objectives vocabulary key equations - southgate … reviews... · chapter 24 the chemistry of life...

Chapter 24 The Chemistry of Life 631

Section Review

Objectives• Identify the fundamental units of life

• Describe how organisms get energy for their needs

Vocabulary• photosynthesis

Key Equations• Photosynthesis:

6CO2 � 6H2O � Energy → C6H12O6 � 6O2

Carbon Water from Glucose Oxygendioxide sunlight

• Energy used by cells:

C6H12O6 � 6O2 → 6CO2 � 6H2O � Energy

Glucose Oxygen Carbon Waterdioxide

Part A CompletionUse this completion exercise to check your understanding of the concepts and termsthat are introduced in this section. Each blank can be completed with a term, shortphrase, or number.

Two major cell designs occur in nature: cells and 1.

cells. The cells of are prokaryotic, and the cells of 2.

other organisms including and animals are eukaryotic. 3.

Eukaryotic cells are easily distinguished from prokaryotic cells by 4.

the presence of small membrane-enclosed structures called 5.

, which are located in the interior of the cell. These 6.

structures are the sites of many specialized functions in eukaryotic 7.

cells. are the source of cellular energy, are sites 8.

for the digestion of substances taken into the cell, and the

contains genetic materials necessary for reproducing the cell.

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Name ___________________________ Date ___________________ Class __________________

A STRATEGY FOR LIFE24.1

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632 Core Teaching Resources

Organisms must have energy to survive. is directly or 9.

indirectly the source of all energy obtained by organisms. 10.

is the process by which cells directly capture and use solar energy 11.

to reduce carbon dioxide to sugar compounds. Photosynthetic

organisms produce the found in Earth’s atmosphere.

Part B True-FalseClassify each of these statements as always true, AT; sometimes true, ST; or never true, NT.

________ 12. Examination of fossilized remains indicates that eukaryotic cellsappeared on Earth before prokaryotic cells.

________ 13. Photosynthesis is the process by which cells capture and use solar energyto make chemical energy.

________ 14. Ribosomes are the sites in the cell where proteins are made.

________ 15. To carry out photosynthesis, cells require carbon dioxide and water.

________ 16. Oxygen is produced when animals oxidize the nutrients produced byplants.

Part C MatchingMatch each description in Column B to the correct term in Column A.

Part D QuestionAnswer the following in the space provided.

21. Plant cells contain chloroplasts and mitochondria. Why would plant cellsrequire both types of organelles?

Column B

a. the movement of carbon through the environmentbetween photosynthetic organisms and animals

b. specialized organelle that contains a light-harvestingsystem to convert solar energy into chemical energy

c. cells of bacteria

d. a cell that has a nucleus and membrane-boundorganelles

Column A

________ 17. chloroplast

________ 18. prokaryotic cells

________ 19. carbon cycle

________ 20. eukaryotic cell

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10

9

Name ___________________________ Date ___________________ Class __________________©

Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Prentice Hall. All rights reserved.

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Section Review

Objectives• Describe the structural characteristics of carbohydrates

• Explain how glucose polymers form

Vocabulary


are monomers and polymers of aldehydes and 1.

ketones that have numerous hydroxy groups attached. In animals 2.

and plants, carbohydrates function as reserves. Plants 3.

also utilize some forms of carbohydrate, such as , to 4.

provide structural rigidity and form. The simplest carbohydrates 5.

are called , or simple sugars. Carbohydrates formed from 6.

the joining of two simple sugars are called . When many 7.

sugar monomers polymerize, the resulting carbohydrate is referred 8.

to as a . 9.

Two types of carbohydrates produced by plants are 10.

and cellulose. Starch and cellulose are polymers of .

is the major storage form of carbohydrates in animals.

Animals store carbohydrate reserves in the muscles and .10

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• carbohydrates

• monosaccharides

• disaccharides

• polysaccharides

Name ___________________________ Date ___________________ Class __________________

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________ 11. Two well-known polysaccharides are glucose and fructose.

________ 12. Fructose is a polyhydroxy ketone.

________ 13. In aqueous solution, the straight-chain and cyclic forms of glucose existin dynamic equilibrium.

________ 14. Glucose and fructose can react by means of a condensation reaction toform sucrose.

________ 15. Carbohydrates are soluble in water.


Part D QuestionsAnswer the following in the space provided.

21. What are the major functions of carbohydrates in plants?

22. What monosaccharides are obtained by the hydrolysis of sucrose?

23. What functional group is present in all carbohydrates?

Column B

a. a simple sugar that occurs in a large number of fruits and honey

b. sucrose

c. a monosaccharide that can polymerize to form starch

d. a carbohydrate produced and stored by plants

e. monomers and polymers of polyhydroxy aldehydes andpolyhydroxy ketones

Column A

________ 16. carbohydrates

________ 17. disaccharide

________ 18. glucose

________ 19. fructose

________ 20. starch

Name ___________________________ Date ___________________ Class __________________©


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Section Review

Objectives• Describe the structure of an amino acid

• Distinguish between peptides and proteins

• Explain how enzymes affect biochemical reactions

Vocabulary


An is any compound that contains amino and 1.

carboxylic acid groups in the same molecule. The amino acids 2.

commonly found in nature consist of a carboxyl group, an 3.

amino group, a hydrogen atom, and a covalently bonded 4.

to a central carbon atom. The chemical nature of the 5.

accounts for the differences in properties of the standard set of 20 6.

naturally occurring amino acids. 7.

Two amino acids can react to form a . In this reaction, 8.

the carboxyl group of one amino acid combines with the amino 9.

group from the other amino acid to form a bond and a

molecule of . When the number of amino acids joined

together in one continuous chain exceeds 100, the resulting

polypeptide is called a .

In cells, proteins often function as . Proteins that

catalyze biological reactions are generally referred to as .9

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• amino acid

• peptide

• peptide bond

• protein

• enzymes

• substrates

• active site

Name ___________________________ Date ___________________ Class __________________

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________ 10. The side chains of amino acids are nonpolar.

________ 11. The majority of naturally occurring amino acids are right-handedstereo isomers.

________ 12. The order in which the amino acids of a peptide molecule are linked iscalled the amino acid sequence.

________ 13. Proteins have a characteristic three-dimensional shape that isdetermined by the interactions between the amino acids in the protein.


Part D ProblemAnswer the following in the space provided.

17. The formula of aspartame (Nutra-Sweet) is shown below. Aspartame is adipeptide of phenylalanine and aspartic acid. Identify (1) the central carbons,(2) the side-chain groups, (3) the peptide bond, (4) the free amino end of thedipeptide, and (5) the free carboxyl end of the dipeptide. (Note that the freecarboxyl group of phenylalanine is modified to a methyl ester in aspartame.)

H2N 2 C 2 C 2 NH 2 C 2 C 2 O 2 CH3

H H

CH2

@

@

@CH2

COOH

@O#

O#

@

@

Column B

a. a metal ion or small molecule that must be presentfor a catalyzed reaction to occur

b. the structure that forms when a molecule attaches toan active site of an enzyme

c. a molecule on which an enzyme acts

Column A

________ 14. enzyme–substratecomplex

________ 15. coenzyme

________ 16. substrate

Name ___________________________ Date ___________________ Class __________________©


05_CTR_ch24 7/12/04 8:20 AM 36


Section Review

Objectives• Distinguish lipids from other classes of biological molecules

• Describe the structure of a lipid bilayer

Vocabulary


Fats, oils, and waxes are members of the family of 1.

biological molecules. Compared to most carbohydrates and 2.

proteins, lipids are generally in aqueous solvents. Fats and 3.

oils occur naturally as mixtures of , which are triesters of 4.

glycerol with long-chain carboxylic acids. are important 5.

as the long-term storage form of energy in the body. 6.

, a process used to make soap, involves the hydrolysis 7.

of triglycerides with an alkali metal hydroxide. The products of the 8.

reaction are alkali metal salts of fatty acids, or soaps, and . 9.

are lipids that contain phosphate groups. This class of 10.

lipids is unique in that the “head” of the molecule is and 11.

the “tails” are . These dipolar features promote the

spontaneous clustering of phospholipid molecules to form a

in aqueous solution. consist primarily of lipid bilayers.1110

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• lipids

• triglycerides

• saponification

• phospholipids

• waxes

Name ___________________________ Date ___________________ Class __________________

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________ 12. Sodium stearate can be classified as a soap.

________ 13. In a typical lipid bilayer of a cell membrane, the vast majority of thephospholipids are oriented so that their phosphate groups do not havecontact with water.

________ 14. Waxes are esters of long-chain fatty acids and long-chain alcohols.

________ 15. Fats and oils tend to dissolve readily in nonpolar solvents.

________ 16. Enzymes are bound to the interior surface of cell membranes.


Part D QuestionsAnswer the following in the space provided.

21. What are some of the functions of waxes in plants and animals?

22. What physical features do soaps and phospholipids have in common?

Column B

a. components of the cell membrane that help ferry nutrientsacross the lipid bilayer

b. triesters of glycerol and long-chain carboxylic acids

c. lipids that contain phosphate groups

d. the hydrolysis of triglycerides with an alkali metalhydroxide

Column A

________ 17. saponification

________ 18. triglycerides

________ 19. phospholipids

________ 20. membrane proteins

Name ___________________________ Date ___________________ Class __________________©


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Section Review

Objectives• Identify the structural components of nucleic acids

• Explain how information is coded in genetic material and how it can be affectedby mutations

• Describe recombinant DNA technology

Vocabulary• nucleic acids

• nucleotides

• gene


Nucleic acids are nitrogen-containing polymers in which the 1.

repeating unit is a . Two kinds of nucleic acids are found in 2.

cells— (DNA) and (RNA). DNA carries the 3.

information needed to make and governs the reproduction 4.

and growth of cells. The nucleotide monomers that make up DNA 5.

and RNA consist of a phosphate group, a five-carbon sugar, and a 6.

. There are four types of nitrogen bases found in DNA— 7.

, , , and . In RNA, the base thymine 8.

is replaced by . 9.

DNA has a double-stranded structure referred to as a 10.

. This structure is stabilized by the formation of 11.

between opposing nitrogen bases. Typically, in the double helix, 12.

adenine pairs with , and guanine pairs with . 13.

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________ 15. A gene is a segment of DNA that codes for one kind of protein.

________ 16. The genetic code is a set of 61 triplet code words used to specify aminoacids in protein synthesis plus three triplet code words that signal “stop”when a protein has been synthesized.

________ 17. Gene mutations are beneficial to the survival of an organism.

________ 18. Except for identical twins, the base sequences of DNA are different fordifferent individuals.


Part D QuestionAnswer the following question in the space provided.

24. What are DNA mutations and how do they affect proteins? Give an example ofone type of DNA mutation.

Column B

a. a DNA chain produced in the laboratory by breaking apartand recombining DNA chains from different organisms

b. a polymer of ribonucleotides or deoxyribonucleotides foundprimarily in cell nuclei

c. an exact duplication of an organism’s DNA and, therefore, ofan organism’s characteristics

d. one of the monomers that make up DNA and RNA

e. the band patterns that form when DNA fragments—obtained when enzymes catalyze the cutting of DNAchains—are separated and visualized in the laboratory

Column A

________ 19. nucleic acids

________ 20. DNA fingerprint

________ 21. clone

________ 22. recombinant DNA

________ 23. nucleotide

Name ___________________________ Date ___________________ Class __________________©


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Section Review

Objectives• Explain the function of ATP in living cells

• Distinguish between catabolism and anabolism

• Explain the nitrogen cycle

Vocabulary• adenosine triphosphate

• metabolism

• catabolism

• anabolism


is the primary energy-storing molecule found in cells 1.

of all organisms. ATP is formed when a molecule of 2.

condenses with a molecule of phosphoric acid. The energy needed 3.

to phosphorylate ADP comes from the energy released by the 4.

of higher-energy compounds. 5.

Every mole of ATP hydrolyzed back to ADP releases about 6.

of energy. Cells use this energy to drive processes that 7.

would ordinarily be . ATP is used to transmit energy 8.

between reactions and reactions in the cell. 9.

Because cellular never stops, the cycle of producing and 10.

breaking down ATP occurs continuously.

The set of reactions in living cells in which substances are

broken down and energy is produced is called . The set of

reactions in which the simple compounds produced by catabolism

are used to synthesize more complex molecules is called .10

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________ 11. The complete oxidation of glucose to carbon dioxide and water is one ofthe most important catabolic reactions in the cell.

________ 12. Metabolism is the sum of the enzyme-catalyzed chemical and energychanges that occur in cells.

________ 13. Anabolic reactions produce energy.

________ 14. Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is a ribonucleotide.

________ 15. ATP has less potential chemical energy than ADP.


Part D QuestionAnswer the following question in the space provided.

20. Many reactions associated with the growth and replication of cells in livingorganisms are nonspontaneous. How are these reactions driven forward?

Column B

a. an energy-storing molecule used to drive anabolicprocesses in the cell

b. the set of all chemical reactions that occur within a livingorganism

c. reactions in which simple molecules are used tosynthesize more complex molecules

d. energy-yielding reactions in which larger molecules aredegraded to smaller molecules

Column A

________ 16. catabolism

________ 17. metabolism

________ 18. anabolism

________ 19. ATP

Name ___________________________ Date ___________________ Class __________________©


05_CTR_ch24 7/12/04 8:20 AM Page 642

objectives vocabulary key equations - southgate … reviews... · chapter 24 the chemistry of life...

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