nyarc 2014: frick/zeri results
DESCRIPTION
Talk given at the 2014 NYARC annual meeting.TRANSCRIPT
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Photo ArchiveImage Analysis
John Resig March 2014
http://ejohn.org/research/
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Frick Art Reference Library Photoarchive
• Frick Art Reference Library Photoarchive established in 1920.
• Collects photographs of works of art from around the world, including sponsoring own photography.
• Traditionally image analysis has not been applied to photo archives.
• The Frick Photoarchive was interested in exploring image analysis more after seeingUkiyo-e.org.
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Test case: Anonymous Italian Art Photographs• Anonymous Italian Art photographs are
small part (~18,000) of over 1.2 million images in the Frick Photoarchive.
• Very few color photographs (makes most image analysis difficult, good test case).
• Analysis was performed by myself in collaboration with the Frick Photoarchive.
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Digital Anonymous Italian Art
• Early digitization project.
• At the time there was no in-house digital lab at the Frick Photoarchive.
• Digitization self-funded and executed by an outside institution.
• When new images were added they were not “merged” -- too hard with no attribution.
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Image Analysis
• I wrote custom software to automate matches using MatchEngine (a TinEye service).
• Extremely effective image matching technology.
• Matches same images and portions of images, even in black-and-white.
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MatchEngine
image1.jpg
image2.jpg
image3.jpg
imageN.jpg
Upload Images to MatchEngine
.
.
.
.
.
.
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MatchEngine
image1.jpg
image2.jpg
Retrieve Image Matches from MatchEngine
image9.jpg
Matches
image2.jpg
image1.jpg
Matches
Match Database
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Archive (e.g. Frick Art Reference Library)
ArtworkImage
Image
Image
ArtworkImage
Image
Image
ArtworkImage
Image
Image
ArtworkImage
Image
Image
ArtworkImage
Image
Image
ArtworkImage
Image
Image
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Artwork
Confirming a Known Match
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ArtworkArtwork
Discovering a New Match
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5%
3%
92%
Artworks with no match Confirms a known match Matches a new work
Frick Artworks That Have A Match
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Similar Images
Different photo, same work of art.
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Similar Images
Different photo, slightly different cropping.
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Similar Images
Different photo, dramatically different lighting.
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Alternate Images
Partial Image vs. Full Image
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Alternate Images
Partial Image vs. Much Larger Image
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Alternate Images
Color vs. Black-and-White
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Conservation
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Conservation
Repairs and possibly removal of later additions.
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Conservation
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Conservation
Possibly just a drastic difference in lighting?
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Conservation
Analysis even spots dramatic conservation work.
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Copies
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Copies
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Copies
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Copies
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Copies
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Copies
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Digitization Errors
Arms with Folded Hands Castello sforzesco, Milan.
Female HeadGabinetto disegni e stampe
degli Uffizi, Florence.
Work doesn’t match description, wrong cataloging.
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Still Life with a Bottle, a Plate, a Mortar and Pestle...
Virgin Enthroned Nursing Christ, Between Two Saints
S. Biovenale, Orvieto.
Work doesn’t match description, wrong cataloging.
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2%4%4%
26%
31%
34%
Similar Image Wrong Image Alternate Image Ambiguous ImageDifferent Works Conservation
Types of New Matches Discovered
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Measuring Image Analysis Efficacy
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Artwork
Confirming a Known Match
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Artwork
Impossible to Confirm Match
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Artworks With Multiple Photos
47%
33%
20%
Failed Match Successful Match No Possible Matches
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# of Match Successes and Failures by Type
0
80
160
240
320
Same Similar Alternate Conservation 3D Negative
Success Failure
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Similar Images
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Similar Images
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Alternate Images
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Alternate Images
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Likelihood of a match by % of image overlap
0%
25%
50%
75%
100%
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 100
Failed Alternate Matches Successful Alternate Matches Successful Other Matches
% of Image Overlapping
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Likelihood of an ‘Alternate Image’ match by % of image overlap
9%
91%
Failure Success
86%
14%
Failure Success
Under 30% Overlap Over 30% Overlap
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Conservation
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3D Works
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3D Works
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Negative Images
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Overall MatchEngine Quality
62%
38%
Failure Success
88%
12%
Failure Success
All Potential Matches No: Under 30% Overlap, 3D, or Negative
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Frederico Zeri Foundation
• University of Bologna
• 290,000 photos of artworks from national archives, private archives, museums, etc.
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Zeri 15thC Italian Art
• Digitized 15th century Italian art
• Persumably some overlap with the Frick’s Anonymous Italian Art archive
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Image-to-Artwork Ratio
0
10000
20000
30000
40000
Frick Zeri
17,929
14,284
38,511
18,548
Images Artworks
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3%
36%
61%
Artworks with no match Confirms a known match Matches a new work
Zeri Artworks That Have A Match
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Image Analysis Matches
0
5500
11000
16500
22000
Frick Zeri
738815
20,051
1,053
Same Artwork Different Artwork
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Image Detail
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Image Detail
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Same Piece, Similar Style
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Same Piece, Similar Style
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Similar/Copies
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What Happens When We Combine Archives?
• Discover new relationships with the other archive
• Discover new relationships inside our own archive
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Frick Photoarchive
ArtworkImage
Image
Image
ArtworkImage
Image
Image
Zeri Archive
ArtworkImage
Image
Image
ArtworkImage
Image
Image
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Frick-Zeri Image Matches
18,548 Images
38,511 Images
1,117 Images 1,442 Images
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Frick-Zeri Artwork Matches
14,284 Artworks 17,929 Artworks
855 Artworks (6%) 938 Artworks (5%)
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Merge Verification
• Previously, 77 artworks were manually matched by a researcher at the Zeri foundation
• Can use to verify the quality of the matches
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Merge Verification
16%
84%
Same Artwork Failed to Match
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Lighting Differences
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Tiny Details
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Merging Works!
• 84% success confirming known relationships (with a small sample)
• Only 6% of computer-discovered matches were also found by a human.
• (55 human matches vs. 938 computer matches)
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Graph Analysis
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Frick 420
420
Zeri 15836
42091
42090
Frick 417
417
42092
?
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Finding new Links
• Found 14 new Frick links via Zeri
• Found 236 new Zeri links via Frick
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Frick 347
347
Zeri 12227
33526 33527
Frick 348
348
33525 33528
?
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Frick 8131
Zeri 23402
57136
Frick 81328132a 8132
57129
57134
Zeri 23405
5713057137
57138
8131a 8131
?
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Conclusion
• It becomes possible to merge photo archives, even though they’re in different langauges.
• New relationships are discovered in the process.
• The synergy of combining multiple archives reveals even more information.
• All of this is completely automated!
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Contact
• John Resig
• http://ejohn.org/research/
• http://ukiyo-e.org/