947

(I) 'Meredith Townsend's " Asia and Europe-;(2) Macaulay's speech on Indian Government, 1833.

The 15th of August, 1947. held one of the fateful events of this modernage. Certainly no date in the annals of Asia could be of greater significance.It marks the close of British power in India, the formal winding up ofthe most remarkable example of imperial rule since Rome. We arewitnessing, indeed, the unfolding of a drama which is without parallel inhistory. ...-

The ceremonies at Delhi and Karachi stood for something far moremomentous than the creation of two new Indian governments,unprecedented though these are. They symbolized an occasion of destiny,a unique withdrawal; the dissolution of a system of control that hasdominated the life of India for 150 years. Furthermore, coming along withthe setting up of American authority in Japan, they indicate a renunciationof the commanding role played by Great Britain in Eastern Asia since themiddle of the eighteenth century. With a decisive force which.could not havebeen envisaged as recently as five years ago, British India is being rolleaup like a scroll.

This amazing consummation .of British policy.could not fail to be ofspecial interest to one who has been enabled to follow the progress ofIndian nationalism from its early moderate stage. An editorial office inCalcutta during the first years of the century was an admirable observationpost, particularly as The Statesman was an entirely .independent newspaper,as it still is. Those were the days of Lord Curzon's proconsulship, anepoch of vigorous management which had the effect of stirring up Indiannationalism to a notable degree. An English editor, naturally, was broughtinto direct relation with the political leaders, who were then Liberals in theEnglish tradition, not a few being men of striking eloquence in our tongue.Not one of them, we may be sure, was thinking of an independent India.Their modest demands were for representative assemblies, education, andan increasing share in the administration of their country. The radicalelement, having no objection to the label " extremist ", was an embarrass-ment to the National Congress party, although its spokesmen did not gobeyond Swaraj—Own rule. Gandhi was in South Africa, fighting as alawyer for the civil rights of the Indian settlers and learning to apply theTolstoyan method of non-violent resistance. He did not become a leaderin India until 1919, after the fatal affair of Amritsar. He made Swaraf(never exactly defined by him), together' with civil disobedience, a powerfulweapon of offence. He transformed what had been a limited politicalmovement into a mass crusade. He was a slow convert to independence,his hand being forced by Jahawarlal Nehru, the English-trained (Harrowand Cambridge) naiionalist who led the National Congress into declaring fora completely independent India. This was in 1928, so that a movement

I2endings from

10

which seemed for some years to be a forlorn hope has been carried totriumph within a brief spell of two decades.

The British Government, meanwhile, was going forward with a cautiousprogramme of constitutional change. In 1929 Lord Irwin (now the Earl •of Halifax) gave the pledge of dominion status. The Round Tableconferences in London followed, to the accornpaniment of large-scale civildisobedience in India and a campaign of merciless repression. Then camethe Government of India Act (1935), pressed on by Stanley Baldwin againstthe fervid hostility of Winston Churchill. The Indian provincial Govern-ments created under the Act, with Gandhi and 'Nehru in contemptuousopposition, afforded a wide field of experience for the Indian Ministries,Half a dozen of them functioned in the larger provinces. In 1939 the IndianMinisters all resigned, at Mr. Gandhi's order, as a protest against the actionof the Viceroy, Lord Linlithgow, in declaring India to be at war withGermany, without consulting his Indian advisers. It may be admittedthat the provocation was severe, but the decision was calamitous. Onedirect consequence was that in 1942, when the Cripps proposal of a NationalGovernment was made, the Gandhist rejection of the offer was easy becauseno Congress Governments were in being.

The Cripps Mission appeared at a crisis of the war. The Japanesewere at the gates of India. The powerful interests supporting the Congressparty would not face the task of sharing responsibility. There is no difficultyin understanding why; yet if a provisional settlement had then been made.India would have escaped the miseries of 1942, which Gandhi describedas " open rebellion," as well as the general breakdown of administrationby which the wise efforts of Lord WaveII were defeated. And it may beadded. the 1942 Plan offered the last chance of avoiding the disaster ofpartition.

t Evil is inviriably wrought by dogma and extremism. Congressnationalism, overwhelmingly Hindu,coutd not fail to stimulate Mohammedanresistance and the advance of the Moslem League. The demand for aseparate Moslem State, Pakistan, revealed a new energy of agitation in abackward community. Before the Second World War it seemed to bealtogether unreal. It became formidable when the programme was adoptedby Mr. M. A. Jinnah, the one effective political leader so far produced byIslamic India. The Moslems number about 95,000,000. They arc a verylarge but an unalterable minority, and were determined not to submit toa Hindu Raj. Partition, therefore,. was unavoidable—that is, the divisionof a great country which, lying between two seas and beneath a stupendousmountain barrier, makes an impressive natural argument for political andeconomic unity.

Before the Mountbatien settlement it was constantly said that apeaceful transfer of authority was impossible; civil war would break outupon the removal of Britain's strong right arm. Yet the horrible occurrencesof 1946 in Bengal, Bihar, and elsewhere had already sounded a plain warningof what was to come: not the clash of armies, but communal uprisings.arson, and massacre. The two dominions of India and Pakistan werelaunched amid emotional fraternisation, most noticeably in Bengal. Thesedemonstrations were illusory. The Punjab was at once aflame. Pakistan,by the way, could not have been formed without a splitting of this keyprovince into East and West. Moslems in the capital, Lahore, destroyedthe Hindu quarter, slew many thousands, and swept the survivors out.Amritsar, the Sikh capital, was similarly ravaged, and the Sikhs rose inrevenge. They are the most compact and disciplined community in India.about 5,000,000, the central nursery of the native army; and are whollyanti-Moslem by creed and tradition; and to the Sikh hatred cif Islam was

II

.added;-airfierceisensd obrgfievariceIbecatisothenbisecting: ofithe9Punjatichadtaken no account of the Sikh natibnwits iunitYlahd1,vitall•interestSy,intludingthe Tural colonies madelpossible by irrigation da The vengeancef! the Sikhs

•nl,o

'yin ausailypsetiof terro7st6Y, reasoksIn. its futhless rilethph and ,thortfughinfreeD:Hereo rvasymahdVi'ren dierifncientiTtirVieni-rtiidel!;XridlfitgI.sjonenpect &Or Of aR 'apt:61161e tragedrnThe. wtster'n htlf The pyvihcei- — :1 • n • ',urn, Icleared OfTHincltg,nthe.,lenterd nicht pbma-a:,̀th'e roads lihve'gtlialthi41 t • thOirgh",thirialnidiad yl'ear'e1;13(And;

peo "I"`th"'t,.. :t., e in entFi 4. S.°make room for a 'host of upfoot&M4iridus, killer' itsuown" McislChrbijwere,, ,,„ , n• T. le .)0 ,0 • 1,..1J1 JJ- t.,.. being .slaughtered by thousands and'Abjebrsurvivors starved in then-houses,...hi! di ',I. ii•feanng „to open nthe ?doors... Thei death .ibeyond cornputapon; lanai1"yh'eli 10 11 Ielirus-anplititiCrs'ithlat bo r-deiro::1.111-1hst",:kni-etOireudi. At, all' COgtsn'ytiC

i tce"WithitleatnihCm6qUeg 'Of1:repivgibiPoiPPIsTale';fieNiet,-,coilledniplitted fIceladedPalikC tlr,Cfe' apoielit?inWth"Caf6Watint'Incal"g Aa"Ithurderi:1FITEsf

rOfildliievdreMea,ilie93eilihn'n en t raettienTennI-bf rbeiarneTn'?-2',600:0O-PaTiLly ni0-0:06OurdecautelpeinpleaI&th hitieir9dhCestnlhi3Wni2nd1wkwourn aaW inamm;vou

In this dark hour of confusion rilcd'algiliftrtZo'infenriPcjilectidliTa7SIZetherW3selves:::(1) cWh at hope -&.there thf -co:operationsbetweeriatheltwocli& G6irern-ments;dandd(2)rhow1.tar. may.ciwe lobly‘rfoil adfestridtion !of womnurnah strifetolisuehtinflammatory ayeas:iasothe1Pcimijabaandigreattcents3likeuBombay;

alcutta;:c12aho re?bsA spracticah replyirlo (the ifii-StIquestibn,:ohviously;iimustberfound WithouthielaMwhile!to :the:second no::aliswehis atiptesbfitcpossible!DiSorderdisircontagioushespeeiallya.whenrit springs froMrddelkootedpracialandyreligiousrpassiennanchamong1peopleshwith WhomCirengdancelisrra i Sacreddutyrd2We) have further stdrremembert thatsM rbNehru land the?other, leadersare sharply at odds with their own revolutionary elements. Politicalichangewillsundoubtedlynbiexthejprelude ate, a \greatLsociat anditeconomic upheaval.tOrnminisni: rows'apace 11 Acria most menacinglorill arre .the spectres ofestilClicc„tlltd qmine. o;:Dsonghtiand: good lbays,been disastrous,. for)db_e,har;iest?. re tana' flight Wave' 1,1-kit:Wit' ruin to. wide area"; "Xinid—terrorsunknown for a cedtury India/1s. bemg• impelled-itof realize how the power ofagrcaL Pvreulfr1F,c1;n4,31-10101.cstSTO.YrdV,InslatS.€1dt .theirP.F°E.cesoRfP101'.9:911,16:- 'illo0Pen:=1:&.9Suf,itY)4f11f371-3 13.9P'1S511 . A .1:4 vd,odyMeanwhifeTforo1usoinyBritainhithererriist beingdunrolled inireyersel diepageantuofcant,histc deal, experience twhicht has.; fal leni do four, nationdalone!Britishb I nd ia ,2is adstructurenvan nachievemenhaithattcouid; nots have nbeen•compassed; bydanynEuropearippeopleaord underocanydsystemi(of) governmentotherndian)thallbelongingctosthis :island:of:ours: the!isingulartcombinationof autocracy and toleraiice, of adventure rind regularity, racelipridenpublicspicit,handspersonaVeyotion, for htherdisplaynsf.mychicluBritisholticha hasbeen )14,..n id] ns r et? raldiaoqmi 2.raw ythodtus Tb isknelt lith2s,c129nn•When0thelitime tshalh'comeutorsa sonsidereddappraisalyofirthedBritishrecord,therecwillkwerknow,sbeatheavy2weight iindhe; debit:col umnr 6IV willcomprise: the: gross) misdeeds iotuthe:Eastklndia Company) and 2the rapacityoftoo,manygotnits seryants; the)igrim)leconomicipolicyhofcthe1nineteenthcenturyhwithi its systematic ruin: ofirIndian3 industrieSrbthe refusalforits6long itivrecognize; theiplain2logicjoyhBritish- principleS andsinstitutions;)iandperhapsi moredgrievousti,thancr aught6elsemtherasustaineddrandrwervadingarrogance ,ofhaerulingirraceddirhisylastrdsflof .rincalculabledsignificancery theassumptionsothelattitude2and/codes Joh:behaviour which,supheld asolsocialnecessity, and asfa tenet,:ofg tribal 'religion: huild,up:rindthel:consciousnesslofa lisubject people ran) inexhaustible:Jun(1e oft resentments,: workingToublostheundoing3of the; dominantrnowerland brihging indthe, end• deadlock ?andcanacknowledgmenhoftdefeat. cfJ ot has rnoitibmt bns bsan yd nnal2ohrl-ilna12

-A 115 this' -On" tit-Olin& side:1 birrifirP-thd:otliet.'14sti redly,: O7catalOgiLe1 Ofli6ifefits-,2 rundi-ktibler ini rtange: and1,117afiety; iand1ZinAlie- Whb le-of-1a, chit ractefWhielrthejutifferghdiarnA,histbrialiaWill.1nbt be -"c1BpoSedido dis,utè Or'- to

AA is m5PiiniliSsiblethtit-he May rant first the viorkrof-Britain inbuilding a fra1mew-Srk OP'gtiVern-meht- Withifil1which-/-Wesiern.:1infitiencescould ioperate omon. the. age-long :beliefs and :customs-:of .thetland-ifor it iscertaint,that withoutdhis'Ampact th ere;:cOuldi never, haveabeenThru awakeningof.lthe-Eastti: Andnthat. -important P.fact-,being. etmeeded, ourAndian ja-dgewill ehardly defbse5to.'recognize_thova1uetto .his:peOple:of:aniadministrativeSetWicei:which,aWith ralPitsjaultsz,Imaintained :standar&of industry,and: probityrz while. holding-Lthez, scaiesz±etween ,2 rival gcbmmunities:. and;in muMberless±aSesrgaCretprthoL.ofzdeeptattachthentitot,thei I ndian-meople!And lastly, 'the judgment:L*1R include:lam:estimate Loll:the :extraordinarycomplex "zof voluritarya hamane .endeavourl through --which, by.;ixgrtue:i ofteachernahd aitictorz-missionary and 1-social woTker, them-West bast:beenimpressing,itselPuponithe fnind and:heart.of Andia:unremittingly,:throughoutam age: of: revolution. a nE3 di•ar...,71. In Z., -6; a 1311, -.ELI. 2 6

be-provecmn balanceo-toacontain less: of:good:thanill,:”thatve.thinnot tell:: But:WesternTinDuet-ices:in- India. were, inescapable

arnrindispelisablef: Without them dhereicould.haVe. beemporbirtIn oftoliticalfreedom:.do hope mf:isca pe. froth :the AmMeastirableirprisom of darkness andsuperstition ;Let usz:howevEr,1 makel no:mistake aboutAhe.decision..arrivedat in this: pre-sent.:yearro world:cnisis, :the f ootfalho fi destiny -dm:August A 5:In weieht and finality, as in depth of meaning for Britain; stands .alOn67

te: :an (CohtritnitedibrS!,Kt±Ratc1ige):17:::: 321A-4

3.2{ - z.r: £1.nt”D rot?

za:3 Om, cc/go:or) 3J

'Sherman D-Wakefield on, Great. Humanists of-t e, Past'iMost-Humanists;:beinggprimarily:interested in :man andathe.lprogress

he has made since his appearance on the earth, itir6interested, inahe studyof -history.3 Particularly are..theydnterested: in zthei r mwm heritage!_andZthoseindividuals of, the ;past ;whol,have Icontributed-notablysto:Ahe 'thoughts and.ideals 7ofr-Mumanism. C:Thereforetas3a preliminary- contriloutiolOtola :Morecomplete. lisnmf Humanists -in istory; Iliavelferreted-put the natneS Tofimenandowomen_iast: leading Humanists. ibeginnUfg-six• centurieS1 n.csa-Theirarrangement into the centuries in which they lived and labourediriot Onlygroups those who were; moreuor lessaciontemporary: but most, graphiCallypoints:oun thbse • antUries whichzabVitheimunibEr-ofi Humanigts reach,were most civilized. By the same token, the scarcity or complefeiliseneeof1Humanists in any, periodyilldstrates which...mire-the ThslarkflcenturiEs of-human •history.:.:::: cztfoluA a.nsV f CA I 2L'33

33:: During .the cl 000 bye-a rsdfromIthe second i touthetWelfth: century,' riNhenChristianity was-inacOmpletezpower over Europe,: !there,: wasnbtca :singleHumanists in our meaning of • the :teem: The -Cathol icapoldgista .•call thethirteenth the "greatest offbehldri6s;i; buti:dCfring- tliat;p6riodZnott oneHumanist was recorded: iift all-Europe.aln-,factcdMito-the:foUrte6ntfricentury,from- theLvery.Lbeginnimf of 'eh ristidn ity4nOnet df)the- few: H nmanists did ringthatzfourteen-Bundred.year,,periOd bélcinged :to- theiChristiEntraditioli. Theywere leither4 pagans or1girelonged torithe -A bie :which 15rought feomthe:Easti theibldtPagan ?culture to: berBghtedlChristian :Ebro-tie : -ham-aware-the Catholics deny the existence or the Dark Ages and calL eettain -Men ofthatmerioth Huminists; but-they were, Trot Jinn-inn istsin diur :meaning' of theterm.;:dtativill seeitf romidh isAticompletei list:. that 5thergreat, 'Humanistetas:in history :weresthe ftly centbry,n.o in .afic ienti ,and Ahe. eighteenth'and nineteenth centuries in modern times., : -The, twentieth,,century, when completed,..may, turngout: to 'ber_the greatest. of dhem all.::The'sixteehthl and

13

seventeenth centuries, following the rebirth of civilization in Europe duringthe Renaissance, prepared the way for the burst of Humanism in the eigh-.teenth century and beyond. The following galaxy of names gives the lieto the claim that we owe our so-called "Christian" civilization toChristianity. Not one of the list was an orthodox Christian.

By Humanists I mean men and women who did noLaccept the prevailingreligions (chiefly the orthodox Christian) or the cultures within which theylived ethical lives, had faith in human progress, and contributed somethingto the improvement of mankind. They all had these three things incommon, but otherwise they did not necessarily think alike. Concerningthe belief in God they were not necessarily Atheists or Agnostics; they mayhave been Deists, or Pantheists; concerning-the reform of the social orderthey were not necessarily Communists or Socialists; they may have beenPhilosophical Anarchists or Physiocrats, or belonged to some othereconomic " school." The important things were that their god(if any) was relegated to the background and man was held " masterof his fate," and some kind of human effort was made to amelioratesocial conditions. Of course, those really " great " on the list con-tributed much to civilisation. fn addition to the " labels " namedabove, the following list of Humanists was drawn from the ranks of thoseknown otherwise as Encyclopzedists, Utilitarians, Positivists, Naturalists,Monists, Pragmatists, Secularists, and Ethical Culturists. As 1 said bcfore,this list is definitely not complete, and with this understanding I submit it tothe Humanist public.

(Please note carefully the great names the following list includes.)Sixth Century n.c.—Confucius (551-478 n.c.); Tholes of Miletus (640-

546 [Lc.); Xenophanes of Colophon and Elea (c. 575-500 ri.c.).Fifth Century B.C.—Aeschylus (525-456 n.c.); Anaxagoras (c. 500-c. 428

B.c.); Democritus (c. 465-c. 375 n.c.); Euripides (c. 484-407 n.c.); Herodotus(c. 484-425 B.C.); Pericles (c. 490-429 tic.); Protagoras (c. 481-411 B.C.);Thucydides (c. 460-c. 399 tic.).

Fourth Century B.C.—Antisthenes (c. 444-c. 356 n.c.); Euhemerus(fl. c.-300 "Lc.); Isocrates (436-338 n.c.); Menander (343-291 n.c.).

Third Century B.C.—Chrysippus of Soli (c. 282-209 n.c.); Cleanthes ofAssus (331-232 we.); Epicurus (341-270 B.c.); Zeno of Citium (336-c. 263 B.c.).

Second Century B.C.—Carneades of Cyrene (214-129 n.c.); Terence(c. 190-159 we.).

. First Century n.c.—Lucretius Carus, Titus (c. 96-55 we.).First Century A.D.—Pliny the Elder (A.D. c. 23-79); Wang Ch'ung

(A.D. 27-97).Second Century A.D.—Epictetus (A.D. 60-120); Juvenal (c. A.D. 60-140);

Lucian (c. A.D. 125-c. 190); Marcus Aurelius Antoninus (121-180 A.D.).From this period to the sixteenth century the Church ruled, civilization

was at its lowest, and Humanists were practically unknown.Twelfth Century.—Averroes (1126-1198).Fourteenth Century.—Boccaccio (1313-1375).Fifteenth Century.—Valla, Lorenzo (1406-1457).Sixteenth Century.—Bodin, Jean (1530-1596); Bruno, Giordano (1548-

1600); Erasmus, Desiderius (c. 1466-1536); Hales, John (7-1570; Leonardoda Vinci (1452-1519); Marlowe, Christopher (1564-1593); Montaigne, MichelEyquem de•(1533-1592); Pomponazzi, Pietro (1462-1525); Rabelais, Francois1c. 1495-c. 1553).

Seventeenth Century.—Bayle. Pierre (1647-1706): Hobbes, Thomas(1588-1679); Moliere, Jean Baptiste Poquelin (1622-1673); Shakespeare,William (1564-1616); Vanini, Lucilio (1585-1619); Sidney, Algernon (1622-1683); Williams, Roger (1603-1683).

Eighteenth Century.—Adams, John (1735-1826); Burns, Robert (1759-14

1796); Collins, Anthony (1676-1729); Condorcet, Marie Jean AntoineNicolas Caritat, Marquis de (1743-1794); Diderot, Denis (1713-1784):Franklin, Benjamin 0706-1790); Gibbon, Edward (1737-1794): Holbach,Paul Heinrich Dietrich, Baron von (1723-1789); .1-lume, David (1711-1776);Jefferson, Thomas (1743-1826); Lamettrie, Julien Offray de (1709-1751);Madison, James (1751-1836); Paine, Thomas (1737-1809); Palmer, Elihu(1764-1806); Smith, Adam (1723-1790); Turgot, Anne Robert Jacques (1727-1781); Volney, Constantin Francois Chasseboeuf, Count de (1757-1820);Voltaire, Francois Marie Arouet dc (1694-1778); Washington, George(1732-1799).

Nineteenth Century.—Adler, Felix (1851-1933): Arnold, Sir Edwin(1832-1904); Arnold. Matthew (1822-1888); Bancroft, Hubert Howe (1832-1918); Barreda, Gabino (1820-1881); Bierce, Ambrose Gwinett (1842-c. 1914):Bradlaugh, Charles (1833-1891); Brandes, George Morris Cohen (1842-1927);Burbank, Luther (1849-1926); Burton, Sir Richard Francis (1821-1890);Carlile, Richard (1790-1843): Carlyle, Thomas (1795-1881); Carpenter,Edward (1844-1929); Carus, Paul (1852-1919); Clifford, William Kingdon(1845-1879); Clodd. Edward (1840-1930); Comte (Isidore), Auguste MarieFrancois Xavier (1798-1857); Conway, Moncure Daniel (1832-1907);Darwin, Charles Robert (1809-1882); Draper, John William (18111 882);Dunant, Jean Henri (1828-1910); Eliot. George (Mary Ann or Marian EvansCr6ss) (1819-1880); Emerson, Ralph Waldo (1803-1882); Ferrer y Guardia,Francisco (1859-1909); Feuerbach, Ludwig Andreas (1804-1872); Foote.George William (1850-1915); France, Anatole (Jaques Anatole Thibault)(1844-1924): Garibaldi, Guiseppe (1807-1882); Guyau, Jean Marie (1854-1888); Haeckel, Ernst Heinrich (1834-1919); Harrison, Frederic (1831-1923);Holyoake, George Jacob (1817-1906); Hubbard, Elbert (1859-1915);Humbolt, Alexander, Baron von (1769-1859); Hunt (James Henry); Leigh(1784-1859); Huxley. Thomas Henry (1825-1895); Ibsen, Henrik (1828-1906);Ingersoll, Robert Green (1833-1899); Jaures, Jean Leon (1859-1914); Key,Ellen Karolina Sofia (1849-1926); Lincoln, Abraham (1809-1865); Martineau,Harriet (1802-1876): Maudsley, Henry (1835-1918); Michelet, Jules (1798-1874); Mill, John Stuart (1806-1873); Morison, James Augustus Cotter(1832-1888); Morley of Blackburn, John Morley, 1st Viscount (1838-1923);Owen, Robert (1771-1858); Parker, Theodore (1810-1860); Proudhon, PierreJoseph (1809-1865); Putnam, Samuel Palmer (1838-1896); Reade, WilliamWinwood (1838-1875); Renan. Henriette (1811-1861); Ritchie, David George.(1853-1903); Shelley. Percy Bysshe (1792-1822); Spencer, Herbert (1820-1903); Swinburne, Algernon Charles (1837-1909); Thoreau, Henry David.(1817-1862); Verhaeren, Emile (1855-1916); Ward, Lester Frank (1841-1913);Whitman, Walt (1819-1892).

Twentieth Century.—Blatchford, Robert (1851-1943); Brown, EvaRobert (Ingersoll) (1863-1928); Bury, John Bagnell (1861-1927); Coit,Stanton (1857-1944); Darrow, Clarence Seward (1857-1938); Debs, EugeneVictor (1855-1926); Edison, Thomas 'Alva (1847-1931): Everett, WalterGoodnow (1860-1937); Freud. Sigmund (1856-1939); Gilman, Charlotte(Perkins) Stetson (1860-1935); Gorki, Maxim (Aleksei MaksimovichPeshkov) (1868-1936); Gould, Frederick James (1855-1938); Harrison, JaneEllen (1850-1928); Hobson, John Atkinson (1858-1940); Johnston, Sir HarryHamilton (1858-1927); Leuba, James Henry (1868-1946); London, Jack(1876-1916); Mangasarian, Mangasar Murgurditch (1859-1943); Marvin,Francis Sydney (1863-1943): Nansen, Fridtjof (1861-1930); bstwald,Wilhelm (1853-1932): Powys, Llewelyn (1884-1939); Wakefield. Homer(1865-1946); Warwick, Frances Evelyn Maynard, Countess of (1861-1938);Watson, Sir William (1858-1935): Wells, Herbert George (1866-1946);Westermarek, Edward Alexander (1862-1939).

(Reprinted by permission of the author)15

HoPi.c • REYIEWS • r:r1::•/-, ;en :V) ,'&4:7!

HislUdighlN.S•Mt5icAt2YitArli Bobi 1947-48. :By MaxItHinrichsen•al816:;:•:%---±:This„book iS the thii-cPin-,the:ceri'es''of Hinriclisen's Maddl'eail;;Bniaks,'the ,Mhers, being (19444Talid •1945-46:- ^ the- PliblislierSrmikd 'this anfinnfiat, publidatton'ifictliEituture7',';'-;;L, nr" -re-cl'="%l:

Mon iS 'in' cleat riiiiiil)find;Wiii,good;:"peatiel: andWaft:the" assistance of over .sixty.authoritative writersMas *produced jaConcritellensivthjreVieCtv thpihilsibtfor Ric hndelneiclithinatiOn:c lt_shohldprove a 'adj.& wilbine in the'library' oftiantt musthian -milsic-Inver/-be.•••t•they •rofessional or amateur.

'krztlit the fbleWOrd • th'-'fiii;c,Olurrie,'7Ihe 4h-atptiVtakes

anligi&rassith lirbyiric'e:.to4beehrhe trTilSc internationalwhrlt:";•and fuhhei-'Sthte'tbhi:” Wiil•tbeir hitentibn ltbe -wUi•kQiall be tieither;",e5teluliblely'.6Sinchl.'HOl•ca.) reChilitillatibil% rot 7.)i/hat:lids- haft:period:lin

pieVrinfis..yeni."l'l ;7-'n;';U ; -tr1W-1 -till'-c7928•-•"1117.(vill be. erendfly agrVeatithia-t "a're' affibitiodgualidithe'YeaPsWillifettealrWhetlier the;lcOuralge of/ Mr: ,H ichien been4jh'stifieraild

'BoOChuity•thIcC ag :a.standtfrd mthrk tof7.reference, -t He bas made a, great _commeheernent'fandtv•lewiC his :boo'thc, success' tliej,"Cleser1/4:.'cAlthouili thy' inOmentCannot:put' Ottcrti Eiger ow 'Ay; redu ridanci! •ItTtvililIM'etjUdicibg f 'the' thditoi:use?,a ve-ry;tcarefulf-Seleatige Witfi'aill'ihn;Maelter Which'etenTa•

d'Orrinel into ins-hands `Utherttltiser:iffY•pIrojethltriai", •killed" E3r.sheer' WeightOfYina.te'ria-1:c21-:' 'fa'?" ."'"H '. " 11'1'4u-•••••.• :kJ -_51, t 1 t:cc5•_'• :t..• •

(r 4,There: cerlaml y.,matte'r4 in ethis_volume, .Of .6Tc:five hundred pages,'to nnteref.; miliicians- Of all' kindg. arid =ivetIbliesn'd la 61 1111:vnrioi.issections contained-therein • — - • - ' .7 • .• •••Musicians-in Ithet::47:s. • ltobituary: April; ;1946 -to .Apri1,9194:1 Musicin, bur .:Time.Thevath7of ;reform: ;British ;music tand musicsin:Britain.Operr.and ballet.•:•• Composers: and:.performers:".Churcht music.'t-Sidelightsupdn • the':MastersChopin: egional-surveys±...United . Kingdom.: RegionalsurveysAcross thy:Channel: and Overseas. ',Regional surveys±Germany.Müsib land education. 7, Hp- music: t•lBell tmusic51 Research" , Musib;andScienther•Classified bibl iogra tGetibrakindexesl%'- • - • c,51 ,f7;13.) 74 -7 Withtfillttliese' Vabifiesectidrislit. is •not'• practibable fb-dedl- With'manStin:thiP v7re9ie; but 4elcall 'agent ioh the: f 011owingq—""' I - t''••e tat,•••• 47:

tile- 'Ali the--;kr-t CoUriellrih 'Greni"Oritaiiithhiving'the rehcleVs'Ohieideat-Of :thatThseful • e‘-;

the Mugic of thea.BIC .—recalling some of' the-ohtstahdirig,,muSicalitems and artists _broadcast during .the ,period. • '

The-Fleet Street 'Choira "most ' interating histOry;:in tabloid form,ofc that nicw,:welf-knot:kMtWohr. I.- • • ••• - • t-cle•le,"•-c Music:4nd Ed ncaiion=phrticulnrly. ,the- defalli,lrelatingrth•ihe Alfred1:,,Clements• Memorial ;:Fund.. : Our- own ;Iviy._ Clements, 'who ;founded: -theSouth- Place Chamber MIISist, ConCens int€1886,,; which„:.By the ,Ntvay,commence-their 57th• season ton Octoben,S, -.is worthy .of: a : prorninent,place

histbry:::and tmigbt \vent merit._ •_a- short, biography,describing -his; uniq ue. achievements; concthiyed_nt, aitime 'when" these concertsweret reakboon :to Londoriersti Many •amtafterwaras1farnous 'musicianNas,.giyen early..opportunity by The_ kindlyjaid -M Clementsc Hisworktis being,continued withtthe sarne,high standard of:endeayobr.•- 1.4r.At

usic in- Englandt.is fast coming into?itstOwn.i. Neyenbeforejlavej , „vepossessedtsuch.:a -galaxy. of-composers 'of •first-class merit. • The- taste-of- .thelistening publiS also has improved,' as; can. be::shown, My; the,- continuedpopularity of the. •Henry • Wood :Promenade., Concerts. Although the

:J(Proinenade.".zaudiefficsi bccasiona1ly4show WOEfulliffickla5flidiscrirhination;thereais iimAdoubtilasiverY lhealthyllthiegcif goodA niusiciffiffiientilatdtheaeconcerts. Aln aj ot losistai lo otnii lath )o dam& lasrleildaThs lo mulaiqborecTliereffisisemething iri this volumb(lo buittmOstarnuffical ffastesffilManywilltibeientHusia“iclovenithelsection whicbidealsiwithamusipal itistruments-ri-particularly the Dolmetsch movement; -andnto( reriiinthnhondimers sihatmtffie Has Maier. greatAcentresain ()Wallin; TheYarimyyrdadidf ,whatrgbes oniniScotlaffffiABiraiingharn; ManbffesterftWollierliamptonnetcr, etc. Iliw uo(

".1swiffis 01 &dual as uol "rum noizulawalel Dbv;IMANT,mro quxio os bica cm mulmotil lscibohaq oi noifudilino3 a'n3c.ldoD .thn.n.iiJNuks0 1393Mlegifal. ciiqg chater-§dhltudi 5YLth acmulov b"bnuflVil;f1 1170E0eillirtfithW3fkjQ elaaiAceidinVlablialfalv irluMat-tiffireifIgleni",grateful toathe author for writing ,so. well about Ahe'very-concations,wnicnfaficid sediatisteinipmqmsvoi., ISE1012111 fll 021291AM 91.6 uoy

This book gives many:Igid‘ligiit Weh7gpalnlifel:"Ittiredricjiltairrid4', ?Eland •;Probationers and staff nurses; the superior attitude adopted by so many of the sisters; the headmistress attitude of the matrontowards the staff—no matter,ehatheiryage,ctrirbssx; the insanitary conditionsof some, of the buildings, Snelhst,lffiuthli}l`no `means least, the insufficienteare-krallatteffiffiegifienriffl tfirialwaild§7set-agille Iffintlteffidrfie5Plell393110 ?Thei"el iglffirivdolititlithat ritiffriygtu'delitlffiffigestgige fo-f, dilig kv-ork IffeelaWse threly alindiqtgfie th-e1 harcffirdiigiffine.ffämlafieeeh'clariS, galool•HUMILLallPalfea'cf9Lbeemn dOmficated(hTtchentmistress who, ina0Ortinl falienfarCe'lAlisleffilineYils;Xn-ffil afraffiwtfficlaVailiexelpplary2 punistplenttil forewithe slSightest.,of,,,misdemeanours. , Arriving atliYis-Ritalj to 'senieetfOrqth'itee 6)! four iyar-s,' 'fiRearghother

'rated,' to'iThr; Wrdlet`ciee,v'aii:J!'grieV3athind rslieJi,., ie• in( i+ii•the IS to keep all the rides and regulations,puebefore her by ;the 'matronshe will not be able to call her soul hert—ovirac."lritt'gffilVisffigfilail6many.,give.upfAheyprofession out nining7 srli bloom M imps/ oars 5Wad NyeeSiallicievernAbtainathe Arnben oLcnusses.zrcoiredstmul, aiShaig.S

is made .iniadiminstrat(On add s it lme must hiive marrons jet .the-senbeMarried women add di-Others, for from this type of rdatron a youlig.Mulsemight expect the sympathetic understanding which she must have if-sheis to%bexha.ppy,ginaher,Kworkx Most 'matrons;Alike .mostuteadmistresses,seem unable AM" remainffibalanced) when" givendaower" over theira own) sex:And educated b,worpartffirecently odesCribed n headmistresses ass' ." sex,starveddessieatedi hagsa andamy) untutored "fel lowffiportersidn thospitalllavere quiteunable Itorrexprest: Theirdrfeelingsa aboutvIthe.aniatrodhavithoutf usingslaterminology entirel9&oological codpleffidMiicourid, twithOhoseffinprintablequalifying) adjectivesaiffithenbaser, sorksbMaterial; cffilditionsnarmoftUmbadin hospital but, usually, :tie psYthologiealAimestlarelmughoworsdas cliei

We must striye for better buildings, better equipment, better conditionsnofironly,iifor tffileIffiursinil staff,5 butlffilSollfOr4 porters,uffir3kitehen97wakers,fa/MI .thOSeikhOraYO'direetl-storiiiidlieetlyniVilfeseriiictito ilhefffielc3landinjui-edo alsnsd sffi 103 zslon ei,l lo tzom umq ol osbiaffia tiw ,noiedirmsq eid

Margaret Crisp has described conditions in this51biffiklciiffiiCh7ffiVerybunianscsLiwiiffiiwish itotelirninate.:1,WhEonfidentlyi5(ccommend lthis ffiook toall who would lilZe to kilidaV the " inner " hOsuMtals believing-uP ths, In.ue • 4. (- that it ixonly4.bypthis,kind offlublicny;thatipnbhclopiffion will be silffisientljijaTI:Zetr deMatiff. lirgeInt.a7fd;nec-essearV r'efdrinV " (11"

(AIL IV I S1011 ,•11 1.1011010851 s bwiffiqkunnA sdl ffinun151M.691Tmllnitainairl. .1111 bsiaffis 5vErt v•srlt bnsCOBBETT'SLEGACY 'IC YARSONS, watts ea co. 6(- .gnif9tOM lnciiiDWilliam Cobbett (1766-1835), the author of this attack on the secularolaiins to( ithelEstaffilishediChdich, .was ardbughty "fighter (fon many ffiduses,and oonea Cffinnrit lbdtradrairVithe(wayiffie ma "shals; hist factsivind .arguesdhiS

17

case. First published in 1835, and now re-issued by Messrs. Watts & Co.,this book will appeal to all freethinkers and humanists, for it gives apicture of the established church of that time of interest to us all.

The book is in the form of six letters, and in the last letter addressedto parsons he argues most strongly for the separation of Church and State.Here are his concluding words:—,

"Parsons, thus I conclude: I Call upon you to answer this book. That,you will not attempt to do: but the minds of my readers will be madeup, and the just conclusion must be, that you are unable to answer."

Cobbett's contribution to periodical literature are said to occupy onehundred volumes and, in addition, he wrote about fifteen books, the mostfamous; in our view, being his English Grammar which is said to havesold 10,000 copies in a month!

If you are interested in the historical developMent of Church and State,you will most certainly enjoy reading this book.

EDITORIAL NOTESLectures on Evolution. Our friends, the R.P.A., have taken the Large

Hall on Wednesdays from October 8 to give a course of six lectures on"Some Aspects of Evolution." The lecturers are Dr. Burton andDr. Swinton, of the Natural History Museum. We suggest that ourmembers write to the R.P.A. for a syllabus. The fee is 6s.

Obituary. Many members will regret to hear that Mr. C. S. Newson,a member since 1931. has died since we last went to Press. A keen memberof thc society, appreciating all its activities, he was at one time honorarysecretary of the Rambling Group.

We also regret to record the passing of Mrs. Cockburn, a very oldmember, who died on SepteMber 13 in a nursing home. She was in her80th year. Her daughter writes she must have been one of the oldest SouthPlacers."

Mr. Sherman D. Wakefield, of New York City, in giving consent tothe publication of his article on "The Great Humanists ends his letteras follows: have long been an admirer of Dr. Conway and South Place.Back in 1925 I published a long article on Dr. Conway as a Humanist inthe New York Truth Seeker. My wife, as a member of the Ingersoll family,knew Dr. Conway and his daughter, Mrs. Sawyer. When my wife and Ivisited London in 1932 we attended a meeting at South Place. 1 nowgreatly enjoy reading the Monthly Record."

Professor Keeton gave great pleasure to the audience on Sunday,September 7, with his discourse on Galsworthy's Social Philosophy. Withhis permission, we decided to print most of his notes for the benefit of thosewho could not attend.

Many of our members will hear with regret that C. E. Lister, whohas been our Honorary Treasurer for so many years, has been ill andunable to carry on with his duties as Tieasurer. The General Committeehas passed a resolution thanking him for his great service to the society,and they have elected Mr. E. J. Fairhall Treasurer until the next AnnualGeneral Medina.'

Just as we go to Press we hear that Colin Barralet has been admittedto hospital. We understand that this very willing worker for the society

C. J. TURNADGE.

18

is likely to be in hospital for some weeks. We shall miss him at the dancesand at the various committees on which he serves.

We offer our congratulations to Mr:and Mrs. Jack Green on the birthof a son—Peter Lawrence.

Correspondence. We hope to publish letterFfrom A. D. Cohen andHilda de Vere in our next issue.

SOCIETY'S ACTIVITIESSunday Concerts. 57th Season. At 6.30.

. October 5—Hirsch String Quartet: Leonard Hirsch, ReginaldMorley. Max Gilbert, Harvey Phillips. Beethoven inC minor. Op. 18, No. 4; Bax in G, No. 1; Mozart inF, K.590.

12—Hurwitz Strina Quartet: Emanuel Hurwitz, JorgenLaulund, Kenneth Essex. Terence Weil. Mozart inG. K.387: Beethoven in A. O. 18, No. 5; Brahms inC minor, Op. 51, No. I.

19—Bronkhurst Trio: Ruth Pearl, Harvey Phillips, HenryBronkhurst. Mozart in E, K.542: Brahms in B,Op. 8r: Ireland Phantasie in A minor; Schubert inB flat. Op. 99 (Pianoforte Trios).

26—Robert Masters Quartet: Robert. Masters, NannieJamieson, Muriel Taylor, Kinloch Anderson. Mozartin E flat, K.493; Herbert Howells in A minor, Op. 21;Brahms in G minor; Op. 25 (Pianoforte Quartets).

Conway Discussion CircleTuesdays at 7 p.m.. in 'Conjunction with the Rationalist Press

Association.October 7—" Brains Trust." " The Basis of Conduct: Natural

or Supernatural." Question Master: The HonourableMrs. S. Earl. " Brains ": Mrs. A. Blanco White,0.B.E.: Meyer Fortes, M.A., Phi). (Reader inSocial Anthropology in the University of Oxford).S. I. Hsiung: the Rev. J. F. Mozley, D.D.

14—Joseph Braddock. M.A. " Some Aspects of thePoetry of Sidney Keyes."

21—Rev. F. H. Amphlett Micklewright, MA., F.R.Hist.S." The Claims of the Church of England."

28-1. S. D. Bacon, M.A. " SOme Theories of the Nature— of. Life."

The first meeting will be in the Large Hall, the others in the Small.Hall.

DancesThe first Dance of the Season will be held in the Large Hall on

Saturday, October 4. at 7.30 p..m. Admission 2s. 6d., including refreshments.Tickets may be obtained at the door, or, in advance, at Conway Hall,

or by post from Eileen Barralet, Hill Cottage, Farnborough, Kent.The second Dance will be on Saturday. November I. and the proceeds

of this Dance will be handed to the South Place Sunday Concert Society.

Table TennisPlay is on Wednesdays, except the first Wednesday in each month.

Visitors are invited. Rubber-soled shoes must be worn by players.

19

SOUTH PLACE ETHICAL SOCIETYSUNDAY MORNING MEETINGS AT ELEVEN O'CLOCK

October 5.—JOSEPH McCABE.—" Do Soldiers Rule Us ?"

Bass Solos by 0 C. DOWMAN: The street sounds to the soldiers tread

On the idle hill of summer

Hymns: Nos. 209 and 113

October 12.—C. A. SMITH, B.Sc., Ph.D.—" The Decline of Intellectual Freedom."

Soprano Solos by HEM: SIMPSON: Rose Softly blooming .. • Spohr

When Myra sings

Hymns: Nos. 25 and 73

October 19.—PROFESSOR J. C. FLUCEL, D.Sc.—" Feeling and Behaving."

'Cello Solos by ADELINA LEON: Larghetto .. Mozart Bouree d'Auvergne, Chanson d'Alsace,

Chanson de Bresse Bazelaire

Hymns: Nos. 112 and 224

October 26.—S. K: RATCLIFFE.—" Work, Pay, and the Good Life."

Piano Solos by ELLA WIMPS: I. Duetto, 2. Spring Song Alendelksohn

Hymns Nos. 220 and 139

At Home for Members and Friends.—In the Library on Sunday, October 19. at

3 p.m. Tea 3.45 p.m. (ekl.). Isabel Turnadge, B.Sc.. Ph.D. On " The Educational Outlook:"

Rambles.—Sundliy, October 12, Selsdon and triale.y Green. Train, 1.53, Charing

Cross to South Croydon. Leader: Frederick Sowan. Sunday, October 26, Epping Forest

in all its Autumn glory. Meet Chingford Station 2.30. No. 38. bus from Conway Hall or

1.47 train Liverpool Street. Leader : B. 0. Warwick,

Social Evenings.—Ihe Library is available on Thursdays from 6.30 p.m. to 9.30 p.m.

for members and friends. October 2, Miss Walters, 9. Whist, Drive, lb. Dr Stark, 23.

Mrs. Wood, 30. Miss Walters. • •

South Place String Orchestra. Fridays, 7 p.m. Conductor : Eric W. Sawyer.

Particulars from the Ettn. Secretary: E. J. Fairhall, IS Golden Manor, W.7.

s •

The Monthly Record is posted free to Members and Associates. The annual charge

to subset:hers is 4s. Matter for publication in the November issue should reach the

Editor, C. J. Tornadge, at Conway Hall, by Monday, October 13.

'rho Objects of tile Society are the study and dissemination of ethical principles

and the cultivation of a rational religious sentiment.

Any person its sympathy-with these objects is cordially invited to become a Member

(minhoum, annual subscription 10s.), or Associate (minimum annual subscription 5s.).

Associates are not eligible to vote or hold office. Enquiries should be made of the

Registrar to whom subscriptions should be paid.

Officers

Hon. Treasurer: E. J. RAIRHALL- ..•

Huh. Registrar: Mrs. T. LINnsny3. Conway Hall, Red Lion Square, W.C.I.

Secretor).: C..I. TURNADGE

The Society does not luild itiafTespousihie for views expressed or reported herein.

Sontervell

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