ob slides power hold 9 24-12
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Definitions
• Power: the capacity to control of a person to control the actions of another person.
• Influence: the ability of a person to change the behavior of another person.
• Politics: activities used in order to acquire, develop, and use power and influence to obtain preferred outcomes.
• Authority: the right to try to change or direct others.
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5 basic power basesIn no apparent order
1. Coercive – dependent upon fear2. Reward – can provide something3. Legitimate – structural position4. Expert – result of expertise, special skill, knowledge
5. Referent – like, respect, admiration
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Two more that some consider as bases
1. Charismatic – strength of “heroic” qualities2. Information – knowledge others need
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Power
• The capacity to affect the behavior of others
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Position power• Formal authority• Control of resources• Control of rewards• Control of punishments
• Control of information
• Ecological control
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Personal power• Expertise
• Friendship/loyalty
• Charisma
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Political power• Control of decision processes
• Coalitions
• Institutionalization
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So, let’s take a deeper (?) look
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Legitimate power
• The target person complies because he or she believes the agent has the right to make the request and the target person has the obligation to comply.
• Power that stems from a positions placement in the managerial hierarchy and the authority vested in the position.
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Coercive power
• The target person complies in order to avoid punishments he or she believes are controlled by the agent.
• Power that depends on the ability to punish others when they do not engage in desired behaviors.
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Reward power
• The target person complies in order to obtain rewards he or she believes are controlled by the agent.
• Power that is based on the capacity to control and provide valued rewards to others.
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Expert power
• The target person complies because he or she believes that the agent has special knowledge about the best way to do something.
• Power that is based on the possession of expertise that is valued by others.
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Referent power
• The target person complies because he or she admires or identifies with the agent and wants to gain the agents approval.
• Power that results from being admired, personally identified with, or liked by others.
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Information power
• The target person complies because he or she believes that the agent has access to information that is needed.
• Power that results from access to and control over the distribution of important information about organizational operations and future plans.
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Topics in the Power conversation
• Sexual Harassment• Political Behavior
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Influence the ability of a person to change the behavior of another person
• Tends to be subtler, broader, and more general• Is weaker and less reliable than power• Relies on particular tactics • It is often face to face
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6 tactics for influencing othersKipnis and Schmidt
1. Reason: using data, logic, & discussion2. Friendliness: interest, goodwill, esteem to create favorable impression
3. Coalition formation: mobilizes other people to support requests
4. Bargaining: negotiation & exchanging favors5. Assertiveness: directness and forcefulness6. Appeal to higher authority: invokes higher authority to back up a request
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Politics activities used in order to acquire, develop, and use power and influence to obtain
preferred outcomes
• Political Tactics– Ingratiation– Networking– Impression Management– Promote Opposition– Pursuing Line Responsibility
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Responses to Org Politics
• When people hate Org Politics– Decreased job satisfaction– Increased anxiety and stress– Increased turnover– Reduced performance– Defensive behaviors
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How to Cope with Organizational Politics
• Set an example – don’t let facts slip by• Give clear job assignments – ambiguity allows politics to slip in
• Eliminate Cliques – rotate people when possible
• Confront Game Players – don’t accept suggestive comments; move discussions to public forum
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So…… How?• -- Use Power Judiciously• (having, exercising, or characterized by sound judgment: discreet)• -- Use Power only when you must – less is more.
• Power and influence are found in many places• body language• carriage• stories• norms• effectiveness• attitudes• servanthood• efficiency•
•
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Finally ….
• Always remember that there are two parties in any PIP relationship – The person in power– The person under power
• Perhaps understanding “them” is a critical need in the kind and amount of PIP required