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Oceans and Fisheries Dr. John T. Everett National Marine Fisheries Service National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration United States Department of Commerce

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Page 1: Oceans and Fisheries Dr. John T. Everett National Marine Fisheries Service National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration United States Department of

Oceans and Fisheries

Dr. John T. Everett

National Marine Fisheries ServiceNational Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration

United States Department of Commerce

Page 2: Oceans and Fisheries Dr. John T. Everett National Marine Fisheries Service National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration United States Department of

About the Ocean

• Half of Americans live and work within 50 miles of the coast

• Coastal areas are only 11 percent of our land

• An acre of coastal waters or wetlands can produce more food than the best farm land

• Commercial and recreational fisheries support more than 1.3 million jobs, and in 1995 added more than $20 billion to the economy

• 80 % of ocean pollution comes from the land

• Coastal tourism provides 28 million jobs

Page 3: Oceans and Fisheries Dr. John T. Everett National Marine Fisheries Service National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration United States Department of

Functions of Oceans

• Climate Regulator

• Resources and Products– fish and shellfish, marine mammals, and seaweeds

– petroleum, sand and gravel, sulfur, hot brines, manganese nodules, and polymetallic sulfides at spreading centers

– include water and unconventional energy resources

• Waste Reception and Recycling

• Recreation and Tourism

• Transportation

Page 4: Oceans and Fisheries Dr. John T. Everett National Marine Fisheries Service National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration United States Department of

Pollution

The ocean is so big. Is pollution a problem?

Page 5: Oceans and Fisheries Dr. John T. Everett National Marine Fisheries Service National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration United States Department of

Recreation

Is all recreation harmless to the ocean?

Page 6: Oceans and Fisheries Dr. John T. Everett National Marine Fisheries Service National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration United States Department of

What are some ways to harm the ocean?

Touching coral, running through beach grass, leaving trash, catching too many fish, chasing whales.......

Recreation No-Nos

Page 7: Oceans and Fisheries Dr. John T. Everett National Marine Fisheries Service National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration United States Department of

The ocean is so big. Aren’t there plenty of fish?

Fishing

Page 8: Oceans and Fisheries Dr. John T. Everett National Marine Fisheries Service National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration United States Department of

Sustainable Fisheries

• Some fisheries have lasted for 100s of years

• Many have disappeared quickly

• How do we bring them all back to full production?

Page 9: Oceans and Fisheries Dr. John T. Everett National Marine Fisheries Service National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration United States Department of

Million Tons

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

1957....1958....1959....1960....1961....1962....1963....1964....1965....1966....1967....1968....1969....1970....1971....1972....1973....1974....1975....1976....1977....1978....1979....1980....1981....1982....1983....1984....1985....1986....1987....1988....1989....1990....1991....1992....

MarineGlobal Total

FreshwaterAq.

USA

Aquaculture and USA figures are non-additive

Fisheries Production

Page 10: Oceans and Fisheries Dr. John T. Everett National Marine Fisheries Service National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration United States Department of

Being a Fisheries Scientist

• What kinds of fish are there?

• How many fish are there? Where? When?

• How fast do they grow?

• What should the quota be?

• What diseases are there? What causes them?

• What are the ecosystem relationships?

• What habitats are needed?

Page 11: Oceans and Fisheries Dr. John T. Everett National Marine Fisheries Service National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration United States Department of

Getting the Education

• Are you interested in fish or marine mammals?

• Are you interested in biology, ecology, or math?

• Get BS and MS in marine biology and/or math

• PhD needed for college teaching and senior scientist

• Shortage in stock assessment scientists

Page 12: Oceans and Fisheries Dr. John T. Everett National Marine Fisheries Service National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration United States Department of

Apparent Oceanwide Synchrony in Pacific Basin Sardines

Historical catches in the sardine fisheries of Japan, California and Peru-Chile have exhibited parallel patterns, possibly in response to global-scale changes in climate (modified from Kawasaki, 1992).

Year

Cal

ifor

nia

Sar

din

e C

atch

(Th

ousa

nd

Met

ric

Ton

s)

Japan

and

Peru

/Ch

ile Sard

ine

Catch

(Million

Metric T

ons)

Sources: U.S. GLOBEC, FAO 1995, NMFS/Our Living Oceans 1996

Peru/Chile

California

Japan

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 19900

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

Page 13: Oceans and Fisheries Dr. John T. Everett National Marine Fisheries Service National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration United States Department of

Normalized Catch Time Series

Comparison of pink salmon catch in the Gulf of Alaska with coho salmon catch in the Washington, Oregon, California region (Francis and Sibley, 1991).

Year

Sta

nd

ard

In

dex

-1.5

-1

-0.5

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990

WOC Coho

GOA Pink

Page 14: Oceans and Fisheries Dr. John T. Everett National Marine Fisheries Service National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration United States Department of

Getting the Information

• Surveys with research vessels– Trawls, long lines, pots, gill nets, sonar

• Surveys with aircraft– LIDAR, observation

• Catch statistics

• Phone interviews with creel census

• Observers on fishing vessels

Page 15: Oceans and Fisheries Dr. John T. Everett National Marine Fisheries Service National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration United States Department of

Research Tools

• Laboratories and Equipment

• Research Vessels

• Satellite Remote Sensing

• Computers

• People

• Money

Page 16: Oceans and Fisheries Dr. John T. Everett National Marine Fisheries Service National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration United States Department of

Infrastructure - Labs

Montlake

Auke Bay Sandy Hook

Miami

Page 17: Oceans and Fisheries Dr. John T. Everett National Marine Fisheries Service National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration United States Department of

Fisheries Ships

OREGON II - AGE: 31

TOWNSEND CROMWELL - AGE: 34 AGE: 30

ALBATROSS IV - AGE: 34

Page 18: Oceans and Fisheries Dr. John T. Everett National Marine Fisheries Service National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration United States Department of

El Niño

• ENSO makes weather vary in much of the world

• Every 3 to 10 years; in recent years more frequently

• Will ENSO change with global warming?

Page 19: Oceans and Fisheries Dr. John T. Everett National Marine Fisheries Service National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration United States Department of

Ocean Currents

Will o

cean cu

rrents ch

ang

e?

Page 20: Oceans and Fisheries Dr. John T. Everett National Marine Fisheries Service National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration United States Department of

What Can You Do?

• Learn all you can. Read, surf the web, and go to the ocean.

• Be a smart shopper. Learn more about your seafood.

• Conserve water.

• Use a broom instead of a hose to clean your driveway.

• Use less household chemicals such as herbicides, pesticides and cleaners. Reduce waste.

• Dispose of trash properly. Recycle, re-use, and compost.

• Reduce automobile pollution. Fix leaks.

• Protect ocean wildlife. Don't dispose of fishing lines, nets or plastic in or near the water. Be considerate of sealife habitats.

• Don't feed sea birds or mammals or disturb their nest areas.

• Get involved. Take part in a beach cleanup.

• Care! Tell others!

Page 21: Oceans and Fisheries Dr. John T. Everett National Marine Fisheries Service National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration United States Department of

Where to Put the City

• Near healthy stocks of fish

• On firm bottom

• Near warm water to reduce energy needs

• Outside shipping routes

• Near a supply center

• Near an energy source, at least for backup.