nx-group-xu ly nuoc thai khach san 6238

7/31/2019 NX-GROUP-Xu Ly Nuoc Thai Khach San 6238

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N MN HCThit k h thng x l nc thi khch sn c cng sut Q = 300 m3/ng

MC LC

GVHD : Th.s L Ngc Th 1


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LI M U

Trong nhng nm gn y cng vi s pht trin ca nn kinh t t nc , l sng gp khng nh ca ngnh du lch Vit Nam . Kinh doanh trong lnh vc khchsn nh ngh ang thu ht rt nhiu vn u t v ngy cng c nhiu khch snmc ln trn khp c nc .

Do nhiu yu t khch quan hay ch quan m nhiu khch sn vn cha tht squan tm nhiu n vn x l nc thi do mnh thi ra , gy ra nhiu nh hngn mi trng sinh thi v c bit l nh hng n sc khe ca con ngi .

Vi ti Nghin cu v thit k h thng x l nc thi khch sn c Q = 300m3/ng. em hy vng s gp mt phn no gip mi ngi c th c mt cinhn ng n hn v lnh vc mi trng ni chung v lnh vc XLNT Sinh hotni ring , t nh u t s dnh nhiu thi gian v tin ca hn cho vic XLnc thi , m bo n s pht trin an ton ca mi trng sinh thi cng nh anton cho chnh sc khe ca h.

Xin chn thnh cm n qu Thy C trong khoa gip chng em thc hin tt n mn hc ln ny !

Trn trng knh cho,

SV TH



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CHNG 1

TNG QUAN V NGNH KINH DOANHKHCH SN NC TA

1. TNG QUAN

Trong nhng nm va qua , nn kinh t ca nc ta c nhng bc pht trinnhy vt , v th ca Vit Nam trn trng Quc t khng ngng c nng cao thhin qua nhng hi ngh ln ca khu vc v quc t c t chc rt thnh cng nc ta . c c nhng thnh tu nh vy l nh s ng gp khng nh cangnh Du lch Vit Nam trong c ngnh kinh doanh khch sn nh ngh , mttrong nhng ngnh m Vit Nam rt c u th nh vo iu kin t nhin u i ,

nhng danh lam thng cnh v hng lot cc cng trnh kin trc c knh m kh cni no snh c .

hiu hn v tnh hnh kinh doanh khch sn ca Vit Nam sau y chng ta stm hiu v tnh hnh khch sn ti TP H Ch Minh ni tiu biu cho hot ngkinh doanh du lch v khch sn thnh cng ca c nc :

Thnh ph H Ch Minh hin c 641 khch sn vi 17.646 phng.

H thng khch sn bao gm t nhng khch sn cao cp do cc tp on quc thng u nh Accor, Furama, Mariot hay Shareton qun l, cc khch sn c qutrnh hot ng c trm nm m dch v c ngay c cc v nguyn th quc gia,cc doanh nhn tm c khen ngi, c cc t chc quc t v du lch trao tngnhiu gii thng v danh hiu v cht lng cao cho n cc khch sn bnh dnp ng nhiu nhu cu linh ng v a dng ca khch. Phn ln cc khch sn uchim nhng v tr p nht trong trung tm thnh ph, gn cc khu thng mi, cnk sn bay, nh ga, bn xe V c im chnh l cc khch sn u c tnhchuyn nghip cao, t c s vt cht v trang thit b cho n cc dch v v phongcch phc v. Mi khch sn thng la chn mt n tng ring: Caravelle lGVHD : Th.s L Ngc Th 3


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khch sn thng nhn tuyt ho, Rex l "Ngi nh Vit Nam", Majestic vi vthanh lch c in phng Ty, Bng Sen gy n tng bng m thc "buffet gnh", Nht ni ting vi dch v tic ci Ngay nhng khch sn nh cng tophong cch nh s phc v tn tm, thn tnh nh trong gia nh, hay nhng dch

v p ng mi yu cu nho nh ca khch. Ngnh khch sn ca thnh ph HCh Minh c th t ho khi so snh vi cc nc trong khu vc.

S KHCH SN TI THNH PH H CH MINH (30/3/2003)

Khch sn S khch sn S phng

Khch sn quc doanh 100 4.002

Khch sn ngoi quc doanh 59 9.391Khch sn c vn u t nc ngoi 22 4.233

Tng cng 641 17.646

XP HNG KHCH SN

(Theo tiu chun xp hng sao ca Tng Cc Du lch Vit Nam)

Hng sao S khch sn S phng5 sao 7 2.378

4 sao 4 712

3 sao 22 1.976

2 sao 46 1.705

1 sao 39 827

t tiu chun ti thiu 55 966

Tng cng 173 8.564

Thc trng s pht trin ca ngnh du lch v khch sn l rt ng mngcho nn kinh t t nc . Tuy nhin, iu c bit cn quan tm ti l lngnc thi t cc khch sn ny cha cht hu c v cht rn do cc hot ng sinhhot ca du khch v cc hot ng ca khch sn nh : nu n, git gi, v sinh snv nh tm Hm lng cc cht ny cao v vi lu lng ln s gy nhimngun tip nhn (sng, h, ). c bit l khi ngun tip nhn l ngun cung cp



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nc sinh hot cho ngi dn th ngun ny cn c bo v khng b nhhng hoc nh hng thp bi cc cht gy nhim ny.

V vy, vic x l nc thi ca khch sn l cn thit v rt cp bch. Tuy

nhin khch sn nm trong khu vc dn c ng c nn vic tn dng hiu qudin tch t l vic cn phi quan tm , hay ni cch khc xy dng 1 cng trnh xl nc thi sao cho tht hiu qu , kinh t v t tn din tch nht l mt vn cnu t nghin cu thm .

2. MC CH NGHIN CU THIT K

Vi nhng tiu ch ra nh trn trong n mn hc ny em s c gng nghincu thit k mt trm x l nc thi vi cng sut Q = 300 m3 /ng. tngng vi 1 khch sn 5 sao vi 382 phng ( n + i) . Cc ch tiu khc chotrong bng di y :

Yu cu nc u ra phi t mc II theo TCVN 6772:2000, ngun tip nhn l hthng cng thi ca thnh ph chy ra sng Si Gn . Do iu kin khng c dintch nhiu cho cng trnh nn trm x l c xy dng tng hm ca khch sn ,trong mt khu vc khong trn di 100 m2 .

3. NI DUNG NGHIN CU THIT K- Phn tch s cn thit khi thit k

- Xc nh thng s tnh ton ( theo thng s cho trong ti )- Chn phng n v dy chuyn cng ngh x l nc thi khch sn

- Khi ton cng trnh

CHNG 2


STT Ch tiu n v Gi tr

1 pH 6-7.5

2 SS mg/l 350

3 BOD mgO2/l 300

4 COD mg/l 500

5 Nitrat mg/l 150

6 Photphos mg/l 8.5

7 Du m mg/l 60

8 Coliform MPN/100ml 1.1 * 106


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S CN THIT PHI NGHIN CU

CNG NGH XLNT KHCH SN

1. THNH PHN V TNH CHT NC THI KHCH SN

1.1. Thnh phn nc thi khch sn

Cc cht cha trong nc thi khch sn bao gm: cc cht hu c, v c vvi sinh vt.

Thnh phn tnh cht ca nc thi c xc nh bng phn tch ho l, visinh.

1.1.1. Thnh phn vt l :

- Theo trng thi vt l, cc cht bn trong nc thi c chia thnh:

- Cc cht khng ho tan dng l lng, kch thc ln hn 10 -4mm, cth dng huyn ph, nh tng hoc dng si, giy, vi

- Cc tp cht bn dng keo vi kch thc ht trong khong10 -4-106mm

- Cc cht bn dng tan c kch thc nh hn 10 -6mm, c th dng

phn t hoc phn li thnh ion,- Nc thi khch sn thng c mi hi kh chu khi vn chuyn trongcng sau 2 6 gi xut hin kh hydrosunfua (H2S).

1.1.2. Thnh phn ho hc :

- Cc cht hu c trong nc thi chim khong 50 -60% tng cc cht.Cc cht hu c ny bao gm cht hu c thc vt: cn b thc vt, rau,hoa qu, giy v cc cht hu c ng vt: cht thi bi tit cangi .. Cc cht hu c trong nc thi theo c tnh ho hc gm chyu l protein (chim 40 60%), hydratcacbon (25 50%), cc cht bo,

du m (10%). Ur cng l cht hu c quan trng trong nc thi. Nng cc cht hu c thng c xc nh thng qua ch tiu BOD, COD.Bn cnh cc cht trn nc thi cn cha cc lin kt hu c tng hp:cc cht hot ng b mt m in hnh l cht ty tng hp (Alkyl bezensunfonat- ABS) rt kh x l bng phng php sinh hc v gy nn hintng si bt trong cc trm x l nc thi v trn mt nc ngun nitip nhn nc thi.



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- Cc cht v c trong nc thi chim 40 - 42% gm ch yu: ct, tst, cc axit, baz v c Nc thi cha cc hp cht ho hc dng vc nh st, magie, canxi, silic, nhiu cht hu c sinh hot nh phn,nc tiu v cc cht thi khc nh: ct, st, du m. Nc thi va x ra

thng c tnh kim, nhng dn dn tr nn c tnh axit v thi ra.1.1.3. Thnh phn vi sinh, vi sinh vt:

Trong nc thi cn c mt nhiu dng vi sinh vt: vi khun, vi rt, nm,rong to, trng giun sng trong s cc dng vi sinh vt , c th c ccc vi trng gy bnh, v d: l, thng hnc kh nng gy thnh dchbnh. V thnh phn ho hc th cc loi vi sinh vt thuc nhm cc chthu c.

Khi xt n cc qu trnh x l nc thi, bn cnh cc thnh phn v c,hu c, vi sinh vt nh nu trn th qu trnh x l cn ph thuc rt nhiu trng

thi ho l ca cc cht v trng thi ny c xc nh bng phn tn ca ccht. Theo , cc cht cha trong nc thi c chia thnh 4 nhm ph thuc vokch thc ht ca chng.

- Nhm 1: gm cc tp cht phn tn th, khng tan dng l lng, nhtng, bt. Kch thc ht ca nhm 1 nm trong khong 10 -1-10-4mm.Chng cng c th l cht v c, hu c, vi sinh vt v hp cng vinc thi thnh h d th khng bn v trong iu kin xc nh c thlng xung di dng cn lng hoc ni ln trn mt nc, hoc tn ti trng thi l lng trong khong thi gian no . Do , cc cht chatrong nhm ny c th d dng tch ra khi khi nc thi bng phngphp trng lc.

- Nhm 2: gm cc cht phn tn dng keo vi kch thc ht ca nhmny nm trong khong 10-4-10-6mm. chng gm 2 loi keo: keo a ncv keo k nc.

Keo a nc c c trung bng kh nng lin kt gia cc ht phntn vi nc. Chng thng l nhng cht hu c c trng lng phn tln: hydratcacbon (xenlulo, tinh bt), protit (anbumin, hemoglobin, ).

Keo k nc (t st, hydroxyt st, nhm, silic ) khng c kh nnglin kt nh keo a nc.

Thnh phn cc cht keo c trong nc thi chim 35-40% lng cccht l lng. Do kch thc nh b nn kh nng t lng ca cc ht keol kh khn. V vy, cc ht keo c th lng c, cn ph v bnca chng bng phng php keo t ho hc hoc sinh hc.

- Nhm 3: gm cc cht ho tan c kch thc ht phn t nh hn 10-7mm. Chng to thnh h mt pha cn gi l dung dch tht. Cc chttrong nhm 3 rt khc nhau v thnh phn. Mt s ch tiu c trng cho



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tnh cht nc thi: mu, mi, BOD, COD c xc nh thngqua s c mt cc cht thuc nhm ny v x l chng thng sdng bin php ho l v sinh hc.

- Nhm 4: gm cc cht c trong nc thi c kch thc ht nh hnhoc bng 10-8mm (phn tn ion). Cc cht ny ch yu l axit, baz vcc mui ca chng. Mt trong s nh cc mui amonia, phosphatc hnh thnh trong qu trnh x l sinh hc.

Thnh phn v tnh cht nhim bn ca nc thi sinh hot ph thuc votp qun sinh hot, mc sng ca ngi dn, mc hon thin ca thit b, trngthi lm vic ca thit b thu gom nc thi. S lng nc thi thay i tu theoiu kin tin nghi cuc sng, tp qun dng nc ca tng dn tc, iu kin tnhin v lng nc cp. Lu lng nc thi khch sn c xc nh da volng khch trong khch sn v tiu chun thi nc.

Bng 2.1 :Tiu chun thi nc t khch sn v cc khu dch v thng mi

Ngun nc thi n v Lu lng (l/n v. ngy )

Dy Tr s tiuchun

Sn bay, nh ga Khch 7.5 - 15 11

Gara t, sa cha u xe 26 - 50 38

Kho hng ho Phng toilet 1515 - 2270 1900

Nhn vin 30 - 45 38

Qun bar Khch 3.8 - 19 11

Nhn vin 38 - 60 50

Git i My 1703 - 2460 2080

Nhn vin 26 - 60 49

Nh hng thngthng

Khch 26-40 35

Trung tm thngmi

Nhn vin 26-50 40

Bi u xe 4-11 8

Vn phng Nhn vin 26-60 50

Nh ht Gh 8-15 10

Khch sn Khch 151 - 212 180



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Nhn vin 26 - 49 38

Ngun: theo ti liu Metcalf & Eddy Wastewater Engineering

Ch thch:

-Tiu chun khng qui nh

-Thi gian thu mu nc thi vo lc 15 gi 30

Khi tnh ton nng cht bn ca nc thi th da theo lng cht bncho mt ngi trong ngy m.

Bng 2.2 -Lng cht bn tnh cho mt ngi trong ngy m

Cht bn tnh ton Lng cht bn (g/ngy)

BOD5 ca nc thi lng 25 - 30Cht rn l lng SS 50 - 55

Tng Nit ca mui amonia (N) 7

Phosphat P2O5 1.7

Clorua 10

Ngun: Tiu chun Xy Dng TCXD - 51- 84

1.2. Tnh cht nc thi ca khch sn:

Ch tiu n v Nc thi TCVN 6772:2000Mc II

Vt tiuchun(ln)

pH 6 -7.5 5 - 9

SS mg/l 350 50 7

BOD5 mgO2/l 300 30 10

COD mg/l 500 50 10

Phospho mg/l 8.5 6 1.4

Nitrat mg/l 150 30 5Du m mg/l 60 20 3

Coliform MPN/100ml

1.1 * 106 1000 1100



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2. NH HNG CA NC THI KHCH SN I VI MITRNG

2.1. Anh hng ca cht hu c n sinh vt thu sinh:

Cht hu c d b phn hu sinh hc v cc cht tiu th oxygen trong ncthi khch sn lm suy kit hm lng oxy ho tan trong nc do trong nc thikhch sn bi nhim hu c i hi mt lng oxy cao cung cp cho vi khun t lm sch. iu ny dn n h sinh thi di nc b nh hng. Tm, c bthiu oxy s cht lm gim sn lng nh bt. Ngoi ra, sn phm t s phn hucc cht hu c cn c th l cht c i vi sinh vt thu sinh.

Da vo c im d b phn hu do vi sinh vt c trong nc thi khch snta c th phn cc cht hu c nh sau:

+ Cht hu c d b phn hu: l cc hp cht protein,hydratcacbon, cht bo Trong thnh phn cc cht hu c t nc thikhch sn c khong 40 60% protein, 25 50% hydratcacbon, 10%cht bo. Cc hp cht ny ch yu lm suy gim oxy ho tan trongnc.

+ Cht hu c kh b phn hu: Cc cht ny thuc cc cht hu cc vng thm, cc cht a vng ngng t, cc hp cht clo hu c,phospho hu c Trong s cc cht ny, c nhiu hp cht l cht huc tng hp. Hu ht chng c tnh c i vi sinh vt v con ngi.Chng tn lu lu di trong mi trng v c th sinh vt gy c tch

lu, nh hng nghim trng n cuc sng.

2.2. Anh hng ca vi khun trong nc thi khch sn i vi con ngi

Trong nc thi khch sn rt giu cc cht hu c, gm 3 nhm cht: protein(40 50 %), hidratcacbon (50%), cht bo (10%). Protein l polime ca acid amin,l ngun dinh dng chnh cho vi sinh vt. Hidratcacbon l cc cht ng bt vxenluloz. Tinh bt v ng rt d b phn hu bi vi sinh vt, cn xenluloz bphn hu mun hn v tc phn hu chm hn nhiu. Cht bo t tan v vi sinh

vt phn gii vi tc rt chm. S lng vi sinh vt, ch yu l vi khun, ctrong nc thi rt ln (khong 105 109 t bo /ml). Ngoi vic chng ng vai trphn hu cc cht hu c, cng vi cc cht khong khc dng lm cht nui t bovi khun v ng thi lm sch nc thi, chng cn c mt s vi sinh vt gy bnh(ecoli, coliform, ). Cc loi vi sinh vt gy bnh hin hu trong nc thi a rasng gp phn lm cho cc bnh , c bit l cc bnh ng rut ( thng hn, t,l, ) gia tng do ly lan qua con ng n ung v sinh hot.



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Trong phn ngi c cha nhiu loi vi trng gy bnh ( nh vi trng t, l,thng hn v trng giun sn). Trong thc t l khng th xc nh tt c cc loi vitrng ny i vi tng mu nc v phc tp v tn thi gian. Do thng thngtrong nghin cu nhim ta khng xc nh cc loi vi trng gy bnh m xc nh

mu nc c b nhim phn khng. Mun vy, ta ch cn xc nh mt vi vi sinhch th cho nhim phn. C 3 nhm vi sinh ch th nhim phn:

+ Nhm coliform c trng l Escherichia coli (Ecoli)

+ Nhm streptococci c trng l Streptococcus faecalis

+ Nhm clostridia kh sulfit c trng l Clostridium perfringens

S c mt ca cc vi sinh ny ch ra rng nc b nhim phn, nh vy c ngha l c th c vi rrng ng rut trong nc v ngc li nu khng c ccvi sinh ch th c ngha l c th khng c vi trng gy bnh ng rut.

2.3. Anh hng ca cht ty ra i vi mi trng

Khch sn s dng x phng, cc cht ty ra vi mc ch: git ra gi, raging, lm v sinh sn nh, toilet y l cht ho hc hu c bn vng, c ctnh cao i vi con ngi.

X phng l nhng mui ca axit bo bc cao nh natrisearat, c s dngnh tc nhn lm sch. Trong nc cng, x phng thng kt ta thnh mui canxiv magi, hiu qu lm sch b mt. X phng thng c pH cao hn 7, d ph hucc si c ngun gc l protein ng vt . X phng vo h thng nc thi c thlm thay i pH ca nc, cng vi kh nng to bt vng lm gim kh nng hotan ca oxy trong nc. X phng cn c kh nng st khun nh, mt chng mcno c tc dng km hm sinh trng ca h vi sinh vt trong nc.Nhn chungx phng khng phi l tc nhn c bn gy nhim nc nhng gy nh hngn nng sut lm vic ca h thng x l.

Cc cht ty ra thng c 10-30% l cc cht hot ng b mt, 12% cccht ph gia v mt s cht c khc.Sn lng cc cht ty ra sn xut hng nmtrn th gii vo khong 25 triu tn. Cc cht hot ng b mt ( ABS ) vo ncto huyn ph bn vng di dng keo, lm gim hot tnh ca mng sinh hc trongcc phin lc nc cng nh bn hot tnh.Cc cht ty ra khi c trong nc thi s

lm cho nc to mt khi bt ln va gy cm gic kh chu va lm gim khnng khuch tn kh vo nc. Nh vy, cc cht ty ra l ngun gy nhimnc rt ng quan tm. Bn thn chng t c c tnh i vi ngi v ng vt,nhng gy nhim nc lm gim cht lng ca nc, c bit l nc ung.Ngoi ra, chng lm cho thc vt trong nc pht trin. Khi poliphosphat phn hutrong nc to thnh cc dng ion phosphat, l ngun dinh dng cho cc loi to,vi sinh bc thp

P3O10 + 2H2O Y 2HPO4-2 + H2PO4-



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( HPO4-2 , H2PO4- l ngun dinh dng cho sinh vt bc thp trong nc)

2.4. Anh hng ca cht dinh dng trong nc thi khch sn

Hm lng Nit (N ), Phospho (P ) trong nc thi khch sn l kh cao.Cc cht ny c trong qu trnh ch bin thc n hay c trong thc n d tha. yl cht dinh dng ca cc loi thu sinh. Khi cc cht dinh dng ny qu nhiu sthc y s pht trin ca cc vi sinh vt nh: vi khun, nm nc, to, thc vtni. Hu qu u tin l s tng trng phiu sinh thc vt cp thp, tng trngng k sinh khi h phiu sinh. Tng trng ng k cc loi to que, to xanh, toc. Tng nng Chllorophyll s y mnh qu trnh phn hu cht hu c trongnc. Suy gim nghim trng hm lng oxy ho tan l yu t c bn trong qutrnh t lm sch ngun nc, gim ng k trong ca nc. Nhng iu nygy hu qu nghim trng l mt loi c c gi tr kinh t cao b tiu dit do thiu

dng kh v n phi cc loi to c. Mt s loi c khc thch ng c vi iukin sinh trng mi thng l cc loi c khng tt v khng ngon. S thiudng kh lm gim kh nng t lm sch ngun nc cng vi s phn hu chthu c lm nc b nhim bn c mi kh chu, pH ca nc b gim.

*Trong nc hp cht cha Nit thng tn ti dng hp cht hu c,amoniac, dng oxy ho ( nitrat, nitrit ).Cc dng ny l cc khu trong chui phnhu hp cht cha nit hu c th d nh protein v hp phn ca protein.

Protein Y NH3 Y NO2- Y NO3-NO3- Y NO2- Y NO2 Y N2O Y N2Z

Nu nc cha hu ht cc hp cht nit hu c, amoniac hoc NH4OH thchng t nc mi b nhim. NH3 trong nc s gy c cho cc v cc sinh vtkhc trong nc.

Nu trong nc c hp cht nit ch yu l nitrit l nc b nhim mtthi gian di hn.

Nu nc cha ch yu hp cht nit dng nitrat chng t qu trnh phnhu kt thc. Tuy vy, cc nitrat ch bn iu kin hiu kh, khi iu kin kkh hay thiu kh cc nitrat trong nc cao c th gy c vi ngi v khi vo cth, vi iu kin thch hp ng tiu ho, nitrat s bin thnh nitrit. Nitrit(NO2-) l sn phm trung gian ca qu trnh oxy ho amoni (NH4+) trong nc thnhnitrat. y l mt tc nhn c hi cho sc kho con ngi v khi vo c th n ckh nng kt hp vi hng cu (hemoglobin) trong mu sau chuyn ho thnhmethemoglobin v cui cng chuyn thnh methemoglobiamine l cht c ch viclin kt v vn chuyn oxy, gy bnh thiu oxy trong mu v sinh ra bnh mutrng.

4HbFe2+O2 + NO2- + 2H2O Y 4HbFe3+OH + 4 NO3- + O2GVHD : Th.s L Ngc Th 12


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hemoglobin methemoglobin

trong nc amoniac tn ti dng NH3 v NH4+ (NH4OH, NH4NO3 ,(NH4)2SO4 ) tu thuc vo pH ca nc v nc l baz yu, NH3 hay NH4+ c

trong nc cng vi phosphat thc y qu trnh ph dng ca nc. Tnh c caNH3 cao hn cc ion amon (NH4+). Vi nng 0.01mg/l NH3 gy c cho cqua ng mu, nng 0.2 0.5 mg/l gy c cp tnh. H Lan qui nhhm lng amon trong nc mt trn 5mg/l l nc nhim nng. FAO qui nhcho nc nui c: nng d amon < 0.2mg/l i vi c h Salmon (c hi) v0.8mg/l i vi h c Cyprinid (c chp).

Nitrat l sn phm cui cng ca qu trnh phn hu cc cht hu c cha Nc trong nc thi ca con ngi, ng vt. Trong nc t nhin, nng nitratthng < 5mg/l. vng b nhim do cht thi c hm lng nitrat trong nc trn10 mg/l lm cho rong to d pht trin, gy nh hng xu n cht lng nc

sinh hot v nui trng thu sn.Bn thn nitrat khng phi l cht c c tnh, nhng trong c th n b

chuyn ho thnh nitrit ri kt hp vi mt s cht khc c th to thnh cc hpcht nitrozo, l cht c kh nng gy ung th. Hm lng nitrat trong nc cao nuung phi s gy bnh thiu mu, lm tr xanh xao do gim chc nngHaemoglobin (Hb). Nguyn do ca vic ny l v lng nitrat tng trong c th.Theo qui nh ca WHO, nitrat c trong nc ung khng qu 10mg/l (tnh theo N)hoc 45NO3- mg/l.

*Phospho l cht c nhiu trong phn ngi, thc phm. Phospho c trongnc thng c dng ortho phosphat, mui phosphat ca axit phosphoric H2PO4-,HPO42-, PO43- t tm c thi ra, cc poliphosphat t cc cht ty rapyrometaphosphat Na2(PO4)6, tripoliphosphat Na5P3O4, pyrophosphat Na4P2O7 . ttc cc dng poliphosphat u c th chuyn ho v orthophosphat trong mi trngnc c bit l iu kin mi trng axit v nhit cao (gn im si). Ngoira, trong nc cn c cc hp cht phospho hu c.

Nng phospho trong ngun nc khng nit thng


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chun ca WHO i vi nc ung khng chp nhn tng cht rn tan (TDS) caohn 1200 mg/l.

Cht rn l lng cng l tc nhn gy nh hng tiu cc n ti nguyn

thu sinh ng thi gy tc hi v mt cm quan (tng c ngun nc) v gybi lng. Cc cht rn c to ra trong qu trnh xi mn, phong ho a cht, donc chy trn t ng rung.

Tm li, mi ngun nc u c kh nng t lm sch nh kh nng t phalong, xo trn nc thi vi ngun, khong ho cc cht bn hu c bng oxy hotan trong nc nh hot ng ca vi sinh vt hiu kh lm gim nng cc cht nhim n mc nht nh. Nhng khi x nc thi vo ngun vi lu lng lnvt qu kh nng t lm sch ca sng, h th lng nc thi ny s lm nhimbn ngun nc sng, h. Nu nc thi cha x l b ng, t hm s phn huk kh cht hu c s sinh ra mi hi thi nh hng n sinh hot ca ngi dn

cng nh cc hot ng vn ho ven sng. Hn na, nc thi cn cha v s ccvi khun gy bnh t cht bi tit ca con ngi v c th ha c t gy nguy hin sc kho con ngi v h thu sinh ca h sinh thi sng Si Gn

T cc phn tch trn th vic x l nc thi khch sn l vn rt cn thit.

CHNG 3

TNG QUAN CC PHNG PHP X LNC THI

. TNG QUAN PHNG PHP X L NC THI

1. Phng php x l c hc:

Phng php x l c hc dng tch cc cht khng ha tan v mt phncc cht dng keo ra khi nc thi.

1.1. Song chn rc, li lc:



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Song chn rc, li lc dng gi cc cn bn c kch thc ln hoc dng si nh giy, rau c, rc c gi chung l rc. Rc thng c chuyn timy nghin rc, sau khi c nghin nh, cho tr li trc song chn rc hocchuyn ti b phn hy cn.

Trong nhng nm gn y, ngi ta s dng rt ph bin loi song chn rclin hp va chn gi va nghin rc i vi nhng trm cng sut x l va vnh.

1.2. B lng ct:

B lng ct tch ra khi nc thi cc cht bn v c c trng lng ringln (nh x than, ct). Chng khng c li i vi cc qu trnh lm trong, x lsinh ho nc thi v x l cn b cng nh khng c li i vi cc cng trnhthit b cng ngh trn trm x l. Ct t b lng ct a i phi kh trn sn phiv sau thng c s dng li cho nhng mc ch xy dng.

1.3. B lng:

B lng tch cc cht l lng c trng lng ring khc vi trng lngring ca nc thi. Cht l lng nng s t t lng xung y, cc cht l lngnh s ni ln b mt. Cn lng v bt ni nh cc thit b c hc thu gom v vnchuyn ln cng trnh x l cn.

1.4. B vt du m:

B vt du m thng p dng khi x l nc thi c cha du m (ncthi cng nghip). i vi nc thi sinh hot khi hm lng du m khng cao th

vic vt du m thng thc hin ngay b lng nh thit b gt ni.1.5. B lc:

B lc c tc dng tch cc cht trng thi l lng kch thc nh bngcch cho nc thi i qua lp vt liu lc, cng trnh ny s dng ch yu cho 1 sloi nc thi cng nghip.

Phng php x l nc thi bng c hc c th loi b khi nc thi c60% cc tp cht khng ha tan v 20% BOD.

Hiu qu x l c th t ti 75% theo hm lng cht l lng v 30-35%theo BOD bng cc bin php lm thong s b hoc ng t sinh hc.

Nu iu kin v sinh cho php, th sau khi x l c hc nc thi c khtrng v x vo ngun, nhng thng th x l c hc ch l giai on x l s btrc khi cho qua x l sinh hc.

2. Phng php x l ha hc:

Thc cht ca phng php x l ho hc l a vo nc thi cht phnng no gy tc ng vi cc tp cht bn, bin i ho hc v to cn lng



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hoc to dng cht ha tan nhng khng c hi, khng gy nhim mi trng.Theo giai on v mc x l, phng php ha hc s c tc ng tng cngqu trnh x l c hc hoc sinh hc. Nhng phn ng din ra c th l phn ngoxy ha - kh, cc phn ng to cht kt ta hoc cc phn ng phn hy cht c

hi.Phng php x l ha hc thng c p dng x l nc thi cng

nghip. Ty thuc vo iu kin a phng v iu kin v sinh cho php, phngphp x l ho hc c th hon tt giai on cui cng hoc ch l giai on s bban u ca vic x l nc thi.

2.1. Phng php trung ha:

Dng a mi trng nc thi c cha cc axit v c hoc kim vtrng thi trung tnh pH=6.5 8.5. Phng php ny c th thc hin bng nhiucch: trn ln nc thi cha axit v nc thi cha kim vi nhau, hoc b sung

thm cc tc nhn ha hc, lc nc qua lp vt liu lc c tc dng trung ho, hpph kh cha axit bng nc thi cha kim

2.2. Phng php keo t (ng t keo):

Dng lm trong v kh mu nc thi bng cch dng cc cht keo t(phn) v cc cht tr keo t lin kt cc cht rn dng l lng v keo c trongnc thi thnh nhng bng c kch thc ln hn.

2.3. Phng php ozon ho:

L phng php x l nc thi c cha cc cht hu c dng ho tan v

dng keo bng ozon. Ozon d dng nhng oxy nguyn t cho cc tp cht hu c.2.4. Phng php in ha hc:

Thc cht l ph hy cc tp cht c hi c trong nc thi bng cch oxyho in ho trn cc ant hoc dng phc hi cc cht qu (ng, ch, st).Thng thng 2 nhim v phn hy cc cht c hi v thu hi cht qu c giiquyt ng thi.

3. Phng php x l ha l:

3.1. Hp ph:

Dng tch cc cht hu c v kh ho tan khi nc thi bng cch tptrung nhng cht trn b mt cht rn ( cht hp ph) hoc bng cch tng tcgia cc cht bn ho tan vi cc cht rn (hp ph ha hc).

3.2. Trch ly:

Dng tch cc cht bn ho tan ra khi nc thi bng cch b sung 1cht dung mi khng ho tan vo nc, nhng ho tan ca cht bn trong dungmi cao hn trong nc.



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3.3. Chng ct:

L qu trnh chng nc thi cc cht ho tan trong cng bay hi lntheo hi nc. Khi ngng t, hi nc v cht bn d bay hi s hnh thnh cc lp

ring bit v do d dng tch cc cht bn ra.3.4. Tuyn ni:

L phng php dng loi b cc tp cht ra khi nc bng cch to chochng kh nng d ni ln mt nc khi bm theo cc bt kh.

3.5. Trao i ion:

L phng php thu hi cc cation v anion bng cc cht trao i ion(ionit). Cc cht trao i ion l cc cht rn trong t nhin hoc vt liu nha nhnto. Chng khng ho tan trong nc v trong dung mi hu c, c kh nng traoi ion.

3.6. Tch bng mng:

L phng php tch cc cht tan ra khi cc ht keo bng cch dng ccmng bn thm. l mng xp c bit khng cho cc ht keo i qua.

4. Phng php x l sinh hc:

Thc cht ca phng php ny l da vo kh nng sng v hot ng cacc vi sinh phn hy oxy ha cc cht hu c dng keo v ho tan c trong

nc thi.Nhng cng trnh x l sinh hc c phn thnh 2 nhm:

- Nhng cng trnh trong qu trnh x l thc hin trong iu kin tnhin: cnh ng ti, bi lc, h sinh hc thng qu trnh x l din rachm.

- Nhng cng trnh trong qu trnh x l thc hin trong iu kin nhnto: b lc sinh hc (b Biophin), b lm thong sinh hc (b aerotank),Do cc iu kin to nn bng nhn to m qu trnh x l din ra nhanhhn, cng mnh hn.

Cc qu trnh x l sinh hc ch yu c ng dng x l nc thi: Qu trnh hiu kh:

o Tng trng l lng: qu trnh bn hot tnh, h lm thong, phn hy hiukh

o Tng trng bm dnh: lc nh git, tip xc sinh hc quay, b phn ngtng vt liu c nh



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o Qu trnh kt hp tng trng l lng v tng trng bm dnh: lc nh gitkt hp vi bn hot tnh.

Qu trnh thiu kh:

o Tng trng l lng: tng trng l lng kh nitrat.o Tng trng bm dnh: tngtrng bm dnh kh nitrat.

Qu trnh k kh:

o Tng trng l lng: qu trnh k kh tip xc, phn hy k kh.

o Tng trng bm dnh: k kh tng vt liu c nh v l lng.

o B k kh dng chy ngc: x l k kh dng chy ngc qua lp bn(UASB).

o

Kt hp: lp bn l lng dng hng ln/ tng trng bm dnh dng hngln.

Qu trnh kt hp hiu kh, thiu kh v k kh:

o Tng trng l lng: qu trnh mt hay nhiu bc, mi qu trnh c c trngkhc nhau.

o Kt hp: qu trnh mt hay nhiu bc vi tng gi th c nh cho tngtrng bm dnh.

Qu trnh h:

o

H k kh.o H x l trit (bc 3).

o H hiu kh.

o H ty tin.

Qu trnh x l sinh hc c th t c hiu sut kh trng 99,9% (trongcc cng trnh trong iu kin t nhin), theo BOD ti 90 95%.

Thng thng giai on x l sinh hc tin hnh sau giai on x l c hc.B lng t sau giai on x l c hc gi l b lng I. B lng dng tch mng

sinh hc (t sau b bophin) hoc tch bn hot tnh (t sau b aerotank) gi l blng II.

Trong trng hp x l sinh hc nc thi bng bn hot tnh thng a 1phn bn hot tnh quay tr li ( bn tun hon) to iu kin cho qu trnh sinhhc hiu qu. Phn bn cn li gi l bn d, thng a ti b nn bn lmgim th tch trc khi a ti cc cng trnh x l cn b bng phng php sinhhc.



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Qu trnh x l trong iu kin nhn to khng loi tr trit cc loi vikhun, nht l vi trng gy bnh v truyn nhim. Bi vy, sau giai on x l sinhhc trong iu kin nhn to cn thc hin kh trng nc thi trc khi x vomi trng.

Trong qu trnh x l nc thi bng bt k phng php no cng to nn 1lng cn b ng k (=0.5 1% tng lng nc thi). Ni chung cc loi cn gili trn cc cng trnh x l nc thi u c mi hi thi rt kh chu (nht lcn ti t b lng I) v nguy him v mt v sinh. Do vy, nht thit phi x l cnb thch ng.

gim hm lng cht hu c trong cn b v t cc ch tiu v sinhthng s dng phng php x l sinh hc k kh trong cc h bn ( i vi cctrm x l nh), sn phi bn, thit b sy kh bng c hc, lc chn khng, lcp( i vi trm x l cng sut va v ln). Khi lng cn kh ln c th s

dng thit b sy nhit.. CC CNG ON X L NC THI:

1. Tin x l hay x l s b:

Gm cc cng trnh v tht b lm nhim v bo v my bm v loi bphn ln cn nng (ct), vt ni (dm m, bt,) cn tr cho cc cng trnh xl tip theo.

Cc thit b: song chn rc, my nghin ct vn rc, b lng ct, b vt dum, b lm thong s b, b iu ha cht lng v lu lng.

i khi cn dng kh mi, kh trng, tng cng oxy ho

2. X l s cp hay x l bc I

Ch yu l qu trnh lng loi b bt cn l lng. Gm cc cng trnh vthit b: b lng 2 v, b t hoi, b lng ngang, b lng ng, b lng radian

Kt qu: loi b c 1 phn cn l lng v cc cht ni nh du, mng thi vi vic phn hy k kh cn lng phn di cc cng trnh n nhcn.

3. X l th cp hay x l bc II:

L cng on phn hy sinh hc hiu kh cc cht hu c, chuyn cht huc c kh nng phn hy thnh cc cht v c v cht hu c n nh kt thnhbng cn loi b ra khi nc thi.

Cc cng trnh v thit b chia thnh 2 nhm:

- X l th cp c thc hin trong iu kin t nhin.



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- X l th cp c thc hin trong iu kin nhn to (thng c thm blng t II chn gi cc bng bn v mng vi sinh).

4. Kh trng

Mc ch nhm bo m nc thi trc khi x vo ngun tip nhn khngcn vi trng, virus gy bnh v truyn bnh, kh mu, kh mi v gim BOD cangun tip nhn. Cng on kh trng c th thc hin sau cng on x l s b(nu yu cu v sinh cho php) nhng thng thng l sau x l th cp.

Kh trng: dng clo, ozon, tiz cc tm.

5. X l cn

Cn lng sau cc cng on x l s b v x l th cp cn cha nhiu

nc (thng c m 99%) v cha nhiu cn hu c cn kh nng thi ra v thcn p dng 1 s bin php x l tip cn lng, lm cho cn n nh v loi btnc gim th tch, trng lng trc khi a vo ngun tip nhn hoc sdng.

Cc phng php: c c cn hay nn cn, n nh cn, sn phi bn, lmkh bng c hc (thit b lc chn khng, my nn ly tm, my lc p trn bng ti,), t cn trong l thiu.

6. X l bc III

Thng c tin hnh tip sau cng on x l th cp nhm nng cao chtlng nc thi c x l dng li hoc x vo ngun tip nhn vi yu cuv sinh cao.

Cc cng trnh, thit b: lc ct, lc ni, lc qua mng lc trong nc, lcqua than hot tnh n nh cht lng nc, x l ho cht n nh cht lngnc, dng h sinh hc x l thm

. CC CNG TRNH X L SINH HC C TH P DNG CHONC THI SINH HOT QUI M VA V NH

1. Cng trnh x l sinh hc k kh:

Qu trnh x l da trn c s phn hu cc cht hu c gi li trong cngtrnh nh s ln men k kh. i vi cc cng trnh qui m nh v va ngi tathng dng cng trnh kt hp gia vic tch cn lng vi s phn hu k kh cccht hu c trong pha rn v pha lng. Cc cng trnh thng c ng dng l:cc loi b t hoi, ging thm ...

1.1. B t hoi:



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B t hoi l cng trnh x l nc thi bc I (x l s b) ng thi thchin hai chc nng: lng nc thi v ln men cn lng.

B t hoi c dng hnh ch nht hoc hnh trn trn mt bng c xy

dng bng gch, b tng ct thp, hoc ch to bng vt liu composite. B chialm 2 hoc 3 ngn. Do phn ln cn lng trong ngn th nht nn dung tch ngnny chim 50-75% dung tch ton b.

Cc ngn b t hoi c chia lm hai phn: phn lng nc thi (phi trn)v phn ln men cn lng (pha di). Nc thi vo vi thi gian lu nc trongb t 1 n 3 ngy. Do vn tc trong b b nn phn ln cn l lng c lng li.Hiu qu lng cn trong b t hoi c th t t 40-60% ph thuc vo nhit ,ch qun l v vn hnh b. Qua thi gian t 3-6 thng, cn lng ln men ymkh. Qu trnh ln men ch yu din ra trong giai on u l ln men axit. Cc chtkh to nn trong qu trnh phn gii (CH4, CO2, H2S ) ni ln ko theo cc ht

cn khc c th lm cho nc thi nhim bn tr li v to nn mt lp vng nitrn mt nc.

dn nc thi vo v ra khi b ngi ta phi ni ng bng ph kin Tvi ng knh ti thiu l 100mm vi mt u ng t di lp mng ni, u kiac nh ln pha trn tin vic kim tra, ty ra v khng cho lp cn ni trongb chy ra ng cng. Cn trong b t hoi c ly theo nh k. Mi ln ly phi li khong 20% lng cn ln men li trong b lm ging men cho bn cnti mi lng, to iu kin thun li cho qu trnh phn hu cn.

1.2. Ging thm:

Ging thm l cng trnh trong nc thi c x l bng phng phplc qua lp ct, si v oxy ho k kh cc cht hu c c hp ph trn lp ct si



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. Nc thi sau khi x l c thm vo t. Do thi gian nc lu li trong tlu nn cc loi vi khun gy bnh b tiu dit hu ht.

m bo cho ging hot ng bnh thng, nc thi phi c x l

bng phng php lng trong b t hoi hoc b lng hai v.Ging thm cng ch c s dng khi mc nc ngm trong t su hn

1.5m m bo c hiu qu thm lc cng nh khng gy nhim nc dit. Cc loi t phi d thm nc t 208l/m2.ngy. Do , khi s dng ging thmcn kho st a cht ni mun xy dng ging thm.

2. Cng trnh x l sinh hc hiu kh:

Qu trnh x l nc thi da trn s oxy ho cc cht hu c c trong ncthi nh oxy t do ho tan. Cc cng trnh x l sinh hc hiu kh trong iu kin tnhin thng c tin hnh trong h (h hiu kh, h k kh) hoc trong t ngpnc. Tuy nhin, cc cng trnh ny cn c din tch mt bng ln nn thngkhng c p dng trong cc trm x l c mt bng gii hn. khc phc tnhtrng thiu mt bng th c cc cng trnh x l sinh hc hiu kh nhn to c datrn nguyn tc hot ng ca bn hot tnh hoc qu trnh mng sinh vt. Cc cngtrnh thng dng: b aerotank , knh oxy ho, b lc sinh hc, a lc sinh hc.

2.1. B aerotank :

B aerotank l loi b s dng phng php bn hot tnh

Nc thi sau khi x l s b cn cha phn ln cc cht hu c dng hotan cng cc cht l lng di vo aerotank. Cc cht l lng ny l mt s cht rn vc th l cc hp cht hu c cha phi l dng ho tan. Cc cht l lng lm ni vikhun bm vo c tr, sinh sn v pht trin dn thnh cc ht cn bng. Cc htny dn to v l lng trong nc. Chnh v vy, x l nc thi aerotank c gil qu trnh x l vi sinh trng l lng ca qun th vi sinh vt. Cc bng cn nycng chnh l bng bn hot tnh. Bn hot tnh l cc bng cn mu nu sm, cha



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cc hp cht hu c hp ph t nc thi v l ni c tr cho cc vi khun cng ccvi sinh vt bc thp khc sng v pht trin. Trong nc thi c cc hp cht hu cho tan loi cht d b vi sinh vt phn hu nht. Ngoi ra, cn c loi hp chthu c kh b phn hu hoc loi hp cht cha ho tan hay kh ho tan dng

keo cc dng hp cht ny c cu trc phc tp cn c vi khun tit ra enzimngoi bo, phn hu thnh nhng cht n gin hn ri s thm thu qua mng tbo v b oxy ho tip thnh sn phm cung cp vt liu cho t bo hoc sn phmcui cng l CO2 v nc. Cc hp cht hu c dng ho keo hoc dng cccht l lng kh ho tan l cc hp cht b oxy ho bng vi sinh vt kh khn hocxy ra chm hn.

Hiu qu lm sch ca b Aerotank ph thuc vo: c tnh thu lc ca bhay cn gi l h s s dng th tch ca b, phng php np cht nn vo b vthu hn hp bn hot tnh ra khi b, kiu dng v c trng ca thit b lm thongnn khi thit k phi k n nh hng trn chn kiu dng v kch thc b choph hp.

Cc loi b Aerotank truyn thng thng c hiu sut x l cao. Tuy nhintrong qu trnh hot ng ca b cn c thm cc b lng I (loi bt cht bn trckhi vo b) v lng II( lng cn, bn hot tnh). Trong iu kin hin nay, din tcht ngy cng hn hp. V th cng gim c thit b hay cng trnh x l l cngtt. khc phc tnh trng trn th c cc b p ng c nhu cu trn : aerotankhot ng tng m, b Unitank.

2.1.1. Cng ngh Unitank:

Unitank l cng ngh hiu kh x l nc thi bng bn hot tnh, qutrnh x l lin tc v hot ng theo chu k. Nh qu trnh iu khin linh hot chophp thit lp ch x l ph hp vi nc thi u vo cng nh m rng chcnng loi b Phospho v Nit khi cn thit. Vic thit k h thng Unitank da trnmt lot cc nguyn tc v qui lut ring, khc vi cc h thng x l nc thi bnhot tnh truyn thng.

V cu trc, Unitank l l mt khi b hnh ch nht c chia lm 3khoang thng nhau qua bc tng chung. Hai khoang ngoi c thm h thng mngrng ca nhm thc hin hai chc nng: va l b sc kh vi sinh vt oxy hocc cht hu c gy bn va l b lng II tch bn ra khi nc x l. H thngng ng a nc thi vo Unitank c thit k a nc thi vo tngkhoang tu theo tng pha. Nc thi sau x l theo mng rng ca ra ngoi b chanc sch, bn sinh hc d cng c a ra khi h thng Unitank t hai khoangngoi. Cng ging nh cc h thng x l sinh hc khc, Unitank x l nc thi vidng vo v dng ra lin tc theo chu k, mi chu k gm hai pha chnh v hai phaph. Thi gian ca pha chnh l ba gi v thi gian ca pha ph l mt gi ( c thiu chnh c). Thi gian ca pha chnh v pha ph c tnh ton v chng



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trnh ho da vo lu lng, tnh cht nc thi u vo v tiu chun cht lngnc thi x l u ra.

Ton b h thng Unitank c iu khin t ng bi b PLC c

my tnh lp trnh sn theo tnh cht c trng ca nc thi v theo s liu thcnghim.

Chu k Unitank hot ng nh sau: gm hai pha chnh v hai pha ph

+ Pha chnh th nht: Nc thi c a vo ngn bn tri ngoicng ( ngn A) lc ny ang c sc kh. Nc thi mi c avo c trn ln vi bn hot tnh. Cc hp cht hu c, tc nhngy bn cho nc b hp ph v b ph v mt phn bi bn hot tnh(qu trnh tch lu). T ngn A hn hp bn nc lin tc chy vongn B cng ang c sc kh. Ti y vi sinh tip tc ph hu cccht hu c c a vo v c hp ph ngn A (qu trnh ti

sinh). Cui cng, hn hp bn nc c chuyn sang ngn C. lcny ngn C khng sc kh cng khng khuy trn m ng vai trnh mt b lng, to iu kin yn tnh cho bn sa lng di tc dngca trng lc. T ngn C, nc thi c tro qua mng rng cavo knh nc sch, bn d cng ly y, ti ngn C.

+ Pha ph th nht: Ht pha chnh th nht l n pha ph th nhtko di trong mt gi. Trong sut thi gian pha ph th nht, chcnng ngn A thay i. H thng sc kh ca ngn A ngng hot ng bn trong ngn ny c th lng c di tc dng ca trng lc chun b cho pha chnh th hai (khi u ra s c ly t ngnny). Ngn B vn c sc kh nh pha trc cng nh ngn C vnng vai tr lm b lng v dng ra ly ti y. Trong pha ph, ncthi c a vo ngn gia (ngn B) v ti y vi sinh vt thc hinchc nng oxy ho v phn hu cc cht hu c gy bn. Sau , hnhp nc thi v bn c chuyn sang ngn C v c lng ti y.T ngn C, nc thi c x l tro qua mng rng ca vo knhnc sch, bn d cng c ly t y.

+ Pha chnh th hai: Tng t pha chnh th nht, duy ch c ichiu ngc li. Nc thi c ua vo ngn C dang sc kh. Ncthi mi vo c trn ln vi bn hot tnh. Cc hp cht hu c bhp ph v b ph v. T ngn C hn hp bn nc s lin tc chyvo ngn B cng ang ang c sc kh. Ti y vi sinh vt s dngngun oxy c cp vo oxy ho v tip tc phn hu cht hu c.Cui cng, hn hp bn nc c a sang ngn A khng sc khkhng khuy trn ng vai tr l lng bn di tc dng ca trnglc. T ngn A, nc thi c x l qua mng rng ca vo knhnc sch. Bn d cng c ly ra ti y.



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+ Pha ph th hai: Ht pha chnh th hai l n pha ph th hai kodi trong mt gi.Tng t trong pha ph th nht nhng trong phany, ngn C ngng hot ng bn lng xung chun b cho phachnh th nht. Cn ngn A ng vai tr lm b lng v dng ra c

ly ti y. Sau khi pha ph th hai kt thc cng l lc kt thc mtchu k v bt u mt chu k mi vi pha chnh th nht, nc thic a vo ngn A

* u im ca Unitank:

+ Cu trc chc gn, l mt khi b tng lin nhau, chi ph xy dngv vt liu xy dng gim. Tng din tch mt bng cho xy dng ch cn khong50% so vi cng ngh bn hot tnh thng thng. Trong gii hn v mt bng cakhch sn th y l mt trong nhng u im ni bt ca Unitank.

+ Qu trnh x l linh hot theo chng trnh v c th iu chnh nn

rt ph hp vi cc loi nc thi c tnh cht u vo v lu lng thay i.+ Unitank c cu trc modun nn rt d dng nng cng sut bng

cch ghp cc modun lin nhau, tn dng phn xy dng c.

+ Unitank vn hnh t ng m bo cht lng n nh ca ncthi x l dn n chi ph vn hnh thp.

+ Unitank kt hp chc nng oxy ho v lng tch bn trong cngmt b nn khng cn cng on hon lu bn, gim gn phn ng ng v bmhon lu.



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2.1.2. B Aerotank hot ng gin on theo m: (SBR)

B Aerotank hot ng gin on theo m l mt dng cng trnh x lsinh hc nc thi bng bn hot tnh. Trong tun t din ra cc qu trnh thi

kh, lng bn v gn nc thi. Do hot ng gin on nn s ngn ti thiu l 2 c th x l lin tc.

Trong b qu trnh thi kh v qu trnh lng c thc hin trong cngmt b phn ng do c th b qua b lng II. Qu trnh hot ng din ra trongmt ngn v gm 5 giai on:

+ Pha lm y: C th vn hnh vi 3 ch lm y tnh, lm yho trn v lm y sc kh nhm to mi trng khc nhau cho cc mcch khc nhau. Thi gian pha lm y c th chim t 25 30%.

+ Pha phn ng (sc kh): Ngng a nc thi vo. Tin hnh sc

kh. Hon thnh cc phn ng sinh ho c th c bt u t pha lmy. Thi gian phn ng chim khong 30% chu k hot ng.

+ Pha lng: iu kin tnh hon ton c thc hin (khng chonc thi vo, khng rt nc ra, cc thit b khc u tt) nhm to iukin cho qu trnh lng. Thi gian chim khong t 5 30% chu k hotng.

+ Pha tho nc sch



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+ Pha ch: Ap dng trong h thng c nhiu b phn ng, c th bqua trong mt s thit k.

Thi gian hot ng c th tnh sao cho ph hp vi tng loi nc thi

khc nhau v mc tiu x l. Nng bn trong b thng khong t 1500 2500mg/l. Chu k hot ng ca b c iu khin bng rle thi gian. Trong ngn bc th b tr h thng vt vng, thit b o mc bn

* u im ca b Aerotank hot ng gin on:

+ B c cu to n gin, d vn hnh.

+ Hiu qu x l cao do cc qu trnh ho trn nc thi vi bn, lngbn cn din ra gn ging iu kin l tng. BOD5 ca nc thi sau x lthng thp hn 20mg/l, hm lng cn l lng t 3-25mg/l v N-NH3 khong t0.3-12mg/l.

+ S dao ng lu lng nc thi t nh hng n hiu qu x l.+ B lm vic khng cn lng II. Trong nhiu trng hp, c th b

qua b iu ho v b lng I. y l mt u im ln ca b aerotank hot nggin on trong iu kin t ai b gii hn trong thnh ph do tit kim ccng trnh.

* Nhc im chnh ca b: l cng sut x l nh v b hot ng chiu qu th ngi vn hnh phi c trnh v theo di thng xuyn cc bc xl nc thi.



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2.2. B lc sinh hc hiu kh:

B lc sinh hc hiu kh hot ng da vo s sinh trng bm dnh ca visinh vt.

B lc sinh hc (hay cn gi l biophin) thng phn bit lm hai loi : bbiophin vi lp vt liu lc khng ngp nc (b biophin nh git, b biophin caoti) v b biophin vi lp vt liu lc ngp trong nc.

2.2.1. B biophin nh git:

B biophin nh git dng x l sinh hc nc thi hon ton vihm lng nc sau khi x l t ti 15mg/l (hiu sut x l c th l 90% v c thcn cao hn na)

Trong b lc, cht cc lp vt liu c rng v din tch mt tipxc trong mt n v th tch ln nht trong iu kin c th. Nc thi c h

thng phn phi phun thnh git u khp trn b mt lp vt liu. Nc sau khichm lp vt liu chia thnh cc ht nh chy thnh mng mng qua khe lp vtliu i xung di. Trong thi gian chy nh vy nc thi tip xc vi mng nhygelatin do vi sinh vt tit ra bm quanh vt liu lc. Sau mt thi gian mng nhygelatin tng ln ngn cn oxy ca khng kh khng vo trong lp mng nhy c.Do khng c oxy, ti lp trong ca mng nhy st vi b mt cng ca vt liu lc,vi khun ym kh pht trin to ra sn phm phn hu ym kh cui cng l khmetan v CO2 lm trc lp mng ra khi vt cng ri b nc cun xung phadi. Trn mt ht vt liu lc li hnh thnh lp mng mi, hin tng ny clp di lp li tun hon v nc thi c lm sch BOD v cht dinh dng.

trnh hin tng tc nghn trong h thng phun, trong khe rnglp vt liu, trc b nh git phi thit k song chn rc, li chn, lng t I.nc sau b lc c nhiu bn l lng do cc mng sinh hc trc ra nn phi x ltip bng lng II. Yu cu cht lng nc thi trc khi vo biophin l hm lngBOD5 khng qu 220mg/l(theo iu 6.14.12 TCXD-51-84) v hm lng cht llng cng khng qu 150mg/l. V cn c cc cng trnh trc nhm lm gimlng cht bn biophin lm vic c hiu qu.

Vt kiu lc tt nht l vt liu c din tch mt tip xc trong mtn v th tch th tch ln, bn cao theo thi gian, gi r v khng b tc nghn.C th chn vt liu lc l than cc, cc, cui si ln, ong c kch thctrung bnh 60-100mm. Nu kch thc vt liu nh s gim rng gy tc nghncc b. Nu kch thc vt liu ln th din tch mt tip xc b gim nhiu, lmgim hiu sut x l. Chiu cao lp vt liu khong 1.5-2.5m. Ngy nay, vt liu lcthng thng c thay bng nhng tm nha c ln sng, gp np v cc dngkhc nhau ca qu cu nha. Cc loi ny c c im l nh, d lp t v tho dnn chiu cao b tng dn n din tch mt bng ca b lc.



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B thng c s dng trong trng hp lu lng nc thikhng ln, t 20-1000m3/ngy.

2.2.2. B biophin vi lp vt liu lc ngp nc:

Phm vi p dng ca b l BOD5 vo khng qu 500mg/l v tc lc khng qu 3m/h

Trong b lc sinh hc c lp vt liu lc ngp trong nc: nc thivo b lc s c trn u vi khng kh cp t ngoi vo qua dn ng phn phi.Hn hp kh-nc thi di cng chiu t di ln qua lp vt liu lc. Trong lp vtliu lc xy ra qu trnh kh BOD5, v chuyn ho NH4+ thnh NO3-, lp vt liu lcc kh nng gi li cn l lng. Khi tn tht trong lp vt liu lc n 0.5m th xb lc. Nc x ra lc c dn v b lng kt hp ng t sinh hc to iukin thun li cho lc sinh hc ny.

B lc sinh hc dng vt liu ni c kh nng gi c trong kherng cc vy trc ca mng vi sinh vt bm quanh ht, nn mc du cng thigi ln nhng hm lng cn l lng trong nc thi u ra khng vt qu20mg/l. Do c th khng cn b lng t II ,ch cn a n b kh trng.

chn c phng php x l sinh hc hp l cn phi bit hm lngcht hu c (BOD,COD) trong nc thi.Cc phng php ln men k kh thngph hp khi nc thi c hm lng cht hu c cao. i vi nc thi hm lngcht hu c thp v tn ti ch yu di dng cht keo v ho tan th cho chng tipxc vi mng vi sinh vt l hp l. C s chn la cc phng php x l sinh hcnc thi :



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Hm lng BOD5 canc thi

Cht hu ckhng ho tan

Cht hu cdng keo

Cht hu cho tan

Cao ( 500 mg/l) X l sinh hc k kh

Trung bnh(300-500mg/l) X l sinh hc bng bn hot tinh

Thp (< 300mg/l) X l sinh hc bng bn hot tnh

X l sinh hc bng mng sinh vt

CHNG 4

LA CHN QUY TRNH CNG NGH X

L NC THI KHCH SN

1. C S LA CHN CNG NGH

1.1.Yu cu x l

Phi p ng c tiu chun thi loi B theo TCVN 6772:2000 c cho trongbng di y :

Ch tiu n v TCVN 6772:2000 ( loi B)pH 5 - 9

SS mg/l 50

BOD5 mgO2/l 30

COD mg/l 50

Phospho mg/l 6GVHD : Th.s L Ngc Th 30


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Nitrat mg/l 30

Du m mg/l 20

Coliform MPN/100ml 1000

1.2.Cc thng s thit k:

Cng sut thit k ca h thng XLNT nngdtbQ , = 300 m3 /ng. , l lu lng tnhchung cho tt c cc hot ng vui chi gii tr , nu nng tm git v cc hotng ca khch v nhn vin khch sn .

Cc ch tiu khc o c nh sau :

1.3.Mc cn thit x l

1.3.1. Xc nh lu lng tnh ton ca nc thi

Lu lng trung bnh ngy m : nngdtbQ , = 300 m3 /ng.

Lu lng thi trung bnh gi: 5.1224

300

24,

, ===ngdtb

htb

QQ m3/h

Lu lng thi trung bnh giy : 47.33600105.123600

3

,, === htbstb QQ m3/s

Lu lng tnh ton ln nht ca nc thi do s dng nc khng iuho gia cc ngy :

4505.1300,max, === ngdngdtbngd KQQ m3/ng

Kng - h s khng iu ho trong ngy m, Kng= 1.5



1 pH 6-7.5

2 SS mg/l 350

3 BOD mgO2/l 300

4 COD mg/l 500

5 Nitrat mg/l 150

6 Photphos mg/l 8.5

7 Du m mg/l 60



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ngdtbQ , - lu lng thi trung bnh ngy m ca khch sn,

ngdtbQ , =300 m3/ng

Lu lng thi ln nht gi ca khch sn :

75.1824

450

24max,

max, ===ngd

h

QQ m3/h

Lu lng thi ln nht giy :

21.53600

1075.18

3600

10 33max,max, =

=

= hs

QQ m3/s

1.3.2. Mc cn thit x l nc thi:

Mc cn thit x l nc thi theo cht l lng SS :

%71.85%100350

50350%100 ===C

mCD

C- Hm lng cht l lng trong nc thi,C = 350 mg/l

m - Hm lng cht l lng ca nc thi sau x l cho php x vongun, C = 50 mg/l

Mc cn thit x l nc thi theo BOD5:

%33.93%100300

20300%100 =

=

=

L

LLD

t

L - Hm lng BOD5 trong nc thi, L = 300 mg/lLt - Hm lng BOD5 trong nc thi cho php x vo ngun, Lt = 20 mg/l

Kt qu tnh ton v mc cn thit x l nc thi cho khch sn ta nhnthy l cn x l sinh hc hon ton.

2. LA CHN CNG NGH THIT K :Vic la chn cng ngh x l ph thuc vo cc yu t sau:

Da vo tnh cht v lu lng nc thi u vo

Yu cu v cht lng nc thi sau x l

Quy m cng sut

Chi ph u t ban u v chi ph qun l vn hnh

iu kin gii hn v din tch mt bng

Tn dng cng trnh c sn nu nng cp h thng XL



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Tnh cht nc thi u vo ca khch sn trong ti ny l :

Da vo nhng nguyn tc v bng tnh cht nc thi trn chng ta c th chn 1trong 2 phng n sau y :

2.1. Phng n 1 ( Dng Unitank )



1 pH 6-7.5

2 SS mg/l 350

3 BOD mgO2/l 300

4 COD mg/l 500

5 Nitrat mg/l 150

6 Photphos mg/l 8.5

7 Du m mg/l 60



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S QUY TRNH CNG NGH


N c th i chung

B l ng ng

B t ho i

C ng th i TP B kh trng

BUnitank

B i u ho

N c th i v

phn ttoilet

ng n c

ng kh

ng bn

My nn kh

H thu gom

SCR Tinh


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Thuyt minh cng ngh:

H thu gom: Nc thi t b t hoi s vo h thu gom c tdi mt t theo h thng ng dn. Ti y, nc thi trc khi vo b iu ho.

Cn t bm bm nc thi ln b lng ng. B thu gom c tc dng thu gomnc thi tp trung v mt ni trnh trng hp phi t b iu ho di mtt v lm gim th tch b iu ho.

Song chn rc tinh : nhim v lc bt mt phn cc loi cht rn huc c trong nc thi ca nh bp , qua CRS Tinh ny SS c th gim c 4% sovi lc ban u , tng ng BOD ca s gim 4% .

B lng ng: Nc thi t h thu gom vo b lng ng nhm lmgim hm lng tp cht phn tn nh (cht l lng) di dng cn lng xung yb hoc ni trn mt nc, to iu kin tt cho cng trnh x l sinh hc pha sau.

B iu ho: Do tnh cht v lu lng ca nc thi khch sn thayi theo gi kh ln v vy nht thit phi xy dng b iu ho. B iu ho cnhim v iu ho lu lng v nng nc thi. B iu ho lm gim kchthc v to ch lm vic n nh cho cc cng trnh pha sau, trnh hintng qu ti ca h thng x l. Ti y cng t 2 bm bm lun phin vo bUnitank.

B Unitank: nc thi sau khi qua b iu ho c bm vo bUnitank. Ti y, qu trnh x l sinh hc hiu kh l lng c thc hin. Trong bUnitank din ra qu trnh oxy ho sinh ho cc cht hu c ho tan v dng keotrong nc thi di s tham gia ca cc vi sinh vt hiu kh. Vi sinh vt s tiu th

cc cht hu c trong nc thi sinh trng. Vi sinh vt pht trin thnh qun thdng bng bn d lng v c lng ngay trong b. Khi vi sinh vt pht trin mnhsinh khi tng to thnh bn d, bn d ny c bm ra b t hoi. Nc thi saukhi x l sinh hc theo ng dn vo b kh trng.

B t hoi: Bn t Unitank v cn lng t b lng ng c a voy nhm phn hu cht hu c cha phn hu trong bn v cn lng trnh gymi hi m bo v sinh v bo tn c cc thnh phn phn bn rt c li chocy trng. B s c ci to li t b c sn. Nc thi cha phn trc khi ca vo h thng x l nc thi chung ca khch sn cng s c chuyn n bt hoi . B t hoi l cng trnh ng thi lm hai chc nng : lng v ln men cn

lng. Cn lng c gi trong b khong 6 thng c phn hu k kh, cnnc tch bn c dn vo b thu gom.

2.2. Phng n 2 ( Dng SBR )



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S QUY TRNH CNG NGH


N c th i chung

B l ng ng

B t ho i

C ng th i TP B kh trng

B SBR

B i u ho

N c th i v

phn ttoilet

ng n c

ng kh

ng bn

My nn kh

H thu gom

SCR Tinh


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Thuyt minh s cng ngh :

H thu gom: Nc thi sau khi qua trng lc v nc thi t b thoi s vo h thu gom nc thi c t di mt t theo h thng ng dn.

Ti y, nc thi trc khi vo b iu ho. Cn t bm bm nc thi ln blng ng. B thu gom c tc dng thu gom nc thi tp trung v mt ni trnhtrng hp phi t b iu ho di mt t v lm gim th tch b iu ho.

Song chn rc tinh : nhim v lc bt mt phn cc loi cht rn huc c trong nc thi ca nh bp , qua CRS Tinh ny SS c th gim c 4% sovi lc ban u , tng ng BOD ca s gim 4% .

B lng ng: Nc thi t h thu gom vo b lng ng nhm lmgim hm lng tp cht phn tn nh (cht l lng) di dng cn lng xung yb hoc ni trn mt nc, to iu kin tt cho cng trnh x l sinh hc pha sau.

B iu ho: Do tnh cht v lu lng ca nc thi khch sn thayi theo gi kh ln v vy nht thit phi xy dng b iu ho. B iu ho cnhim v iu ho lu lng v nng nc thi. B iu ho lm gim kchthc v to ch lm vic n nh cho cc cng trnh pha sau, trnh hintng qu ti ca h thng x l. Ti y cng t 2 bm bm lun phin vo bAerotank hot ng gin on (SBR)

B Aerotank hot ng gin on (SBR): Nc thi vo b SBRdc thc hin theo 5 giai on k tip nhau:lm y nc thi, thi kh, lngtnh, x nc thi v x bn d. Trong x l nc thi, cn c hai b SBR vicx l c lin tc.

B kh trng: Mc ch ca kh trng l tiu dit cc loi vi trnggy bnh bng cht oxy ho trc khi x thi vo ngun tip nhn. Cht kh trngc dng l chlorine.

B t hoi: Bn t SBR v cn lng t b lng ng c a voy nhm phn hu cht hu c cha phn hu trong bn v cn lng trnh gymi hi m bo v sinh v bo tn c cc thnh phn phn bn rt c li chocy trng.B s c ci to li t b c sn. Nc thi cha phn trc khi ca vo h thng x l nc thi chung ca khch sn cng s c chuyn n bt hoi . B t hoi l cng trnh ng thi lm hai chc nng : lng v ln men cnlng. Cn lng c gi trong b khong 6 thng c phn hu k kh, cnnc tch bn c dn vo b thu gom .

2.3. Chn phng n ti u :

Vi nhng u th vt tri ca Unitank nh vn hnh theo chng trnh nn c thlinh hot cho nhiu h thng XL khc nhau , d nng cp h thng XL ( v dngcng ngh xy dng theo kiu lp rp Module ) , c th x l hiu qu h thngnc thi quy m va v nh , lng bn thi ra t , khng phi hon lu bn -> tit



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kim ng ng v c bit l khng cn phi thng xuyn theo di kim tra ,khng cn nhn cng trnh cao ( y chnh l im u th hn nhiu so viSBR ) .

T nhng u im trn , ta s la chn phng n 1 lm cng ngh x l cho tiny v ta s tnh ton cc cng trnh XL theo phng n ny .



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CHNG 5

TNH TON, THIT K CC CNG

TRNH N V

1. S LIU THIT KT cc kt qu kho st v tnh ton trc, cc thng s c s c rt ra

nh sau:

1.1.Lu lng:

* Lu lng ngy trung bnh: ngdtbQ

, = 300 m3

/ng* Lu lng gi trung bnh: 5.12, =htbQ m3/h

* Lu lng gi ln nht: 75.18max, =hQ m3/h

Trm x l lm vic lin tc. Vy lu lng bm x l bng lu lng gitrung bnh: Qb = 12.5 m3/h

1.2.Nng nhim:

Hm lng cht l lng trong nc thi: TSS = 350 mg/l

Hm lng BOD5 trong nc thi : BOD5 = 300 mg/l

Hm lng du m: 60 mg/l

Hm lng Nitrat : 150 mg/l

Hm lng Photphos : 8.5 mg/l

Lng Coliform : 1.1 * 106 MPN/100ml

1.3. Yu cu ca ngun tip nhn:

Phi p ng c tiu chun x nc thi theo TCVN 6772:2000 mc II

TSS : 50 mg/l N : 30 mg/l

BOD5 : 30 mg/l P : 6 mg/l

Du m: 20 mg/l

Coliform: 1000 MPN/100ml

2. TNH TON B LNG NG & UNITANKGVHD : Th.s L Ngc Th 39


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- Song chn rcHm lng cn l lng SS v BOD5 ( L) ca nc thi sau khi qua SCR gim 4% ,ngha l sau SCR tinh : SS = 336 mg/l vBOD5 = 288 mg/l- B iu ha

Ta thy qua b iu ha hm lng BOD5 gim 20% , hm lng cn l lng khng

thay i. Vy hm lng BOD5 khi vo Unitank s l:BOD5 = 200 0.8 = 160 mg/l.

2.1.B lng ng:

Nc thi t h thu c a vo b lng ng t I. Nhim v ca b lngng l lng tp cht phn tn nh (cht l lng) di dng cn lng xung y bv thu cc cht ni trn b mt nh: du m, bt, B lng ng c xy dngvi phn lng l b tng hnh vung v phn cha bn l hnh nn.

- Din tch tit din t ca ng trung tm:

f =tt

s

v

Qmax,=

03.0

00521.0= 0.17 m2

Qmax,s lu lng tnh ton giy ln nht,

Qmax,s = 5.21 l/s = 0.00521 m3/s

vtt vn tc nc trong ng trung tm, ly khng ln hn30mm/s( iu 6.5.9.TCXD-51-84), chn vtt = 30 mm/s = 0.03 m/s

- Din tch tit din t ca b lng:

F =v

Q smax, =0008.0

00521.0= 6.51 m2

v vn tc nc thi trong b lng ng, v = 0.5-0.8 mm/s (iu6.5.4-TCXD-51-84), chn v = 0.8 mm/s = 0.0008 m/s

- ng knh b lng :

D =

F4=

14.3

51.64= 2.88m ~ 3m

- ng knh ng trung tm:

d =

f4=

14.3

17.04= 0.46m

- Chiu cao tnh ton ca vng lng trong b:

hl = v t = 0.0008 3600 = 2.88 m

t thi gian lng, t = 1h = 3600 s



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- Chiu cao phn hnh nn:

hn = h2 + h3 = tgdD n

2

)(= 050

2

)6.03(tg

= 1.40 m

h2 chiu cao lp trung ho, mh3 chiu cao gi nh ca lp cn lng trong b, m

D ng knh trong ca b lng, D = 1.6 m

dn ng knh y nh ca hnh nn ct, ly dn = 0.6m

- gc nghing ca y b lng so vi phng ngang, ly khng nhhn 500 (iu 6.5.9-TCXD-51-84). Chn = 50o

- Chiu cao ca ng trung tm ly bng chiu cao tnh ton ca vng lng

ht = hl = 2.88 m

- ng knh ming loe ca ng trung tm ly bng chiu cao ca phn ngloe v bng 1.35 ng knh ng trung tm

dloe = hloe = 1.35 d = 1.350.46 = 0.62 m

- ng knh tm ht ly bng 1.3 ng knh ming loe

dhat = 1.3 dloe = 1.3 0.62 = 0.8 m

- Gc nghing gia b mt tm ht so vi mt phng ngang ly bng 17o

- Khong cch gia mp ngoi cng ca ming loe n mp ngoi cng cab mt tm ht theo mt phng qua trc c tnh theo cng thc :

L =( )nk

s

dDv

Q

+

max,4=

( )6.0314.302.0

00521.04

+

= 0.09m

vk vn tc nc chy qua khe h gia ming loe ng trung tm vb mt tm ht, vk khng ln hn 20 mm/s. Chn vk = 20 mm/s=0.02 m/s.

- Chiu cao tng cng ca b lng ng l:

H = hl + hn + hbv = 2.88 + 1.4 + 0.32 = 5 m

hbv chiu cao bo v, hbv = 0.32 m- Hm lng cht l lng ra khi b lng :

C = Co ( 1 e) = 336 ( 1 0.47) = 178 mg/l

Co hm lng cht l lng ban u trc khi vo b lng,

Co = 336 mg/l

e hiu sut lng ly theo bng sau. Vi Co = 336 mg/l,



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tc lng v = 0.8 mm/s, c e = 47%

Bng 4.1- Hiu sut lng cn l lng ca nc thi b lng I

Hiu sutlng,

e%

Vn tc lng, mm/s ng vi hm lng ban uca cht l lng, mg/l

150 200 250 300

30 1.30 1.80 2.25 3.20

35 0.90 1.30 1.60 2.10

40 0.60 0.90 1.05 1.40

45 0.40 0.60 0.75 0.95

50 0.25 0.35 0.45 0.6055 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.40

60 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20

- Hm lng BOD5 ra khi b:

L = Lo ( 1 e) = 288 (1- 0.3) = 200 mg/l

Lo hm lng BOD5 trc khi lng, Lo = 288 mg/l

e hiu sut kh BOD5 ca b, ly e = 30%

2.2.B Unitank :

B Unitank nhm loi b cc cht hu c (BOD5, COD), cc cht l lngbng cc phn ng ho sinh thng qua hot ng sng ca cc vi sinh vt c trongnc thi. Cc cht hu c l thc n ca cc vi sinh vt s c chuyn ho thnhCO2, H2O v sinh khi mi. Khng kh (O2) c cung cp v nc thi ho trnvi bn hot tnh m bo mi trng cho vi sinh vt pht trin tt.

Thng s thit k:

- BOD5 u vo : 160 mg/l- COD u vo b : 256 mg/l

- Lu lng nc thi vo b: Qtb,h = 12.5 m3/h- SS vo b: Co = 178 mg/l

- Thi gian lu nc : h4=

- Ti trng COD : a= 1.7 kg COD/m3ngy



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- Nng MLSS : Cb = 1500mg/l = 1.5kg/m3

- Th tch b:

V = 45.12 =Q = 50 m3

- Th tch mt ngn:

Vngn =3

50

3=

V= 16.66 m3

- Chiu cao xy dng b:

H= hbv + H = 0.5 +3 = 3.5m

hbv chiu cao bo v, hbv = 0.5m

- Kch thc mt ngn : B L H = mmm 35.22.2

* Tnh ton h thng thi kh:- Lng kh cn cung cp:

Qk= q V a = 80 50 1.7 = 6800m3/ngy = 4.2m3/pht.

q th tch khng kh yu cu l t 65-80m3 cho 1kg COD c khtrong ngy. Chn q = 80 m3/ngy

V th tch b, V = 50m3

a ti trng COD, a = 1.7 kg COD/m3ngy

- Chn thit b phn phi kh l cc a xp c ng knh D a = 170 mm

- Lu lng ring ca kh thot ra t mt a xp l q k= 200 l/pht.

- S a cn cho mt ngn b:

N =60242.03

6800

3 =

k

k

q

Q= 7.87 8 a/ngn

- Ap lc cn thit cho my thi kh:

H = Hng ng + H a xp + Hb = 0.4 + 0.5 + 3 = 3.9m H2O

Hng ng tn tht p lc do ma st dc theo chiu di ng dn.

Hng ng = 0.4mH a xp tn tht p lc qua a xp, H a xp = 0.5m

Hb mc nc trong b, Hb = 3m

- Chn hai my thi kh c lu lng : 4.2m3/pht

- Ap lc tnh theo Atmotphe:



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Pm =12.10

9.3

12.10=

ctH

= 0.38 atm

- Cng sut my nn kh:

N =

17.29

283.0

1

2

p

p

en

TRG

= 11

38.1

8.0283.07.29

299314.8102.0283.0

= 3.6 kW

G ti lng dng kh, kg/s

G = Qkk khi =33 /293.1/

360024

6800mkgsm

= 0.102kg/s

R hng s kh, R = 8.314 kJ/Kmol.oK

T nhit tuyt i ca khng kh u vo,

T = 26 + 273 = 299 oK

P1 p lc tuyt i ca khng kh u vo, p1 = 1 atm

P2 p lc tuyt i ca khng kh u ra,

P2 = 1 + Pm = 1 + 0.38 = 1.38 atm

n =

395.1

1395.11 =

K

K= 0.283 (K = 1.395 i vi khng kh)

29.7 h s chuyn i

e hiu sut ca my, chn e = 80%

* Tnh lng bn thi ra:

- Mc bn sau khi lng 60 pht:

hbn = 1211507.2

=

b

b

S

VC

= 1.02m

Cb - nng MLSS, Cb = 2700mg/l = 2.7kg/m3

V th tch b, V = 50m3

S din tch ca ngn

S = 2 B L = 2 2.2 2.5 = 11 m2

b - khi lng ring ca bn, b = 1200kg/m3

- Chn h s sn lng y = 0.4



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- Lng bn sinh ra mi ngy:

mb = ( )3

, 10 rangaytb CCQy

( ) 310502563004.0 = = 25 kg/ng.

C hm lng COD vo b, C = 256 mg/l

Cra hm lng COD sau khi ra khi b, Cra = 50mg/l

- Nng cn trong phn cha bn pha di b sau khi lng l

C = 8000 mg/l = 8 kg/m3

- Th tch bn lng x ra l:

Vxa bn =802.1

25

02.1 =

C

mb = 3 m3/ng

CHNG 6

TNH KINH T

. CHI PH U T

1. Chi ph xy dng c bn



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STT Hang muc Solng Thetch(m3) n gia(VN) Thanh tien

1 Hothu gom 1 10 1,000,000 10,000,000

2 Belang I 1 14.4 1,000,000 14,400,000

3

Beieu hoa 1 55.5 1,000,000 55,500,0004 BeUnitank 3 50 1,000,000 50,000,000

5 Bekhtrung 1 3.4 1,000,000 3,400,000

6 Bet hoai 1 112 1,000,000 112,000,000

7 Tramcap kh +clo 1 1 12,000,000 12,000,000

8 Nhaieu hanh 1 1 15,000,000 15,000,000Tong cong 272,300,000

2. Chi ph thit b :

STT Thiet b Solng Cong suat n gia(VN) Thanh tien1 Bmbegom 2 0.5HP 2,000,000 4,000,000

2 Bmbeieu hoa 1 0.5 HP 2,000,000 2,000,000

3 Bm bun 1 0.5 HP 2,000,000 2,000,000

4 Bm nh lng clo 1 3,000,000 3,000,000

5 May cap kh 2 3HP 25,000,000 50,000,000

6 Hethong van 5 1,000,000

7 a phan phoi kh 24 3,000,000

8 ng ong 2,000,000

9 Van chuyen lap at 6,000,000Tong cong 73,000,000

3. Tng s vn u t xy dng c bn:

272,300,000 + 73,000,000 = 345,300,000 VN

Chi ph xy dng c bn c khu hao trong 10 nm . Nh vy khu hao trong 1nm s l : 34,530,000 VN

. CHI PH QUN L VN HNH Chi ph nhn cng:

- S lng 2 ngi



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- Chi ph: 21,000,000 VN/thng = 2,000,000 VN/thng

Chi ph in nng:

STT Thiet b Solng Cong suat ien nang thi gian dung ien tieu thu1 Bm begom 2 0.5 0.350 24 16.800

2 Bm beieu hoa 1 0.5 0.350 24 8.40

3 May cap kh 2 1 0.700 24 33.600

4 Bm bun 1 0.5 0.350 0.5 0.17Tong cong 58.97

Chi ph in hng thng:

58.175 KWh/ngy 30 ngy/thng 1,000 VN/kWh= 1,745,250 VN

Chi ph ho cht :0.04896 kg/h 24h/ngy 6,000 VN/kg 30 ngy/thng

= 211,500 VN/thng

Chi ph vn hnh trong 1 nm ca c h thng :

( 2,000,000 + 1,745,250 + 211,500 ) 12 = 47,481,000 VN /nm

Chi ph x l 1 m3

nc thi :

3003012

000,481,47000,530,34

+

= 760 VN/m3



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CHNG 7

KT LUN V KIN NGH

Cc hot ng trong khch sn nh hng n mi trng mi trngsinh thi do vy vic x l nc thi sao cho m bo nc sau x l thi ra sngt tiu chun c th chp nhn c l v cng quan trng.

Vi ti Nghin cu v thit k h thng XLNT khch sn Q =300m3/ng. , lun vn gii thiu nhng thnh phn, tnh cht c trng ca

nc thi khch sn, trnh by tng quan cc phng php x l v phn tch ukhuyt im cc phng php a ra phng php x l thch hp vi iu kinkinh t v c bit l thch hp vi iu kin gii hn v mt bng ca khch sn.

Qua kt qu tnh ton phn tch trong phn trnh by trc th cng ngh xl ch yu l h thng Unitank c th p dng c. Cng ngh ny chnh l s kthp gia hai yu t c bn v truyn thng (l mt ci tin ca qu trnh bn hottnh) v hin i (hot ng t ng). Ngoi nhng u im ging nh h thngbn hot tnh thng thng , h thng Unitank cn mang li s tit kim cho cng



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trnh do din tch xy dng nh hn, c th b qua lng t 2, khng cn tn nnglng cho vic hon lu bn cng nh c th linh hot iu chnh thi gian giacc pha t hiu qu x l mong mun. Mt kh nng vt tri ca h thng nyl c th kh Nit v Phospho khi cn thit.

TI LIU THAM KHO

1. PGS, TS. Hong Vn Hu (2002). Thot nc. Tp 2, X l nc thi. NxbKhoa hc v k thut, TP.HCM.

2. Lm Minh Trit, Nguyn Thanh Hng, Nguyn Phc Dn (2004). X lnc thi th v cng nghip tnh ton thit k. Nxb i hc Quc giaTP.HCM, TP.HCM.

3. Lm Minh Trit, V Minh Long (2003). Tiu chun xy dng TCXD 51 84, Thot nc mng li bn ngoi v cng trnh.

4. Trn c H . X l nc thi sinh hot quy m nh v va . NXb KhoaHc v K thut .

5. Metcalf & Eddy, Inc (2003). Wastewater Treatment Engineering Treatmentand Reuse, Fourth Edition McGraw-Hill.

6. C.C.Lee, Shun Dar Lin (2000). Handbook of Environmental EngineeringCaculations, McGraw-Hill.

WEBSITE1. http://www.hochiminhcity.gov.vn/home/left/gioi_thieu/thang_canh_du_lich/

khach_san

http://www.hochiminhcity.gov.vn/home/left/gioi_thieu/thang_canh_du_lich/khach_sanhttp://www.hochiminhcity.gov.vn/home/left/gioi_thieu/thang_canh_du_lich/khach_sanhttp://www.hochiminhcity.gov.vn/home/left/gioi_thieu/thang_canh_du_lich/khach_sanhttp://www.hochiminhcity.gov.vn/home/left/gioi_thieu/thang_canh_du_lich/khach_san


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2. http://www.saigon-tourist.com/vn/hotel/hotel.htm
http://www.saigon-tourist.com/vn/hotel/hotel.htmhttp://www.saigon-tourist.com/vn/hotel/hotel.htm

nx-group-xu ly nuoc thai khach san 6238

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