observing the universe by going underground
DESCRIPTION
50. Years of Physics at the Weizmann Institute of Science. Observing the Universe by Going Underground. ZOOMING OUT by ZOOMING IN. HAIM HARARI. May 12 th , 2004. “ZOOMING IN”. Matter. Chemical Elements. ~100. 1890 1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
Observing the Universe by Going Underground
ZOOMING OUTby
ZOOMING INHAIM HARARI
Years of Physicsat the
Weizmann Institute of Science
May 12th, 2004
50
“ZOOMING IN”
Matter
Chemical Elements
Atoms
~100
~1001890
1900
1910
1920
1930
1940
1950
1960
1970
1980
1990
2000
2010
1954
2004
GalaxiesStarsLife
NOWNOW13.7G yr
~100M yr
300K yr
3 min
10-43 sec
10-25 sec
10-11 sec
10-6 sec
1 sec
102 sec
1013 sec
1016 sec
1017 sec
“ZO
OM
ING
OU
T”
Atoms
“ZOOMING IN” Into theATOM
Matter
Chemical Elements
Atoms
Nucleus
~100
~100
~100
1890
1900
1910
1920
1930
1940
1950
1960
1970
1980
1990
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2010
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2004
Radioactive -Decay
e-
A1 A2 + e-
“ZOOMING IN” Into theATOM
Matter
Chemical Elements
Atoms
Nucleus
e
~100
~100
~100
1890
1900
1910
1920
1930
1940
1950
1960
1970
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2000
2010
1954
2004
Systematics: “Periodic Table” Mendeleyev
Collisions and InteractionsChemistry
“Smashing” ExperimentsRutherford
Radioactive -Decay
e-
e-
e-
e-
N1 N2 + e-
Radioactive -Decay
e-
e-
e-
e-
N1 N2 + e- +
“ZOOMING IN” Into theNUCLEUS
Matter
Chemical Elements
Atoms
Nucleus
p, n
e
~100
~100
~100
~ 4
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1900
1910
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1970
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1990
2000
2010
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2004
Radioactive -Decay
np
np
e-
e-
e-
e-
e-
n p + e- +
Light Nuclei
Heavy Nuclei
Atoms
GalaxiesStarsLife
NOWNOW13.7G yr
~100M yr
300K yr
3 min
10-43 sec
10-25 sec
10-11 sec
10-6 sec
1 sec
102 sec
1013 sec
1016 sec
1017 sec
“ZO
OM
ING
OU
T”
Antiparticles
pne
pne
Equal Numbers of Particles and Antiparticles?Why p and e Have Equal and Opposite Charge?
THE BIG BANG
Only -decay Can Convert n pNuclear Reactions: The Dream of the AlchemistsMass Converted to Energy
Energy of the SunCreation of Heavy Elements
“ZOOMING IN” Into thePROTON & NEUTRON
Matter
Chemical Elements
Atoms
Nucleus
p, n
…
Antiparticles
e
~100
~100
~100
~ 4
1890
1900
1910
1920
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1950
1960
1970
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2000
2010
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2004
Hadrons ~100
e
-e-
Ele
ctr
ic
Ch
arg
e
1
23
13
0
13
23
13
+
+
+
-
-
- 1
1
23
13
0
13
23
13
+
+
+
-
-
- 1
Ele
ctr
ic
Ch
arg
e
Baryons
Ele
ctri
c C
harg
e+2
+1
0
-1
“Strangeness”
0 -1 -2 -3
p
n
Baryons
Ele
ctri
c C
harg
e+2
+1
0
-1
“Strangeness”
0 -1 -2 -3
Mesons
Ele
ctri
c C
harg
e
+1
0
-1
“Strangeness”
-1 0 +1
p
n
Baryons
Ele
ctri
c C
harg
e+2
+1
0
-1
“Strangeness”
0 -1 -2 -3
Mesons
Ele
ctri
c C
harg
e
+1
0
-1
“Strangeness”
-1 0 +1
p
n
u
d s
0 -1
23
13
+
_
Quarks
Mesons
Ele
ctri
c C
harg
e
+1
0
-1
“Strangeness”
-1 0 +1
Ele
ctri
c C
harg
e+2
+1
0
-1
“Strangeness”
uuu
uud
udd
ddd
uus
uds
dds
uss
dss sss
0 -1 -2 -3
p
n
u
d s
0 -1
23
13
+
_
Quarks
Baryons
Mesons
Ele
ctri
c C
harg
e
+1
0
-1
“Strangeness”
-1 0 +1
Ele
ctri
c C
harg
e+2
+1
0
-1
“Strangeness”
uuu
uud
udd
ddd
uus
uds
dds
uss
dss sss
0 -1 -2 -3
p
n
u
d s
0 -1
23
13
+
_
s d
u
+1 0
13
23
+
_
Quarks Anti-Quarks
Baryons
Baryons
Ele
ctri
c C
harg
e+2
+1
0
-1
“Strangeness”
uuu
uud
udd
ddd
uus
uds
dds
uss
dss sss
0 -1 -2 -3
u
d s
0 -1
23
13
+
_
p
n
Mesons
Ele
ctri
c C
harg
e
+1
0
-1
“Strangeness”
us
ds
ud
uuddss
du
sd
su
-1 0 +1
s d
u
+1 0
13
23
+
_
Quarks Anti-Quarks
“ZOOMING IN” Into thePROTON & NEUTRON
Matter
Chemical Elements
Atoms
Nucleus
HadronsQuarks
p, n
…
Antiparticles
e
~100
~100
~100
~ 4
~100
~ 7
1890
1900
1910
1920
1930
1940
1950
1960
1970
1980
1990
2000
2010
1954
2004
u
sd
e
-e-
Ele
ctr
ic
Ch
arg
e
1
23
13
0
13
23
13
+
+
+
-
-
- 1
1
23
13
0
13
23
13
+
+
+
-
-
- 1
Ele
ctr
ic
Ch
arg
eLeptons Quarks
Leptons Quarks
u
sd
e
-e-
Ele
ctr
ic
Ch
arg
e
1
23
13
0
13
23
13
+
+
+
-
-
- 1
1
23
13
0
13
23
13
+
+
+
-
-
- 1
Ele
ctr
ic
Ch
arg
e
Baryon-Mesons CollisionsTime
B1
M1 M2
B2
B*
Baryon-Mesons Collisions
B1
M1 M2
B2
B*
Time
B1
M1 M2
B2
M*
Baryon-Mesons Collisions
B1
M1 M2
B2
B*
Time
B1
M1 M2
B2
M*
B1
M1 M2
B2
Duality Diagram
Baryon-Mesons Collisions
B1
M1 M2
B2
B*
Time
B1
M1 M2
B2
M*
B1
M1 M2
B2
Duality Diagram
B*
Baryon-Mesons Collisions
B1
M1 M2
B2
B*
Time
B1
M1 M2
B2
M*
B1
M1 M2
B2
Duality Diagram
M*
Baryon-Mesons Collisions
B1
M1 M2
B2
B*
Time
B1
M1 M2
B2
M*
B1
M1 M2
B2
Duality Diagram
B* M*
Meson Is a “String” Can Split Into Two
Deep Inelastic Scattering
e e
P Hadrons
All Hadrons Made of Quarks
Free Quarks Do Not ExistOnly at Very Short Distance They Can Be Detected
Early Universe - Soup of Quarks and Antiquarks
StanfordLinearAccelerator
Radioactive -Decay
d u + e- +
np
np
e-
e-
e-
e-
e-
e-
d
“ZOOMING IN” Into thePROTON & NEUTRON
Matter
Chemical Elements
Atoms
Nucleus
HadronsQuarks
p, n
…
Antiparticles
e
~100
~100
~100
~ 4
~100
~ 7
1890
1900
1910
1920
1930
1940
1950
1960
1970
1980
1990
2000
2010
1954
2004
Systematics: “Periodic Table” Eightfold Way
Collisions and InteractionsDuality+Quark Counting
“Smashing” ExperimentsDeep Inelstic
Leptons Quarks
u
sd
e
-e-
Ele
ctr
ic
Ch
arg
e
1
23
13
0
13
23
13
+
+
+
-
-
- 1
1
23
13
0
13
23
13
+
+
+
-
-
- 1
Ele
ctr
ic
Ch
arg
e
c
Leptons Quarks
u
sd
e
-e-
Ele
ctr
ic
Ch
arg
e
1
23
13
0
13
23
13
+
+
+
-
-
- 1
1
23
13
0
13
23
13
+
+
+
-
-
- 1
Ele
ctr
ic
Ch
arg
e
c t
b
-
Matter
Chemical Elements
Atoms
Nucleus
HadronsQuarks
p, n
…
cb
t
Antiparticles
e
~100
~100
~100
~ 4
~100
~ 7
~ 20
1890
1900
1910
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1950
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2010
1954
2004
“ZOOMING IN” Into theQUARK & LEPTON
Leptons Quarks
u
sd
e
-e-
Ele
ctr
ic
Ch
arg
e
1
23
13
0
13
23
13
+
+
+
-
-
- 1
1
23
13
0
13
23
13
+
+
+
-
-
- 1
Ele
ctr
ic
Ch
arg
e
c t
b
-
Quark Mixing
Heavy Quarks decay fastHeavy Quarks are Short-Lived
Three Generations of Quarks & Leptons
Do Heavy Quarks Matter?Violation of Symmetry betweenParticle and Antiparticle?
6 Quarks Masses3 Mixing Parameters
CERN
OPAL
Particle Masses Generated
“Quark Soup”
Protons & Neutrons
Light Nuclei
Heavy Nuclei
Atoms
GalaxiesStarsLife
NOWNOW13.7G yr
~100M yr
300K yr
3 min
10-43 sec
10-25 sec
10-11 sec
10-6 sec
1 sec
102 sec
1013 sec
1016 sec
1017 sec
“ZO
OM
ING
OU
T”
is Massless ?
Is Different from ?
Are e Really Different ?
Nuclear Reactions Neutrinos
Solar NeutrinosCosmic Ray NeutrinosSupernova Neutrinos
- ASTRONOMY
Neutrinos Have MassesThey Are Extremely Light
Masses of e Are Different
e Mix
Conclusions:
KamiokandeJapan
Leptons Quarks
Ele
ctr
ic
Ch
arg
e
1
23
13
0
13
23
13
+
+
+
-
-
- 1
1
23
13
0
13
23
13
+
+
+
-
-
- 1
Ele
ctr
ic
Ch
arg
e
u
sd
c t
b
e
-e-
-
Leptons Quarks
Ele
ctr
ic
Ch
arg
e
1
23
13
0
13
23
13
+
+
+
-
-
- 1
1
23
13
0
13
23
13
+
+
+
-
-
- 1
Ele
ctr
ic
Ch
arg
e
u
sd
c t
b
e
-e-
-
4M
150M7M
1.3G 170G
5G
8m<8m
100M500K
30m
1.8G
Leptons Quarks
Ele
ctr
ic
Ch
arg
e
1
23
13
0
13
23
13
+
+
+
-
-
- 1
1
23
13
0
13
23
13
+
+
+
-
-
- 1
Ele
ctr
ic
Ch
arg
e
u
sd
c t
b
e
-e-
-
Leptons Quarks
Ele
ctr
ic
Ch
arg
e
1
23
13
0
13
23
13
+
+
+
-
-
- 1
1
23
13
0
13
23
13
+
+
+
-
-
- 1
Ele
ctr
ic
Ch
arg
e
u
sd
c t
b
e
-e-
-
Leptons & Quarks
Leptons & Quarks
Ele
ctr
ic
Ch
arg
e
1
23
13
0
13
23
13
+
+
+
-
-
- 1
1
23
13
0
13
23
13
+
+
+
-
-
- 1
Ele
ctr
ic
Ch
arg
e
u
sd
c t
be
+e+
+
Antiparticles
e
-e-
-
u
sd
c t
b
Leptons & Quarks
Ele
ctr
ic
Ch
arg
e
1
23
13
0
13
23
13
+
+
+
-
-
- 1
u
sd
c t
be
+e+
+
Antiparticles
1
23
13
0
13
23
13
+
+
+
-
-
- 1
Ele
ctr
ic
Ch
arg
e e
-e-
-
u
sd
c t
b
OPEN QUESTIONS
Why Are We Here (“Baryogenesis”)?What Is the Dark Matter?What Is the Dark Energy?Connection to Gravity?
Why Three Generation?
Do the 2nd and 3rd Generation Make a Difference?
Quarks – Lepton relation?
-1 23- 1
3- 0 +113+ 2
3+ ?, , , , , ,Why only
20 Building Blocks?20 Arbitrary Parameters?Origin of Masses?
A New IngeniousTheoretical Framework
STRING THEORY
Grand Unified Theories (GUT)
Supersymmetry (SUSY)
Sub-particles (“Rishons”?)
Options
BIG BANGBIG BANG
Gravity Connection
Inflation
Particle Masses Generated
“Quark Soup”
Protons & Neutrons
Light Nuclei
Heavy Nuclei
Atoms
GalaxiesStarsLife
NOWNOW13.7G yr
~100M yr
300K yr
3 min
10-43 sec
10-25 sec
10-11 sec
10-6 sec
1 sec
102 sec
1013 sec
1016 sec
1017 sec
Grand Unification ? Baryogenesis ? Subparticles ? Strings ?
“ZO
OM
ING
OU
T”
50HAPPY BIRTHDAYHAPPY BIRTHDAYWEIZMANN-PHYSICSWEIZMANN-PHYSICS