nwjlfk f'k{kk funs'kky; egfkz n;kuun fo'ofo|ky;€¦ · · 2013-02-16nwjlfk...

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jktuhfrd fl)kUr

ch-,- I

(Option-II)

nwjLFk f'k{kk funs'kky;

egf"kZ n;kuUn fo'ofo|ky; jksgrd&124 001

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Copyright © 2002, Maharshi Dayanand University, ROHTAK

All Rights Reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or stored in a retrieval system or

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without the written permission of the copyright holder.

Maharshi Dayanand University

ROHTAK – 124 001

Developed & Produced by EXCEL BOOKS PVT LTD, A-45 Naraina, Phase 1, New Delhi-110028

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fo"k; lwph

çFke [k.M

v/;k; 1- jktuhfrd fl)kUr] vFkZ] çÑfr rFkk egŸo 5

v/;k; 2- 'kfDr dh vo/kkj.kk 16

v/;k; 3- lŸkk 28

v/;k; 4- vkSfpR;iw.kZ ¼oS/krk½ 37

v/;k; 5- fof'k"V&oxZ ¼vfHktu½ rFkk fof'k"V&oxZ ds fl)kUr 46

v/;k; 6- ukSdj'kkgh 59

v/;k; 7- jktuhfrd laLÑfr 82

v/;k; 8- jktuhfrd lekthdj.k 95

f}rh; [k.M

v/;k; 9- jktuhfrd lgHkkfxrk 105

v/;k; 10- jktuhfrd vk/kqfudhdj.k 114

v/;k; 11- jktuhfrd fodkl 129

v/;k; 12- jk"Vª&fuekZ.k rFkk jk"Vªh; ,dhdj.k 144

v/;k; 13- miHkksDrk laj{k.k 158

r`rh; [k.M

y?kqŸkjkRed@oLrqfu"B ¼cgq&fodYih½ ç'u 166

jktuhfrd fl)kUr% vFkZ] çÑfr rFkk egŸo

5

çFke [k.M

v/;k; 1

(Political Theory: Meaning, Nature and Significance) jktuhfrd fl)kUr dk fodkl

jktuhfrd fl)kUr dk vFkZ

jktuhfrd fl)kUr dk dk;Z&{ks= vFkok fo"k; oLrq

jktuhfrd fl)kUr dh çÑfr

ledkyhu jktuhfrd fl)kUr

jktuhfrd fl)kUr dk egŸo

vk/kqfud dky esa gksus okyh xfrfof/k;ksa ds dkj.k euq"; dh foosd'khyrk c<+ xbZ gSA og vius vykok

lkekftd&jktuhfrd O;oLFkk dks Hkh tkuus dh ykylk j[krk gSA bUgha LoHkkoksa ds dkj.k 'kkL=ksa dk tUe gqvk

vkSj fujUrj bu ij [kkst tkjh gSA bUgha dkj.kksa ls jktuhfrd fl)kUr (Political Theory) dk tUe gqvkA vusd

jktuhfrd laLFkkvksa vkSj leL;kvksa ds ckjs esa fopkj fd;k x;k o fu"d"kZ fudkys x,] ftudh lgk;rk ls fu;eksa

dk fuekZ.k fd;k x;k] bu ij nqckjk fopkj fd;k x;k rFkk dqN ifj.kke fudkys x,] ;gh fl)kUr cu tkrs gSaaA

jktuhfrd fl)kUr] jktuhfrd çfØ;k ds lkFk&lkFk bl {ks= esa gksus okyh ?kVukvksa dk Hkh v/;;u djrk gSA

vkt oLrqfLFkfr ;g gS fd jktuhfr ls lEcfU/kr fu;eksa ds lewg rFkk fu"d"kksZa dks gh jktuhfrd fl)kUr

(Political Theory) ds uke ls tkuk tkrk gSA dkyZ ikij (Karl Papper) ds vuqlkj] Þfl)kUr ,d çdkj dk tky

gS ftlls fo'o dks idM+k tk ldrk gS rkfd mldks le>k tk ldsA ;g ,d vuqHko&ijd O;oLFkk ds çk:i dh

vius eu dh vk¡[k ij cukbZ xbZ jpuk gSAß

jktuhfrd fl)kUr dk fodkl ekuo&thou rFkk lkekftd O;oLFkk esa tfVyrk ds dkj.k] jktuhfrd fl)kUr dk fodkl dkQh rhoz xfr ls

gqvkA çkphu dky esa euq"; larqfyr rFkk lh/kk&lknk FkkA ekuo&thou dk çR;sd igyq ,d&nwljs ls tqM+s gksus

ds dkj.k] budk bdëk v/;;u fd;k tkrk FkkA ml le; jktuhfrd ekuo&thou ds lhfer :i ls çHkkfor

fd;k djrh FkhA O;fDr /keZfu"B rFkk foosdh gksus ds dkj.k 'kqHkfpUrd ds :i esa ijLij O;ogkj fd;k djrs FksA

ml le; u n.M Fkk] u n.M nsus okyk] u 'kks"kd Fkk u 'kksf"krA ,slh fLFkfr esa tc jkT; gh ugha Fkk rks ml

le; ds fopkjdksa us jktuhfrd ds fdlh fl)kUr dh vko';drk gh eglwl ugha dhA ijUrq /khjs&/khjs vR;kpkj]

v/keZ] dke] Øks/k] yksHk o 'kks"k.k c<+k rc jkT; :ih laLFkk dk fodkl ds lkFk gh ml dky ds nk'kZfudksa us jktk]

jkT; vkSj çtk ds laca/kksa dks fu/kkZfjr fd;kA ml le; jktk 'kkfUr&O;oLFkk ds lkFk&lkFk] yksxksa dks /kekZpj.k ds

fy, çsfjr fd;k djrk FkkA bl le; ds fopkjdksa ftu fl)kUrksa dh jpuk dh mudk y{;] Js"B thou ewY;ksa dh

LFkkiuk djuk rFkk mu ewY;ksa dks rksM+us okyksa dks] nf.Mr djus ds fy, jktk ds l{ke cukuk FkkA jktk

lkekftd thou eas vkus okyh ck/kkvksa dks nwj fd;k djrk Fkk] og vkfFkZd] jktuhfrd o /kkfeZd thou esa dksbZ

jktuhfrd fl)kUr

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gLr{ksi ugha fd;k djrk FkkA çkphu dky ls ysdj] vk/kqfud ;qx rd Hkkjr ds fopkjd ,sls gh jkT; ds lEca/k

esa fl)kUrksa dh jpuk djrs jgsA

;wuku ds nk'kZfudks (Philosophers) us jktuhfr ds ftu fl)kUrksa dk o.kZu fd;k] os fl)kUr ml dky ds

uxj&jkT;ksa dks vkn'kZ :i nsus dh vksj FksA IysVks (plato) ds jkT;ksa dk dk;Z uSfrd vkSj U;k;iw.kZ ukxfjdksa dk

fuek.kZ djuk FkkA vjLrq us IysVks ds vkn'kZ jkT; dh vkykspuk dh vkSj mlds LFkku ij O;ogkfjd vkn'kZ jkT;

dh LFkkiuk dk fl)kUr çLrqr fd;kA og jkT;ksa ds dk;ksZa esa ukxfjdksa dh Hkkxhnkjh dks egŸo nsrk Fkk] blfy,

mlus ukxfjdksa dks jktuhfrd çk.kh Hkh dgkA bl çdkj ge ns[krs gSa fd ;wukuh nk'kZfudksa us ml le; ds

vuq:i fl)kUrksa dh jpuk dhA

jktuhfr ds fo}kuksa us vkt ds ;qx esa jkT; dk loZ'kfDreku cuk fn;k gSA ,d vksj ;wjksi esa iuis QkflLVoknh

(Fascists), ukthokn (Nazism) rFkk ekDlZoknh (Marxists) fopkjdksa us vf/kuk;doknh jkT;ksa (Totalitarian States)

dh LFkkiuk dk leFkZu fd;k] nwljh vksj ;wjksi ds dqN ns'kksa rFkk vesfjdk us /kuh vkSj fu/kZu ds chp vUrj cM+k

dj fn;kA ftu nk'kZfudksa] ys[kdksa us ,slh O;oLFkk dk çfriknu fd;k] mUgksaus gh fl)kUrksa dh jpuk dhA vkt

yksdrU=] U;k;] lekurk] LorU=rk vkfn dh O;oLFkk vkSj mlds Lo:i vkfn ds çfriknu ds fy, fl)kUrksa dh

jpuk jktuhfr dh eq[; fo"k; oLrq gSA

bl çdkj ge ikrs gSa fd çkphu ;qx ls gh nk'kZfudksa us] fo}kuksa us vius dky ds ifjfLFkfr ds vuq:i jktuhfr

dh O;k[;k dh vkSj vius n`f"Vdks.k dks le>kus ds fy,] yksxksa ds lkeus ykus ds fy,] fl)kUrksa dh jpuk djrs

jgsA

jktuhfrd fl)kUr dk vFkZ (Meaning of Political Theory)

jktuhfrd fl)kUr dks vxzsth eas ^iksfyfVdy F;wjh* (Political Theory) dgk tkrk gSA ^F;wjh* 'kCn] xzhd Hkk"kk ds

F;ksfj;k (Theoria) ls yh xbZ gS( ftldk vFkZ gS&,d ,slh ekufld n`f"V tks fd oLrq ds vfLrRo vkSj mlds

dkj.kksa dks çdV djrh gSA dsoy o.kZu (Description) ;k fdlh y{; ds fo"k; esa fopkj ;k lq>ko gh fl)kUr ugha

dgykrk gSA vkuksZYM czS'kj (Arnold Brechter) ds vuqlkj&

Þfdlh Hkh fo"k; ds lEca/k esa ,d ys[kd dh iwjh dh iwjh lksp ;k le> 'kkfey jgrh gSA mleas rF;ksa dk o.kZu]

mudh O;k[;k 'kkfey jgrh gSA mlesa rF;ksa dk o.kZu] mudh O;k[;k] ys[kd dk bfrgkl&cks/k] mldh ekU;rk,a

vkSj os y{; 'kkfey gSa ftuds fy, fdlh Hkh fl)kUr dk çfriknu fd;k tkrk gSAß

fo}kuksa us jktuhfrd fl)kUr dh fHkUu&fHkUu ifjHkk"kk,a nh gSaA buesa ls dqN bl çdkj ds gSa&

1- dksdj (Coker) ds vuqlkj] Þtc jktuhfrd 'kklu] mlds :i ,oa mldh xfrfof/k;ksa dk v/;;u dsoy

v/;;u ;k rqyuk ek= ds fy, gh ugha fd;k tkrk vFkok mudks ml le; ds vkSj LFkk;h çHkkoksa ds

lanHkZ esa gh ugha vkadk tkrk cfYd budks yksxksa dh vko';drkvksa] bPNkvksa ,oa muds erksa ds lanHkZ esa

?kVukvksa dk le>k o budk ewY; vkadk tkrk gS] rc ge bls jktuhfrd fl)kUr dgrs gSaA

2- MsfoM gSYM (David Held) ds vuqlkj] Þjktuhfrd fl)kUr jktuhfrd thou ls lEcaf/kr vo/kkj.kkvksa vkSj

O;kid vuqekuksa dk ,d ,slk rkuk&ckuk gS] ftlesa 'kklu] jkT; vkSj lekt dh çÑfr o y{;ksa vkSj

euq";ksa dh jktuhfrd {kerkvksa dk fooj.k 'kkfey gSAß

3- ,.Mª;q gSdj (Andrew Hecker) ds vuqlkj] Þjktuhfrd fl)kUr ,d vksj fcuk fdlh i{kikr ds vPNs

jkT; rFkk lekt dh ryk'k gS rks nwljh vksj jktuhfrd ,oa lkekftd okLrfodrkvksa dh i{kikr&jfgr

tkudkjh dk feJ.k gSAß


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4- tkWu Iysesust (John Plamentaz) ds vuqlkj] Þ,d fl)kUr'kkL=h jktuhfr dh 'kCnkoyh dk fo'ys"k.k vkSj

Li"Vhdj.k djrk gSA og mu lHkh vo/kkj.kkvksa dh leh{kk djrk gS] tks fd jktuhfrd cgl ds nkSjku

ç;ksx esa vkrh gSaaA lhekvksa ds mijkUr vo/kkj.kkvksa ds vkSfpR; ij Hkh çdk'k Mkyk tkrk gSAß

Åij nh xbZ ifjHkk"kkvksa ds vk/kkj ij ;g dgk tk ldrk gS fd jktuhfrd fl)kUr esa voyksdu (Observation),

O;k[;k (Explanation) rFkk ewY;kadu (value judgement), rhu rŸo 'kkfey gSaA

1- voyksdu (Observation)&tc dHkh jktuhfrd fopkjd dk v/;;u djrs gSa ftlus fdlh

fl)kUr&fuekZ.k dk dk;Z fd;k gS rks ge ikrs gSa fd og vius dky dh jktuhfr ds fdlh fo'ks"k i{k ls

fpafrr vFkok vlarq"V Fkk] vkSj blls nq%[kh gksdj mlus viuk fopkj çdV fd;k gSA IysVks] eSD;koyh]

gkCl] ykWd] ekDlZ] ykWMZ czkbZl vkfn fo}kuksa us ml le; dh ifjfLFkfr;ksa dk foospu bl dkj.k ls fd;k

D;ksafd os vlarq"V Fks vkSj mldk gy pkgrs FksA gkCl us vius le; dh ifjfLFkfr dks ns[krs gq, fujdqa'k

jktra= dk leZFku fd;kA ykWMZ czkbZl us yksdra= ljdkjksa dh lQyrk] vlQyrk dh tk¡p ds fy, u

dsoy iqLrdksa dk lgkjk fy;k cfYd ml le; ds çeq[k yksdra=h; ns'kksa dh dk;Zç.kkyh dk cgqr fudV

ls v/;;u fd;kA ;g v/;;u dqN ekU;rkvksa ds vk/kkj ij fd;k tkrk gS tSls fd yksdra= ds ckjs eas

;g ekU;rk gS fd blesa ukxfjdksa ds vf/kdkj rFkk Lora=rk lqjf{kr gS] U;k;ikfydk Lora= gS] jktuhfrd

nyksa ij ikcUnh ugha gSA bu vo/kkj.kkvksa ds fcuk rF;ksa dk Bhd ladyu ugha fd;k tk ldrkA

2- O;k[;k (Explanation)&rF;ksa ,oa ?kVukvksa dk voyksdu ds blesa ls vuko';d lkexzh fudkydj rFkk

mfpr lkexzh dks dbZ Jsf.k;ksa eas ck¡Vdj] rF;ksa ,oa ?kVukvksa dk fo'ys"k.k fd;k tkrk gSA ifj{k.k ds }kjk

dkj.k vkSj dk;Z (Cause and effect) ds chp lEca/k LFkkfir fd;k tkrk gS] bl çdkj tks fuf'pr ifj.kke

fudkys tkrs gSa mUgsa ge fl)kUr dgrs gSaA bls lkekU;hdj.k (Generalization) Hkh dgrs gSa] ftldk vFkZ

gS Þfu"d"kZ dks lkekU; :i nsukAß fl)kUr dh oSKkfudrk fuHkZj djrh gS fd rF;ksa dk pyu rFkk mudh

O;k[;k djrs le; fdruh fu"i{krk rFkk bZekunkjh cjrh xbZ gSA

3- ewY;kadu (Value Judgement)&fl)kUr fuekZ.k dh çfØ;k esa ewY; rFkk rF; (Value & facts) nksuksa dk

egŸo gSA dksbZ Hkh fl)kUr 'kkL=h buesa ls dsoy ,d ds lgkjs fdlh fl)kUr dk fuekZ.k ugha dj

ldrkA jktuhfrd dk ys[kd ,d oSKkfud (Sciencitist) vkSj nk'kZfud (Philosopher) nksuksa dh Hkwfedk

fuHkkrk gSA mls rF;ksa vkSj ?kVukvksa dks bdëk djuk gksrk gS rFkk ewY;ksa ds :i esa vius y{;ksa vkSj

vknZ'kksa dks fu/kkfjZr djuk gksrk gSA erkf/kdkj] Lora=rk] lekurk] U;k; rFkk yksdra= vkfn dk ewY;kadu

djrs le; og vius LoHkko vkSj :fp;ksa ls ca/kk gksrk gSA jktuhfrd fopkjd vius iwoZ fu/kkZfjr vknZ'kksa

rFkk y{;ksa dks LFkkfir djus ds fy, dkjdksa dk ç;ksx djrk gS] ijUrq oSKkfud n`f"V j[kus okyk fopkjd

vius vknZ'kksa rFkk :fp;ksa ls ijs gVdj oSKkfud fu"d"kksZa ij vius fl)kUr dks çfrikfnr djrk gSA nksuksa

ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa ewY; fu/kkZj.k dk egŸo cuk jgrk gSA

jktuhfrd fl)kUr dk dk;Z&{ks= vFkok fo"k; oLrq (Scope or Subject Matter of Political Theory)

vkt ds ;qx esa euq"; dk dksbZ Hkh Hkkx jktuhfr ls vNwrk ugha gS] mnkjokfn;ksa us jkT; rFkk jktuhfr dk lEca/k

dsoy ljdkj rFkk ukxfjdksa rd lhfer j[kk] rks ekDlZokfn;ksa us mRiknu ds lHkh lk/kuksa ij jkT; dk LokfeRo

ekuk gSA vkt ds ukjhoknh ys[kd (Feminist Writers) ikfjokfjd rFkk ?kjsyq ekeyksa esa Hkh jkT; ds gLr{ksi dk

leFkZu djrs gSaA bl çdkj ge ikrs gS fd jktuhfr foKku dk {ks= dkQh O;kid gks x;k gSA jktuhfrd esa

fl)kUr'kkfL=;ksa dks cgqr ls fo"k;ksa ds ckjs esa fl)kUrksa dk fuekZ.k djuk iM+rk gSA vktdy eq[; :i ls

fuEufyf[kr fo"k;ksa dks jktuhfrd fl)kUr ds dk;Z&{ks= esa 'kkfey fd;k tkrk gS&

1- ljdkj dk v/;;u (Study of the Government)&jkT; dk ,d çeq[k rŸo ljdkj gS] ftlds }kjk

ljdkj dh vfHkO;fDr gksrh gSA bl çdkj ge ikrs gSa fd ljdkj Hkh jktuhfrd fl)kUr dk ,d

jktuhfrd fl)kUr

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egŸoiw.kZ fo"k; gSA ljdkj ds rhu vax ekus x, gSa&fo/kkuikfydk] dk;Zikfydk rFkk U;k;ikfydkA bu

rhuksa vaxksa ds laxBu] vf/kdkj] lEca/k dk v/;;u Hkh ge djrs gSaA ftl rjg ls jkT; ds ,sfrgkfld

Lo:i dk gesa v/;;u djuk gksrk gS oSls gh ljdkj ds Lo:i dk Hkh v/;;u djuk gksrk gSA vr%

jktuhfrd fl)kUr esa ljdkj ds vax rFkk laxBuksa dk Hkh v/;;u fd;k tkrk gSA

2- jkT; dk v/;;u (Study of the State)&çkphu ;qx ls gh jkT; dh mRifŸk] çÑfr rFkk dk;Z {ks= ds ckjs

esa fopkj gksrk jgk gSA jkT; dh mRifŸk] mlds fodkl rFkk uxj jkT; ls ysdj jk"Vªh; jkT; rd igqapus

ij blds Lo:i dk fodkl dSls gqvkA blds vykok euq"; ds jkT;&lEc/kh fopkjksa esa ifjorZu gqvk gSA

çkphudky esa yksx jktk dh vkKk dh vogsyuk dks iki le>k tkrk Fkk] ijUrq orZeku esa jkT; dh lŸkk

dk vfUre óksr turk gSA bl rjg ls ge jkT; ds Lo:i] mís';ksa rFkk dk;Z{ks= dk ge v/;;u djrs

gSaA

3- O;fDr rFkk jkT; ds lEca/kksa dk v/;;u (Study of Individuals Relation with State)&jktuhfrd

fl)kUr ds fo}kuksa us O;fDr rFkk jkT; ds lEca/kksa ds ckjs esa vius&vius er fn,A vBkgjoha lnh esa

O;fDr dh Lora=rk ij tksj fn;k x;k rFkk jkT; ds vf/kdkjksa dks lhfer djus ds dk;ksZa dk leFkZu fd;k

x;kA vkt yksdraf=; O;oLFkk esa O;fDr ds ekSfyd vf/kdkjksa ij dkQh tksj fn;k x;k rkfd O;fDr dk

iw.kZ fodkl gks ldsA la;qDr jkT; vesfjdk ls ysdj vc rd ftrus Hkh lafo/kku cus gSa muesa ekSfyd

vf/kdkj dk mYys[k fd;k x;k gSA ;gk¡ rd dh lkE;oknh jkT;ksa esa Hkh ukxfjdksa dks ekSfyd vf/kdkj

fn;k x;k gSS Hkys gh mudh j{kk dh mfpr O;oLFkk u dh xbZ gksA vkt lHkh jk"Vªksa ds fy, ;g ç'u

cgqr egŸoiw.kZ gS fd ukxfjdksa ds vf/kdkj dks fdl gn rd lqjf{kr fd;k tk,A Hkkjr] tgk¡ dh vkfFkZd

mnkjhdj.k dh fØ;k py jgh gS ;g ç'u cgqr xEHkhj gS fd dgha jkT;] ukxfjdksa ds vf/kdkjksa ij

vfrØe.k u dj nsA

bl çdkj ge ikrs gS fd O;fDr rFkk jkT; dk vkilh lEca/k jktuhfrd fl)kUr ds v/;;u dk ,d

egŸoiw.kZ fo"k; gSA

4- 'kfDr dk v/;;u (Study of Power)& orZeku esa] jktuhfrd fl)kUr ds {ks= esa 'kfDr ds v/;;u dks Hkh

'kkfey fd;k x;k gSA 'kfDr ds dbZ Lo:i gS( tSls lkekftd] jktuhfrd vkSj lSfud 'kfDr] vkfFkZd

O;fDrxr 'kfDr] jk"Vªh; rFkk vUrjkZ"Vªh; 'kfDr vkfnA jktuhfrd fl)kUrdkj] 'kfDr ds bu fofHkUu

Lo:iksa dks ns[kdj ;g tkuuk pkgrk gS fd ekuo lekt esa fdldks D;k] dSls vkSj D;ksa feyrk gSA ijUrq

jktuhfrd fl)kUrdkj] jktuhfrd 'kfDr dks gh vf/kd egŸo nsrs gSaA

5- ekuo O;ogkj dk v/;;u (Study of Human Behaviour)&jktuhfr ds vk/kqfud fo}kuksa us jktuhfrd

O;ogkj dks jktuhfrd 'kkL= dk eq[; fo"k; ekuk gSA mUgksaus bl ij tksj fn;k gS fd jktuhfrd {ks= esa

O;fDr tks dqN djrk gS] ;k mlds ihNs tks çjs.kk dk;Z djrh gS] mudk v/;;u jktuhfrd fl)kUr esa

gksuk pkfg,A euq"; lekt esa jgdj tks Hkh fØ;k&dyki djrk gS os lHkh jktuhfrd fl)kUr ds vUrZxr

vkus pkfg,A bu vk/kqfud fo}kuksa ds vuqlkj euq"; Hkkoukvksa dk leqg gS] mldh viuh ço`fŸk;ka vkSj

bPNk,a gksrh gS] ftlds vk/kkj ij mldk jktuhfrd O;ogkj dks cgqr egŸo nsrs gSaA oSKkfud jhfr ls

v/;;u dj euq"; dh dfe;ksa dks nwj djus ds mik; crk, tk ldrs gSa] rkfd Hkfo"; esa ,slh xfYr;ka u

gksaA

6- vUrjkZ"Vªh; lEca/kksa dk v/;;u (Study of International Relations)&;krk;kr dh lqfo/kk ds dkj.k vkt

dgha tkuk igys ds vis{kk lqxe gks x;k gS ftl dkj.k fHkUu&fHkUu jkT;ksa esa vkilh lEca/k gksuk

LoHkkfod gSA blh dkj.k jktuhfrd fl)kUr eas vUrZjk"Vªh; dkuwu] laxBu tSls la;qDr jk"Vª la?k (United

Nation Organisation) vkfn dk Hkh v/;;u djuk gksrk gSA


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7- uhfr&fuekZ.k çfØ;k (Policy Making Process)&vk/kqfud fo}kuksa ds vuqlkj] jktuhfrd fl)kUr ds {ks=

uhfr fuekZ.k çfØ;k dh Hkh v/;;u dh tkuh pkfg,A 'kkldh; uhfr dks ;ksxnku nsus okys lHkh lk/kuksa

dk v/;;u gksuk pkfg,A bl n`f"Vdks.k ls fo/kkuikfydk rFkk dk;Zikfydk ds 'kklu lEca/kh dk;ksZa]

ernkrkvksa] jktuhfrd ny] muds lxaBu rFkk mudks çHkkfor djus okys <ax dks v/;;u fd;k tkrk gSA

jktuhfrd fl)kUr dk eq[; fo"k;] jkT; dh vusd laLFkk,a D;k uhfr viuk,a] mu uhfr dks fdl çdkj

ykxw fd;k tk, gSA çk;% rhu çdkj dh nyh; ç.kkyh dh ppkZ dh tkrh gS&,d nyh; i}fr]

f}&fnyh; i}fr rFkk cgqnyh; i}frA blh çdkj ernku rFkk çfrfuf/kRo ds fo"k; esa Hkh dbZ fl)kUrksa

dk çfriknu fd;k x;k gSA igys efgykvksa dks erkf/kdkj ls oafpr j[kk tkrk Fkk] bl i{k esa dbZ nyhys

nh tkrh Fkh ysfdu 18 o"kZ ls Åij ds lHkh ukxfjdksa ¼ikxy] nhokfy, rFkk vijkf/k;ksa dks NksM+dj½ dks

vkt ernku dk vf/kdkj ns fn;k x;k gSA

8- ukjhokn (Feminism)&ikfjokfjd ekeyksa esa dsoy ,d lhek rd gh ljdkj }kjk gLr{ksi fd;k tk

ldrk gS] ijUrq bldk vFkZ ;g ugha gS fd ljdkj bl vksj dksbZ /;ku u nsA vusd ns'kksa esa ukjh mRFkku

ds fy, vkUnksyu gks jgs gSa ij O;fDroknh rFkk ekDlZoknh fopkjdksa us ,d yEcs vjls ls ukjh mRihM+u

ds f[kykQ dksbZ vkokt ugha mBkbZA 1970 ds n'kd esa ukjh mRFkku ds fy, lkFkZd igy fd;k x;kA

Hkkjr esa lrh&çFkk] cky&fookg] rFkk nsonklh çFkk dks dkuwu cukdj lekIr fd;k x;kA vc Hkkjr esa

lHkh LFkkuh; laLFkkvksa esa efgykvksa ds fy, ,d frgkbZ LFkku lqjf{kr j[kus dh O;oLFkk dh xbZ gS rFkk

laln rFkk fo/kkue.Myksa ds fy, mudk LFkku lqjf{kr j[kus ls lEcaf/kr fcy laln esa fopkj/khu gSA

9- 'kfDr fl)kUr rFkk {ks=h; laxBu tSls ;wjksfi;u laln rFkk n{ksl dk v/;;u (Study of the Concept of

Power and SAARC-South Asian Association for Regional Co-operation)&jktuhfrd 'kkL= ds

vk/kqfud fo}kuksa us 'kfDr dks bl 'kkL= dk eq[; fo"k; ekuk gSA buds vuqlkj jktuhfrd esa tks dqN

gksrk gS oks lHkh blh 'kfDr la?k"kZ ds dkj.k gksrk gSA dSVyhu us Hkh jktuhfr dks la?k"kZ ij vk/kkfjr ekuk

gS] mlds vuqlkj tgk¡ jktuhfr gS ogk¡ 'kfDr dk gksuk LokHkkfod gSA bl fopkj/kkjk dk leZFku ykloSy

us Hkh fd;k gSA bu fo}kuksa ds vuqlkj 'kfDr ds dbZ :i lŸkk] çHkko] ncko] cy ;k neu Hkh gks ldrs gSa

tks ifjfLFkfr;ksa ds vuqlkj cnyrs jgrs gSaA

10- fodkl] vk/kqfudhdj.k vkSj i;kZoj.k dh leL;k,a (Problems of Development, Modernization and

Environment)&jktuhfrd fl)kUr esa dqN uohu vo/kkj.kkvksa dks Hkh lekt'kkL= ds c<+rs çHkko ds

dkj.k viuk;k x;k gS] ftlesa lekthdj.k] fodkl] xjhch] vlekurk rFkk vk/kqfudhdj.k 'kkfey gSaA

fodkl'khy ns'kksa ds jktuhfrd fodkl ds lEca/k esa fy[kus okys ys[kdksa esa thŒ vke.M (G. Almond),

MsfoM ,IVj (David Apter) bR;kfn gSaA ekbju ohuj (Myron Weiner) rFkk jtuh dksBkjh (Rajni Kothari)

us Hkkjr ds lkekftd& jktuhfrd fodkl dk Øec) v/;;u dj ;g fu"d"kZ fudkyk fd tkfrokn]

nfyr jktuhfr vkSj lEçnk;okn vc Hkkjrh; jktuhfr ds eq[; dsUæ fcUnq gSA

vkt i;kZoj.k leL;k,a Hkh euq"; tkfr ds fy, ,d cM+h pqukSrh ds :i esa lkeus vkbZ gS] ftlds dbZ

mik; lq>k, x, tSls fd tula[;k fu;a=.k] ou laj{k.k vkfnA

11- Lora=rk] lekurk rFkk U;k; ds vkn'kksZa dh leh{kk (To Examine the ideals of Liberty, Equality and

Justice)&çkphu dky ls ysdj orZeku rd vusd ,sls çfl) jktuhfrd fopkjd gq, gSa tks cgqr lh

fopkj/kkjkvksa&O;fDrokn] vkn'kZokn] ekDlZokn] lektokn] mi;ksfxrkokn (Utilitarianism) rFkk xka/khokn

vkfn ds lkFk tqM+s gq, gSaA mnkjokfn;ksa us jktuhfrd Lora=rk rFkk ukxfjdksa ds vf/kdkj ds fy, tks

la?k"kZ fd;k mldk leZFku dkyZ ekDlZ }kjk Hkh fd;k x;kA ;|fi blus bl ckr ij cy fn;k fd

okLrfod yksdra= dh LFkkiuk rHkh gksxh tc lekt ds oxZ&Hksn nwj gksxsaA egkRek xk¡/kh us ,d ,sls

lekt dh dYiuk dh ftlesa lŸkk dk vf/kd&ls&vf/kd fodsUæhdj.k gksxk] ;g jktuhfrd rFkk

jktuhfrd fl)kUr

10

ç'kklfud ds lkFk&lkFk vkfFkZd {ks=ksa esa Hkh gksxkA bl çdkj dh O;k[;k esa ç'kklu] mRiknu rFkk

forj.k dh ewy bdkbZ ^xzke* (Village) gksxh] bls xzke LojkT; dk uke fn;kA

bl çdkj ge ikrs gSa fd jktuhfrd fl)kUr dk {ks= vf/kd foLr`r gS vkSj ;g fnu çfrfnu c<+ jgk gSA

jktuhfrd fl)kUr dh çÑfr (Acquisition of Citizenship)

jktuhfrd fl)kUr dk bfrgkl cgqr iqjkuk gSA bls eq[;r% nks Hkkxksa esa ck¡Vk tk ldrk gS&

¼d½ 'kkL=h; vFkok ijEijkxr jktuhfrd fparu (Traditional or Classical Political Theory)

¼[k½ vk/kqfud jktuhfrd fparu (Modern Political Theory)

orZeku 'krkCnh ds dbZ ys[kdksa&ykWMZ czkbZl] eSdkboj rFkk ykLdh dk uke mYys[kuh; gSA ijEijkxr jktuhfrd

fparu ls lEcaf/kr ys[kdkssa esa IysVks] vjLrq] gkWYl] ykWQ ghxy] rFkk dkyZ ekDlZ mYys[kuh; gSaA

¼d½ 'kkL=h; vFkok ijEijkxr fl)kUr dh fo'ks"krk,a ¼çÑfr½ (Features/Nature of Classical or Political

Theory)&ijEijkxr fl)kUr dh eq[; fo'ks"krk,a fuEufyf[kr gSa&

1- eq[;r% vkn'kkZRed v/;;u (Mainly Normative Studies)&ijEijkxr fopkjdksa ds xzUFkksa dks

i<+us ls irk pyrk gS fd buds dqN vkn'kks± dks igys gh Lohdkj dj fy;k x;k gS cfYd bUgha

ekU;rkvksa dh dlkSVh ij vU; ns'kksa dh jktuhfrd laLFkkvksa vkSj 'kklu dks ij[kk tkrk gSA bl

çdkj ys[kdksa us ekuoh; mn~xe (Normative Approach) dk lgkjk fy;kA ekuoh; mn~xe dk

vFkZ gS fd igys efLr"d esa fdlh fo'ks"k vkn'kZ dh dYiuk dj yh tkrh gS fQj ml dYiuk dks

O;ogkfjd :i nsus ds fy, fl)kUr dk fuekZ.k fd;k tkrk gSA bl i)fr dks viukus okys

ys[kdksa esa IysVks] gkCl] :lks] Fkk¡Vs rFkk ghxy çeq[k gSaA IysVks us nk'kZfud jktk (Philosopher

King) rFkk :lksa us lkekU; bPNk (General will) ds fl)kUr dk çfriknu fd;kA

ysfdu dqN ijEijkxr ys[kd ,sls Hkh gSa ftUgksaus ekuoh; mn~xe ds lkFk&lkFk vkuqHkkfod

mn~xe dks Hkh viuk;kA vjLrq us vius dky ds 158 uxj&jkT;ksa ds lafo/kkuksa dk v/;;u dj

vkn'kZ jkT; dh dYiuk dhA

2- eq[;r% dkuwuh] vkSipkfjd rFkk laLFkkxr v/;;u (Primarly Legal, Formal and Institutional

Studies)&ijEijkxr v/;;u eq[;r% fof/k rFkk lafo/kku }kjk fufeZr vkSijpkfjd laLFkkvksa ls

lEcfU/kr FkkA ml dky ds ys[kdksa }kjk bl ckr dk ç;kl ugha fd;k fd laLFkk ls ckgj tkdj

mlds O;ogkj dk v/;;u fd;k tk,] ftlls mlds fof'k"V O;ogkj dk ijh{k.k fd;k tk ldsA

mnkgj.kLo:i Mk;lh (Dicey), equjks (Munro), ykLdh (Laski), tsfuaXl (Jennings) vkfn fo}kuksa

us vius v/;;uksa esa laLFkkvksa ds dkuwuh o vkSipkfjd :i dk gh v/;;u fd;kA

3- eq[;r% o.kZukRed v/;;u (Mainly Descriptive Studies)&ijEijkxr fparu dh eq[; fo'ks"krk

;g gS fd ;g eq[;r% o.kZukRed gSA vFkkZr~ blesa jktuhfrd laLFkkvksa dk dsoy o.kZu fd;k x;k

gSA vr% u rks ;s O;k[;kRed gS] u fo'ys"k.kkRed vkSj u gh blds ek/;e ls jktuhfrd leL;k

dk lek/kku gks ik;k gSA bu fo}kuksa ds vuqlkj jktuhfrd laLFkk dk o.kZu&ek= i;kZIr gS vkSj

muds }kjk bl ckr ij fopkj ugha fd;k x;k fd bu laLFkkvksa dh lekurkvksa rFkk fofHkUurk ds

ewy esa dkSu&lh ,slh ifjfLFkfr;ka gSa tks bUgsa çHkkfor djrh gSaA

4- ijEijkxr fpUru ij n'kZu] /keZ rFkk uhfr'kkL= dk çHkko (Influence of Philosophy, Religion

and Ethics on Classical Studies)&ijEijkxr fpUru dh fo'ks"krk ;g gS fd os n'kZu ,oa /keZ ls

çHkkfor jgs gSa rFkk muesa uSfrd ewY; fo|eku jgs gSaA ;|fi IysVks rFkk vjLrq ds fpUru dqN

gn rd ;g fn[kkbZ nsrk gS] ij bldk Li"V mnkgj.k e/;dkyhu bZlkbZ /keZ ds jkt/keZ ls


11

çHkkfor gks tkus ij çkIr gqvkA ml le; dk eq[; ppkZ dk fo"k; jkT; rFkk ppZ ds vkilh

lEca/k dSls gksa] FkkA ;wjksi ds fo}kuksa ds vuqlkj /keZ] jkT; ls Js"B gS rFkk /kekZf/kdkjh Hkh jkT;

ds ekeyksa esa gLr{ksi dj ldrs gSaA lsaV FkkWel ,Dohukl (Saint Thomas Acquinas) blh er ds

fopkjd FksA nwljh vksj ;g eqík Hkh ges'kk egŸoiw.kZ jgk dh jktlŸkk] /keZlŸkk ls Js"B gS vkSj

bls ppZ dks fofu;fer djus dk vf/kdkj gSA fofy;e vkde (William Occam), bl fopkj dk

leFkZu djus okyksa esa çeq[k FksA

5- leL;kvksa dk lek/kku djus dk ç;kl (Study for Solving Problems)&ijEijkxr ys[kdksa dh

jpukvksa esa vius ;qx dh leL;kvksa] ?kVukvksa dk çHkko Li"V fn[kkbZ nsrk gS rFkk os vius&vius

<ax ls bu leL;kvksa dk lek/kku <wa<+us ds fy, ç;Ru'khy jgsA mnkgj.kLo:i gkCl ds fpUru

dk mís'; fdlh ,slh O;oLFkk dh [kkst djuk Fkk] ftlls x`g;q) rFkk v'kkfUr ds okrkoj.k dks

lekIr fd;k tk ldsA gkCl (1588-1679) us fujadq'k jktra= (Absolute Monarchy) dk leFkZu

fd;kA bVyh ds rRdkyhu fLFkfr dks ns[kdj eSD;koyh (Machiaveli) bl ifj.kke rd igq¡pk fd

'kkld dks vius jkT; dks foLr`r rFkk etcwr cukus ds fy, >wB] Ny&diV] gR;k vkfn lHkh

lk/ku mfpr gSaA IysVks (Plato) ds ;wuku esa ml le; uxj&jkT;ksa esa bZ";kZ&}s"k rFkk dyg dk

okrkoj.k Fkk] mlls NqVdkjk ikus ds fy, mlus nk'kZfud jktk (Philosopher King) ds fl)kUr

dh jpuk dhA ml O;oLFkk dk mís'; 'kkld oxZ dks fdlh Hkh çdkj ds futh LokFkZ ls Åij

j[kuk FkkA

¼[k½ vk/kqfud jktuhfrd fl)kUr dk Lo:i (Nature of Modern Political Theory)&vuqHkkfod i}fr

(Empirical Methods) us vk/kqfud jktuhfrd fl)kUr ds fodkl esa lcls vf/kd ;ksxnku fn;k gSA bu

i)fr;ksa esa ;s cy fn;k x;k fd jktuhfr ds v/;;u ds fy, oSKkfud n`f"Vdks.k viuk, tk, rFkk rF;ksa

vkSj vkadM+ksa (Facts & Figures) ij fo'ks"k cy fn;k tk,A orZeku fl)kUr'kkL=h] jktuhfrd çHkko

(Political Effects), lŸkk (Authority), jktuhfrd fodkl (Political Development), 'kfDr (Power) tSlh

vo/kkjk.kkvksa ij fo'ks"k cy ns jgs gSaA pkYlZ esfj;e (Charles Meriam) rFkk gSjksYM ykloSy (Harold

Laswell) }kjk 'kfDr ds fl)kUr dh iqf"V dh xbZA tcfd jktuhfrd vfHktu (Political Elite) ds fl)kUr

thŒ eksLdk (G. Mosca), jkWcVZ fe'ksYl (Robert Michels), rFk isjsVks (Pareto) us fodflr fd;kA MsfoM

bZLVu (David Eastm) dh iqLrd ^fn iksfyfVdy flLVe* (The Political System) 1953 esa Nih] ftlesa

fu.kZ; ysus dh çfØ;k dks fuos'k rFkk ^fuxZr* (Output) ds ek/;e ls le>k;k gSA fuos'k] turk dh ekaxs

rFkk U;k;ikfydk rFkk dk;Zikfydk }kjk fy, x, fo'ks"k fu.kZ; ^fuxZr* gSaA

fiNys dbZ lkyksa ls dqN fl)kUr'kfL=;ksa us jktuhfr esa ,d ubZ ØkfUr dks tUe fn;k] ftls O;ogkjoknh

ØkfUr (Behavioural Revolution) ds uke ls tkuk tkrk gSA ;g Økafr ijEijkxr fl)kUr'kkfL=;ksa ds çfr

vlarks"k dk ifj.kke FkhA O;ogkjoknh ys[kdksa ftuesa jkcVZ ,Œ Mgy (Robart A. Dahl), ikosy (G.B.

Powell) rFkk MsfoM bZLVu (David Easten) fo'ks"k :i ls mYys[kuh; gSa] ftUgksaus jktuhfr dks 'kq) foKku

cukus ij cy fn;kA lu~ 1970 ds n'kd esa dkWyZ ikWij (Karl Poper) rFkk tkWu jkYl (John Rawels) tSls

ys[kd vk,] ftUgksaus oSKkfud i}fr viukrs gq, ewY;ksa (Values) dk ifjR;kx ugha fd;kA

vk/kqfud jktuhfrd fl)kUr dh eq[; fo'ks"krk,a vxzfyf[kr gSa&

1- vkuqHkkfod v/;;u (Empirical Study or Approach)&jktuhfr dks 'kq) foKku cukus ds fy, jktuhfrd

rF;ksa ds eki&rksy ij jktuhfr ds vk/kqfud fo}kuksa us cy fn;kA ;g rF;&ç/kku v/;;u gS ftlesa

okLrfodrkvksa dk v/;;u gksrk gSA blesa mUgksaus u,&u, rjhds viuk,] tSls tux.kuk (Census

Records) rFkk vkadM+ks (Datas) dk v/;;u djuk rFkk tuer tkuus dh fof/k;ka (Opinion Polls) vkSj

lk{kkRdkj (Interview) ds }kjk dqN ifj.kke fudkyukA MsfoM bZLVu (David Easten) us dgk gS fd ^^[kkst

jktuhfrd fl)kUr

12

lqO;ofLFkr :i ls dh tkuh pkfg,A ;fn dksbZ fl)kUr vkadM+ksa ij vk/kkfjr ugha gS rks og fujFkZd

lkfcr gksxkA**

2- fo'ys"k.kkRed v/;;u (Analytical Study)&vk/kqfud fo}kuksa us fo'ys"k.kkRed n`f"Vdks.k dks viuk;k gSA

os laLFkkvksa ds lkekU; o.kZu ls lUrq"V ugha Fks D;ksafd os jktuhfrd okLrfodrkvksa dks le>uk pkgrs FksA

bZLVu] Mgy] vkYe.M rFkk oscj bR;kfn fo)kuksa us O;fDr ds dk;ksZa o muds O;ogkj ij vf/kd cy fn;k

D;ksafd buds fo'ys"k.k ls jktuhfrd O;oLFkk dks le>uk vklku FkkA

3- ewY;&foghu v/;;u (Value-Free Study)&vk/kqfud ys[kd] fo'ks"k :i ls O;ogkjoknh (Behaviouralists)

jktuhfr ds ewY;&foghu v/;;u ij cy nsrs gSaA mudk dguk gS fd jktuhfrd fopkjdksa dks

^ewY;&fujis{k* vFkkZr~ rVLFk (Neutral) jguk pkfg,A mUgsa ^D;k gksuk pkfg,* (What Ought to be) ds LFkku

ij ^D;k gS* (What Exists) dk mŸkj [kkstuk pkfg,A mUgha lgh rFkk xyr ds ç'uksa ls eqDr jguk pkfg,A

ys[kd dk dk;Z rF;ksa rFkk vk¡dkM+ksa dks oxhZÑr djuk gksuk pkfg,] mUgsa ;s dgus dk vf/kdkj ugha gS fd

dkSu&lh 'kklu ç.kkyh vPNh gS] dkSu&lh cqjhA

4- v/;;u dh vUr%'kkL=h; i}fr (Inter Disciplinary Approach to the Study of Politics)&vk/kqfud

fo}kuksa dh ;s ekU;rk gS fd jktuhfrd O;oLFkk lekt O;oLFkk dh vusd mi&O;oLFkkvksa (Multi-

systems) esa ls ,d gS] vkSj bu lHkh O;oLFkkvksa dk v/;;u vyx&vyx ugha fd;k tk ldrkA çR;sd

miO;oLFkk] vU; mi&O;oLFkkvksa ds O;ogkj dks çHkkfor djrh gSA blfy, fdlh ,d mi&O;oLFkk dk

v/;;u vU; miO;oLFkk ds lanHkZ esa gh fd;k tk ldrk gSA jktuhfrd O;oLFkk ij lekt dh vkfFkZd]

/kkfeZd] lkekftd o lkaLÑfrd vkfn O;oLFkkvksa dk ç;kZIr çHkko iM+rk gSA

oŸkZeku le; esa ;g /kkj.kk tksj idM+ jgh gS fd fo'ohdj.k (Globalization) dh çfØ;k dks le>s fcuk

jkT; ds ckjs esa fpUru ugha fd;k tk ldrkA fo'o vFkZO;oLFkk] vUrZjk"Vªh; dkuwu rFkk vUrZjk"Vªh;

lEca/kksa dk v/;;u] jktuhfrd fl)kUr esa vyx&vyx ugha cfYd ,d lkFk djus dh vko';drk gSA

bldk dkj.k ;gh gS fd ;s lHkh rŸo jkT; ds dk;Z{ks= vkSj mldh çHkqlŸkk dks çHkkfor djrs gSaA

5- vukSipkfjd dkjdksa dk v/;;u (Study of Informal Factors)&vk/kqfud fo}kuksa ds vuqlkj ijEijkxr

v/;;u dh vkSipkfjd laLFkkvksa tSls jkT;] ljdkj o ny vkfn dk v/;;u dkQh ugha gSA os jktuhfrd

okLrfodrkvksa dks le>us ds fy, mu lHkh vukSipkfjd dkjdksa dk Hkh v/;;u djuk vko';d le>rs gSa

tks jktuhfrd laxBu ds O;ogkj dks çHkkfor djrs gSaA bl Js.kh esa O;ogkjoknh fopkjd Mgy] MsfoM]

bZLVu] vkYe.M rFkk ikosy 'kkfey gSA ;s lHkh tuer] ernku] vkpj.k] fo/kkue.My] dk;Zikfydk]

U;k;ikfydk rFkk tulsodksa (Public Servants) ds v/;;u ij Hkh cy nsrs gSaA

6- leL;k&lek/kku dk ç;kl (Problem Solving Efforts)&fl)kUr'kkfL=;ksa }kjk ewY;ksa dks Lohdkj dj ysus

dk ;g ifj.kke fudyk gS fd vc os leL;kvksa ds lek/kku esa tqV x, gSaA vk/kqfud fl)kUr'kkL=h ftu

leL;kvksa ls igys ls gh tq> jgsa gSaa os gS ;q) rFkk 'kkfUr] csjkstxkjh] i;kZoj.k (Environment), vlekurk

rFkk jktuhfrd gypy (Inequality & Social Turmoil)A jktlŸkk (Power of the state), çHkqlŸkk] O;fDrxr

Lora=rk rFkk U;k; vkfn rks igys ls gh jktuhfrd foKku ds vax gSaA

7- mŸkj O;ogkjokn% ewY;ksa dks iqu% Lohdkj djus dh i}fr (Post-Behaviouralism: Acceptance of Values

in the Study of Politics)&vkn'kksZa rFkk ewY;ksa dks O;ogkjoknh ØkfUr us iw.kZr% vLohkdj dj fn;k FkkA

jktuhfr dks iw.kZ foKku cukus dh pkg esa O;ogkjoknh ys[kd vkadM+ksa rFkk rF;ksa esa gh my> dj jg x,

FksA mUgksaus fdlh vknZ'k o y{; ds lkFk tqM+us ls lkQ bUdkj dj fn;kA ijUrq 'kh?kz gh ubZ ØkfUr dk

mn; gqvk ftls mŸkj O;ogkjokn (Post Behaviouralism) ds uke ls iqdkjk tkrk gSA bl ;qx ds

fl)kUr'kkfL=;ksa dks ;s vuqHko gks x;k fd jktuhfr çkÑfrd foKkuksa dh Hkkafr iw.kZ foKku dk :i ugha

ys ldrhA blfy, mUgksaus ekuoh; mn~xe (Normative Approach) vkSj vkuqHkkfod mn~xe (Empirical


13

Approach) nksuksa dk Lohdkj fd;kA MsfoM bZLVu (David Eastern) fy[krk gS] Þvki pkgs ftruk Hkh ç;Ru

D;ksa u djsa] ewY;ksa dks vki bruh lqxerk ls ugha udkj ldsaxs] ftruh lqxerk ls vki viuh dksV dks

mrkj dj Qsad nsrs gSaA ewY; gekjs O;fDrŸo dk vfHkUu vax gSaA euq"; gksus ds lkFk ge vius euksHkkoksa

vkSj viuh ilUn ;k ukilUn ls çHkkfor gq, fcuk ugha jg ldrs gSaAß

MsfoM bZLVu (David Easton) us ;g dgk gS] Þ;g ekudj pyuk xyr gS fd ewY; fujis{k gq, fcuk dksbZ

O;fDr oSKkfud gks gh ugha ldrkAß MsfoM bZLVu dh rjg dkscu (Cobban) rFkk Y;ks LVªkl (Leo

Staraure) us Hkh ewY;ksa ds iqufuekZ.k (Reconstruction of Values) ij cy fn;k gSA tkWu jkYl (John Rawls)

us mu fl)kUrksa rFkk çfØ;kvksa dk irk yxkus dk ç;Ru fd;k gS ftu ij pydj ge U;k;ksfpr lekt

dh LFkkiuk dj ldrs gSaA

ledkyhu jktuhfrd fl)kUr (Contemporary Political Theory)

jktuhfrd fl)kUr dk vU; :i Hkh gS ftls ledkyhu jktuhfrd fl)kUr dgk tkrk gSA 20oha 'krkCnh ds lkrosa

rFkk vkBosa n'kd ds ckn ds jktuhfrd 'kkfL=;ksa us rsth ls cnyrs gq, le; esa mfpr jktuhfrd fl)kUr dh

vko';drk ij cy fn;kA ekDlZoknh O;oLFkk ds vlQy gks tkus ds ckn fo'o ds dbZ Hkkxksa esa iquZfopkj djus

dh vko';drk dks eglwl fd;k x;kA bl fopkj/kkjk ds eq[; çoZŸkd tkWu jkWYl (John Rawls) rFkk vkjŒ

uksftd (R. Nozick) vkfn ekus tkrs gSaA bl fl)kUr us dsoy n'kZu ls dqN vf/kd] cfYd ;g foKku ls Hkh cgqr

vf/kd gSA

(Significance of Political Theory)

jktuhfrd fl)kUr dk eq[; mís'; euq"; ds le{k vkus okyh lkekftd] vkfFkZd o jktuhfrd leL;kvksa dk

lek/kku <w<+uk gSA ;g euq"; ij vkus okyh dfBukb;ksa dh O;k[;k djrk gS rFkk lq>ko nsrk gS rkfd euq"; viuk

thou vPNh rjg O;rhr dj ldsA

jktuhfrd fl)kUr ds v/;;u ds egŸo ¼mís';½ dks fuEufyf[kr Hkkxksa esa çdV fd;k tk ldrk gS&

1- lkekftd ifjorZu dks le>us esa lgk;d (Helpful in Understanding the Social Change)&ekuo lekt

,d xfr'khy laLFkk gS ftlesa fnu çfrfnu ifjorZu gksrs jgs gSaA ;s ifjorZu lekt ds jktuhfrd] vkfFkZd

rFkk lkaLÑfrd thou ij dqN u dqN çHkko Mkyrs gSaA bfrgkl bl ckr dk lk{kh gS fd ftu ns'kksa esa

LFkkfir lkekftd O;oLFkkvksa ds fo:) ØkfUr gqbZ vFkok foæksg gqvk mldk eq[; dkj.k ml le; dh

LFkkfir lkekftd O;oLFkk,a (Established Social Order) ubZ mRiUu ifjfLFkfr;ksa ds vuqdwy ugha FkhaA Ýkal

dh lu~ 1789 dh Økafr dk mnkgj.k gekjs lkeus gSA dkyZ ekDlZ us jktuhfrd fl)kUr dks ,d

fopkj/kkjk (Ideology) dk gh :i ekuk gS vkSj mldk fopkj Fkk fd tc ubZ lkekftd O;oLFkk

¼oxZ&foghu rFkk jkT; foghu lekt½ dh LFkkiuk gks tk,xh rks fQj fl)kUrhdj.k dh vko';drk ugha

jgsxhA ekDlZ us ,d fo'ks"k fopkj/kkjk vkSj dk;ZØe ds vk/kkj ij oxZ&foghu vkSj jkT;&foghu lekt dh

dYiuk dh FkhA mldk ;g fopkj Bhd ugha gS fd lekt LFkkfir gks tkus ds i'pkr fl)kUrhdj.k

(Theorising) dh vko';drk ugha jgsxhA

2- jktuhfrd fl)kUr dh jktuhfrKksa] ukxfjdksa rFkk ç'kkldksa ds fy, mi;ksfxrk (Utility of Political

Theory for Politician Citizens and Administrators)&jktuhfrd fl)kUr ds }kjk okLrfod jktuhfr

ds vusd Lo:iksa dk 'kh?kz gh Kku çkIr gks tkrk gS ftl dkj.k os vius lgh fu.kZ; ys ldrs gSaA MkWŒ

';keyky oekZ us fy[kk gS] ^^mudk ;g dguk dsoy <+ksax ;k vgadkj gS fd mUgsa jkt fl)kUr dh dksbZ

jktuhfrd fl)kUr

14

vko';drk ugha gS ;k mlds fcuk gh viuk dk;Z dq'kyrkiwoZd dj jgs gSa vFkok dj ldrs gSaA okLrfod

ckr ;g gS fd ,slk djrs gq, Hkh os fdlh&u&fdlh çdkj ds jkt fl)kUr dks dke esa ysrs gSaA

3- Hkfo"; dh ;kstuk lEHko cukrk gS (Makes Future Planning Possible)&jktuhfrd fl)kUr lkekU;hdj.k

(Generalization) ij vk/kkfjr gS] vr% oSKkfud gksrk gSA blh lkekU;hdj.k ds vk/kkj ij og jktuhfr

foKku dks rFkk jktuhfrd O;ogkj dks Hkh ,d foKku cukus dk ç;kl djrk gSA og mlds fy, u,&u,

{ks= <wa<+rk gS vkSj ubZ ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa leL;kvksa ds funku ds fy, u,&u, fl)kUrksa dk fuekZ.k djrk gSA

;s fl)kUr u dsoy rRdkyhu leL;kvksa dk lek/kku çLrqr djrs gSa] cfYd Hkfo"; dh ifjfLFkfr;ksa dk Hkh

vkdayu djrs gSaA bl çdkj ns'k o lekt ds fgrksa dks /;ku esa j[kdj Hkfo"; dh ;kstuk cukuk lEHko

gksrk gSA

4- Li"Vrk çkIr djuk (Acquiring Clarity)&jktuhfrd fl)kUr oSpkfjd rFkk fo'ys"k.kkRed Li"Vrk

(Conceptual and Analytical) çkIr djus eas egŸoiw.kZ lgk;rk djrs gSaA jktuhfrd fopkjksa dk ;g dŸkZO;

gS fd yksdra= dkuwu] Lora=rk] lekurk rFkk U;k; vkfn ewY;ksa dh j{kk djsaA blds fy, jktuhfrd

fl)kUr dk Kku gksuk vfr vko';d gS D;ksafd blls gesa bu jktuhfrd vo/kkj.kkvksa dk Li"V Kku çkIr

gksrk gSA ;s Li"Vr;k fo'ys"k.kkRed v/;;u ls çkIr gksrh gSaA

5- fl)kUr jktuhfrd vkUnksyu ds çsj.kk&óksr curs gSa (Theories become the Force behind Many

Political Movements)&fl)kUr vkUnksyu dks izsfjr djrs gSaA ysfuu (Lenin), tks jktuhfrd vkUnksyu

ds fy, fl)kUr ds egRo dks le>rs Fks] us lu~ 1902 esa dgk Fkk] Þ,d fodflr ;k izfxfr'khy fl)kUr

ds fcuk dksbZ ny fdlh la?k"kZ dk usr`Ro ugha dj ldrkAÞ ysfuu (Lenin) us ;g ckr ckj&ckj dgk fd

ÞØkfUrdkjh fl)kar ds fcuk ØkfUrdkjh vkUnksyu laHko ugha gSAÞ 20oha 'krkCnh esa bl dk;Z ds fy, xzkge

okykl] ykLdh] eSdkbcj] pkYlZ eSjf;e] jkcZV Mgy rFkk MsfoM bZLVu vkfn ds uke mYys[kuh; gSaA ,syu

vkj- cky (Alan R. Ball) us fy[kk gS] Þvk/kqfud jktuhfrd O;oLFkkvksa esa fopkj/kkjkvksa dk eq[; dk;Z

orZeku jktuhfrd lajpukvksa ¼ljdkjksa½ dk oS/khdj.k gS] ijUrq fopkj/kkjk ifjorZu ds fy, LFkku cukus esa

Hkh lgk;d gksrh gSA ;g jktuhfrd ifjorZuksa dks le>kus dk lk/ku gS vkSj mudh LohÑfr esa lgk;d

gksrh gSA

Hkkjr esa xk¡/kh th }kjk pyk, x, jk"Vªh; vkUnksyu ds ihNs ns'kokfl;ksa dk leFkZu ml fopkj/kkjk ds

dkj.k Fkk tks lR; vkSj vfgalk ds vk/kkj ij vk/kkfjr FkhA

6- vuqxkfe;ksa dk ekxZ&n'kZu (Guidance to Followers)&fl)kUr'kkL=h fofHkUu fl)kUrksa dk fuekZ.k djds

vkus vuqxkfe;ksa rFkk leFkZdksa o f'k";ksa dk ekxZn'kZu djrs gSa rFkk muesa vkRefo'okl dh Hkkouk mRiUu

djrs gSaA ekDlZ rFkk ,axsYl (Engles) us ftl lkE;oknh fopkj/kkjk dk izfriknu fd;k vkSj ftl fl)kUr

dh jpuk dh] mlus muds leFkZdksa esa cgqr fo'okl mRiUu fd;k FkkA

7- leL;kvksa ds lek/kku esa lgk;d (Useful in Solving Problems)&jktuhfrd fl)kUr dk iz;ksx fodkl]

vHkko] 'kkfUr rFkk vU; jktuhfrd] lkekftd o vkfFkZd leL;kvksa ds lek/kku ds fy, Hkh fd;k tkrk

gSA jk"Vªokn] tkfrokn] izHkqlÙkk rFkk ;q) tSlh xEHkhj leL;kvksa dks fl)kUr ds ek/;e ls gh fu;af=r

fd;k tk ldrk gSA fcuk fdlh fl)kUr ds tfVy leL;kvksa dks lqy>kuk laHko ugha gksrkA

8- okLrfodrk dks le>us dk lk/ku (Source to Know the Truth)&jktuhfrd fl)kUr gesa okLrfodrkvksa

dks le>us esa lgk;rk iznku djrk gSA fl)kUr'kkL=h] fl)kUr dk fuekZ.k djus ds igys lekt esa

fo|eku lkekftd] vkfFkZd o jktuhfrd ifjfLFkfr;ksa dk rFkk lekt dh bPNkvksa] vkdka{kkvksa o izo`fÙk;ksa

dk v/;;u djrk gS vkSj mUgs mtkxj djrk gSa okLrfodrk dks tkuus ds i'pkr ge fu"d"kZ rd igq¡p

ldrs gSa tks gesa 'kd dh fLFkfr ls ckgj fudky nsrk gSA


15

9- ljdkj ¼'kklu½ dks vkSfpR; iznku djrh gS (Provides Legitimacy to the Government)&dksbZ Hkh 'kklu

dsoy neu rFkk vkrad ds vk/kkj ij vf/kd le; rd ugha py ldrh] mldk ÞoS/khdj.kÞ vko';d gSA

turk ds eu esa ;g fo'okl fcBkuk vko';d gksrk gS fd veqd O;fDr rFkk ny dks ns'k ij 'kklu dk

vf/kdkj gSA fgVyj rFkk eqlksfyuh tSls O;fDr;ksa us Hkh viuh rkuk'kkgh LFkkfir djus ds fy, ukthokn

(Nazism) rFkk Qklhokn (Fascism) tSlh fopkj/kkjkvksa dk lgkjk fy;kA yksdra=] /keZfujis{krk rFkk

lektokn dh LFkkiuk ds fy, fl)kUr gh vkSfpR; iznku djrs gSa vkSj viuh fopkj/kkjk dk izpkj dj

turk dk leFkZu ikrs gSaA blls mudk oS/khdj.k gks tkrk gSA

10- vo/kkj.kk ds fuekZ.k dh izfØ;k lEHko (Proven of the Construction of Concept Possible)&jktuhfrd

fl)kUr fofHkUu fopkjksa dk laxzg gSA ;g fdlh jktuhfrd ?kVuk dks ysdj ml ij fofHkUu fopkjksa dks

bdV~Bk dj mudk fo'ys"k.k djrk gSA tc dksbZ fu"d"kZ fudy tkrk gS rks mldh rqyuk dh tkrh gSA

mu fopkjksa dh ij[k dj ,d /kkj.kk cuk yh tkrh gSA ;g ,d xfr'khy izfØ;k gS tks u, ladfyr rF;ksa

dks iqu% u, fl)kUr esa cny nsrh gSA

bl izdkj ge dg ldrs gSa fd jktuhfrd foKku ds lEiw.kZ <kaps dk Hkfo"; jktuhfrd fl)kUr ds fuekZ.k ij gh

fuHkZj djrk gSA

vH;kl ç'u (Exercise-Questions)

fuca/kkRed ç'u (Essay Type Questions) 1- jktuhfrd fl)kUr dh ifjHkk"kk nhft,A jktuhfrd fl)kUr dk dk;Z&{ks= vFkok fo"k;oLrq dk o.kZu

dhft,A

(Define Political Theory. Explain the Scope or Subject Matter of Political Theory.)

2- jktuhfrd fl)kUr dk vFkZ rFkk Lo:i crkb,A

(Describe the meaning and nature of Political Theory.)

3- vk/kqfud jktuhfrd fl)kUr dh fo'ks"krkvksa dh ppkZ djrs gq, jktuhfrd fl)kUr dh izÑfr dk o.kZu

dhft,A

(Describe the nature of Political Theory with special reference to the characteristics of Modern Political

Theory.)

4- ijaijkxr jktuhfrd fl)kUr dh eq[; fo'ks"krkvksa dk o.kZu dhft,A

(Describe the main features of Traditional (Classical) Political Theory.)

5- vk/kqfud jktuhfrd fl)kUr ds eq[; y{k.kks dk o.kZu dhft,A

(Discuss the main characteristics of Modern political Theory)

6- jktuhfrd fl)kUr ds egRo dk o.kZu dhft,A

(Discuss the significance of Political Theory.)

jktuhfrd fl)kUr

16

v/;k; 2 'kfDr dh vo/kkj.kk (Concept of Power)

'kfDr dh vo/kkj.kk dk fodkl

'kfDr dk vFkZ vkSj O;k[;k

'kfDr dh fo'ks"krk,a

'kfDr ds Lo:i ¼izdkj½

jk"Vªh; 'kfDr

jk"Vªh; 'kfDr ds fu/kkZjd ¼la/kVd½ rÙo

'kfDr dk eki

'kfDr ds óksr

jktuhfrd 'kfDr ds iz;ksx djus ds <ax

'kfDr rFkk izHkko

'kfDr ,oa cy

'kfDr dh vo/kkj.kk dh vkykspuk

'kfDr dh vo/kkj.kk jktuhfr foKku ds v/;;u dk ,d egÙoiw.kZ fo"k; gSA cgqr iqjkus le; ls gh lHkh fo}kuksa

us jktuhfr ds {ks= esa 'kfDr ds egÙo dks Lohdkj fd;k gS ijUrq 'kfDr dh vo/kkj.kk ds laca/k esa lHkh fo}ku

,der ugha gSA ;wuku ds izfl) fopkjdksa lqdjkr (Socrates) rFkk IysVks (Plato) us 'kfDr dk v/;;u nk'kZfud

(Normative) n`f"Vdks.k ds vk/kkj ij fd;k rks nwljh vksj vjLrq (Aristotle), eSD;koyh (Machiavelli) rFkk gkWCl

(Hobbes) us 'kfDr dk ;FkkZFkoknh n`f"Vdks.k ls v/;;u fd;k gSA mudk dguk gS fd 'kfDr jkT; ds vUnj

LokHkkfod rkSj ij fuokl djrh gSA gkCl (Hobbes) us fy[kk gS] ^^'kfDr rFkk vkSj vf/kd 'kfDr izkIr djus dh

dkeuk dk gh nwljk uke ^thou* gSA bl dkeuk dk vUr dsoy e`R;q ds lkFk gksrk gSA** (Life is ………..

perpetual and restless desire of power after power that .......only in death)" cSdj (Becker) ds vuqlkj] ^^jktuhfr

dks 'kfDr ls vyx ugha fd;k tk ldrkA** (politics is inseparble from power).

fQj Hkh 'kfDr dh vksj fo}kuksa dk /;ku jk"Vª&jkT;ksa ds mn; ds ckn gks x;kA vk/kqfud le; esa eSDl oscj (Max

Weber), dSVfyu (Catlin), ykloSy (Lasseell), cVsZ.M jly (Bertrand Russel) rFkk jkclu (Robson) vkfn

fo}kuksa us bl ij xEHkhjrk ls fopkj fd;k gS vkSj blds egÙo ij cy fn;k gSA 'kfDr dh vo/kkj.kk dks jktuhfr

dk dsUnzh; rÙo ekuus okys fo}kuksa dk ,d lewg gS] ftls f'kdkxks lEiznk; (Chicago school) dgk tkrk gSA

buesa ekxsZUFkks (Morgenthan), ykloSy (Lasswell), rFkk esfj;e (Meriam) ds uke fo'ks"k :i ls mYys[kuh; gSA

dSVfyu (Catlin) us dgk gS] ^^jktuhfr 'kfDr dk foKku gSA** (Politics is the science of power)A 'kfDr dh

vo/kkj.kk ds egÙo dk o.kZu djrs gq, izksŒ ,lŒ,lŒ myej (Prof. S.S. Ulmer) us fy[kk gS] ^^lHkh lkekftd

foKkuksa esa ls jktuhfr foKku ls vf/kd 'kfDr ls lacaf/kr dksbZ vU; lkeftd foKku ugha gSA ;fn vjLrq ds le;

ls orZeku le; rd ds jktuhfrd ys[kksa dk fo'ys"k.k fd;k tk, rks fu%lansg ;g lPpkbZ izdV gks tk,xh fd

'kfDr gh ,d ,slh dsUnzh; /kkj.kk gS fd ftlds bnZ&fxnZ jktuhfr dh O;k[;k djus okys lHkh ea= ?kwers gSaA**

'kfDr dh vo/kkj.kk

17

'kfDr dh vo/kkj.kk dk fodkl (Evolution of Concept of Power)

jktuhfr&'kkL= dk dsUnz fcUnq 'kfDr gSA vr% vusd fo}kuksa us 'kfDr ds ckjs esa cgqr iqjkus le; ls gh fopkj

izdV fd;k gSA fQj Hkh lHkh fo}ku ,der ugha gSA mnkgj.kLo:i ;wuku ds lqdjkr rFkk IysVks us vkn'kZoknh

n`f"Vdks.k viuk;k rks nwljh vksj gkWCl] eSD;koyh] vjLrq rFkk FkzSlhesDl vkfn us 'kfDr dk ;FkkZFkoknh fo'ys"k.k

fd;k gSA

,d vU; izeq[k fo}ku vukZYM czS'kj (Arnold Brecht) 'kfDr dks fujadq'k vkSj vewÙkZ ekuus dk fojks/k djrk gSA

'kfDr dk vFkZ vkSj O;k[;k (Meaning and Explanation of Power)

'kfDr jktuhfr&'kkL= ds v/;;u dk ,d egÙoiw.kZ fo"k; gSA jktuhfr foKku esa vU; vo/kkj.kkvksa dh Hkkafr

^^'kfDr dh vo/kkj.kk* Hkh vfr fooknxzLr gSA dSVfyu (Katlin) us jktuhfr 'kkL= dks 'kfDr dk foKku ekuk gSA

ykloSy us Hkh 'kfDr dks jktuhfr 'kkL= ds v/;;u dk ewy fo"k; ekuk gSA ykloSy (Lasswell) ds vuqlkj] ^^,d

vuqHkooknh O;oLFkk ds :i ess jktuhfr&'kkL= 'kfDr dh :i] jpuk rFkk mi;ksx dk v/;;u gSA** (Political

Science is an empirical discipline to study the shaping and sharing of power).

csdj dk dFku gS] ^^jktuhfr dks 'kfDr ls vyx ugha fd;k tk ldrkA** fQj Hkh 'kfDr dh ifjHkk"kk vFkok vFkZ

ds ckjs esa fo}kuksa esa cgqr erHksn ik;k tkrk gSA bls Lohdkj dj jkcVZ ,Œ Mgy (Robert A. Dahl) us viuh

iqLrd 'Modern Political Analysis' esa fy[kk gS] ^^izFke rFkk lcls eq[; ckr tks tkuuh pkfg,] og ;g gS fd u

rks lk/kkj.k Hkk"kk es u jktuhfr 'kkL= esa 'kfDr ds ckjs esa vkSj mldh ifjHkk"kk ds fy, fo}kuksa esa dksbZ le>kSrk

gSA**

fofHkUu fo}kuksa }kjk 'kfDr dh fuEufyf[kr ifjHkk"kk nh xbZ gS%&

1- eSdkboj (Maciver) ds vuqlkj] ^^'kfDr ls gekjk vFkZ O;fDr;ksa ;k O;ogkj dks fu;af=r] fofu;fer vkSj

funsZf'kr djus dh {kerk ls gSA**

2- gkVZeu (Hartmann) ds vuqlkj] ^^'kfDr og cy vFkok {kerk gS ftls izHkqlÙkk lEiUu jkT; vius fgrksa

dh izkfIr ds fy, iz;ksx djrk gSA**

3- 'kweu (Schuman) ds vuqlkj] ^^'kfDr fe= cukus rFkk yksxksa dks izHkkfor djus dh ;ksX;rk gSA**

4- ,eŒ thŒ fLeFk (M.G. Smith) ds vuqlkj] ^^yksxksa rFkk oLrqvksa ds Åij cy ;k izksRlkgu }kjk izHkko'kkyh

:i esa dk;Z djus dh ;ksX;rk dks 'kfDr dgrs gSaA**

5- vkjŒ ,pŒ VkWuh (R.H. Tawny) us dgk gS] ^^'kfDr fdlh O;fDr ;k lewg dh mldh viuh bPNkvksa ds

vuqlkj dk;Z djuss dh {kerk gSA**

6- ekxsZUFkks (Morgenthan) ds vuqlkj] ^^lkekftd lEcU/kksa esa nwljs O;fDr;ksa ds efLr"d vkSj dk;ks± dks

izHkkfor djus dh {kerk dk uke gh 'kfDr gSA**

7- ,syu vkjŒ cky (Allen R. Ball) dk dguk gS] ^^jktuhfrd 'kfDr nwljksa ds O;ogkj dks fdlh izdkj dh

/kedh ds Mj }kjk izHkkfor djus dh {kerk gSA**

8- dkyZ Mª;w'k (Karl Deutsch) ds 'kCnksa esa] ^^'kfDr fojks/k esa lQyrk ikus vkSj ck/kkvksa ij fot; ikus dh

;ksX;rk gSA

9- xksYMgsej rFkk f'kYl (Goldhamer and Shils) ds erkuqlkj] ^^,d O;fDr dks mruk gh 'kfDr'kkyh dgk

tkrk gS ftruk fd og vius y{;ksa ds vuq:i nwljksa ds O;ogkj dks izHkkfor dj ldrk gSA**

jktuhfrd fl)kUr

18

mi;qZDr ifjHkk"kkvksa ds vk/kkj ij ;g dgk tk ldrk gS] fd 'kfDr og ;ksX;rk gS ftlds }kjk O;fDr LosPNk ls

nwljksa dh uhfr;ksa rFkk dk;ks± dks bl rF; dh lgk;rk ls izHkkfor djrk gS vkSj ;fn mldh bPNk ls dk;Z u

fd;k tk, rks voKk djus okys dks gkfu mBkuh iM+ ldrh gSA 'kfDr dh vo/kkj.kk dks le>us ds fy, mldh

fo'ks"krk dks le>uk gksxkA

'kfDr dh fo'ks"krk,a (Characteristics of Power)

'kfDr ds eq[; y{k.k fuEufyf[kr gSa%&

1- 'kfDr fLFkfr&ijd gS (Power is Situational): 'kfDr fLFkfr rFkk in ij fuHkZj gSA tSls dkWyst dk

iz/kkukpk;Z] fo|kFkhZ ij rc rd 'kfDr j[krk gS] tc rd fo|kFkhZ ml dkWyst dk fo|kFkhZ gS rFkk og

¼dÙkkZ½ ml dkWyst dk iz/kkukpk;Z gSA

2- iz;ksx ij fuHkZjrk (Dependence on its Usage) : 'kfDr dh ,d vU; fo'ks"krk mlds iz;ksx ij fuHkZj

djrh gSA 'kfDr dk irk dsoy ek= mlds iz;ksx ls gh yxrk gSA tSls Hkkjr dk jk"Vªifr dks lafo/kku

}kjk vusd 'kfDr;ka iznku dh xbZ gS] ysfdu og 'kfDr;ksa dk iz;ksx Lo;a ugha djrk tcfd eaf=eaMy ds

ikl 'kfDr;ka u gksrs gq, Hkh 'kfDr;ksa dk iz;ksx djrk gSA ifj.kkeLo:i jk"Vªifr dks ukeek= dk

(Nominal Head) v/;{k vkSj eaf=e.My dks okLrfod 'kkld (Real Ruler) dgk tkrk gSA

3- oS/krk dh vo/kkj.kk (Concept of Legitimacy) : 'kfDr ds lkFk oS/krk dh vo/kkj.kk tqM+h gSA lÙkk dks

izHkkoh cukus ds fy, oS/krk t:jh gSA MsfoM gSYM ds vuqlkj] ^^oS/krk dk eryc ;g gS fd yksx tc

fdlh fu;e ;k dkuwu dk ikyu djrs gSa rks muds eu esa ;g Hkkouk jgrh gS fd dkuwu lgh vkSj

U;k;laxr gS rFkk bl ;ksX; gS fd bls ekuk tk,A oS/k jktuhfrd O;oLFkk mls dgsaxs ftlds ihNs turk

dh lkekU; LohÑfr gSA**

yksdra= esa fu"i{k pqukoksa ds ek/;e ls 'kkldksa dh lÙkk dks oS/krk feyrh gSA

4- 'kfDr ds okLrfod iz;ksx djus okys dk irk yxkuk dfBu gS (Difficult to locate, who yields real

power) : 'kklu iz.kkyh dSlh Hkh gks] ml O;fDr ;k O;fDr lewg dk irk yxkuk cM+k dfBu gS tks 'kfDr

dk okLrfod iz;ksx djrs gSaA izR;sd lekt esa ,sls O;fDr gksrs gSa tks insZ ds ihNs jg dj 'kkld ds

fu.kZ;ksa rFkk vkns'kks dks izHkkfor djrs gSa vkSj viuh bPNk ds vuqlkj dkuwu cuokrs gSaA blh lanHkZ esa

LVhQu ,y okLch us dgk gS] ^^lekt ds vf/kd 'kfDr'kkyh yksx os gks ldrs gSa tks insZ ds ihNs jgrs gSa

;k tks okrkoj.k dks rFkk le;≤ ij mBus okys iz'uksa dks fu;af=r djrs gSaA os iz'uksa dks lqy>kus esa

izR;{k :i ls Hkkx ugha ysrsA**

5- vU;ksa ds O;ogkj dks izHkkfor djus dh ;ksX;rk (Ability to influence the behaviour of others) : vU;

O;fDr;ksa ds O;ogkj] dk;ks± rFkk uhfr;ksa dks izHkkfor djus dh ;ksX;rk gh 'kfDr dh vo/kkj.kk dk ewy ea=

gSA ,slh ;ksX;rk ;k {kerk ds fcuk 'kfDr dh dYiuk ugha dh tk ldrh gSA bl ;ksX;rk ;k {kerk ds

fofHkUu :i gks ldrs gSa tSls vkfFkZd {kerk ¼;ksX;rk½ rFkk 'kkjhfjd {kerk ¼;ksX;rk½ vkfnA

6- ekuoh; laca/kksa dk fof'k"V :i (A certain kind of human relationship) : 'kfDr ekuoh; laca/kksa dk ,d

fof'k"V :i gSA 'kfDr ds fy, ,d dÙkkZ (Actor) rFkk dqN vU; O;fDr;ksa dk gksuk vko';d gS] rkfd

dÙkkZ mu vU; O;fDr;ks ij viuh {kerk ¼;ksX;rk½ ds vuqlkj izHkko Mky lds rFkk muls viuh

bPNkuqlkj dk;Z djok ldsA

7- 'kfDr esa gkfu igaqpkus dh /kkj.kk lfEefyr gS (Power involves the idea of deprivation) : 'kfDr dh

vo/kkj.kk esa dgha u dgha gkfu igq¡pk ldus dh /kkj.kk Hkh 'kkfey gSA 'kfDr ds ihNs ekU;rk (Sanction)

gksrh gS fd ;fn fdlh O;fDr dh vU; O;fDr;ksa ls dk;Z djokus dh {kerk ¼;ksX;rk½ ds ihNs ncko 'kfDr

ugha gS rks ,slh {kerk ¼;ksX;rk½ 'kfDr ugha dgyk,xhA mnkgj.k ds fy, tSls fd ,d dkj[kkus dk

'kfDr dh vo/kkj.kk

19

ekfyd etnwjksa ls dgs fd veqd dke fuf'pr le; ij iwjk djks vkSj ,d etnwj vkns'k u ekus rks

dkj[kkus dk ekfyd osru dkVdj ;k vU; dkjZokbZ dj mls gkfu igq¡pk ldrk gSA

8- 'kfDr dk HkkSfrd Lo:i ugha (Power is not material) : 'kfDr dksbZ oLrq ;k lEifÙk ugha gksrh ftl ij

HkkSfrd :i ls vf/kdkj fd;k tk ldrk gSA 'kfDr ,d Hkkouk ¼fopkj½ gksrh gS ftls dsoy vuqHko fd;k

tk ldrk gSA 'kfDr dks u ge ns[k ldrs gSa u fn[kk ldrs gSaA dksbZ ,slk ea= ugha fd 'kfDr dks ukik

rkSyk tk ldsA

9- 'kfDr ds fy, fojks/kh fgrksa dk gksuk vfuok;Z (Existence of conflicting interacts is essential for power)

: 'kfDr ds fy, ;g vko';d gS fd 'kfDr ds iz;ksx] djus okys O;fDr vkSj mu O;fDr;ksa ftu ij ;s

iz;qDr dh tk jgh gS esa fgrksa dk fojks/k gksA

10- mís';ijdrk (Functional) : 'kfDr dh vo/kkj.kk dh ,d egÙoiw.kZ fo'ks"krk bldk mís';ijd gksuk gS]

bldk vFkZ ;gh fd 'kfDr dk iz;ksx fdlh u fdlh mís'; dh izkfIr ds fy, gksuk pkfg,A

11- 'kfDr ds ihNs cy iz;ksx dh /kedh gksrh gS (Power is accompanied by some form of threat or

sanction) : :l ds izfl) fpard VkYlVk; (Tolstoy) us dgk Fkk] ^^cgqr ls vkns'k fn, tkrs gSaa] ij

bfrgkl ,sls vkns'kksa ¼;k dkuwuksa½ ls curk gS ftudk fd okLro esa ikyu fd;k tk,A** vfHkizk; ;g gS fd

dkuwu ;k fu;e dk ;fn ikyu u fd;k tk, rks os csdkj gSaA

12- 'kfDr ds nks Lo:i&okLrfod 'kfDr rFkk lEHkkfor 'kfDr (Two aspects of power–actual power and

possible power) : ,d O;fDr dh 'kfDr dh tkap djrs le; mldh 'kfDr ds nks igyqvksa&mldh

okLrfod 'kfDr rFkk lEHkkfor 'kfDr dk fo'ys"k.k djuk iM+rk gSA okLrfod 'kfDr dk vFkZ O;fDr dh

og 'kfDr ftls 'kfDr/kkjh }kjk ,d fLFkfr esa okLrfod :i ls iz;ksx fd;k tk jgk gksA lEHkkfor 'kfDr

og 'kfDr gS ftldk iz;ksx ml lÙkk/kkjh }kjk fd;k tk ldrk gksA

'kfDr ds Lo:i ¼çdkj½ (Kinds of Power)

'kfDr ds vusd :i gSa] bl vk/kkj ij bldks ekiuk dfBu gSA izeq[k fo}kuksa ds fopkjksa dks ysdj 'kfDr ds vkB

izdkj crk, tk ldrs gSa&

1- vkSfpR;iw.kZ 'kfDr (Legitimate Power) : bldk fo'ys"k.k eSDl oscj us fd;k gS] blds erkuqlkj 'kkld

oxZ ges'kk vius O;ogkj ds vkSfpR;iw.kZ fl) djus dh dksf'k'k djrk gSA tc turk 'kkld&oxZ ds

O;ogkj dks vkSfpR;iw.kZ (Legitimate) eku ysrh gS] rc mls vkSfpR;iw.kZ 'kfDr dgk tkrk gSA oscj 'kfDr

ds vkSfpR;iw.kZ :i dks gh ekurk gS vkSj tks vkSfpR;iw.kZ ugha gS] mls neu (Coercion) dgrk gSA

2- vukSfpR;iw.kZ 'kfDr (Illegitimate Power) : xksYMgsej vkSj f'kYl dk dguk gS fd 'kfDr dks ekius dk

lcls vPNk rjhdk ;g gS fd ,d O;fDr ;k jk"Vª dh mruh le>uh pkfg, ftruh ek=k esa og vius

bPNkuqlkj nwljs O;fDr ;k jk"Vªks ds O;ogkj dks izHkkfor dj ldsA pwafd blesa 'kfDr ds O;ogkj i{k ij

tksj fn;k x;k gS] blfy, bls 'kfDr dk O;ogkj&ifjorZu ds vk/kkj dk ,d izdkj Hkh dgk tkrk gSA

'kfDr ds bl izdkj esa O;ogkj ifjorZu ds fy, (i) cy] (ii) izHkqRo vkSj (iii) Ny dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk

gS] blfy, bls vukSfpR;iw.kZ 'kfDr dgk x;k gSA

3- dsUnzh;dj.k ds vk/kkj ij (On the basis of centralization) : dqN fo}kuksa us bl vk/kkj ij 'kfDr ds nks

izdkj crk, gSaA buesa ls igys dks ladsfUær (Concentral) vkSj nwljs dks foLr`r ;k fodsfUær (Diffused)

dgk x;k gSA ladsfUnzr 'kfDr esa 'kfDr ij ,d gh dsUnzh; lÙkk dk fu;a=.k jgrk gS] tcfd fodsfUnzr

izdkj esa 'kfDr vusd Lok;Ùk'kklh bdkb;ksa dks ns nh tkrh gSA blesa 'kfDr dk Lo:i dbZ ckj vLi"V

vkSj fc[kjk gqvk gksrk gSA la/k vFkok ifjla?k blds mnkgj.k gSaA

jktuhfrd fl)kUr

20

4- {ks=h;rk ds vk/kkj ij (On the basis of Regionalization) : bl vk/kkj ij 'kfDr ds jk"Vªh; vkSj

vUrjkZ"Vªh; nks izdkj crk, x, gSaA budk Lo:i ljy vkSj Li"V gksus ds dkj.k fooj.k nsus dh t:jr

ugha gSA

5- ek=k vkSj izHkko ds vk/kkj ij (On the basis of quantity and influence) : dqN fo}kuksa us bl vk/kkj ij

'kfDr ds rhu :i crk, gSa tks Øe'k% (i) egku 'kfDr;k¡] (Super power), (ii) e/;e Js.kh dh 'kfDr;k¡

(Middle Ranking powers); vkSj (iii) fuEu Js.kh dh 'kfDr;k¡ (Low Ranking powers) dgh xbZ gSaA

6- iz;ksx vkSj ifj.kke dh n`f"V ls (On the basis of Use & Result) : bl vk/kkj ij 'kfDr ds nks :i gSa

ftUgsa Øe'k% bfPNr (Intended) vkSj vfufPNr (Unintended) crk;k x;k gSA

7- jk"Vªh; 'kfDr (National power) : ,d jk"Vª }kjk iz;ksx dh tkus okyh 'kfDr] ftlds vk/kkj ij og vU;

jk"Vªksa ds lkFk vius laca/kksa dks LFkkfir djrh gS] mldh jk"Vªh; 'kfDr dgykrh gSA blds eq[;r% rhu

:i gksrs gS&(i) lSfud 'kfDr (Military Power), (ii) vkfFkZd 'kfDr (Economic power) rFkk (iii)

euksoSKkfud 'kfDr (Psychological Power)A

8- jktuhfrd 'kfDr (Political Power) : jktuhfrd 'kfDr ls rkRi;Z ml 'kfDr ls gS ftlds }kjk 'kkldh;

fu.kZ; fy, tkrs gSa] mUgsa ykxw fd;k tkrk gS vkSj fu.kZ;ksa dh vogsyuk gksus ij n.M fn, tkus dh

O;oLFkk dh tkrh gSA izksŒ ,yu (Prof. Allen) ds vuqlkj] ^^jktuhfrd 'kfDr dk izek.k mu yksxksa dks

ns[kus esa feyrk gS ftudk 'kklu ds midj.kksa ij fu;a=.k gks vkSj tks vius fu.kZ;ksa dk ikyu djk

ldsaA**

9- ck;lZVsM ds 'kfDr ds pkj :i (Bierstedt's four forms of power) : ck;lZVsM uked fo}ku us pkj

vyx&vyx vk/kkjksa ij 'kfDr ds pkj izdkj crk, gSa&

(i) n`';rk ds vk/kkj ij (On the basis of visibility) : tc 'kfDr dk :i izdV rjhds ls fn[kkbZ ugha

nsrk] rc ck;lZVsM mls fNih gqbZ 'kfDr (Latent power) dgrk gSA nwljh vksj tc og fn[kkbZ

nsrh gS] rc og mls 'kfDr dk izdV :i (manifest Power) dgrk gSA

(ii) neu ds vk/kkj ij (On the basis of Coercion) : nwljk oxhZdj.k neu ds vk/kkj ij gS] tc

'kfDr neudkjh :i esa izdV gksrh gS rc og n.M ij vk/kkfjr gksrh gSA

(iii) vkSipkfjdrk ds vk/kkj ij (On the basis of formality) : vkSipkfjdrk ds vk/kkj ij 'kfDr

vkSipkfjd (formal) vkSj vukSipkfjd (Informal) gks ldrh gSA

(iv) iz;ksx ds vk/kkj ij (On the basis of Practice) : tc 'kfDr dk iz;ksx Lo;a mlh O;fDr }kjk

fd;k tkrk gS] ftls og izkIr gS rc mls izR;{k 'kfDr (Direct Power) dgrs gSaA ysfdu tc

'kfDr dk iz;ksx v/khuLFk O;fDr;ksa }kjk gksrk gS( rc mls vizR;{k 'kfDr (Indirect power) dgrs

gSaA

10- 'kfDr&izokg ds vk/kkj ij (On the basis of power's flow) : dqN fo}kuksa us 'kfDr&izokg ;k fn'kk dh

n`f"V ls 'kfDr ds rhu :i crk, gSa ftUgsa Øe'k% ,d&i{kh; (unilateral), f}&i{kh; (Bilateral) vkSj

cgq&i{kh; (Multilateral) dgk x;k gSA

11- vkfFkZd 'kfDr (Economic Power) : vkfFkZd 'kfDr dk vFkZ gS&ns'k ds mRiknu ds lk/kuksa] HkkSfrd

VsDuksykWth] m|ksxksa rFkk vUrjkZ"Vªh; O;kikj ij fu;a=.k gksukA vFkkZr~ ftl Hkh oxZ dk bu lk/kuksa ij

fu;a=.k gksrk gS] og ml ns'k dh jktuhfrd lÙkk ;k 'kfDr ij fu;a=.k djrk gSA

12- oSpkfjd ;k lS)kfUrd 'kfDr (Ideological Power) : lS)kfUrd ;k oSpkfjd 'kfDr ^jktuhfrd 'kfDr* dks

etcwr vk/kkj iznku djrh gSA oSpkfjd 'kfDr dk vFkZ gS&yksxksa dh bPNk,a] fo'oklA

'kfDr dh vo/kkj.kk

21

oSpkfjd 'kfDr dh O;k[;k djrs gq, ykloSy (Lasswell) us Bhd gh dgk Fkk] ^^'kkldksa dks viuh lÙkk cuk, j[kus

ds fy, fgalk ;k cy iz;ksx dk lgkjk rks t:j ysuk im+rk gS ysfdu cy iz;ksx cM+k egaxk iM+rk gSA bldh

vis{kk yksxksa ds fopkjksa dks vius i{k esa djuk] rkfd turk dk leFkZu feyrk jgs] dgha T;knk lLrk vkSj

lqfo/kktud gSA**

jk"Vªh; 'kfDr (National Power)

,d jk"Vª }kjk iz;ksx dh tkus okyh 'kfDr] ftlds vk/kkj ij og vU; jk"Vªksa ds lkFk vius laca/kksa dks LFkkfir

djrk gS] mldh jk"Vªh; 'kfDr dgykrh gSA ;g 'kfDr jk"Vª esa lÙkk/kkfj;ksa o uhfr&fuekZrkvksa dh 'kfDr gksrh gSA

blds eq[;r% rhu :i gksrs gSa& (i) lSfud 'kfDr (Military power) (ii) vkfFkZd 'kfDr (Economic Power)] (iii)

euksoSKkfud 'kfDr (Psychological Power)A lSfud 'kfDr dk laca/k jkT; dh ml {kerk ls gS ftlds }kjk og

ns'k dh ckgjh vkØe.kksa ls j{kk djrk gS rFkk ns'k esa 'kkfUr O;oLFkk cuk, j[krk gSA vkfFkZd 'kfDr dk laca/k jk"Vª

ds vkfFkZd lk/kuksa] vkS|ksfxd rFkk rduhdh fodkl rFkk jk"Vª ds ekuo /ku ls gksrk gSA jk"Vª dh euksoSKkfud

'kfDr ls vfHkizk; gS&jk"Vª ds usrkvksa rFkk fopkjdksa dh uhfr;ka] fu.kZ;ksa rFkk O;fDrxr ;ksX;rkvksa ds }kjk jk"Vªh;

fgrksa dh izkfIrA

jk"Vªh; 'kfDr ds fu/kkZjd ¼la/kVd½ rÙo (Determinants of National power)

fdlh Hkh jk"Vª dh lSfud 'kfDr] vkfFkZd 'kfDr] euksoSKkfud 'kfDr vkfn dk lkewfgd :i jk"Vªh; 'kfDr dgykrk

gSA fo'o dh lHkh jk"Vªksa dh jk"Vªh; 'kfDr dk Lrj ,d tSlk ugha gksrkA ftu jk"Vªksa esa jk"Vªh; 'kfDr ds fu/kkZjd

rÙoksa dh cgqyrk gS mu jk"Vªksa dh jk"Vªh; 'kfDr i;kZIr :i ls fodflr gSA jk"Vªh; 'kfDr ds izeq[kre fu/kkZjd

rÙoksa dk ;gka ij mYys[k djuk izklafxd gh gksxkA

1- HkkSxksfyd fLFkfr (Geographical Position) : fdlh Hkh ns'k dh jk"Vªh; 'kfDr dk fuekZ.k ,oa fodkl djus

esa ml ns'k dh HkkSxksfyd fLFkfr dk egÙoiw.kZ ;ksxnku jgrk gSA HkkSxksfyd fLFkfr ls rkRi;Z ml ns'k dh

ufn;ksa] ioZrksa] >hyksa] /kkrqvksa] ou vkfn izkÑfrd lk/kuksa ls gS] blds vykok leqnz ry ls Å¡pkbZ rFkk nwjh

Hkh gSA ns'k dh HkkSxksfyd fLFkfr] ns'k dh vFkZO;oLFkk] lqj{kk rFkk lkekftd <kaps dks cgqr izHkfor djrh

gSA

2- vkS|ksfxd {kerk (Industrial Capacity) : vkfFkZd rÙo jk"Vª dh vkS|ksfxd {kerk ds lkFk lh/ks :i ls

tqM+k gqvk gSA vkS|ksxhdj.k ds bl ;qx esa dsoy fodflr vkS|ksfxd {kerk gh izHkko'kkyh vkfFkZd fodkl

dk lk/ku gSA dsoy vkS|ksfxd :i ls fodflr ns'k gh egku cu ldrs gSaA vkt vesfjdk] Ýkal] teZuh]

tkiku] baXyS.M vkfn viuh vkS|ksfxd {kerk ds dkj.k cM+h 'kfDr;ka gSaA

3- vkfFkZd i)fr (Economic System) : leqfpr vkfFkZd iz.kkyh ls gh fdlh Hkh ns'k dh vFkZO;oLFkk lqn`<+

cu ldrh gSA vkfFkZd iz.kkyh dk :i iwathoknh vFkok lektoknh ;k fefJr gks ldrk gSA blfy,

izR;sd ns'k ds usrkx.kksa ,oa uhfr&fu/kkZjdksa dk drZO; gS fd nyh; uhfr dk ifjR;kx dj] fu%LokFkZ Hkko

ls] jk"Vªh; fgr dks izeq[krk nsrs gq, leqfpr vkfFkZd iz.kkyh dk p;u djsa] rHkh jk"Vª mUur gks ldrk gSA

4- tula[;k dk vk/kkj (Demographic Base) : jk"Vªh; 'kfDr ds fuekZ.k esa ns'k dh tula[;k dk egÙoiw.kZ

;ksxnku gksrk gSA oLrqr% ekuoh; 'kfDr jk"Vª ds fodkl dk ewy vk/kkj gksrh gSA vr% jk"Vªh; 'kfDr ds

fuekZ.k ds fy, i;kZIr tula[;k gksuk pkfg,] u rks vko';drk ls vf/kd gksuh pkfg, vkSj u gh deA

jk"Vªh; 'kfDr ds fuekZ.k ds fy, tula[;k f'kf{kr ,oa ltx gksuh pkfg,A tula[;k dk larqyu lgh u

jgus ij fons'kh 'kfDr;ksa ij fuHkZj jguk iM+rk gSA

5- fons'k&uhfr (Foreign Policy) : mfpr fons'k uhfr Hkh jk"Vªh; 'kfDr dk fuekZ.k djus esa lgk;d gksrh

gSA vr% vk/kqfud vUrjkZ"Vªh; ;qx esa izR;sd jk"Vª dks fons'k uhfr dk lapkyu djuk iM+rk gSA dksbZ

jktuhfrd fl)kUr

22

fodflr ns'k ;fn xqVcUnh dh uhfr xzg.k djsxk rks mls vius uhfr;ksa dk fuekZ.k xqVh; uhfr;ksa ds

vk/kkj ij gh djuk gksxkA

6- lapkj ds lk/ku (Means of Communication) : jk"Vªh; 'kfDr ds fuekZ.k rFkk fodkl ds fy, lapkj ,oa

vkokxeu ds lk/kuksa dk fo'ks"k egÙo gksrk gSA lapkj ds lk/ku tSls nwjHkk"k] Mkd&rkj] vkdk'kok.kh]

nwjn'kZu vkfnA oSls gh jsy] lM+d] ty;ku] ok;q;ku] yksxksa dks lqfo/kk iznku djrs gSaA ftl ns'k esa

vkokxeu ,oa lapkj ds lk/ku ftrus fodflr gksaxs] og jk"Vª vkfFkZd n`f"V ls mruk gh lqn`<+ gksxkA

7- 'kklu iz.kkyh (Form of Government) : jk"Vªh; 'kfDr dk fuekZ.k djus esa vPNh 'kklu iz.kkyh dk

egÙoiw.kZ ;ksxnku gksrk gSA fo'o esa vusd 'kklu iz.kkyh gS] tSls ,dkRed] la?kkRed] lalnh; vkSj

v/;{kkRedA buesa ls tks 'kklu iz.kkyh ns'k ds fy, mi;ksxh] ykHkizn gks] jktusrkx.k mlh dk p;u

djsaA

8- rduhdh mUufr (Technological Progress) : rduhdh mUufr ds fcuk dksbZ Hkh jk"Vª viuh vFkZO;oLFkk

dks 'kfDr'kkyh vkSj izHkko'kkyh ugha cuk ldrk gSA tcfd jk"Vªh; 'kfDr ds fodkl ds fy, rduhdh

fodkl dk egÙoiw.kZ ;ksxnku gksrk gSA vk/kqfud ;qx esa ekuo fofo/k HkkSfrd lq[k&lqfo/kkvks o lk/kuksa dk

miHkksx rduhdh fodkl ds dkj.k gh dj ik jgk gSA

9- jk"Vªh; pfj= vkSj jk"Vªh; eukscy (National Character and National Morale) : jk"Vªh; 'kfDr ds fuekZ.k

rFkk fodkl esa jk"Vªh; pfj= vkSj jk"Vªh; eukscy dk Hkh egÙoiw.kZ ;ksxnku gksrk gSA jk"Vªh; pfj= ls

vfHkizk; gS fd yksxksa dk jk"Vªh; Hkkouk ls vksr&izksr gksuk pkfg,A jk"Vªh; fgrksa dks loksZifj le>uk

pkfg,A jk"Vª ds izfr n`<+ ,oa vVwV vkRe&fo'okl o vkLFkk dk gksuk gh jk"Vªh; eukscy gSA

10- jk"Vªh; lkekftd thou dk xBu (National Social Life of the People) : fdlh jk"Vª dh jk"Vªh; 'kfDr

bl ckr ij Hkh fuHkZj djrh gS fd mldk jk"Vªh; thou dk xBu dSlk gS\ la?k"kZjr lkekftd thou

jk"Vª dh 'kfDr dks detksj cukrk gSA tSls ikfdLrku ds }kjk Hkkjr ds eqfLye leqnk; ij ,slk djus dk

iz;kl fd;k tkrk gS] ijUrq fiNys 55 o"kks± ds bfrgkl us muds ,sls iz;kl dks fujFkZd lkfcr fd;k gSA

11- usr`Ùo (Leadership) : jk"Vªh; 'kfDr ds rÙoksa esa ,d egÙoiw.kZ rÙo usr`Ùo dk Hkh gSA ftl jkT; dk tSlk

lapkyu gksxk ogka dh oSlh gh uhfr gksxh vkSj og mldks Hkaoj ls fudkyus esa lQyrk izkIr dj ldsxkA

usr`Ùo jk"Vª dh 'kfDr esa nks izdkj dh o`f) dj ldrk gS& (i) jk"Vª esa jk"Vªh; 'kfDr ds tks rÙo fo|eku

gSa muesa leUo; dh LFkkiuk djds rFkk] (ii) jk"Vª dks vf/kd ls vf/kd 'kfDr izkIr djus ds fy, ;ksX;

cukukA

;s nksuksa dk;Z fcuk lgh usr`Ùo ds iw.kZ ugha gks ldrsA

12- dwVuhfr (Diplomacy) : jk"Vª 'kfDr dk ,d egÙoiw.kZ rÙo dwVuhfr gksrk gSA izR;sd ns'k dh fons'k&uhfr

dk fuekZ.k mPp jktuhfrd Lrj ij fd;k tkrk gSA dwVuhfr ml leqps ;a= dk fuekZ.k djrh gS ftlds

}kjk ;s viuh fons'k uhfr dks fØ;kfUor dj ldsA ekjxsUFkkÅ dk fopkj gS fd dwVuhfr dk izkFkfed

y{; 'kkfUriw.kZ mik;ksa }kjk jk"Vª 'kfDr dh vfHko`f) djuk gksrk gSA

fu"d"kZ (Conclusion) : mi;qZqDr foospu ds vk/kkj ij ;g Li"V gS fd jk"Vªh; 'kfDr ds fuekZ.k o fodkl ds fy,

vusd rÙo gSa] ftuds leqfpr mi;ksx ls jk"Vª mUur gks ldrk gSA

'kfDr dk eki (Measurement of Power)

'kfDr ds O;ogkfjd v/;;u ds fy, ;g tkuuk vko';d gS fd fdlh fo'ks"k jk"Vª dh 'kfDr dks dSls ekik tk,A

bl iz'u dk mÙkj nsuk ljy ugha gS D;ksafd fdlh jk"Vª dh 'kfDr dks ekius esa vusd rF; vLi"V vFkok vizR;{k

cus jgrs gSaA mnkgj.k ds fy,] nwljs egk;q) esa fczVsu] Ýkal] lksfo;r la?k] vesfjdk vkfn us teZu o bVyh dks

'kfDr dh vo/kkj.kk

23

gjk fn;kA blesa ;g ekywe djuk fd fdl ns'k dh 'kfDr fdruh Fkh] mldk fdruk ckj iz;ksx fd;k x;k] dfBu

gSA dHkh&dHkh jk"Vª viuh 'kfDr dk xyr eki dj ysrk gS] tSlk fd la;qDr jkT; vesfjdk us fo;ruke ds laca/k

esa fd;k Fkk] ifj.kkeLo:i vesfjdk dks viuh lsuk okil cqykuh iM+h FkhA

orZeku le; esa ;g iz'u egÙoiw.kZ gS fd dkSu&lk jk"Vª 'kfDr'kkyh gS] vesfjdk ;k :lA ijUrq blds lkFk&lkFk

,d rVLFk uhfr ds leFkZdksa dk Hkh xqV gS tks vesfjdk rFkk :l dh uhfr dks izHkkfor djrk gSA

'kfDr ds óksr (Sources of Power)

'kfDr ds óksrksa ds ckjs esa Hkh jktuhfr&'kkL= ds fo}ku ,der ugha gSA oLrqr% 'kfDr vusd L=ksrksa ls mRiUu

gksdj vius vkidks fofHkUu :iksa esa izdV djrh gSA usiksfy;u] fgVyj] fyadu] xka/kh] ysfuu] pfpZy] LVkfyu]

gksphfeUg] fcLekdZ] VhVks lHkh 'kfDr'kkyh FksA ysfdu mudh 'kfDr;ksa esa Hksn FkkA ;gk¡ rd fd egkRek xka/kh vkSj

bafnjk xka/kh tks 'kfDr ds iqat Fks] fQj Hkh mudh 'kfDr;ksa esa vUrj FkkA vf/kd oSKkfud :i esa fo}kuksa us bUgsa (i)

vkUrfjr óksr (Internal Sources) vkSj ckgjh L=ksr (External Sources) ds nks oxks± esa j[kk gSA vkUrfjd óksr ;kfu

O;fDrÙo] lEeku] Kku] vkRe&fu;a=.kA ckgjh L=ksrksa ds LokfeRo] izfLFkfr ;k Lrj (Status), lÙkk] lkekfjd 'kfDr

vkfn dk uke fy;k tkrk gSA

fo"k; dh Li"Vrk ds fy, dqN izeq[k L=ksrksa dk laf{kIr o.kZu fuEufyf[kr :i esa fd;k tk ldrk gS&

1- laxBu (Organization) : laxBu vius vki esa 'kfDr dk ,d egÙoiw.kZ L=ksr gSA dgkor gS fd ^laxBu

esa 'kfDr gS* (Unity is strength)A tc izfr}fU}rk djus okyh vyx&vyx bdkb;k¡ vkil esa feydj ,d

la?k cuk ysrh gS rc mudh 'kfDr dbZ xquk c<+ tkrh gSA vk/kqfud le; esa etnwj la?k ;k O;kikfjd

okf.kfT;d laxBu blds mnkgj.k gSaA 'kfDr dh n`f"V ls jkT; gh lcls cM+k la?k gS vkSj bldk dkj.k gS

mldk laxfBr gksukA

2- Kku (Knowledge) : ekuoh; {ks= esa 'kfDr dk egÙoiw.kZ óksr djus vkSj feykus dh ;ksX;rk çnku djrk

gSA tkuojksa ls euq"; vf/kd Kku gSA lk/kkj.k vFkZ esa Kku] O;fDr ;k O;fDr&lewg dks vius y{;ksa dks

iqu% izcaf/kr 'kfDr'kkyh blfy, ekuk tkrk gS fd mlesa Kku vkSj dq'kyrk vf/kd gSA Kku }kjk gh

O;fDr va/kdkj ls izdk'k dh vksj c<+rk gSA blds }kjk og lh[kus] lkspus vkfn ds jpukRed n`f"Vdks.k

dks viukus esa lQy gksrk gSA

3- vkdkj (Size) : cgqr ckj vkdkj dks 'kfDr dk ifjpk;d eku fy;k tkrk gS vkSj ;g lkspk tkrk gS fd

laxBu dk vkdkj ftruk cM+k gksxk] og mruk gh vf/kd 'kfDr'kkyh gksxkA ;fn laxBu dk esy vkdkj

ds lkFk gks rks izk;% ,slk gksrk Hkh gSA mnkgj.k ds fy, vdcj dk jkT;] vkSjaxtsc ls NksVk Fkk ij T;knk

'kfDr'kkyh FkkA eSdkboj (Maciver) us dgk Hkh gS] ^^'kfDr dh dk;Z&dq'kyrk mu vyx&vyx gkykr

}kjk ?kVrh&c<+rh jgrh gS] ftlds v/khu mls dke djuk gSA**

4- lÙkk (Authority) : ftu lc rÙoksa ds dkj.k 'kfDr vf/kd egÙoiw.kZ curh gS mls ge lÙkk dgrs gSaA tc

dksbZ O;fDr ea=h] iz/kkuea=h cu tkrk gS og cgqr 'kfDr'kkyh gks tkrk gS D;ksafd ljdkjh ra= esa og

lfØ; :i esa Hkkxhnkj cu tkrk gSA

5- vkfFkZd lk/ku (Economic Resources) : ftl jk"Vª ds ikl vkfFkZd lk/ku ftrus vf/kd gksrs gSa] og

nqfu;k ds vU; ns'kksa dks vkfFkZd lgk;rk nsus ds uke ij cgqr vf/kd izHkkfor djrk gSA nwljs fo'o;q)

ds i'pkr vesfjdk vkt rd blfy, izHkko'kkyh cuk jg ldk gS D;ksafd mlds ikl izpqj ek=k esa

vkfFkZd lk/ku gSA if'pe ,f'k;k ds vjc jk"Vªksa us viuh izkÑfrd lEink rsy ds vdwr Hk.Mkj ij gh

viuh egÙoiw.kZ fLFkfr cukbZ gSA

jktuhfrd fl)kUr

24

6- izkfIr;ka (Possessions) : 'kfDr dks fu/kkZfjr djus okys ckgjh rÙo esa izkfIr;k¡ (Possessions) izeq[k gSA

buesa HkkSfrd lkexzh] LokfeÙo ,oa lkekftd lkexzh dh 'kfDr] O;fDr }kjk viukbZ xbZ izfLFkfr vkSj Lrj

vkfn 'kkfey gSA

7- dfj'ekoknh usr`Ùo (Charismatic Leadership) : vius R;kx] cfynku] dk;Z{kerk] lsok] nwjn`f"V vkfn ds

}kjk dbZ usrk brus izHkko'kkyh vkSj egÙoiw.kZ cu tkrs gSa fd vke vkneh buds ihNs [khaprk pyk vkrk

gSA mnkgj.k ds fy, egkRek xka/kh] lqHkk"kpUnz cksl] ljnkj iVsy] t;izdk'k ukjk;.k vkfn izeq[k gSaA

8- izse vkSj izHkko (Love and Influence) : izse vkSj izHkko Hkh 'kfDr dk ,d egÙoiw.kZ rŸo gSA egkRek xka/kh

us izse ij vk/kkfjr lR;kxzg ds }kjk bruh vf/kd izHkko'khyrk izkIr dj yh Fkh fd lHkh ns'koklh laxfBr

gks x, vkSj mlls ,slh vlk/kkj.k 'kfDr iSnk gqbZ fd fczVsu dk Hkkjr ij izHkqRo [kRe gks x;kA

9- lkefjd 'kfDr (Power of Weaponary) : vkfFkZd n`f"V ls lEiUu jk"Vª gh vk/kqfudre lkefjd 'kL=rzksa

dk t[khjk [kM+k djds Lo;a 'kfDr'kkyh cu tkrs gSa vkSj lalkj ds vU; ns'kksa dh lkefjd {kerk ij jksd

yxkus dk dke os 'kL= fu;a=.k (Arms control)ds uke ij djrs gSaA vkt vesfjdk ;gh dj jgk gSA

10- oSKkfud ,oa rduhdh izxfr (Scientific and Technological Advancement) : oSKkfud vkSj rduhdh

izxfr Hkh 'kfDr dk ,d izeq[k Jksr gSA vkt ds bl la?k"kZiw.kZ ;qx esa dksbZ Hkh jkT; uohure oSKkfud

vkSj rduhdh izxfr dh nkSM+ esa Hkkxhnkj cus fcuk vkSj mlesa fo'sk"k lQyrk ik, fcuk 'kfDr'kkyh ugha

cu ldrsA vesfjdk ds 'kfDr'kkyh gksus dk ,d dkj.k ;g Hkh gSA

11- fo'okl (Faith) : 'kfDr dk ,d egÙoiw.kZ L=ksr fo'okl gSA vxj fdlh ns'k ds fuoklh viuh ljdkj ds

izfr oQknkj ugha gSa rks muds fo#) 'kfDr dk cM+s ls cM+s iz;ksx Hkh dkjxj fl) ugha gks ldsxkA

fo;ruke esa vesfjdk] vQxkfuLrku esa lksfo;r la/k rFkk Hkkjr esa fczfV'k jktlÙkk vkfn dks blfy, eq¡g

dh [kkuh iM+h D;ksafd mUgsa lacaf/kr ns'kksa dh turk dk fo'okl izkIr ugha FkkA

fu"d"kZ (Conclusion): Åij fn, x, fooj.k ls ;g Li"V gks tkrh gS fd vk/kqfud le; esa LFkkuh;] izknsf'kd]

jk"Vªh; vkSj vUrjkZ"Vªh; lHkh rjg dh jktuhfr esa 'kfDr uked rÙo mldk dsUnz fcUnq gSA

jktuhfrd 'kfDr ds iz;ksx djus ds <ax (Techniques Employed to Use the Political Power)

jktuhfrd 'kfDr ds vFkZ ij izdk'k Mkyus ds ckn ;g vko';d gks tkrk gS fd mls iz;ksx fd, tkus okys rjhdksa

ds ckjs esa tkudkjh izkIr dh tk,A bu rjhdksa dks lk/kkj.kr% rhu Hkkxksa esa ckaVk x;k gS tks fuEufyf[kr gS&

1- vk/kqfud rjhds (Modern Techniques) : vk/kqfud ;qx esa 'kfDr iz;ksx ds fy, viuk, x, rjhds

vko';d :i ls vf/kd vPNs gSaA bu rjhdksa esa eq[; :i ls izpkj ds lk/ku] f'k{kk o izlkj ds lk/kuksa

dk iz;ksx gSA ljdkj f'k{k.k laLFkkvksa ij iw.kZ fu;a=.k LFkkfir djds turk dks f'kf{kr djrh gSa vkSj

vius i{k esa djrh gSA blh rjg ljdkj izpkj o izlkj ds lk/kuksa] v[kckjksa vkSj VhŒohŒ ij viuk

fu;a=.k djrh gSA

2- cy dk iz;ksx (Use of Force) : 'kfDr dk iz;ksx dk vafre rjhdk ;g gS fd ;fn dksbZ 'kfDr'kkyh jk"Vª

fdlh fucZy jk"Vª ls viuh dksbZ ckr euokuk pkgrk gS vkSj og jk"Vª u ekus] rks mlds fo#) lSfud cy

dk iz;ksx fd;k tk ldrk gSA cy iz;ksx dk vFkZ gS fd ml jk"Vª ds fo#) lSfud dkjZokbZ dh tk,A

lksfo;r la?k us vDVwcj 1956 esa gaxjh ds ekeyksa esa lSfud gLr{ksi fd;k D;ksafd gaxjh esa gq, yksdrkaf=d

lq/kkjksa dks ;g ilan ugha djrk FkkA 20 vxLr] 1968 dks lksfo;r la?k us pSdksLyksokfd;k esa l'kL=

gLr{ksi fd;k D;ksafd mlds fopkj esa ogka fd, x, lq/kkj lektokn ds fo#) FksA

3- ijEijkxr rjhds (Traditional Techniques) : izkphu rjhdksa esa cy iz;ksx djuk] Mjkuk] /kedkuk] n.M

nsuk vkfn vkrs gSaA vius fojksf/k;ksa ij dbZ rjg ds vkjksi yxk, tkrs gSaA turk esa Hk; iSnk fd;k tkrk

'kfDr dh vo/kkj.kk

25

gSA mls tsy Hkstus dk Hk; Hkh fn[kk;k tkrk gSA ;gh ugha dbZ ckj fojksf/k;ksa dk lQk;k Hkh dj fn;k

tkrk gSA blh rjg dbZ ckj Ny&diV dk lgkjk Hkh fy;k tkrk gSA tSlk vaxzstksa us Hkkjrh;ks ds lkFk

fd;k] ^^QwV Mkyks vkSj jkt djks** (Divide & Rule) dh uhfr dks viuk djA

4- fof'k"V rjhds (Distinctive Techniques) : mijksDr rjhdksa ds vfrfjDr nks vU; rjhdksa dk Hkh iz;ksx

fd;k tkrk gSA bu nksuksa rjhdksa dk iz;ksx vk/kqfud ;qx esa vkSj izkphu le; esa gksrk jgk gS( tSls >wB

cksyuk vkSj fot; dk cgykokA >wB cksyus ds rjhds dk iz;ksx ekDlZokfn;ksa us fd;kA blh izdkj fgVyj

us teZuh okfl;ksa dks fot; dk cgykok fn;k fd fot; vkf[kj teZuh dh gh gksxhA

vr% lk/kkj.kr% ftu rjhdksa dk vUrZjk"Vªh; {ks= esa iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gS os fuEufyf[kr gSa%&

1- vuqu; (Persuasion) : vUrjkZ"Vªh; {ks= esa bl i)fr dk iz;ksx 'kfDr'kkyh jk"Vªksa }kjk lcls vf/kd gksrk

gSA mnkgj.k Lo:i ,d jk"Vª] nwljs jk"Vª ls dqN dke fudyokuk pkgrk gS vkSj mldks ml dk;Z ls

jksduk pkgrk gS tks mlds fgr esa ugha gSA blds fy, lcls vPNk rjhdk ;g gS tks mlds fgr esa ugha

gSA blds fy, lcls vPNk rjhdk ;g gS fd og jk"Vª nwljs jk"Vª ds lEeq[k lkjh fLFkfr vius <ax ls

izLrqr djs vkSj rdks± ds }kjk ml jk"Vª dks vk'oLr dj ns fd veqd dk;Z mlds fgr esa ugha gSA

2- iqjLdkj (Reward) : vUrZjk"Vªh; {ks= esa 'kfDr ds iz;ksx dk nwljk <ax iqjLdkj nsuk gSA mnkgj.kLo:i

^d* uke jk"Vª ^[k* jk"Vª ls viuh dqN ckr euokuk pkgrk gS rks mldh lUrqf"V cnys esa fdlh iqjLdkj

ds ykyp ls dj ldrk gSA ;g iqjLdkj dbZ :iksa esa gks ldrk gS&euksoSKkfud] HkkSfrd] vkfFkZd vkSj

jktuhfrdA

3- n.M (Punishment) : 'kfDr ds iz;ksx dk rhljk <ax n.M nsuk gSA okLro esa iqjLdkj vkSj n.M dk xgjk

laca/k gSA ,d jk"Vª }kjk nwljs jk"Vª dks n.M nsus dk lcls izHkko'kkyh rjhdk ;g gS fd og jk"Vª ml

jk"Vª dks os iqjLdkj nsuk cn dj ns tks og ml jk"Vª dks nsus okyk Fkk] ;fn nwljk jk"Vª igys jk"Vª dh

bPNkvksa ds izfrdwy dk;Z djsA dbZ ckj 'kfDr'kkyh jk"Vª viuh ckr euokus ds fy, fucZy jk"Vªksa dks

/kedh ns nsrs gSaA

'kfDr rFkk izHkko (Power and Influence)

lekt esa 'kfDr laca/kksa ds gesa vusd :i fn[kkbZ nsrs gSaA mudk o.kZu fo}kuksa us 'kfDr] izHkko] lÙkk] vuqu; ;k

le>kuk] cq>kuk neu] ncko] cy vkfn ds :i esa fd;k gSA jkWcVZ ck;lZVsM dk dguk gS fd izHkko]

le>kus&cq>kus dh Hkkouk ij vk/kkfjr gS] tcfd 'kfDr neu ij vk/kkfjr gSA blfy, O;fDr izHkko ds lkeus Lo;a

>qdrk gS tcfd 'kfDr mls leiZ.k djus ds fy, etcwj djrh gSA

mnkgj.k ds fy, 15 vxLr 1947 ls igys xka/khth dk izHkko lEiw.kZ ns'k esa Fkk] ijUrq mlds ikl 'kfDr ugha FkhA

jkcVZ ,Œ Mgy us viuh iqLrd 'Modern Political Analysis' esa 'kfDr vkSj izHkko dks dsUnzh; vo/kkj.kk,¡ ekuk gSA

izHkko dks Lohdkj djus ds i'pkr~ 'kfDr vFkok neu egÙoghu gks tkrk gSA 'kfDr rFkk izHkko esa fuEufyf[kr

ckrksa ds vk/kkj ij Hksn Li"V fd;k tk ldrk gS&

1- 'kfDr neukRed gksrh gS tcfd izHkko esa O;fDr dh viuh bPNk dk;Z djrh gSA

2- 'kfDr ,d HkkSfrd rÙo gS] vr% mldk iz;ksx ,oa mldk ifj.kke Li"Vr% fn[kkbZ nsrk gSA fdUrq izHkko ,d

uSfrd rÙo gS vkSj iz;ksx es ;g ,d ekufld fØ;k gS] vr% bldk iz;ksx ,oa blds ifj.kke Li"Vr%

fn[kkbZ ugh nsrsA

3- 'kfDr ck/;dkjh Lo:i dh gksrh gS] vr% ftu ij 'kfDr dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gS muesa dVqrk mRiUu

gksrh gSA fdUrq izHkko uSfrd ,oa ekufld fØ;k gSA

jktuhfrd fl)kUr

26

4- 'kfDr dks vyksdra=h; ekuk tkrk gS D;ksafd ;g Hk; ij vk/kkfjr gSA blds foijhr izHkko dks yksdra=h;

ekuk x;k gSA

5- 'kfDr dk iz;ksx fuf'pr lhfer rFkk fof'k"V gksrk gS tcfd izHkko vewrZ rFkk vLi"V gksrk gSA

6- tc 'kfDr dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gS rks izHkko lekIr gks tkrk gS] ijUrq 'kfDr ij vusd lhek,a yxh gksrh

gSA

'kfDr ,oa cy (Power and Force)

'kfDr vkSj cy jktuhfr'kkL= dh nks vyx&vyx vo/kkj.kk,a gSaa] fdUrq dqN fo}kuksa us bu nksuksa dks izk;^

lekukFkZd gh eku fy;k gSA izkphu lkSfQLV fopkjd FkzSlheSdl us 'kfDr ,oa cy esa Hksn ugha fd;k gS vkSj

'kfDr'kkyh ¼cyoku½ ds fgr dks gh U;k; ekurk gSA gal tsŒ ekWxsZUFkkÅ us 'kfDr dk vFkZ jktuhfrd 'kfDr ekuk

gS vkSj bls lSfud 'kfDr ¼cy½ ls fHkUu ekuk gSA vk/kqfud ;qx esa gSjkYM LizkÅV ,oa ekjxzsV LizkÅV us 'kfDr dk

vFkZ lSfud 'kfDr ¼cy½ ekuk gSA

'kfDr ,oa cy ds vUrj dks fuEufyf[kr :i esa izdV fd;k tk ldrk gS&

(i) cy dh rqyuk esa 'kfDr ,d foLr`r vo/kkj.kk gSA dqN fo}kuksa dk er gS fd 'kfDr esa izHkko ,oa cy nksuksa

gh ik, tkrs gSaA fdUrq vizdV 'kfDr es cy dh rqyuk esa izHkko vf/kd gksrk gS] tcfd izdV 'kfDr ds

izHkko dh rqyuk es cy vf/kd gksrk gSA

(ii) 'kfDr dh rqyuk esa cy ck/;dkjh ,oa neukRed gksrk gSA cy izfr}U}h i{k ij izfrca/kksa dh O;oLFkk

djrk gSA

(iii) 'kfDr lnSo vn`';] vizdV ,oa vewrZ gksrh gS] tcfd cy lnSo n`';] izdV ,oa ewrZ gksrk gSA bldk

dkj.k ;g gS fd 'kfDr viuh izÑfr ls cy dh rqyuk esa ,d euksoSKkfud {kerk gS] tcfd cy ,d

HkkSfrd {kerk gSA

oLrqr% 'kfDr ,oa cy ds laca/kksa dh izÑfr tfVy gSA bu nksuksa esa ?kfu"B laca/k Hkh gS vkSj vUrj HkhA izk;% ;g

dgk tkrk gS fd 'kfDr esa cy fufgr gS vFkkZr~ cy 'kfDr dk ,d vax ;k miHkkx gSA 'kfDr esa cy mlh izdkj

fufgr jgrk gS tSls ckny esa fctyh vFkok dk"B esa vfXuA bu nksuksa dh ?kfu"Brk ,oa vUrj dks jkWcVZ ok;lZVsM

us O;Dr djrs gq, dgk gS] ^^'kfDr cy iz;ksx dh ;ksX;rk gS] u fd bldk okLrfod iz;ksxA** ekxksZUFkks

(Morgenthau) dk Hkh er gS] fd 'kfDr }kjk cy ¼lSfud 'kfDr vFkok ck/;dkjh HkkSfrd 'kfDr½ dk iz;ksx fd;k rks

tk ldrk gS] fdUrq rc ;g ekuk tkrk gS fd 'kfDr ¼jktuhfrd 'kfDr½ dk vUr gks x;k gSA

'kfDr dh vo/kkj.kk dh vkykspuk (Criticism of the Concept of Power)

jktuhfr ds v/;;u esa 'kfDr dh vo/kkj.kk dk egÙoiw.kZ LFkku gSA blds ckotwn Hkh blesa dbZ nks"k gSa ftuds

vk/kkj ij budh vkykspuk dh xbZ gSA vkykspuk ds eq[; vk/kkj fuEufyf[kr gS&

1- 'kfDr lk/; ugha] lk/ku gS (Power is not an end, but a means) : vkykspdksa us 'kfDr dks lk/; u ekudj

bls ,d lk/ku ekuk gSA mudk dguk gS fd ;fn 'kfDr dks lk/; eku fy;k x;k rks og ikf'od cu

tk,xhA bldk mís'; O;fDrxr cu tk,xkA blh lanHkZ esa ykWLdh us dgk Fkk fd] ^^euq";ksa dks 'kfDr

dsoy 'kfDr ds fy, ugha cfYe leLr turk dh HkykbZ ds fy, nh tkrh gSA** bl rjg eSdkboj us dgk

Fkk fd ;fn 'kfDr jkT; dk fupksM+ cu tkrh gS rks jkT; fujadq'k cu tkrk gS vkSj yksxksa ds vf/kdkjksa o

Lora=rk dk guu gksrk gSA

'kfDr dh vo/kkj.kk

27

2- ;g lekt dk foHkktu djrh gS (Divides the Society) : 'kfDr dh vkykspuk dk vk/kkj ;g Hkh gS fd

;g lekt dks nks Hkkxksa es foHkkftr djrh gSA ekfyd o ukSdj] vehj o xjhc vkSj 'kfDroku o

'kfDrghuA ysfdu ;fn izkphu le; dk v/;;u fd;k tk, rks lekt esa ,drk ekywe iM+rh gSA

3- fof'k"V oxZ dh vkykspuk (Criticism of Elites) : 'kfDrokfn;ksa dk dguk gS fd lEifÙk ij fof'k"V oxZ dk

fu;a=.k gksrk gS vkSj os lEifÙk dk iz;ksx iwathifr;ksa o turk ds fgr esa djrs gSaA ysfdu lkE;okfn;ksa

}kjk bl fopkj dh vkykspuk dh xbZ gSA mudk dguk gS fd lEifÙk ij okLrfod fu;a=.k iwathifr;ksa

dk gksrk gS vkSj os bldk mi;ksx dsoy vius fgr esa gh djrs gSaA iwathifr;ksa dk gh jktuhfrd 'kfDr

ij fu;a=.k gksrk gSA

4- 'kfDr dh vo/kkj.kk ewY;&foghu gS (Concept of Power is Value free) : 'kfDr dh vo/kkj.kk ewY;&foghu

gSA bldk laca/k vPNkbZ ,oa cqjkbZ nksuksa ls gSA bl rjg ;fn jktuhfr dks 'kfDr ds v/;;u rd gh

lhfer dj nsa rks jktuhfr Hkh ewY;&foghu cu tk,xh] tcfd ,slk ugha gSA bl lanHkZ esa MsfoM bZLVu

(David Easton) us Bhd dgk gS] ^^'kfDr dh /kkj.kk lEiw.kZ jktuhfr dks 'kfDr ds fy, la?k"kZ rd gh

lhfer dj nsrh gSA os lHkh vkn'kZ] ftudks nk'kZfudksa ds thou ds L=ksr ds :i esa izfriknu fd;k Fkk]

dqpy fn, x, gSaA**

mijksDr fooj.k ls Li"V gks tkrk gS fd 'kfDr dh vo/kkj.kk jktuhfrd thou esa egÙoiw.kZ LFkku j[krh gSA 'kfDr

u dsoy jk"Vªh; {ks= esa egÙoiw.kZ gS] cfYd vUrZjk"Vªh; {ks= esa Hkh bldk egÙo gSA

vH;kl&ç'u (Exercise-Questions)

fucU/kkRed iz'u (Essay Type Questions) 1- 'kfDr ls vki D;k le>rs gSa\ 'kfDr dh eq[; fo'ks"krkvksa dk o.kZu dhft,A

What do you mean by power? Discuss the main characteristics of power.

2- 'kfDr dk vFkZ rFkk blds Lo:iksa dk o.kZu dhft,A

Give the meaning of power and explain the various kinds of power.

3- 'kfDr dh ifjHkk"kk nhft, vkSj blds fofHkUu L=ksrks dk o.kZu dhft,A

Define power and discuss the various sources of power.

4- jk"Vªh; 'kfDr ij ,d laf{kIr uksV fyf[k,A

Write a note on National Power.

5- jk"Vªh; 'kfDr ls vki D;k le>rs gSa\ jk"Vªh; 'kfDr ds fu/kkZjd rÙoksa dk o.kZu dhft,A

What do you understand by National power? Explain the Determinants of National Power.

6- 'kfDr rFkk izHkko o 'kfDr o cy esa vUrj Li"V dhft,A

Distinguish between power and influence and power and force.

7- 'kfDr dh vo/kkj.kk dh vkykspukRed O;k[;k dhft,A

Critically examine the concept of power.

jktuhfrd fl)kUr

28

v/;k; 3 lÙkk (Authority)

lÙkk dk vFkZ

lÙkk dh ifjHkk"kk,a

lÙkk ds rÙo ;k fo'ks"krk,a

lÙkk ds dk;Z

lÙkk ds vk/kkj

vFkok

lÙkk dh LohÑfr;k¡

vFkok

lÙkk dk ikyu D;ksa gksrk gSA

lÙkk ds Lo:i ¼çdkj½

lÙkk dk 'kfDr esa vUrj

mRihM+u ,oa lÙkk esa vUrj

lÙkk dh vo/kkj.kk aHkh jktuhfr foKku dh ,d egÙoiw.kZ vo/kkj.kk gSA lk/kkj.k cksypky esa 'kfDr (Power) rFkk

lÙkk (Authority) dk iz;ksx ,d nwljs ds LFkku ij fd;k tkrk gS vkSj bu nksuksa esa dksbZ vUrj ugha le>k tkrk]

ijUrq oLrqr% ;s vyx&vyx vo/kkj.kk gS vkSj nksuksa esa Li"V vUrj gSA

lÙkk dk vFkZ (Meaning of Authority)

lÙkk 'kCn dks vaxzsth Hkk"kk esa Authority dgrs gSa tks ySfVu Hkk"kk ds 'kCn ^vkDVksfjVl* (Auctoritas) ls fudyk

gSA bl 'kCn dk laca/k izkphu jkse dh jktuhfrd laLFkk lhusV (Senate) ds lkFk jgk gSA ;g lhusV cqtqxks± dk

,d laxBu Fkk tks ljdkj dks ijke'kZ rFkk yksdlHkk ds fu.kZ;ksa ¼dkuwu½ dks LohÑfr nsrk FkkA jkse esa pwafd yksx

:f<+oknh Fks] mu ij /kkfeZdrk dk xgjk izHkko Fkk vFkkZr~ ;g fu.kZ; gksuk ckdh jgrk fd veqd dkuwu mfpr gS ;k

ughaA bl mfpr ;k vuqfpr dk fu.kZ; nsuk lhusV dk dke FkkA tSls gh lhusV fdlh ikfjr dkuwu dks vuqefr ns

nsrh rks ml dkuwu dks vkWDVksfjVl (Auctoritas i.e. Authority) izkIr gks tkrh vFkkZr~ og dkuwu rdZ ds vk/kkj ij

dkuwu cu tkrk gSA tSls vesfjdk dk mPpre U;k;ky; ;g ns[krk gS fd vesfjdk dh laln }kjk ikl fd;k x;k

dkuwu lafo/kku ds vuqdwy gS ;k ugha( rks bl izdkj lÙkk esa rdZ (Reason) dk rÙo gSA blfy, izksQslj ÝsMfjd

(Prof. Fredrick) ds vuqlkj] ^^lÙkk] rdZ ds ek/;e ls ;g fuf'pr djus dh fØ;k gS fd gekjs fy, dkSu lk dk;Z

bPNk o izkFkfedrk ds n`f"Vdks.k ls mfpr jgsxkA**

lÙkk dh ifjHkk"kk,a (Definition of Authority)

lÙkk dh ifjHkk"kk,¡ fofHkUu fo}kuksa ds erkuqlkj fuEufyf[kr gSa&

lÙkk

29

1- jkcVZ ,Œ Mgy (Robert A. Dahl) ds vuqlkj] ^^mfpr 'kfDr dks izk;% lÙkk dk uke fn;k tkrk gSA

2- eSdkboj (MacIver) ds vuqlkj] ^^lÙkk dh ifjHkk"kk izk;% 'kfDr ds :i esa dh tkrh gSA ;g nwljksa ls

vkKk,a ikyu djokus dh 'kfDr gSA**

3- ,ulkbDyksihfM;k vkWQ lks'ky lkbalst (Encyclopedia of Social Sciences) ds vuqlkj] ^^lÙkk ,d lewg

ij izkIr vFkok LoHkkfod mPprk iz;ksx djus dh ;ksX;rk gSA lÙkk&'kfDr dks izdV djrh gS rFkk vius

v/khu O;fDr;ksa ls vkKk ikyu djokrh gSA**

4- vjsu (Arendt) ds vuqlkj] ^^lÙkk og 'kfDr gS tks LohÑfr ij vk/kkfjr gSA bldh izeq[k fo'ks"krk mu

yksxksa dh iw.kZ LohÑfr gksrh gS] ftUgsa bldk vkKkikyu djuk gksrk gSA**

5- tksfouy (Jouvenel) ds vuqlkj] ^^lÙkk ls vFkZ vU; O;fDr;ksa dh LohÑfr ;k bPNk izkIr djuk gSA**

6- ck;lZVsM (Bierstedt) ds vuqlkj] ^^lÙkk 'kfDr ds iz;ksx dk laaLFkkxr vf/kdkj gS] og Lo;a 'kfDr ugha

gSA**

7- chp (Beach) ds vuqlkj] ^^nwljksa ds dk;ks± dks izHkkfor djus ;k funsZf'kr djus ds vkSfpR;iw.kZ vf/kdkj dks

lÙkk dgrs gSaA**

8- vkslyu (Oslon) ds vuqlkj] ^^lÙkk dh ifjHkk"kk vkSfpR;iw.kZ 'kfDr ds :i esa dh tkrh gSA ,slh 'kfDr dk

iz;ksx O;fDr ds ewY;ksa ds vuqlkj vkSj mu voLFkkvksa esa fd;k tkrk gS ftudks og Bhd le>rk gSA**

vr% lÙkk dk jkT; esa ogh LFkku gS tks vkRek dk 'kjhj esa gSA lÙkk }kjk gh lHkh egÙoiw.kZ fu.kZ; fd, tkrs gSa

rFkk v/khuLFkksa }kjk mUgsa Lohdkj fd;k tkrk gSA vkKk,a nsuk rFkk v/khuLFkksa }kjk Lohdkjuk] lÙkk ds ;s nks izeq[k

igyq gSaA vr% tc jkT; dh 'kfDr dh ogka dh turk dk vkSfpR;iw.kZ (Legitimate) leFkZu izkIr gks rks mls lÙkk

dgk tkrk gSA fcuk bl leFkZu ds mldk le:i 'kfDr dk gh jgsxkA ;gh dkj.k gS fd yksdra=h; 'kklu

iz.kkyh esa rkuk'kkgh 'kklu dh rqyuk esa ljdkj dks vf/kd vkSfpR;iw.kZ lÙkk (Legitimate Authrotity) dh

vko';drk gSA

^lÙkk* dks izHkko (Influence) dk gh ,d :i ekuk tk ldrk gSA lÙkk fu.kZ; ysus dh og 'kfDr gS tks nwljs

O;fDr;ksa ds dk;ks± dks izHkkfor djrh gSA gcZVZ lkbeu us Hkh lÙkk dks fu.kZ; ysus dh 'kfDr ds :i esa ifjHkkf"kr

fd;k gSA blds vfrfjDr] lÙkk nks O;fDr;ksa ds laca/k dks Hkh Li"V djrh gSA ftuesa ,d loksZPp rFkk nwljk

v/khuLFk O;fDr gksrk gSA loksZPp O;fDr }kjk vkKk nh tkrh gS] mldk ikyu vf/kdkfj;ksa }kjk fd;k tkrk gSA

v/khu inkf/kdkjh ,sls fu.kZ;ksa dh vk'kk j[krs gSa rFkk mudk O;ogkj Hkh fu.kZ;ksa ds }kjk gh fuf'pr gksrk gSA

;wusLdks dh 1955 dh ,d fjiksVZ ds vuqlkj] ^^lÙkk og 'kfDr gS tks LohÑr] lEEkkfur] Kkr vkSj vkSfpR;iw.kZ gSA**

jkcVZ Mgy (Robert Dahl) us dgk gS] ^^tc ,d O;fDr ^v* nwljs O;fDr ^c* dks vkns'k nsrk gS rFkk ^c* ;g vuqHko

djs fd ^v* dks ,slk vkns'k tkjh djus dk iw.kZ vf/kdkj gS rFkk mldk ¼^c* dk½ ;g ÑR; gS fd ,sls vkns'k dk

ikyu fd;k tk, rks ^v* dh fLFkfr 'kfDr dks fof/k&vuqdwy dgk tk,xk rFkk blh dk uke lÙkk gS] vFkkZr~

fof/k&vuqdwy 'kfDr dks gh izk;% lÙkk dgk tkrk gSA

lÙkk ds rÙo ;k fo'ks"krk,a (Elements or Features of Authority)

1- mÙkjnkf;Ùo (Responsibility) : lÙkk dk ,d vko';d rÙo mÙkjnkf;Ùo gksrk gS( tSls yksd dY;k.k]

fof/k O;oLFkk vkfn dh ftEesnkjh ml O;oLFkk esa lÙkk/kkjh dh gksrh gSA yksdra=h; 'kklu iz.kkyh esa ;g

rÙo Li"V ns[kus dks feyrk gS] D;ksafd bl iz.kkyh esa fo/kkuikfydk o dk;Zikfydk ¼'kklu½ turk ds izfr

Li"Vr;k mÙkjnk;h gksrk gSA

jktuhfrd fl)kUr

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2- izHkqÙo (Dominance) : izHkqÙo jktuhfrd lÙkk dk vko';d rÙo gSA bldk vFkZ gS fd lÙkk/kkjh dk] ml

O;oLFkk esa gks jgs lHkh dk;ks± rFkk jpukvksa (Functions, Role & Structures) ij izHkqÙo jgs] D;ksafd lÙkk gh

ml O;oLFkk esa gks jgs dk;ks±] fØ;kvksa vkfn dks lapkfyr o fu;af=r djrh gSA

3- lÙkk ,d laca/k gS (Authority is a Relation) : 'kfDr dh rjg lÙkk Hkh ,d laca/k gSA fdlh Hkh laca/k dh

rjg blesa Hkh de ls de nks dÙkkZ 'kkfey gksrs gSaA ftuesa ls ,d ds ikl nwljs ij lÙkk iz;ksx djus dk

vf/kdkj gksrk gSA vr% Li"V gS fd lÙkk ds fy, Hkh nks i{kksa dh vko';drk gksrh gSA

4- lÙkk ,d LohÑr 'kfDr gS (Authority is a recognized Power) : lÙkk ,d LohÑr 'kfDr gksrh gSA

v/khuLFk vf/kdkjh mPp lÙkk/kkjh dh 'kfDr dks Lohdkj djrs gSa vkSj mlds vkns'kksa dk ikyu djuk

viuk dÙkZO; le>rs gSaA

5- lÙkk HkkSfrd ugha gS (Authority is not material) : lÙkk dk Lo:i HkkSfrd ugha gksrk] blfy, bls ns[kk

ugha tk ldrk vkSj u gh bls fn[kk;k tk ldrk gSA ;g fujkdkj rFkk vuqHkkokRed gksrh gSA

6- fuf'prrk (Certainity) : lÙkk dks fuf'pr gksuk vfr vko';d gS vfuf'prrk dh fLFkfr esa lÙkk dh

vogsyuk gksus dh iwjh laHkkouk jgrh gSA lÙkk izR;sd jktuhfrd laxBu esa lnSo vkSipkfjd o fuf'pr

gksrh gSA ;gha ugha fuf'prrk ds vHkko esa fofHkUu laxBuksa esa leUo; LFkkfir ugha fd;k tk ldrk vkSj

vO;oLFkk gks tk,xhA vr% lÙkk ds fy, fuf'pr gksuk vfuok;Z gSA

7- foosdiw.kZrk (Rationality) : foosdiw.kZrk Hkh lÙkk dh vU; egÙoiw.kZ fo'ks"krk gSA foosdiw.kZrk dk vFkZ gS]

lÙkk foosd ij vk/kkfjr gksrh gS] lÙkk foosd dk lkdkj :i gSA foods ds vHkko esa lÙkk dh dYiuk ugha

dh tk ldrh gSA ÝSfMd us Hkh foosd dks lÙkk dk vk/kkj ekuk gSA

8- in&lksiku (Hierarchy) : lÙkk dh LFkkiuk fofHkUu vf/kdkfj;ksa ds vkilh laca/kksa ls gksrh gS] ftUgsa in

lksiku ds :i esa Lohdkj fd;k tkrk gSA vf/kdkfj;ksa dh Jsf.k;ka caVh gqbZ gSaA mPp vf/kdkjh ds ikl

vf/kd lÙkk vkSj mlds vkns'k dk ikyu ekrgr vf/kdkfj;ksa dks djuk iM+rk gSA

9- lÙkk 'kfDr ugha gS (Authority is not Power) : ykloSy rFkk dSiyu vkfn dqN fo}kuksa us lÙkk dks

vkSipkfjd 'kfDr (Formal Power) dgdj mls 'kfDr dk gh :i ekuk gSA ysfdu ;g fopkj mfpr ugha

gSA lhŒ tsŒ ÝsMfjd (C.J. Fredrick) ds vuqlkj] ^^lÙkk 'kfDr dk izdkj ugha gS] ijUrq ;g ,d ,slk rÙo

gS tks 'kfDr dks lkFk fy, gq, gSA lÙkk O;fDr;ksa vkSj oLrqvksa esa ,d xq.k ds :i esa gksrh gS] ftlls

mudh 'kfDr esa c<+ksÙkjh gksrh gSA ;g ,d ,slk xq.k gS tks 'kfDr mRiUu djrk gS ijUrq Lo;a 'kfDr ugha

gSA**

vr% Li"V gS fd lÙkk vius vki esa 'kfDr ugha gSA ;g 'kfDr dk xq.k gSA fdlh O;fDr ds ikl 'kfDr u

gksrs gq, Hkh lÙkk gks ldrh gSA

lÙkk ds dk;Z (Functions of Authority)

lÙkk ds dk;ks± dk fuEufyf[kr Hkkxksa esa v/;;u fd;k tk ldrk gS&

1- mÙkjnkf;Ùo (Responsibility) : lÙkk dk ,d izeq[k dÙkZO; ;g gS fd og O;fDrxr dk;ks± rFkk lekt

}kjk LFkkfir vkn'kks± ds e/; ,d:irk LFkkfir djrh gSA bldh iwfrZ ds fy, LohÑfr (Sanction) dk

iz;ksx gksuk LokHkkfod gSA bl LohÑfr ds dbZ :i gks ldrs gSa tSls fd jktuhfrd] dkuwuh] /kkfeZd]

lkekftd ;k uSfrdA vr% Li"V gS fd lÙkk ds fy, ncko dk gksuk vko';d gSA

2- vuq'kklu (Discipline) : lÙkk dk vU; dk;Z vuq'kklu fo"k;d gSA vuq'kklu dk egÙo thou ds izR;sd

{ks= esa gSA lÙkk/kkjh O;fDr ds fy, vuq'kklu dk egÙo vkSj Hkh T;knk gSA ,sls deZpkjh tks vius

mÙkjnkf;Ùo fuHkkus esa deh j[krs gSa muds fy, ,d vkpkj&lafgrk (Code of Conduct) rS;kj dh tkrh gS(

lÙkk

31

blls deZpkjh dks igys ls irk gksrk gS fd dke djus dh fLFkfr esa vuq'kklukRd dkjokbZ gksxhA bldk

okLrfod mís'; lq/kkjoknh gSA

3- laxBu esa leUo; dh LFkkiuk (Co-ordination in the organization) : lÙkk dk ,d izeq[k dk;Z laxBu esa

leUo; ;k rkyesy dh LFkkiuk djuk gSA fdlh Hkh laxBu fo'ks"k :i ls jkT; esa lÙkk/kkjh O;fDr dk

;g dÙkZO; gksrk gS fd og vius v/khuLFk vf/kdkfj;ksa dk vko';d vkns'k ns rFkk laxBu dh dk;Zfof/k;ksa

dh tkudkjh izkIr djrk jgsA lHkh lnL;ksa rd ;kstuk igq¡pkuk rFkk muls Lohdkj djk;k tkrk gSA bl

izdkj euksoSKkfud :i ls izR;sd laxBu dk lnL; vius dks ;kstuk dk ,d vax le>us yxrk gSA

4- fu;a=.k (Control) : lÙkk ds dk;ks± dh Js.kh esa fu;a=.k dk ,d egÙoiw.kZ LFkku gSA lÙkk dks vius dk;ks±

o uhfr;ksa dks dk;kZfUor djokus ds fy, vius v/khuLFk deZpkfj;ksa ij fu;a=.k j[kuk pkfg,A ;gh ugha

fu;a=.k dk;Z ds vUrxZr mls ;g Hkh ns[kuk gksxk fd mldh vksj ls dk;Zjr deZpkjh mfpr :i ls

viuk dÙkZO; fuHkk jgs gSa fd ughaA fu;a=.k ;k gLr{ksi ls iz'kklu esa dBksjrk vk tkrh gS tks

dk;Z&dq'kyrk dks izHkkfor djrh gSA

5- fu.kZ;ksa esa fo'ks"kKksa dh cqf) dk iz;ksx (Use of the Advice of Specialists) : lÙkk dk rhljk dk;Z ;g gS

fd tks Hkh fu.kZ; mlds }kjk fy, tk,] muesa fo'ks"kKksa ds }kjk fy, x, fu.kZ;ksa dks v/khuLFk vf/kdkjh

Lohdkj dj ysrs gSa rFkk blls 'kklu dh dk;Zdq'kyrk esa o`f) gksrh gSA

6- fu.kZ; (Decision) : lÙkk/kkjh O;fDr ;k lÙkk dks lQyrkiwoZd pykus ds fy, lgh fu.kZ; ysus iM+rs gSaA

lÙkk }kjk lgh le; ij lgh fu.kZ;] ;gh mlds lQyrk dk vk/kkj gSA fu.kZ; lÙkk dh ;ksX;rk dk

fof'k"V eki gSA vk/kqfud yksdrkaf=d ;qx esa rks lÙkk }kjk fu.kZ; ysus ds dk;Z dk egÙo vkSj Hkh c<+

tkrk gS D;ksafd lgh vkSj xyr ds i{k esa fu.kZ; u fy, tkus dh fLFkfr esa lÙkk dks viuh 'kfDr [kks nsus

dk Hk; gksrk gSA

7- fodkl (Development) : lÙkk/kkjh O;fDr ;k lÙkk dk ewY; y{; fodkl gksrk gSA lHkh dk;Z fodkl dks

/;ku esa j[k dj fd, tkrs gSaA okLrfodrk ;g gS fd fodkl ,slh /kwjh gS ftlds pkjksa vkSj lÙkk pDdj

yxkrh jgrh gS vkSj tks lÙkk fodkl dks viuk ije mís'; ugha cukrh mldk iru 'kh?kz gh lEHkkfor

gksrk gSA

lÙkk ds vk/kkj (Basis of Authority)

vFkok lÙkk dh LohÑfr;k¡

(Sanctions of Authority)

vFkok lÙkk dk ikyu D;ksa gksrk gSA

(Why Authority is Obeyed?)

lÙkk ds dk;Z Li"V djus ds ckn ;g Hkh crykuk vko';d gS fd lÙkk dk D;k vk/kkj gS\ lÙkk dk vk/kkj

gS&fo'okl rFkk ewY;A tks ckrsa ;k vkKk,a O;fDr ds fo'okl rFkk ewY;ksa ds vuqlkj gksrh gSa ;k vko';drkvksa ds

vuqdwy gksrh gSa] mUgsa og eku ysrk gSA bldh foijhr fLFkfr esa vkKkvksa dh vogsyuk dh tkrh gSA yksdra=h;

iz.kkyh esa] rkuk'kkgh dh rqyuk esa] bl rF; ij vf/kd /;ku nsuk pkfg,A lS)kafrd n`f"V ls lÙkk dh vkKk vafre

Hkys gh gks] ijUrq O;ogkfjd :i ls og lhfer gS vkSj mldk iz;ksx Hkh blh n`f"V ls gksuk pkfg,A

lÙkk ds vk/kkjksa dk v/;;u djus ds i'pkr~ bl iz'u dk mÙkj fey tkrk gS fd lÙkk dk ikyu D;ksa gksrk gS

vFkkZr~ ;g Li"V gks tkrk gS fd lÙkk dh LohÑfr;ka D;k gSa\ lÙkk dh LohÑfr;ka yksdrkaf=d lekt] rkuk'kkgh

jktuhfrd fl)kUr

32

lekt nksuksa esa gh fHkUu&fHkUu gksrh gSA Li"Vrk dh n`f"V ls lÙkk ds fofHkUu vk/kkj vFkok LohÑfr;ksa dk o.kZu

fuEufyf[kr gS&

1- oS/kkfud LohÑfr (Legal Sanction) : lÙkk dh LohÑfr;ksa esa ls ,d LohÑfr oS/kkfud LohÑfr Hkh gSA

oS/kkfudrk dk vFkZ gS lÙkk ds ihNs oS/kkfudrk dk gksukA ;fn fdlh vf/kdkjh ;k 'kkld dh lÙkk dks

dkuwuh ;k oS/kkfud LohÑfr izkIr ugha gS rks yksx mldh vkKkvksa dk ikyu ugha djsaxsA vkSj vkt ds

iztkrkaf=d ;qx esa rks ,sls vkns'kksa dk ikyu djus dk iz'u ugha gksrk] ftuds ihNs oS/kkfud 'kfDr (Legal

Force) ugha gSA

2- euksoSKkfud LohÑfr (Psychological Sanction) : lÙkk ds laca/k esa euksoSKkfud LohÑfr dk laca/k

lÙkk/kkjh O;fDr ls gSA izFke rks lÙkk dk euksoSKkfud Lo:i gh ,slk gS fd v/khuLFk inkf/kdkjh vius ls

mPp inkf/kdkjh dh vkKk dk ikyu djrs gSaA nwljs ;fn lÙkk/kkjh O;fDr usr`Ùo ds xq.kksa ls ;qDr gS rks

mldh vkKk dk ikyu fuf'pr gh gks tkrk gSA

3- lkekftd LohÑfr (Social Sanction) : lÙkk ds ihNs lcls 'kfDr'kkyh LohÑfr lkekftd LohÑfr gSA

lekt dk ,d cM+k oxZ LokHkkfod :i ls lÙkk dh vkKk dk ikyu djrk gSA blds vfrfjDr] tks yksx

lÙkk dh vkKk dk ikyu ugha djrs] os turk }kjk viekfur fd, tkrs gSa rFkk lekt dh n`f"V esa fxj

tkrs gSaA ;gh dkj.k gS fd lekt ds Mj ls yksx lÙkk dh vkKk dk ikyu djrs gSaA

4- O;fDrxr xq.k (Personal Qualities) : lÙkk/kkjh dbZ ckj vius vkns'kksa dk ikyu dsoy dkuwuh vk/kkj ij

gh ugha] cfYd vius xq.kksa rFkk ;ksX;rk ds vk/kkj ij Hkh djokrk gSA

5- tuer dh LohÑfr (Sanction of Public Opinion) : lÙkk dh ,d vU; egÙoiw.kZ LohÑfr gS tuer dh

LohÑfrA tuer dh LohÑfr esa lÙkk ds ihNs dh 'kfDr gksrh gSA D;ksafd 'kklu tuer ds vk/kkj ij

lapkfyr fd;k tkrk gSA 'kklu dk fuekZ.k Hkh tuer ds vk/kkj ij gh fd;k tkrk gSA og 'kkld lÙkk

esa ugha jg ldrk ftls tuer izkIr ugha gSA 'kklu dk okLrfod vk/kkj rks tuer gh gksrk gSA

6- vkfFkZd lqj{kk dh LohÑfr (Sanction of Economic Security) : deZpkjh vius ls Åij ds inkf/kdkjh dh

vkKk dk blfy, Hkh ikyu djrs gSa rkfd os vius in ij cus jgsa] /ku dek,a rFkk lEeku izkIr dj

ldsaA bl izdkj vkfFkZd lqj{kk dh LohÑfr lÙkk ds fy, LohÑfr gSA

7- mís'; dh LohÑfr (Psychological Sanction) : lÙkk dh vkKk dk ikyu blfy, Hkh fd;k tkrk gS

D;ksafd v/khuLFk deZpkjh ;g le>rs gSa fd blls mís'; dh iwfrZ gksrh gSA ;g ckr Li"V gksuh pkfg, fd

vkKk ikyu djus okys yksxksa esa ;g fo'okl gksuk pkfg, fd og tks dk;Z dj jgs gSa] mlls laxBu ds

mís';ksa dks iwjh djus esa lgk;rk feysxhA

8- mÙkjnkf;Ùo ls cpus dh LohÑfr (Tendency of Avoid Responsibility) : v/khuLFk deZpkjh vius

mÙkjnkf;Ùo ls cpus ds fy, vius ls mPp inkf/kdkfj;ksa dh vkKkvksa dk ikyu dj ysrs gSaA bl izdkj

deZpkfj;ksa esa mÙkjnkf;Ùo u ysus dh Hkkouk ls lŸkk dh vkKk ekuus dh izo`fÙk iSnk gks tkrh gSA

lÙkk ds Lo:i ¼çdkj½ (Kinds of Authority)

jktuhfr&'kkL= ds fo}kuksa us lÙkk ds dbZ :iksa dk o.kZu fd;k gS] tks fuEufyf[kr gS&

1- laoS/kkfud lÙkk (Constitutional Authority) : tc fdlh O;fDr dks lafo/kku }kjk lÙkk izkIr gksrh gS rks

mls laoS/kkfud lÙkk dgk tk,xk] tSls Hkkjr ds jk"Vªifr dks lafo/kku }kjk tks 'kfDr;ka nh xbZ gSa] budk

vk/kkj laoS/kkfud lÙkk gSA

lÙkk

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2- vkSfpR;iw.kZ lÙkk (Legitimate Authority): og lÙkk tks dkuwu ds vuqlkj mfpr gks

vkSj ftls lc O;fDr viuh vUrjkRek ds vk/kkj ij Lohdkj djrs gSa mls vkSfpR;iw.kZ lÙkk dgrs gSaA

mnkgj.kLo:i] yksdra= esa turk }kjk pquh xbZ ljdkj dh lÙkk vkSfpR;iw.kZ gksrh gSA

3- /kkfeZd lÙkk (Religion Aurhority) : ftl lÙkk dks fdlh /keZ ds fl)karksa ds }kjk ekU;rk nh tkrh gS

vkSj mldk ikyu fd;k tkrk gS] rks mls /kkfeZd lÙkk dgk tkrk gSA ve`rlj ds vdky r[r ds izeq[k

xzUFkh dh lÙkk rFkk tkek efLtn ds 'kkgh bZeke dh lÙkk o bZlkbZ /keZ dks ekuus okyksa ds fy, iksi

(Pope) dh lÙkk ds mnkgj.k gSaA

4- voS/k lÙkk (Illegitimate Authority) : tks lÙkk dkwuwu ;k lafo/kku ds vuqlkj u gksdj vuqfpr lk/kuksa]

cy&Ny }kjk izkIr gks] mls voS/k lÙkk dgrs gSaA tSls&tc dksbZ vf/kdkjh ;k lSfud vf/kdkjh cy] Ny]

lSfud ØkfUr vkfn ds }kjk jktuhfrd lÙkk izkIr dj ysrk gS rks og lÙkk voS/k lÙkk dgykrh gSA ;g

lÙkk LFkkbZ ugha gksrh rFkk turk dHkh Hkh blds fo#) gks ldrh gSA

5- jktuhfrd lÙkk (Political Authority) : jktuhfrd lÙkk ml lÙkk dks dgrs gSa tks jktuhfrd usrkvksa ds

ikl gksrh gS rFkk tks fdlh ljdkjh in ij fojkteku u gksrs gq, ljdkj dh uhfr;ksa rFkk fu.kZ;ksa dks

izHkkfor djrs jgrs gSaA Hkkjr esa egkRek xka/kh rFkk t;izdk'k ukjk;.k dh lÙkk blh izdkj dh lÙkk ds

mnkgj.k gSaA

6- nSoh; lÙkk (Authority based on Divine Rights) : vkt ds yksdrU=h; ;qx esa] nSoh; vf/kdkjksa ij

vk/kkfjr lÙkk dk :i fofp= yxrk gS rFkk bl fl)kar dk vkt dksbZ egÙo Hkh ugha gSA fQj Hkh] ,d

;qx Fkk] tc bl fl)kar dk egÙo Fkk] tSls tsEl&izFke ds vuqlkj] mudks jkT; lÙkk ,d nSoh;

vf/kdkj ds :i izkIr gqbZ FkhA muds vuqlkj] ^^eSa /kjrh dk ijekRek dk nwr gwaaA** bl izdkj dh lÙkk dk

vk/kkj nSoh; vf/kdkjksa dk :i FkkA

7- dfj'ekoknh lÙkk (Charismatic Authority) : tc ,d lÙkk/kkjh dh 'kfDr dks ogka dh turk mlds

vlk/kkj.k xq.kksa] pfj=] O;fDrÙo ds dkj.k egÙo nsrh gS vkSj mldh vkKkvksa dk ikyu djrh gS rks bls

peRdkjh lÙkk dgk tkrk gS] tSls Hkkjr esa usg# dh lÙkk dk vk/kkj mudk dfj'ekoknh O;fDrÙo FkkA

blfy, oScj (Weber) us dgk gS] ^^dfj'ekoknh lÙkk fdlh fof'k"V O;fDr ds vkn'kZ] pfj=] ohjrk ds izfr

J)k ij vk/kkfjr gSA**

8- ijEijkxr lÙkk (Traditional Authority) : tc v/khuLFk O;fDr mPp vf/kdkfj;ksa dh vkKkvksa dks bl

vk/kkj ij Lohdkj djrs gSa fd] ^^,slk rks lnk gksrk vk;k gS rks bl izdkj dh lÙkk dks ijEijkxr lÙkk

dgk tkrk gSA tSls jktra= esa iztk jktk dh vkKkvksa dk ikyu djrh gS( ijUrq vk/kqfud ;qx esa bl

fl)kar dk egÙo Hkh de gSA

9- iSr`d ijEijk ij vk/kkfjr lÙkk (Authority based on Lineage) : bl izdkj dh lÙkk dk vFkZ gS fd og

lÙkk tks iSr`d ijEijk ¼oa'kkuqoyh ykbu½ ds vuqlkj izkIr gksrh gSA nwljs 'kCnksa esa lÙkk fojklr esa ih<+h

nj ih<+h feyrh gSA jktra= esa lÙkk dk ;gh :i fo|eku gSA tSls baXyS.M esa ;|fi jktk uke ek= dk

v/;{k gS ijUrq mlds in dk vk/kkj iSr`drk gSA orZeku ;qx esa bldk egÙo Hkh de gSA

10- 'kfDr ij vk/kkfjr lÙkk (Aurhority based on force) : bl izdkj dh lÙkk dk vk/kkj gS ^'kfDr ;k cy*

vFkkZr~ bl lÙkk ds ihNs fl)kar gS&ftldh ykBh mldh HkSal (Might is Right)A ijUrq vkt ds yksdra=

;qx esa ;g fl)kar Hkh egÙoghu gS] D;ksafd lÙkk dk lk/ku 'kfDr u gksdj turk dk leFkZu gSA

lÙkk dk 'kfDr esa vUrj (Distinguish Between Authority and Power)

^lÙkk* rFkk ^'kfDr* jktuhfrd foKku dh nks egÙoiw.kZ vo/kkj.kk,a gSasA lk/kkj.kr% bu nksuksa vo/kkj.kkvksa dk iz;ksx

,d nwljs ds LFkku ij fd;k tkrk gS( ijUrq okLro esa ;s nks fHkUu&fHkUu vo/kkj.kka gSaA lÙkk dks vkns'k nsus dk

jktuhfrd fl)kUr

34

vf/kdkj gS] tcfd 'kfDr vkns'k nsus dh {kerk gSA bl rF; dks le> ysus ls lÙkk rFkk 'kfDr dk varj Li"V gks

tk,xkA izR;sd laxBu esa in&lksiku dh O;oLFkk gksrh gS ftl ij vk/kkfjr vkKkvksa dk Lo:i oS/kkfud gksrk gSA

bu vkKkvksa dks nsus okyk O;fDr dks 'kfDr lEiUu dgk tkrk gSA 'kfDr lEiUu O;fDr viuh 'kfDr dks lÙkk esa

cnyus dk iz;kl djrk gSA bl izdkj 'kfDr ,d O;fDr dh {kerk gS vkSj vf/kdkj ml O;fDr dh lÙkk dgk tk

ldrk gSA dHkh&dHkh 'kfDr rFkk lÙkk ,d gh O;fDr esa rFkk dHkh&dHkh vyx&vyx O;fDr;ksa esa Hkh ikbZ tk

ldrh gSA

bl izdkj lÙkk rFkk 'kfDr vFkZ dh n`f"V ls fHkUu gS] ijUrq O;ogkfjd :i esa 'kfDr dk iz;ksx lÙkk ds fy, vkSj

lÙkk dk iz;ksx 'kfDr ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA lÙkk ,d ,slh oLrq gS ftls ik;k tkrk gS] j[kk tkrk gS rFkk [kks;k

Hkh tkrk gSA

blfy, lÙkk dk Lo:i izk;% dkuwuh gksrk gS tcfd ;g vko';d ugha fd 'kfDr dk :i Hkh dkuwuh gh gksA

ykloSy (Lasswell) ds erkuqlkj] ^^tc 'kfDr dks dkuwuh :i fn;k tkrk gS rks og lÙkk cu tkrh gSA vkKk iznku

djus dh {kerk dks 'kfDr dgk tkrk gSA nwljh vkSj] ^lÙkk* og fcUnq gS tgka ij fd fu.kZ; fy, tkrs gSaA

fuEufyf[kr eq[; vk/kkjksa ij 'kfDr rFkk lÙkk dk vUrj Li"V fd;k tk ldrk gS&

1- lÙkk 'kfDr ls vf/kd yksdrkaf=d gS (Authority is more democratic than the power): lÙkk dk Lo:i

'kfDr ls vf/kd yksdrkaf=d gksrk gS D;ksafd lÙkk ds ihNs tuer dh bPNk gksrh gSA tuer Hkh yksdra=

dk vk/kkj gSA 'kfDr esa cy dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gS] blfy, mldk >qdko yksdra= dh vis{kk rkuk'kkgh

dh vksj vf/kd gksrk gSA

2- lÙkk 'kfDr dh rqyuk cgqmís'kh; gS (Authority is Multi-objective as compound to power) : 'kfDr dh

rqyuk esa lÙkk cgq&mís'kh; gSA lÙkk dk {ks= lhfer gSA lÙkk dk iz;ksx lkekU; mís';ksa ds fy, fd;k

tkrk gS tcfd 'kfDr dk iz;ksx fo'ks"k mís';ksa dh iwfrZ ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA

3- 'kfDr cy ij] tcfd lÙkk fu;eksa o /kkj.kkvksa ij vk/kkfjr gS (Power is based on force, but authority

on rules and concepts) : 'kfDr o lÙkk nksuksa dk vFkZ lk/kkj.k rkSj ij fu;a=.k esa j[kus dh fLFkfr ls

fy;k tkrk gS] ijUrq xgjkbZ ls ns[ksa rks 'kfDr dk vk/kkj cy vFkkZr~ dbZ ckj gkfu igq¡pk ldus dk Hk;

Hkh gksrk gS vFkkZr~ vU;ksa ij vius fu.kZ;ksa dks cy&iwoZd ykxw djkus dks 'kfDr dgk tk ldrk gSA

4- mfpr 'kfDr gh lÙkk gS (Legitimate Power is Authority) : jkcVZ Mgy dk dguk gS fd mfpr 'kfDr

dks izk;% lÙkk dk uke fn;k tkrk gSA bldk vFkZ ;g gS fd tc 'kfDr dk dksbZ mfpr vk/kkj gksrk gS rks

og 'kfDr lÙkk gksrh gSA mnkgj.k ds fy, ;fn fdlh O;fDr dks dkuwu }kjk dqN vf/kdkj fn, tk, rks

mldk 'kfDr dk vf/kdkj oS/kkfud gS] ftls lÙkk dgk tk ldrk gSA

5- 'kfDr oS/k Hkh] ;k voS/k Hkh laHko ijUrq lÙkk oS/k (Power can be legitimate or illegitimate but

authority is legitimate) : 'kfDr vkSfpR;iw.kZ Hkh gks ldrh gS vFkok voS/k ¼vukSfpR;iw.kZ½ Hkh gks ldrh gS]

ijUrq lÙkk vkSfpR;iw.kZ ;k oS/k gh gksxhA mnkgj.k ds fy, lafo/kku }kjk lÙkk izkIr jk"Vªifr ds fo#)

lSfud fonzksg djds ,d tujy rkuk'kkg cu tkrk gS rFkk turk rkuk'kkg ds 'kklu uhps vfu"BkiwoZd

jgrh gS rks bl rkuk'kkg dh 'kfDr rks gS ij ;g 'kfDr voS/k gS lkFk gh bls lafo/kku }kjk ekU;rk izkIr

u gksus ds dkj.k mlds ikl lÙkk ugha gSA

6- lÙkk esa foosd dk va'k gksrk gS tcfd 'kfDr esa ;g va'k ugha gksrk (Authority implies reason, power

has no such element) : lÙkk dk ewy rRo foosd gSA lÙkk ds fy, vko';d gS fd foosd ds vk/kkj ij

vius fopkjksa }kjk vU; yksxksa dks lger djkuk] u dh /ku ;k cy ls viuh ;kstuk LohÑr djkukA ;gh

i{k ÝsMfjd (Fredrick) us ;wa Li"V fd;k gS] ftl O;fDr ds ikl lÙkk gksrh gS] mlds ikl foosd&O;k[;k

o lger djkus dh ;ksX;rk gksrh gSA

lÙkk

35

7- 'kfDr vU;ksa ds O;ogkj dks izHkkfor djus dh {kerk gS tcfd lÙkk vU;ksa dh LohÑfr izkIr djus dh

{kerk gSA (Power is the capacity to influence others, but authority is the ability to gain consent) :

lÙkk dk vFkZ vU; O;fDr;ksa }kjk vius lq>koksa o ;kstukvksa o lgefr izkIr djus dh {kerk ls fy;k

tkrk gSA tksfouy (Jouvenel) us dgk gS&^^lÙkk O;fDr dh og ;ksX;rk gS ftlds }kjk og viuh

;kstukvksa dks LohÑr djokrk gSA

mRihM+u ,oa lÙkk esa vUrj (Distinction between coercion and Authority)

lÙkk vkSj mRihM+u nksuksa 'kfDr dk :i gSA dbZ txg nksuksa dk iz;ksx ,d&nwljs ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA lÙkk vkSj

mRihM+u nksuksa esa fgalk dk Hkko ik;k tkrk gSA nksuksa ds vUrj dks fuEufyf[kr 'kh"kZdksa ds vUrxZr v/;;u fd;k

tk ldrk gS&

1- dkuwu o O;oLFkk ds vk/kkj ij (On the basis of law & order) : dkuwu esa O;oLFkk ds vk/kkj ij Hkh lÙkk

vkSj mRihM+u esa vUrj fd;k tk ldrk gSA lÙkk ds vHkko esa dkuwu o O;oLFkk dh dYiuk ugha dh tk

ldrhA

blds foijhr mRihM+u dkuwu o O;oLFkk dks Hkax djus dk lk/ku gSA mRihM+u dkuwu vkSj O;oLFkk dk

'k=q gSA

2- oS/kkfudrk ds vk/kkj ij (Distinction on the basis of legitimacy) : nksuksa ds chp oS/kkfudrk ds vk/kkj ij

vUrj fd;k tk ldrk gSA lÙkk dk vk/kkj oS/kkfudrk gS vFkkZr~ lÙkk fdlh dkuwu ;k izFkk ij vk/kkfjr

gksrh gSA jkT; dh lÙkk dk vk/kkj izk;% dkuwu gksrs gSa tSls%&firk dh iq= ij lÙkk dh vk/kkj izFkk gSA

vr% lÙkk lnk oS/kkfudrk ;qDr gksrh gSA

blds foijhr ^mRihM+u* u rks dkuwu ij vkSj u izFkk ij vk/kkfjr gSA tSls fdlh vlkekftd rÙo }kjk

iSlk ,saBuk] ^mRihM+u* djus okyk gSA bl izdkj ^mRihM+u* dk vk/kkj oS/kkfud ugha gSA

3- dY;k.k ds vk/kkj ij (On the basis of Welfare) : dY;k.kdkjh xfrfof/k;ksa dks lÙkk vkSj mRihM+u ds

vUrj dk vk/kkj cuk;k tk ldrk gSA lÙkk dk mís'; ekuo dY;k.k gSA lÙkk dY;k.kdkjh dk;ks± esa

dk;Zjr gksrh gSA vr% lÙkk ,d ekuoh; 'kfDr gSA blds foijhr mRihM+u ,d ik'fod 'kfDr gSA mRihM+u

dk iz;ksx ekuo dY;k.k dh ctk, nwljksa dks gkfu igq¡pkus ds fyk, fd;k tkrk gSA vr% ;g i'kqrk gSA

4- fgalk ds rÙo ds vk/kkj ij (On the basis of Element of Violence) : lÙkk vkSj mRihM+u ds vUrj fgalk

ds rÙo ds vk/kkj ij Hkh fd;k tk ldrk gSA lk/kkj.kr% lÙkk esa fgalk dk rRo 'kkfey ugha gksrk] fdUrq

dbZ ckj lÙkk dks viuk izHkko fn[kkus ds fy, fgalk dk lgkjk ysuk iM+rk gSA

blds foijhr ^mRihM+u* vkSj fagalk nksuksa lkFk&lkFk pyrs gSaA nksuksa dks ,d&nwljs ls vyx ugha fd;k tk

ldrkA mRihM+u dk vk/kkj fgalk gSA gj mRihM+u djus okyh fØ;k esa fgalk dk Hkko fufgr gksrk gSA

5- izÑfr ds vk/kkj ij vUrj (On the basis of Nature) : lÙkk vkSj mRihM+u nksuksa esa vUrj budh izÑfr ds

vk/kkj ij fd;k tk ldrk gSA ,d ldkjkRed gS rks nwljk udkjkRedA ^lÙkk* 'kfDr dk ldkjkRed :i

gSA lÙkk dk iz;ksx l`tukRed gSA lÙkk dk mís'; lq/kkjkRed gSA blds foijhr ^mRihM+u* 'kfDr dk

udkjkRed :i gSA mRihM+u dk mís'; uk'k djuk gSA mRihM+u dk iz;ksx udkjkRed n`f"V ls fd;k tkrk

gSA

6- nksuksa dk vk/kkj fHkUu gS (Basis is different) : lÙkk vkSj mRihMu nksuksa dk vk/kkj fHkUu gSA lÙkk lR; ij

vk/kkfjr gSA lR; gh 'kfDr gS] (Truth is power) lÙkk dk vk/kkj gSA bl izdkj lÙkk gh gekjh lH;rk

vkSj laLÑfr dk vk/kkj cu tkrh gSA lÙkk }kjk lekt esa dkuwu o O;oLFkk LFkkfir dh tk ldrh gSA

jktuhfrd fl)kUr

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blds foijhr ^mRihM+u* ds vk/kkj ij fgalk ,oa ikf'od 'kfDr gSA mRihM+u esa ^ftldh ykBh mldh HkSal*

ds fl)kar dks viuk;k tkrk gSA

vr% mijksDr fo'ys"k.k ls ;g Li"V gks tkrk gS fd lÙkk vkSj mRihM+u vyx&vyx /kkj.kk,a gSaA pkgs ;g lp gS

fd dbZ ckj ^lÙkk* dks Hkh n.MkRed fof/k;ksa dk Hkh iz;ksx djuk iM+ tkrk gSA ijUrq ml n.M dk mís';

lq/kkjkRed gksrk gSA

fu"d"kZ (Conclusion) : mijksDr fooj.k ds vk/kkj ij ;g dgk tk ldrk gS fd ;|fi 'kfDr rFkk lÙkk esa dqN

laca/k gS] ijUrq ;s nksuksa fHkUu&fHkUu vo/kkj.kk,a gSaA

vH;kl&iz'u (Exercise-Questions)

fucU/kkRed iz'u (Essay Type Questions) 1- lÙkk dh ifjHkk"kk nhft,A blds eq[; y{k.kksa rFkk Lo:iksa ¼izdkjksa½ dk o.kZu dhft,A

Define Authority. Discuss the main characteristics and kind of authority.

2- lÙkk dh ifjHkk"kk nhft,A lÙkk ds eq[; dk;ks± dk o.kZu dhft,A

Define Authority. Discuss the main function of Authority.

3- lÙkk ds vk/kkjksa dk o.kZu dhft,A

Discuss the basis of Authority.

4- 'kfDr rFkk lÙkk esa vUrj Li"V dhft,A buesa vkilh laca/k D;k gS\

Distinguish between Power and Aurhority. How are they related to one another?

5- lÙkk ls vki D;k le>rs gSa\ mRihM+u ,oa lÙkk esa vUrj Li"V dhft,A

What do you understand by Authority? Distinguish between Coercion and Autority.

vkSfpR;iw.kZ ¼oS/krk½

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v/;k; 4 vkSfpR;iw.kZ ¼oS/krk½ (Legitimacy)

vkSfpR;iw.kZrk dk vFkZ rFkk egÙo

vkSfpR;iw.kZrk dh fo'ks"krk,a

vkSfpR;iw.kZrk dk fodkl

vkSfpR;iw.kZrk dh izÑfr

vkSfpR;iw.kZrk ds vk/kkj

vkSfpR;iw.kZrk ds óksr

vkSfpR;iw.kZrk ds izdkj

vkSfpR;iw.kZrk dk ladV

vkSfpR;iw.kZrk ¼oS/krk½ dks izkIr djus rFkk cuk, j[kus ds lk/ku

vFkok

lÙkk oS/k vFkok U;k; ;qDr dsls curh gS

vkSfpR;iw.kZrk dk 'kfDr rFkk lÙkk ls laca/k

vkSfpR;iw.kZ jktuhfr foKku dh ,d egRoiw.kZ fopkj/kkjk gSA bl fopkj/kkjk dh 'kq:vkr ;wuku fpUru ds le; ls

gqvk] ij bldk O;ofLFkr v/;;u orZeku le; esa gh vkjaHk gqvk gSA vkSfpR;iw.kZrk izkIr djds] izHkko'kkyh gksus ds

'kfDr] lÙkk vkfn jktuhfr foKku dh vo/kkj.kk,a gSaA vk/kqfud ;qqx esa neukRed 'kfDr dh rqyuk esa izHkko] lÙkk]

usr`Ùo vkfn v/;ukRed 'kfDr;ksa dks vf/kd egÙo fn;k tkus yxk gSA blh dkj.k jktuhfr foKku ds fo|kFkhZ ds

fy, vkSfpR;iw.kZrk (Legitimacy) dh vo/kkj.kk tkuuk vko';d gSA

vkSfpR;iw.kZrk dk vFkZ rFkk egÙo (Meaning and Importance of Legitamacy)

jktuhfrd O;oLFkk esa lkoZtfud fo"k;ksa ds ckjs esa erHksnksa dk ik;k tkuk LokHkkfod gSA bues dksbZ Hkh uhfr ;k

O;oLFkk mlh :i esa vkSfpR;iw.kZ ekuh tk ldrh gS] tcfd mls turk dk leFkZu feyrk jgsA bu erHksnksa dks

lqy>kus ds fy, jktuhfrd rFkk xSj jktuhfrd <ax viuk, tkrs gSaA xSj jktuhfrd Lrj ij ljdkj dk gLrk{ksi

gksuk LokHkkfod gSA ij ;g gLr{ksi U;k; dh j{kk ds fy, gksuk pkfg,] mlh fLFkfr esa og vkSfpR;iw.kZ dgk tk

ldrk gSA ljdkj vxj vkSfpR;iw.kZrk ds fl)kar ij dk;Z djs rks mls tu leFkZu feyrk jgsxk] vU;Fkk vlarks"k

iSnk gksxk] ftlds QyLo:i ØkfUr rd gks ldrh gSA

jktuhfrd O;oLFkkvksa dh uhfr;ksa] ljapukvksa] dk;Zdykiksa] usrkvks] vf/kdkfj;ksa ds izfr mDr fo'okl dks gh

jktuhfrd 'kkL= esa ^vkSfpR;iw.kZ* dgk tkrk gSA

jkWcVZ ,Œ Mgy (Robert A. Dahl) ds vuqlkj] ^^usrk yksx jktuhfrd O;oLFkk jkT; esa ;g iz;Ru djrs gSa fd tc

dHkh ljdkj }U}ksa dk fu.kZ; djs rks os fu.kZ; turk }kjk O;kid :i ls fcuk fdlh Hk;] n.M ;k ncko ds

Lohdkj fd, tk,a] bl fo'okl ds lkFk fd os uSfrd n`f"V ls mfpr gS rFkk ,slk djuk Bhd gSA ;fn yksxksa dks

ftudks vkKk,¡ nh tkrh gS] ;g fo'okl gS fd ljapuk,¡] fØ;k&fof/k;ka] dk;Z] fu.kZ;] uhfr;k¡] ljdkjh inkf/ksdkjh

jktuhfrd fl)kUr

38

vkfn esa vkSfpR; dk xq.k gS ;k blesa uSfrd HkykbZ fufgr gS] rks og ljdkj vkSfpR;iw.kZ dgh tk ldrh gS vkSj

mls dkuwu cukus dk gd gSA**

bl ifjHkk"kk ls ;g Li"V gksrk gS fd 'kkld oxZ ¼jktusrkx.k½ bl ckr dh dksf'k'k djrs gSa fd os vius dk;ks± dks

vkSfpR;iw.kZ fl) dj ldsaA iztkra=h; 'kklu esa vkSfpR;iw.kZrk dh lcls vf/kd vko';drk gSA rkuk'kkgh 'kklu esa

'kkld oxZ vius 'kkldh; dk;ks± dks vkSfpR;iw.kZ fl) djus dk iz;kl djrs gSaA

oS/krk dk vFkZ (Meaning of Legitimacy)

oS/krk dks vaxzsth esa ysftVheslh (Legitimacy) dgrs gSaA ysftVheslh ysfVu Hkk"kk ds ystVhel (Legtimus) 'kCn ls

fudyk gS ftldk vFkZ gS oS/kkfudA e/;;qx esa bls ystVhehVkl (Legtimitas) vkSj vaxzsth Hkk"kk esa Lawful dgk

tkrk FkkA orZeku yksdrU= ds ;qx esa tu leFkZu dks gh oS/krk dgk tkrk gSA

vkSfpR;iw.kZrk dh dqN egÙoiw.kZ ifjHkk"kk,a fuEufyf[kr gSa%&

1- eSDl oscj ds vuqlkj] (Max Weber)- ^^vkSfpR;iw.kZrk fo'okl ij vk/kkfjr gksrh gS vkSj vuqikyu izkIr

djrh gSA**

2- dwu ,YQsM (Kuhn Alfred) ds vuqlkj] ^^vkSfpR;iw.kZrk dk vFkZ 'kkldksa ds e/; ,d le>kSrs dh LohÑfr

gSa ;g yksxksa dk ,slk le>kSrk gS ftlds v/khu yksx thfor jgus vkSj dkjkxkj ds ckgj jgus ds cnys

ljdkj ds vkns'kksa dk ikyu vkSj dj nsuk Lohdkj djrs gSaA**

3- ,lŒ,eŒ fyIlsV (S.M. Lipset) ds vuqlkj] ^^vkSfpR;iw.kZrk dk eryc] vFkZO;oLFkk dh ml {kerk ls gS

ftlds }kjk ;g fo'okl iSnk fd;k tk, rFkk cuk, j[kk tk, fd orZeku jktuhfrd laLFkk,a lekt ds

fy, lcls vf/kd mi;ksxh gSA**

4- LVuZ ctZj (Stern Berger) ds vuqlkj] ^^vkSfpR;iw.kZrk 'kkldh; 'kfDr dh uhao gSA ,d vksj ljdkj dks

/;ku fnykrh gS fd mls 'kklu djus dk vf/kdkj gS rFkk nwljh vksj turk }kjk mls vf/kdkj dk

vfHkKku djkrh gSA**

5- thu Cys.My (Jean Blendel) ds vuqlkj] ^^vkSfpR;iw.kZrk ls vfHkizk; og lhek gS] ftl lhek rd yksx

ml laxBu dks] ftlls os lacaf/kr gS] fcuk iwNrkN ds rFkk LokHkkfod :i ls Lohdkj djrs gSaA -----

lgefr vFkok LohÑfr dk {ks= ftruk vf/kd fo'kky gksxk] ml laxBu dk mruk gh vf/kd vkSfpR;

gksxkA**

6- thŒ dsŒ jkcV~lZ (G.K. Roberts) ds vuqlkj] ^^vkSfpR;iw.kZrk ¼oS/krk½ og fl)kar gS tks fdlh fof'k"V

O;fDr }kjk izkIr ;k fdlh ,d O;fDr vFkok lewg }kjk 'kfDr ds iz;ksx dh LohÑfr dks lwfpr djrk gSA

;g LohÑfr bl vk/kkj ij lwfpr dh tkrh gS fd jktuhfrd in dh ,slh izkfIr ;k 'kfDr dk iz;ksx

lÙkk iznku djus ds LohÑr fl)karksa vkSj fof/k;ksa ds vuqdwy gSA**

mijksDr ifjHkk"kkvksa ls ;g Li"V gks tkrk gs fd vkSfpR;iw.kZrk jktuhfrd O;oLFkk dk og xq.k gS ftlds

vk/kkj ij turk dks ;g fo'okl gksrk gS fd jktuhfrd lÙkk dh jpuk] mldh uhfr;ka rFkk dk;Z lekt

ds dY;k.k ds fy, mfpr gSa vkSj turk fcuk fdlh ladksp ds mUgsa viuk leFkZu vkSj lgefr iznku

djrh gSA bl izdkj ge ikrs gSa fd vkSfpR;iw.kZrk 'kkldh; 'kfDr dh uhao gSA

vkSfpR;iw.kZrk dh fo'ks"krk,a (Characteristics of Legitimacy)

oS/krk dksbZ HkkSfrd oLrq ugÈ gS ftlds fHkUu&fHkUu fu/kkZjd rRo gks ldrs gSa vfirq ;g rks ,d /kkj.kk gS ftldh

dqN viuh gh vo';Hkkoh fo'ks"krk,a ekuh tkrh gSA bldh fo'ks"krk,a çR;sd ns'k esa leku ugh gks ldrh vfirq ;s

çR;sd ns'k ds yksxksa ds ekufld Lrj] jktuhfrd fo'okl vkSj vknrksa ij fuHkZj djrh gSA


39

vkSfpR;iw.kZrk dh fofHkUu ifjHkk"kkvksa ls vkSfpR;iw.kZrk dh fuEufyf[kr fo'ks"krk,a Li"V gksrh gS&

1- vkSfpR;iw.kZrk O;oLFkk esa LFkkf;Ro ykrh gSA (Legitimacy brings stability in the system): vkSfpR;iw.kZrk

fdlh Hkh O;oLFkk esa LFkkf;Ro ykus ds fy, vko';d gSA fdlh Hkh O;oLFkk esa LFkkf;Ùo rHkh vkrk gS tc

yksxksa dk ml O;oLFkk esa fo'okl gks vkSj fo'okl iSnk djus dh ;ksX;rk vkSj vkSfpR;iw.kZrk esa gSA

2- vkSfpR;iw.kZrk dh ewY;ksa ij fuHkZjrk (Dependence of legitimacy on values) : fdlh O;oLFkk dh

vkSfpR;iw.kZrk ogka ds jgus okys ykskxsa ds ewY;ksa rFkk fo'oklksa ij fuHkZj djrh gSa mlh O;oLFkk dks

vkSfpR;iw.kZrk izkIr gksrh gS tks yksxksa ds ewY;ksa ds vuqdwy gksA

3- vkSfpR;iw.kZrk 'kfDr ds iz;ksx dks de djrh gS (Legitimacy minimises the use of force) : 'kklu esa

vkSfpR;iw.kZrk ds vkus ij 'kfDr dk mi;ksx de gks tkrk gS D;ksafd 'kklu dks vius vkns'kksa dk ikyu

djokus ds fy, neu dh uhfr dk vuqlj.k ugha djuk iM+rk gS cfYd turk LosPNk ls uhfr;ksa dk ikyu

djrh gSA

4- lgefr vkSj LohÑfr vkSfpR;iw.kZrk dk vk/kkj (Consent and acceptance is the basis of legitimacy) :

vkSfpR;iw.kZrk dk vk/kkj yksxksa dh LohÑfr vkSj lgefr gksrh gSA ftl O;oLFkk ls yksx lger gksaxs ml

O;oLFkk dks rHkh vkSfpR;iw.kZrk izkIr gksrh gSA fcuk lgefr rFkk LohÑfr ds vkSfpR;iw.kZrk ugha gks ldrhA

5- vkSfpR;iw.kZrk esa fo'okl iSnk djus dh ;ksX;rk fufgr gS (Legitimacy has the ability to create faith) :

vkSfpR;iw.kZrk dh ,d egÙoiw.kZ fo'ks"krk ;g gS fd blesa fo'okl iSnk djus dh ;ksX;rk gksrh gS vkSj bl

fo'okl ds dkj.k gh turk jktuhfrd O;oLFkk dh lÙkk dks Lohdkj djrh gS vkSj mldk leFkZu djrh

gSA fyIlsV ds vuqlkj] ^^vkSfpR;iw.kZrk fo'okl iSnk djus dh ;ksx;rk esa fo'okl j[krk gSA**

6- vkSfpR;iw.kZrk 'kfDr ds lÙkk esa cnyus dk lk/ku (Legitimacy is a mean to change power into

authority) : ;g vkSfpR;iw.kZrk dh ,d egÙoiw.kZ fo'ks"krk gSA tgk¡ dsoy 'kfDr gks] ogk¡ lÙkk ugha gksrh

vkSj tc 'kfDr vkSfpR;iw.kZrk dk tkek igu ysrh gS] rc 'kfDr lÙkk esa cny tkrh gSA vkSfpR;iw.kZrk ds

vkus ij 'kkld] 'kklu dh vkSfpR;iw.kZrk izkIr djrk gSA lÙkk dk lEcU/k yksxksa ds n`f"Vdks.k ds vuqlkj

oS/k gksuk vfuok;Z gS rFkk blfy;s dgk tkrk gS fd mfpr 'kfDr gh lÙkk gksrh gS (Legitimate Power is

Authority).

7- vkSfpR;iw.kZrk esa jktuhfrd O;oLFkk dh uSfrd vPNkbZ esa fo'okl iSnk djus dh {kerk gksrh gS

(Legitimacy has the capacity to create faith in moral goodness of political system) : vkSfpR;iw.kZrk

dk ,d xq.k ;g gS fd blesa yksxksa esa ;g fo'okl iSnk djus dh {kerk gksrh gS fd ljdkj dk <kapk]

uhfr;ka] fu.kZ; vkSj dk;Z turk dh uSfrd vPNkbZ vkSj HkkSfrd HkykbZ ds fy, gSA

8- vkSfpR;iw.kZrk jktuhfrd O;oLFkk dh izHkko'khyrk dks fuf'pr djrh gS (Legitimacy determines the

effectiveness of political system) : izR;sd jktuhfrd O;oLFkk dks bldh vko';drk gksrh gSA ;fn dksbZ

ljdkj vkSfpR;iw.kZ u gks rks og vf/kd izHkko'kkyh ugha gksrh] cfYd vkSfpR;iw.kZ (Legitimacy) ljdkj

vf/kd izHkko'kkyh gksrh gSA blfy, rkuk'kkg Hkh vius 'kklu dks vkSfpR;iw.kZ fl) djus ds fy,

iz;Ru'khy jgrs gSaA

9- vkSfpR;iw.kZrk esa jktuhfrd O;oLFkk dh mi;ksfxrk esa fo'okl iSnk djus dh {kerk gksrh gS (Legitimacy

has the capacity to create faith in the utility of political system) : vkSfpR;iw.kZrk esa jktuhfrd O;oLFkk

dh mi;ksfxrk ds izfr turk esa fo'okl iSnk djus dh {kerk gksrh gS] rkfd vke O;fDr ;g eglwl djs

fd jktuhfrd laLFkk,¡ vf/kd ykHknk;d gSA

vkSfpR;iw.kZrk dk fodkl

jktuhfrd fl)kUr

40

(Evolution of the Concept of Legitimacy)

vkSfpR;iw.kZrk dk leku vFkZ j[kus okyk vaxzsth 'kCn 'Legitimacy' ySfVu Hkk"kk ds 'Legitimus' 'kCn ls cuk gSA

e/; ;qx esa blds fy, 'Legitimitas' 'kCn dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk Fkk] ftldk vFkZ vaxzsth esa 'Lawful' gksrk Fkk vkSj

ftls fgUnh esa ge ^dkuwuh* ;k oS/kkfud dg ldrs gSaA flljks (Cicero) us 'Legitimum' 'kCn dk iz;ksx fd;k Fkk

ftldk vFkZ ^dkuwu ds vk/kkj ij xfBr 'kfDr ;k U;k;/kh'k* gqvk djrk FkkA dqN le; ckn bl 'kCn dk iz;ksx

ijEijk] jhfr&fjokt] :f<+;ksa ij vk/kkfjr fu;eksa vkfn rÙoksa ds fy, fd;k tkus yxkA ysfdu pkSngoha 'krkCnh esa

blesa lgefr dk 'kCn Hkh tqM+ x;kA vc lgefr dk ;g fopkj gh vkSfpR;iw.kZrk ds fy, lcls vf/kd egÙoiw.kZ

gks x;k gSA

vkSfpR;iw.kZrk dk o.kZu IysVks us vius xzaFk ^fjifCyd* esa ^U;k;&fl)kar* (Theory of Justice) ds vUrxZr fd;k FkkA

vjLrq us dkuwu dh loksZPprk (Supermacy of Law) ds }kjk bl izdkj dk fo'ys"k.k fd;k FkkA eklhZfy;ksa vkWQ

isMqvk (Marsilo of Padua) us laoS/kkfud vk/kkj ij bls Li"V fd;k FkkA tkWu ykWd (John Lock) us lafonk

¼le>kSrk½ rFkk lgefr ds }kjk vkSj :lks (Rousseau) us ^lkekU; bPNk ds fl)kar* (Doctrine of General Will)

}kjk vkSfpR;iw.kZrk dk fopkj lalkj ds lkeus j[kk FkkA vk/kqfud ;qx esa eSDl oscj (Max Weber), dkyZ fLdfeV

(Carl Schimitt) vkSj Qsjks (Fero) uked fo}kuksa us vkSfpR;iw.kZrk ds laca/k esa cgqr xgjkbZ ls fopkj fd;k gSA

vkSfpR;iw.kZrk dh izÑfr (Nature of Legitimacy)

e/; ;qx esa vkSfpR;iw.kZrk dh izÑfr dks vukf/kdkj dk;ks± dh Hkkouk ds :i esa Lohdkj fd;k Fkk] ijUrq vk/kqfud

;qx esa vkSfpR;iw.kZrk ds vFkZ cny x, gSaA bldk igyk dkj.k ;g gS fd izR;sd jkT;&ØkfUr] fonzksg ;k foIyo

dks vko';d :i ls vkSfpR;iw.kZ ugha ekuk tkrkA tc Hkh dksbZ ØkfUr ;k fonzksg lQy gks tkrk gS rks iqjkuh

'kklu&O;oLFkk dh vkSfpR;iw.kZrk dk LFkku vkSfpR;iw.kZrk ds u, fu;eksa }kjk ys fy;k tkrk gSA nwljs]

vkSfpR;iw.kZrk rks lÙkk ds dk;ks± dks U;k; laxr ;k rdZ laxr Bgjkus dk vk/kkj gksrk gSA rhljs] vkSfpR;iw.kZrk dk

vFkZ HkkSfrd fgrksa dh c<+ksrjh djuk gh ugha gksrk] og rks U;k; ds cjkcj gSA blfy,] vkSfpR;iw.kZrk ds fy, dsoy

ekU;rk (Recognition) gh t:jh ugha gksrh] mlesa vkarfjd ,drk (Consolidation) Hkh vko';d gksrh gSA blfy,

vuqHko ;g crkrk gS fd 'kklu lnSo vkSfpR;iw.kZrk dh [kkst esa jgrk gs vkSj mlh ds vk/kkj ij vius vfLrÙo dks

U;k;laxr Bgjkrk gSA

vkSfpR;iw.kZrk ds vk/kkj (Basis of Legitimacy)

vkSfpR;iw.kZrk ds vk/kkjksa dk ge fuEufyf[kr Hkkxksa esa v/;;u dj ldrs gSa%&

1- jk"Vªokn dk vk/kkj (Basis of Nationalism) : vkSfpR;iw.kZrk ds vk/kkjksa dks jk"Vªokn ;k jk"Vªh;rk dh

Hkkouk ,d eq[; vk/kkj gSA jk"Vªokn ds vk/kkj ij vusd jkT;ksa dk fuekZ.k gqvkA lu~ 1971 esa ckaXykns'k

dh LFkkiuk vkSfpR; jk"Vªokn ds vk/kkj ij gqbZ FkhA

2- 'kklu dk vk/kkj fopkj/kkjk ds vuqlkj (Basis of Ideology) : orZeku jkT;ksa esa] Hkys gh mudh 'kklu

O;oLFkk yksdra=h; ;k rkuk'kkgh gks] ns'k dk 'kklu fuf'pr fopkj/kkjkvksa ds vuqlkj pyk;k tkrk gSA

yksdra= esa pquko esa Hkkx ysus okyk izR;sd ny viuh ^pqukoh ?kks"k.kk* (Election Manifesto) esa viuh

fopkj/kkjk dk Li"Vhdj.k djuk gSA ftl ny dk lÙkk izkIr gksrh gS og viuh pqukoh ?kks"k.kk esa ?kksf"kr

fopkj/kkjk dks gh viukrk gS D;ksafd turk us ml fopkj/kkjk dk leFkZu pquko ds nkSjku fd;k Fkk] ,slk

u djus ij turk fojks/k djus yxrh gSA


41

3- jkT; }kjk lqj{kk rFkk lkoZtfud dY;k.k (Security and Public Welfare) : vkSfpR;iw.kZrk dk ,d eq[;

vk/kkj gS fd jkT; vius ukxfjdksa dks lqj{kk iznku djs rFkk mudk vkfFkZd dY;k.k ds fy, iz;Ru djsA

;fn 'kkld oxZ bu dk;ks± dh vogsyuk djsxk rks turk esa vlUrks"k iSnk gksxk] ftlls tuØkfUr rd gks

ldrk gSA turk 'kkldksa dh vkKk mlh fLFkfr esa ekusxh tcfd os vkKk,a vkSfpR;iw.kZ gksxhA

4- 'kklu ds }kjk fo'ks"k dk;Z (Performance of Certain functions) : tgk¡ 'kkld oxZ dks Åij fn, x,

vk/kkjksa dks viukuk pkfg,] ogka bu nks ckrksa dk fo'ks"k /;ku j[kuk pkfg,( ftlls muds dk;Z vkSfpR;iw.kZ

dgs tk ldsasA

¼d½ vius O;ogkj ds fuf'pr LFkkfir fo'oklksa (Established Beliefs) ds vuqlkj viuk,aA

¼[k½ dqN fo'ks"k dk;Z djsaA bldk vFkZ gS&'kkluh; O;oLFkk dk vk/kkj ekuo dY;k.k gksuk pkfg,(

ftldk vk/kkj uSfrdrk (Morality) gksA

vkSfpR;iw.kZrk ds óksr (Sources of Legitimacy)

fHkUu&fHkUu fo}kuksa us vkSfpR;iw.kZrk ds fHkUu&fHkUu L=ksrksa dks ekU;rk nh gS] ftudk mYys[k fuEufyf[kr Hkkxksa esa

fd;k tk ldrk gS&

¼d½ dkyZ tsŒ ÝsMfjd us vkSfpR;iw.kZrk ds ik¡p L=ksr crk, gSa%&

1- /kkfeZd

2- nk'kZfud vkSj U;k;ewyd

3- O;ogkfjd rFkk vuqHkkf"kd

4- ijEijkxr rFkk

5- izfØ;k ewyd

¼[k½ eSDl oscj us rhu izdkj ds óksr vkus gSa%&

1- ijEijk,a

2- dkuwuh ckSf)d lÙkk rFkk

3- usrkvksa ds O;fDrxr dk;Z

¼x½ tkWUl us vkSfpR;iw.kZrk ds lkr óksrksa dks Lohdkj fd;k gS%&

1- vfgalk dh ijEijk

2- /kkfeZd lq/kkj

3- lekt esa lg;ksx dh Hkkouk

4- jktuhfrd rFkk lkekftd laLFkkvksa esa fujUrjrk

5- fufgr ewY; esa fo'okl

6- fuokZpu izfØ;k] Lora=rk rFkk erSD;

7- jktuhfrd fopkj/kkjk dk jkT; dh ifjfLFkfr;ksa ds vuqdwy gksukA

¼?k½ Qjsjks us pkj izdkj ds L=ksrksa dk o.kZu fd;k gS%&

1- fuokZpu ij vk/kkfjr vkSfpR;iw.kZrk

2- ijEijkvksa ij vk/kkfjr vkSfpR;iw.kZrk

jktuhfrd fl)kUr

42

3- yksdra=h; vkSfpR;iw.kZrk

4- dqyhura=h; jktra=kRed vkSfpR;iw.kZrk

Åij fn, x, o.kZu ls Li"V gks tkrk gS fd vkSfpR;iw.kZrk lEiw.kZ jktuhfrd O;oLFkk (Political System) ls

lacaf/kr fl)kar gSA yksdra=h; O;oLFkkvksa esa bldh vko';drk rFkk mi;ksfxrk lcls vf/kd gSa vUr esa ge dg

ldrs gSa fd vkSfpR;iw.kZrk ds vk/kkj ij gh izHkko ^lÙkk* dk :i /kkj.k djrk gSA

vkSfpR;iw.kZrk ds izdkj (Kinds of Legitimacy)

vkSfpR;iw.kZrk ds oxhZdj.k dk dksbZ loZekU; vf/kdkj ugha gSA blfy, fHkUu&fHkUu ys[kdksa us blds fHkUu&fHkUu

izdkjksa dk o.kZu fd;k gS] ;s izdkj fuEufyf[kr gS%&

1- O;fDrxr vkSfpR;iw.kZrk (Personal Legitimacy) : tc fdlh jktuhfrd O;oLFkk esa turk jktuhfrd

usrkvksa rFkk lÙkk/kkjh oxZ ds xq.kksa] fopkjksa rFkk vkn'kks± esa fo'okl j[krh gS vkSj ;g ekurs gq, fd muds

dk;Z mfpr] U;k;laxr rFkk dY;k.kdkjh gS] mudk leFkZu djrh gS rks mls O;fDrxr vkSfpR;iw.kZrk dgk

tkrk gSA

2- oSpkfjd vkSfpR;iw.kZrk ¼oS/krk½ (Ideological Legitimacy) : tc fdlh jktuhfrd O;oLFkk dh oS/krk dk

L=ksr ml O;oLFkk dh fopkj/kkjk ;k lekt esa izpfyr o ekU;rk izkIr ewY; gksa rks ml oSpkfjd

vkSfpR;iw.kZrk dgrs gSaA yksdrkfU=d jktuSfrd O;oLFkkvksa dk vk/kkj O;fDr dh LorU=rk] lekurk]

LorU= çSl] dkuwu dk 'kklu vkSj LorU= U;k;ikfydk vkfn gSA

3- lajpukred vkSfpR;iw.kZrk (Structural Legitimacy) : tc fdlh jktuhfrd O;oLFkk dh vkSfpR;iw.kZrk ;k

óksr ml O;oLFkk dh lajpuk vFkkZr <kapk ;k laLFkk,a gksa rks mls lajpukRed vkSfpR;iw.kZrk dgk tkrk

gSA

MkYQ LVuZ cxZj (Dalf Sten Berger) us vkSfpR;iw.kZrk dk oxhZdj.k fuEufyf[kr oxks± esa fd;k gS&

1- ukxfjd vkSfpR;iw.kZrk (Civil Legitimacy) : ukxfjd vkSfpR;iw.kZrk ml 'kklu dks dgrs gSa ftls ukxfjdkas

dk leFkZu izkIr gksrk gSA vFkkZr 'kkldksa dks 'kfDr turk ds vk/kkj ij izkIr gksrh gSA ;g nSoh

vkSfpR;iw.kZrk ds foijhr gSa D;ksafd blesa 'kkldksa dk leFkZu nSoh 'kfDr ds vk/kkj ij feyrk gSA vjLrq

dk iksfyl] e/; ;qx ds vkfFkZd la?k vkSj vk/kqfud esa lSo/kkfud O;oLFkk;sa blds mnkgj.k gSaA

2- nSoh vkSfpR;iw.kZrk (Divine Legitimacy) : nSoh vkSfpR;iw.kZrk ds vUrxZr jktuhfrd O;oLFkk ;k lÙkk/kkjh

O;fDr dks 'kfDr nSoh vk/kkj ij izkIr gksrh gSA tSls&phu vkSj tkiku es a lezkV dks ^lw;Z dk iq=* (Son of

the God) ekuk tkrk FkkA baXyS.M esa lezkV tsEl us jktkvksa dks i`Foh ij bZ'oj dk izfrfuf/k ekukA

eSDl oscj (Max Weber) us vkSfpR;iw.kZrk ds rhu izdkjksa dk o.kZu fd;k gS tks bl izdkj gS%&

1- dfj'ekRed vkSfpR;iw.kZrk (Charismatic Legitimacy): fdlh Hkh jktuhfrd O;oLFkk

esa yksduk;dksa ds vkd"kZd O;fDrÙo us vge Hkwfedk fuHkkbZ gSA tc turk fdlh lÙkk/kkjh

O;fDr dh vkKkvksa dk ikyu mlds vkd"kZd ,oa izHkko'kkyh O;fDr] mlds dk;ks±] mldh ;ksx;rk] {kerk

ds dkj.k djrh gS rks mls dfj'ekRed vkSfpR;iw.kZrk dgk tkrk gSA tSls& egkRek xka/kh] vczkge fyadu

vkfnA

2- ijEijkxr vkSfpR;iw.kZrk (Traditional Legitimacy): ijEijkxr vkSfpR;iw.kZrk esa

:f<+;ksa] jhfr&fjoktksa vkSj izFkkvksa dk egÙoiw.kZ LFkku gksrk gSA turk }kjk 'kkld dh vkKk dk ikyu

blh vk/kkj ij fd;k tkrk gSA vFkkZr~ jktuhfrd lÙkk dk vk/kkj jhfr&fjokt izFkk,a ,oa ijEijk,a gksrh

gSaaA


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3- dkuwuh&ckSf)d vkSfpR;iw.kZrk (Legal-Rational Legitimacy) : dkuwuh&ckSf)d vkSfpR;iw.kZrk dk rkRi;Z

ml fLFkfr ls gS ftlesa turk jktuhfrd O;oLFkk ;k lÙkk/kkjh O;fDr] vf/kdkjh ,oa inkf/kdkjh vkns'kksa

dh ikyu mldh dkuwuh&ckSf)d {kerk ds vk/kkj ij djrs gSaA dkuwuh&ckSf)d vkSfpR;iw.kZrk dk vk/kkj

lafo/kku gksrk gSA

vkSfpR;iw.kZrk dk ladV (Crisis of Legitimacy)

vkSfpR;iw.kZrk rFkk lkekftd ifjorZu esa xgjk laca/k gSA lekt esa tc dHkh egÙoiw.kZ ifjorZu gksrk gS rks ml

ifjorZu dk izHkko jktuhfrd O;oLFkk ij iM+rk gSA bl rjg ge ikrs gSa fd vkSfpR;iw.kZrk ds ladV rFkk

lkekftd ifjorZu esa xgjk laca/k gSA

vkSfpR;iw.kZrk ds ladV dk vFkZ ;g gS fd jktuhfrd O;oLFkk ;k fdlh laLFkk ds ckjs esa] turk dh lgefr de

gks xbZ ;k lekIr gks xbZ ;k lekIr gksus dh vk'kadk iSnk gks xbZA mnkgj.k ds fy, 1975 esa bafnjk xka/kh }kjk

vkikrdky dh ?kks"k.kk gSA turk esa bafnjk xka/kh ds vkSfpR;iw.kZrk ds laca/k esa 'kadk mRiUu gks xbZ FkhA

vke rkSj ij jktuhfrd O;oLFkk dh vkSfpR;iw.kZrk dh leL;k ds eq[; dkj.k fuEufyf[kr gS%&

fdlh O;oLFkk ls vf/kd vk'kk,a (Many hopes from a system) : tc dHkh ubZ jktuhfrd O;oLFkk dh LFkkiuk

gksrh gS rks turk bl ubZ jktuhfrd O;oLFkk ls dkQh vk'kk,a yxk ysrh gSA mnkgj.k Lo:i tc ekpZ 1977 esa

Hkkjr esa turk ikVhZ ds ljdkj dh LFkkiuk gqbZ rks iwoZ dkaxzsl jkT; ls lrkbZ turk dks cM+h vk'kk Fkh] ij ckn esa

turk ikVhZ ds vkarfjd >xM+s c<+us ds dkj.k leL;k gy u gqbZA turk dh vk'kk /kwfey gqbZ rFkk fQj ls dkaxzsl

lÙkk esa vk xbZA

vkSfpR;iw.kZrk ¼oS/krk½ dks izkIr djus rFkk cuk, j[kus ds lk/ku (Measures to Secure and Maintain Legitimacy)

vFkok

lÙkk oS/k vFkok U;k; ;qDr dsls curh gS (How Authority becomes Legitimate?)

vusd ljdkjh vf/kdkfj;ksa dks lÙkk ;k izkf/kdkj (Authority) dkuwuksa ;k fu;eksa (Rules) ds vuqlkj fn;k tkrk gSA

;fn os dkuwuksa ;k fu;eksa ls vf/kd viuh 'kfDr;ksa dk iz;ksx djsa rks mudh lÙkk ;k izkf/kdkj (Authoriry) oS/k

(Legitimate) ugha jgsxhA Jh ,fjd jks (Eric Rowe) ds vuqlkj] ^^'kfDr dh rjg lÙkk Hkh nwljksa ds O;ogkj dks

izHkkfor djus dk ,d rjhdk gSA ftuds ikl 'kfDr gksrh gS] os nwljksa ij viuh bPNk dks yknus ds fy, cy dk

iz;ksx djrs gSaA lÙkk rFkk 'kfDr izk;% lkFk&lkFk pyrh gSA ftu 'kkldksa dks turk dk O;kid leFkZu izkIr gksrk

gS os Hkh lÙkk ds lgkjs cgqr le; rd 'kklu ugha dj ldrs gSaA mUgsa Hkh le;≤ ij cy iz;ksx djuk iM+rk

gSA**

izR;sd ljdkj dks viuh uhfr;ksa dks euokus ds fy, le;≤ ij cy iz;ksx djuk iM+rk gS] dkuwu ds vuqlkj

iz;ksx gksus ij gh oS/k ekuk tk ldrk gSa dkuwu vkSj fu;eksa ds vuqlkj iz;ksx u gksus ij ;g fgalk dgykrh gS]

vkSj voS/k (Illegitimate) ekuk tk,xkA

,d jktuhfrd O;oLFkk dh vkSfpR;iw.kZrk dks izkIr djus rFkk cuk, j[kus ds dqN mik; vFkok lk/ku gSa tks bl

izdkj gS&

1- jktuhfrd O;oLFkk dh izHkkfodrk (Effectiveness of Political system) : ,lŒ,eŒ fyIlsV (S.M. Lipset)

us viuh iqLrd 'Political Man' esa bl ckr ij cy fn;k gS fd fdlh Hkh jktuhfrd O;oLFkk dh oS/krk

jktuhfrd fl)kUr

44

dh fLFkjrk ds fy, mldk izHkkoh gksuk vko';d gSA bldk vFkZ gS fd yksxksa dks ;g fo'okl gks fd

O;oLFkk mudh HkykbZ ds fy, dk;Z dj jgk gSA

2- dkuwuh O;oLFkk }kjk (By Legal Provisions) : oS/krk dh fLFkfr ds fy, ;g vko';d gS fd jktuhfrd

O;oLFkk dk vk/kkj oS/kkfud gksA jktlÙkk Hkys gh ,d O;fDr ;k O;fDr lewg }kjk izkIr dh xbZ gks ysfdu

mldh LohÑfr O;fDr ;k O;fDr lewg }kjk izkIr dh xbZ gks] ysfdu mldh LohÑfr dk vk/kkj oS/kkfud

gksuk pkfg,A tSls&Hkkjr dks 15 August 1947 dks lÙkk izkIr djuk( bldk vk/kkj oS/kkfud FkkA

3- jktuhfrd O;oLFkk dh ifjorZu'khyrk (Changeability in political system) : fdlh Hkh jktuhfrd

O;oLFkk ds fy, oS/krk dh fLFkfr rHkh cuh jg ldrh gS tc og viuh cnyrh gqbZ lkekftd] vkfFkZd]

jktuhfrd rFkk lkaLÑfrd ifjfLFkfr;ksa ds vuqlkj cny ldsA ,slk u gksus ij oS/krk ds fy, ladV iSnk

gks tkrk gSA

4- ijEijkvksa dks mfpr ekU;rk (Due Recognition to Traditions) : fdlh Hkh jktuhfrd O;oLFkk dh oS/krk

dks cukus ds fy, ;g vko';d gS fd ml ns'k dh ijEijkvksa] jhfr&fjoktksa dks mfpr ekU;rk nh tk,A

;fn dksbZ ifjorZu ijEijkvksa dh iw.kZ vogsyuk djds fd;k tkrk gS rks mlds fy, ladV mRiUu gksuk

LokHkkfod gSA

5- futh peRdkjh xq.k (Personal charismatic traits) : fdlh Hkh jktuhfrd O;oLFkk dh oS/krk ds fy,

peRdkjh usr`Ùo] ,d cgqr gh egÙoiw.kZ rÙo gksrk gSA bl rÙo ls jktuhfrd O;oLFkk dks pkj&pkan yx

tkrs gSaA orZeku le; esa bl rÙo dk egÙo cgqr vf/kd gks x;k gSA

7- yksdrkaf=d <kapk (Democratic Structure) : fdlh Hkh jktuhfrd O;oLFkk dh oS/krk dks cuk, j[kus ds

fy, ;g vko';d gS fd og yksdrkaf=d <k¡ps ij vk/kkfjr gksA bldk vfHkizk; ;g gS fd lÙkk turk esa

fufgr gks] ns'k dk 'kklu fuokZfpr izfrfuf/k;ksa }kjk pyk;k tk, rFkk dkuwu dk 'kklu gksA

8- jktuhfrd laLFkkvksa dk l'kL= lsukvksa ls vyxko (Separation of Political Institutions from Armed

Forces) : çk; ;g ns[kk x;k gS fd ftl jkT;ksa esa jktuhfrd ç.kkyh oS/krk lEcfU/kr FkksM+h lh 'kadk ij

lSfud Økafr gks tkrh gS vkSj lSfud rkuk'kkgh LFkkfir gks tkrh gS tSls ikfdLrku esa gSA blfy;s dgk

tkrk gS fd 'kklu ç.kkyh ds vkSfpR; dks dk;e j[kus vkSj lSfud [krjs ls cpus ds fy;s ;g vko';d

gS fd l'kL= lsukvksa dks jktuhfrd laLFkkvksa ls vyx j[kk tk;sA

vkSfpR;iw.kZrk dk 'kfDr rFkk lÙkk ls laca/k (Relationship of Legitimacy with Power and Authority)

izfl) fo}ku jksos (Rowe) ds erkuqlkj lÙkk] 'kfDr vkSj izHkko vkfn dk vkSfpR;iw.kZrk ds lkFk cgqr ?kfu"B laaca/k

gSa] os rHkh izHkkoh ;k dkjxj gks ldrh gSa tcfd os vkSfpR;iw.kZ gksA lÙkk esa cSBs O;fDr dks jktuhfrd fu.kZ; ysus

dk vf/kdkj gksrk gS vkSj bl rjg 'kkludÙkkZ vius ns'k ds ukxfjdksa ;k fuokfl;ksa ds thou dks izHkkfor djrs gSaA

ysfdu ;g mUgsa blfy, izkIr ugha gks tkrk fd muds ikl neudkjh 'kfDr gS] cfYd og blfy, izHkkoh gksrk gS

fd lkekU; turk dh LohÑfr mUgsa izkIr gSA

eSDl oscj us lÙkk vkSj vkSfpR;iw.kZrk ds xgjs laca/kksa dk o.kZu cgqr Li"Vrk ds lkFk fd;k gSA mudk dguk

gS fd jktuhfrd ny vkSj muds usrk vius izHkko dks vkSfpR;iw.kZrk ds ek/;e ls gh lÙkk esa cnyus dh

dksf'k'k djrs gSaA blfy, lÙkk] izHkko dk lcls dq'ky :i gksus ds lkFk&lkFk mldk vk/kkj vkSfpR;iw.kZrk gh

gksrk gSA

VhŒ,pŒ xzhu (T.H. Green) us tc jkT; dk vk/kkj ^'kfDr u gksdj bPNk* (Will, not force, is the basis of state)

crk;k Fkk rks mldk vFkZ ;gh Fkk fd 'kklu turk dh lgefr vkSj LohÑfr ij vk/kkfjr gksrk gSA bldk Li"V

mnkgj.k lu~ 1971 ds Hkkjr ikd ;q) ds ckn ikfdLrku esa ;k?kk [kka dh lSfud lÙkk dk iruA


45

fu"d"kZ (Conclusion) : Åij fn, x, fooj.k ls ;g Li"V gS fd lÙkk ds fy, vkSfpR;iw.kZrk ,d cgqr vf/kd

vko';d rÙo gSA yksdrkaf=d O;oLFkk dk rks ;g ewy vk/kkj gSA ;|fi vkSfpR;iw.kZrk dk vFkZ ;g ugha gS fd

turk izR;sd iz'kklfud ekeys ij iwjh rjg ,der gksA ;g u rks laHko gS vkSj bls mfpr dgk tk ldrk gSA

yksdrkaf=d O;oLFkk esa ,d lhek rd erHsn rks yksdra= dh lQyrk ds fy, vko';d le>k tkrk gsA ijUrq bu

ijLij fojks/kh fopkjksa esa rkyesy cSBkuk Hkh vko';d gSA


fuca/kkRed ç'u (Essay Type Questions) 1- vkSfpR;iw.kZrk dk vFkZ rFkk egÙo dk o.kZu dhft,A

Explain the meaning and importance of legitimacy.

2- vkSfpR;iw.kZrk dh ifjHkk"kk nhft,A bldh eq[; fo'ks"krk,a D;k gSa\

Define legitimacy? Discuss its characteristics.

3- vkSfpR;iw.kZrk dk D;k vFkZ gS\ blds vk/kkjksa rFkk L=ksrksa dk o.kZu dhft,A

What is meant by legitimacy? Discuss its basis and sources.

4- vkSfpR;iw.kZrk ds fodkl dks le>kb;sA vkSfpR;iw.kZrk ds fofHkUu izdkjksa dk o.kZu dhft,A

Discuss the evolution of the concept of legitimacy. Describe the various kind of legitmacy.

5- vkSfpR;iw.kZrk ds ladV dk D;k vFkZ gS\ vkSfpR;iw.kZrk dks fdl izdkj cuk, j[kk tk ldrk gS\

What do you mean by the crisis of legitimacy? How can legitimacy can be secured and maintained?

6- vkSfpR;iw.kZrk dk 'kfDr rFkk lÙkk ds lkFk laca/k crkvksA

Discuss the relationship of legitimacy with power and authority.

7- vkSfpR;iw.kZrk dk D;k vFkZ gS\ bldks fdl izdkj izkIr fd;k rFkk cuk, j[kk tk ldrk gS\

Define legitimacy. How can legitimacy can be secured and maintained?

jktuhfrd fl)kUr

46

v/;k; 5 fof'k"V&oxZ ¼vfHktu½ rFkk fof'k"V& oxZ ds fl)kar (Elite and Theories of Elite) fof'k"V&oxZ ¼vfHktu½ dk vFkZ

fof'k"V oxZ ds y{k.k

jktuhfrd fof'k"V&oxZ ds izdkj

fof'k"V&oxZ ds fl)kUr

fof'k"V&oxZ ds fofHkUu fl)kUrksa ds leku y{k.k ¼fo'ks"krk,a½

fof'"V&oxZ ds fl)kUr dh vkykspuk

yksdra= dk fof'k"V&oxZoknh fl)kUr

yksdra= ds fof'k"V oxhZ; fl)kUr dh izeq[k fo'ks"krk,a

izR;sd 'kklu O;oLFkk esa] pkgs mldk Lo:i fujadq'k vFkok lokZf/kdkjoknh ;k yksdrkaf=d gks] 'kklu dh 'kfDr

dqN gh yksxksa ds gkFkksa esa dsfUnzr gksrh gS vkSj lk/kkj.k turk mudk vknj vkSj lEeku djrh gSA orZeku

yksdrkaf=d O;oLFkk dks turk dh] turk }kjk rFkk turk ds fy,* (Government of the people, by the people

and for the people) dgk tkrk gS] ijUrq O;ogkj esa og turk ds ,d fof'k"V oxZ dh ljdkj gksrh gSA bl oxZ esa

dqN ,sls fof'k"V O;fDr gksrs gSa tks viuh cqf)] ;ksX;rk] lÙkk] izHkko vFkok O;ogkj ds dkj.k lekt esa ,d fo'ks"k

LFkku j[krs gSa vkSj vius bUgha xq.kksa ds dkj.k ;k ifjfLFkfr;ksa ds dkj.k lekt ds d.kZ/kkj ds :i esa izfrf"Br gks

tkrs gSaA jktuhfrd O;oLFkk esa ;k rks os [kqn fu.kZ; ysrs gSa ;k fu.kZ; ysus okys ds lkFk ?kfu"B :i ls tqM+s gksrs

gSaaA lk/kkj.kr;k dqN yksxksa dk ;g oxZ gh fof'k"V oxZ (Elite) dgykrk gSA bl izdkj ds oxZ dks fofHkUu fo}kuksa

}kjk fHkUu&fHkUu ukeksa ls iqdkjk tkrk gS] tks bl izdkj gS&fof'k"V oxZ (Elite), jktuhfrd fof'k"V oxZ (Political

Elite), fof'k"V 'kkld oxZ (Ruling Elite), iz'kkldh; fof'k"V&oxZ (Governing Elite), 'kfDr fof'k"V&oxZ (Power

Elite), vkfFkZd fof'k"V oxZ (Economic Elite) rFkk mPp usr`Ùo (Top leadership) vkfnA

yksdra=h; 'kklu O;oLFkk esa turk dk 'kklu gksrk gSA ijUrq bl ij vxj ge xEHkhjrk iwoZd fopkj djrs gSa rks

ge ikrs gSa fd ;g ^lc dk 'kklu* dh ctk; ^dqN dk 'kklu* fn[kkbZ nsrk gSA okLro esa lc ds uke ij dqN gh

'kklu djrs gSaA fu.kZ; izfØ;k esa lk/kkj.k yksxksa dks vyx vFkok ckgj j[kk tkrk gSA ;g fu.kZ; ysus okyksa vkSj

fu.kZ; izfØ;k ls izR;{k ;k vizR;{k <ax ls tqM+s gq, yksxksa dk NksVk lk oxZ jktuhfrd fof'k"V&oxZ (Political

Elite) ds uke ls tkuk tkrk gSA ,sls vYila[;d oxZ izR;sd ns'k rFkk gj izdkj dh 'kklu O;oLFkk esa ik, tkrs

gSaA

fof'k"V&oxZ ¼vfHktu½ dk vFkZ (Meaning of Elite)

'kCndks"k ds vuqlkj] ^^fof'k"V&oxZ** (Elite) 'kCn dk vFkZ gS&^tula[;k esa pquk x;k rÙo* (The chosen element in

population) bl izdkj lekt esa dqN pqus gq, O;fDr;ksa ds lewg dks fof'k"V&oxZ dgk tkrk gSA ;s lekt ds dqN

fof'k"V&oxZ ¼vfHktu½ rFkk fof'k"V&oxZ ds fl)kar

47

,sls O;fDr gksrs gSa tks viuh cqf)] ;ksX;rk] izHkko vFkok ifjfLFkfr;ksa ds dkj.k lekt esa vU; O;fDr;ksa ls dqN

mPp LFkku j[krs gSaA lekt ds fof'k"V&oxZ tSls&uxj dk fof'k"V&oxZ] odhyksa dk fof'k"V oxZ] MkDVjksa dk

fof'k"V oxZ] v/;kidksa dk fof'k"V oxZ] ;gka rd ifjokj esa fof'k"V oxZA jktuhfrd 'kfDr dk iz;ksx tks oxZ djrs

gSa oks jktuhfrd {ks= ds vUrxZr fof'k"V oxZ esa vkrs gSaA

fofHkUu fo}kuksa }kjk fof'k"V oxZ dh fHkUu&fHkUu ifjHkk"kk,a nh xbZ gSa] tks bl izdkj gSa%&

1- tsfj;UV lhŒ isjh (C. Pary) ds vuqlkj] ^^fof'k"V&oxZ os vYila[;d yksx gSa tks jktuhfrd ,oa lkekftd

ekeyksa ij vfuok;Z :i ls egRoiw.kZ izHkko j[krs gSaA**

2- lhŒ jkbZV feYl (C. Wright Mills) ds vuqlkj] ^^fof'k"V&oxZ ds O;fDr gksrs gSa tks vkKk nsus okys inksa ij

vklhu gksrs gSaA**

3- izsLFkl (Presthus) ds vuqlkj] ^^fof'k"V&oxZ vYila[;k esa fof'k"V usrk gksrs gSa tks lkeqnkf;d fo"k;ksa esa

vuqikr ls vf/kd 'kfDr j[krs gSaA**

4- lwtu dSyj (Suzane Keller) ds vuqlkj] ^^fof'k"V&oxZ os vYila[;d gksrs gSa tks bu fofHkUu vkcaVuksa esa

,d ;k ,d ls vf/kd {ks=kksa esa viuh Js"Brk ds cy ij 'ks"k lekt ls Js"Brk izkIr fd, tkrs gSaA**

5- ykloSy (Laswell) ds vuqlkj] ^^jktuhfrd fof'k"V&oxZ ,d jktuhfrd O;oLFkk esa 'kfDr j[kus okyksa dk

oxZ gksrk gSA lÙkk/kkfj;ksa esa usrk rFkk os lkekftd laxBu gksrs gSa] ftuesa ls usrk vkrs gSa vkSj ftuds izfr

mÙkjnkf;Ùo dks ,d fuf'pr vof/k ds nkSjku dk;e j[kk tkrk gSA

6- isjsVks (Pareto), ftUgsa fof'k"V oxZ dh vo/kkkj.kk dks yksdfiz; cukus dk ,d Js; tkrk gS] us nks fof'k"V

oxZ dh ifjHkk"kk,a nh gSaA buesa ls ,d foLr`r ifjHkk"kk gS tks lEiw.kZ lkekftd fof'k"V&oxZ ls lacaf/kr gSA

¼d½ foLr`r vFkZ esa isjsVks (Pareto) ds vuqlkj] ^^fof'k"V oxZ esa FkksM+h la[;k esa O;fDr gksrs gSa tks thou

ds izR;sd {ks= esa lQy gksrs gSa vkSj ftUgsa O;olkf;d Øe esa mPp vFkok Js"B LFkku izkIr gksrk

gSA**

¼[k½ isjsVks (Pareto) ds vuqlkj] ^^'kkldh; fof'k"V&oxZ esa os dqN yksx 'kkfey gksrs gSa tks lQy gksrs

gSa vkSj tks jktuhfrd rFkk lkekftd :i esa 'kkldh; dk;Z djrs gSaA

Åij nh xbZ ifjHkk"kkvksa ds vk/kkj ij ge dg ldrs gSa fd fof'k"V&oxZ ¼jktuhfrd fof'k"V&oxZ½ vYila[;dksa dk

,slk lewg gS tks izR;sd lekt vFkok jktuhfrd O;oLFkk esa 'kfDr dk iz;ksx djrk gSA

fof'k"V oxZ ds y{k.k (Characteristics of Elite)

vfHktu lekt ,d fof'k"V oxZ gksrk gS] ftldk izeq[k dk;Z lkekftd] vkfFkZd vkSj jktuhfrd thou ds fofHkUu

{ks=kksa esa lekt dks usr`Ùo iznku djuk gksrk gSA isjsVks us viuh jpuk 'The Mind and Society', lhŒ jkbV feYl

us 'The Power Elite', eksLdk us 'The Ruling Elite' vkSj VhŒohŒ ckWVkseksj us 'Elites and society' esa vfHktu oxZ dk

iw.kZ foospu izLrqr fd;k gSA bu fofHkUu jpukvksa ds vk/kkj ij vfHktu oxZ dh dqN fo'ks"krkvksa dk mYys[k fd;k

tk ldrk gS] tks fuEufyf[kr izdkj gS&

1- fof'k"V&oxZ dk fo'ks"k egÙo (Special importance of the elite) : izR;sd jktuhfrd O;oLFkk esa fof'k"V

oxZ dk fo'ks"k LFkku izkIr gksrk gSA ;g oxZ ns'k dh jktuhfrd n'kk dks fuf'pr djrk gS vkSj bl y{;

dks izkIr djus ds fy, lk/ku fuf'pr djrk gSA bl oxZ dks turk dk fo'okl rFkk leFkZu Hkh izkIr

gksrk gSA

2- egÙokdka{kh lewg (Elite are ambitions group) : fof'k"V oxZ dh vU; fo'ks"krk gS fd ;s lnL; cgqr

egRodka{kh gksrs gSaA os lk/kkj.k turk dh vKkurk rFkk muds va/kfo'okl dk iwjk ykHk mBkrs gSaA

jktuhfrd fl)kUr

48

3- lekt ds lHkh {ks=ksa esa fof'k"V&oxZ (Elite are found in every field) : fof'k"V&oxZ lekt ds izR;sd {ks=

esa ik, tkrs gSaA tSls fd lkekftd thou ds fofHkUu {ks=ksa esa vkfFkZd fof'k"V&oxZ] lkekftd fof'k"V&oxZ]

jktuhfrd fof'k"V&oxZ] /kkfeZd fof'k"V&oxZ rFkk lSfud fof'k"V&oxZA

4- fof'k"V&oxZ LFkk;h ugha gksrk (Elite are not permanent) : fdlh Hkh jktuhfrd O;oLFkk esa jktuhfrd

fof'k"V&oxZ lnk ds fy, fLFkj ugha jgrkA bldk Lo:i ifjorZu'khy gksrk gSA lekt esa vkus okys

ifjorZu lnSo fof'k"V&oxZ ds Lo:i esa ifjorZu ykrs gSaA mnkgj.k ds rkSj ij ,d ijEijkxr lekt esa

ukrsnkjh vFkok ikfjokfjd fLFkfr fof'k"V&oxZ dks vk/kkj iznku djrh gSA

ouhZ (Verney) us fy[kk gS] ^^,d vk/kqfud yksdra=h; lekt esa fof'k"V&oxZ fo'ks"kkf/kdkj dh viuh

foy{k.k fLFkfr ds fy, turk }kjk nh xbZ ekU;rk rFkk lEeku dk _.kh gksrk gS] ;fn lekt vius ewY;ksa

dk ekin.M cny ys] mnkgj.k ds fy, ;fn lkezkT; ds ;qx dk LFkku rduhdh dk ;qx ys ys rks

O;fDr;ksa ds ,d vyx lewg dks lEeku rFkk vknj fn;k tkrk gS vkSj os jk"Vª ds fof'k"V&oxZ dk fuekZ.k

djrs gSaA**

blds vfrfjDr fof'k"V&oxZ dh lnL;rk le; dh xfr vkSj vU; ifjfLFkfr;ksa ds dkj.k cnyrh jgrh

gSA 'kkld ny ds izcy jktuhfrd usrk jktuhfrd fof'k"V&oxZ dk fuekZ.k djrs gSa] tcfd fojks/kh ny

ds izcy usrkvksa ds lkewfgd :i dks fojks/kh fof'k"V&oxZ (Counter Political Elite) dgk tkrk gSA bl

izokg dh vo/kkj.kk dks ^fof'k"V&oxZ ds izokg dh vo/kkj.kk* (Concept of circulation of Elite) dgk tkrk

gSA

5- vYila[;d lewg (A Minority group) : fof'k"V&oxZ esa lekt ds dqN FkksM+s ls pqfuUnk (Select few)

yksx gksrs gSa tks lHkh jktuhfrd laLFkkvksa ij fu;a=.k j[krs gSa rFkk 'kklu O;oLFkk ds fy, lHkh

jktuhfrd fu.kZ; ysrs gSaA IysVks vkSj vjLrq us dgk gS fd 'kklu djus ds xq.k rks dsoy dqN gh O;fDr;ksa

esa gksrs gSa vkSj ,sls yksxksa dk tUe gh 'kklu djus ds fy, gksrk gSA

eksfjl fMiksŒ cjtj us fy[kk gS fd if'pe yksdra=h; iz.kkyh (Western Democratic System) dks ^yksxksa

dk] yksxksa }kjk rFkk yksxksa ds fy, 'kklu* dguk mfpr ugha gSA bldh mis{kk bls ^yksxksa dk vkSj yksxksa esa

ls fodflr gq, fof'k"V&oxZ* (Government of the people by an elite sprung from the people) dguk

vf/kd mfpr gksxkA

6- Js"B oxZ ¼fof'k"V&oxZ½ dh vo/kkj.kk euq";ksa dh izkÑfrd vlekurk ds fl)kar ij vk/kkfjr (The

concept of elite is based on the natural inequality of man) : fof'k"V&oxZ dh vo/kkj.kk bl fl)kar ij

vk/kkfjr gS fd euq";ksa esa izkÑfrd :i ls vlekurk ikbZ tkrh gSA ;g /kkj.kk bl fopkj ij vk/kkfjr gS

fd lekt esa nks izdkj ds oxZ gksrs gSaA ,d og oxZ ftlesa 'kklu djus vkSj yksxksa ij usr`Ùo djus dh

;ksx;rk jgrh gSA nwljk og oxZ gS ftuesa usr`Ùo djus vkSj jktuhfrd fu.kZ; ysus dh ;ksX;rk ugha jgrhA

blesa izFke oxZ gh fof'k"V&oxZ dgykrk gSA

7- jktuhfrd fof'k"V&oxZ u rks vYira= gS vkSj u gh dqyhura= gS (Political elite neither oligarchy nor

aristocracy) : ;|fi ,d jktuhfrd O;oLFk esa fof'k"V&oxZ ds lnL;ksa dh la[;k cgqr de gksrh gS vkSj

vYira= (oligarchy) rFkk dqyhura= (Aristocracy) Hkh dqN fof'k"V O;fDr;ksa dh ljdkjsa gh gksrh gSa] ijUrq

fQj Hkh dqN fof'k"V oxZ u rks vYira= vkSj u gh dqyhura= gksrk gSA bu rhuksa ds vUrj dks Li"V djrs

gq, Mxyl ohŒ ouhZ (D. V. Verney) us fy[kk gS] ^^,slk izrhr gksrk gS fd ,d fof'k"V oxhZ; 'kklu esa

vYira=h; 'kklu vkSj dqyhura=h; 'kklu nksuksa dh fo'ks"krkvksa dk feJ.k gksrk gS( ijUrq blls budks ,d

tSlk ugha le> ysuk pkfg,A vYira= dh rjg ;g vYila[;d gksrk gS] vkSj dqyhura= dh rjg blesa

Js"B yksx gksrs gSa( ijUrq blesa u rks vYira= dk LokFkZiu vkSj vius vkidks LFkkbZ cukus dh Hkkouk gksrh

gS vkSj u gh bles dqyhura= dh BkV&ckV ¼fn[kkok½ vkSj ncnck gksrk gSA**


49

tsŒ lhŒ tksgjh (J.C. Johri) ds vuqlkj] ^^vUrj dh js[kk bl rF; ls Li"V gksrh gS fd fof'k"V oxhZ;

'kklu esa ijEijkxr HkO;rk rFkk vkRe&fuR;rk dh izo`fÙk nksuksa dh deh gS tks vYira= rFkk dqyhura=

uke ls iqdkjs tkus okys jkT;ksa ds eq[; y{k.k gksrs gSaA**

jktuhfrd fof'k"V&oxZ ds izdkj (Kinds of Political Elite)

^vfHktu* lekt ds izR;sd {ks= esa ik, tkrs gSaA jktuhfrd {ks= esa vxz.kh yksxksa dks ^jktuhfrd vfHktu* dgrs gSSaA

blh izdkj /kkfeZd {ks= esa /kkfeZd vfHktu gksrs gSa] ftUgsa /keZ ds {ks= esa vius ykxksa ij jktuhfrd vfHktuksa ls Hkh

vf/kd vf/kdkj izkIr gksrk gSA /kkfeZd izo`fÙk dk yksxksa ds gksus ds dkj.k yksx budh vkKk dk ikyu djrs gSaa blh

izdkj cqf)thfo;ksa dk Hkh ,d vyx ls vfHktuoxZ gksrk gSA iz'kklfud yksxksa dk Hkh viuk vfHktu oxZ gksrk gSA

vr% Li"V gS fd O;fDr ds thou ls lacaf/kr izR;sd {ks= ds vfHktu lewg gksrs gSaA

lk/kkj.kr% mu yksxksa dks gh jktuhfrd vfHktu ¼fof'k"V&oxZ½ eku fy;k tkrk gS tks lÙkk lajpuk (Power

Structure) ds f'k[kj ij gksrs gSaA

jktuhfrd fof'k"V&oxZ ¼vfHktu½ ds nks :i ekus x, gSa ftudk foospu fuEufyf[kr izdkj ls gS&

1- dkmUVj ,sfyV (Counter Elite) : dkmUVj ,sfyV dk rkRi;Z mu yksxksa ds lewg ls gksrk gS tks vc lÙkk

esa ugha gS ijUrq ,d le; lÙkk esa jg pqds gSaA ;s os yksx gksrs gSa tks leqfpr volj vkus ij lÙkk Hkh

laHkky ldrs gSaA ;s fu.kZ; izfØ;k esa 'kkfey u jgdj Hkh fu.kZ; izfØ;k dks izHkkfor djrs gSaA 'kkldh;

vfHktu (Governing Elite) lÙkk izkIr fd, gksrk gS tcfd dkmUVj ,sfyV lÙkk ds pkjksa vksj gksrk gSA

2- xofu±x ;k ikoj ,sfyV (Governing or Power Elite) : xofu±x ;k ikoj ,sfyV ,sls yksxksa dk lewg gksrk

gSA mUgsa lÙkk fof/kor :i ls izkIr gksrh gSA ;s vkSipkfjd :i ls fu.kZ; ysrs gSa vkSj mUgsa ykxw Hkh djrs

gSaA buds fu.kZ;ksa dk ikyu u gksus dh fLFkfr esa ;s cy dk Hkh iz;ksx djrs gSaa ;s cgqla[;d oxZ ls viuh

vyx igpku cuk, j[krs gSaA ;s turk ij viuk izHkqRo tekus ds fy, /kks[kk/kM+h] euksjatu rFkk >wBs

vk'oklu tSls lk/kuksa dk iz;ksx djrs gSaA

mijksDr nks izdkj ds jktuhfrd fof'k"V&oxZ ds vfrfjDr fuEufyf[kr rhu izdkj ds fof'k"V oxZ Hkh ik, tkrs

gSa%&

1- u;k fof'k"V oxZ ¼The New Elite½&vk/kqfud vFko u;k fof'k"V oxZ vkS|ksxhdj.k dh mRifÙk gSA

vkS|ksfxd Økafr ds ifj.kkeLo:i cMs+&cMs+ vkS|ksfxd ?kjkuksa rFkk O;kikjh lewgksa dk mn; gqvkA dbZ

lQy m|ksxifr;ksa us vius /ku rFkk Lkk/ku ds cy ij fof'k"V&oxZ ds :i esa dke djuk vkjEHk dj

fn;kA ;s ns'k dh jktuhfr dks izHkkfor djrs gSa vkSj dHkh&dHkh jktuhfrd fu.kZ; djus vkSj cnyus esa

egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkkrs gSaA

2- ijEijkxr fof'k"V&oxZ (Traditional Elite)&ijEijkxr fof'k"V&oxZ ml oxZ dks dgrs gSa tks ijEijkxr

ewY;ksa ds vk/kkj ij 'kfDr] lÙkk vFkok izHkko dk iz;ksx djrk gS ,sls fof'k"V oxZ ds 'kfDr ds eq[; L=ksr

tehu&tk;nkn] ikfjokfjd Lrj rFkk fofHkUu /keksZa ds eqf[k;k vkfn gksrs gSaA bl Js.kh esa izk;% fj;klrksa ds

jktdqekj] tehankj] /kkfeZd usrk] uokc vkfn vkrs gSA tkek&efLtn dk 'kkgh beke] ve`rlj ds

Lo.kZeafnj ds lapkyd vkfn ,sls fof'k"V oxZ ds mnkgj.k gSA

3- dqyhu fof'k"V&oxZ (Nobles)&dqyhu fof'k"V&oxZ izk;% mu ns'kksa esa ik;k tkrk gS ftuesa jktra= gS vFkok

dHkh jktra= ekStqn FkkA baXySaM+ tkiku rFkk Ýkal vkfn ns'kkas esa bl Js.kh ds fof'k"V&oxZ cM+h la[;k esa

Hkjk iM+k gSA ogk¡ ij 'kkgh ifjokj ds lnL; Hkh bl Js.kh esa vkrs gSA Hkkjr esa MkŒ d.kZ flag] ek/kojko

flaf/k;k] ohŒ ihŒ flag] vtqZu flag baXySaM esa gkml vkWQ ykMZ (House of Lords) vkSj jktk] jkuh vkSj

jktdqekj bR;kfn blds mnkgj.k gSA

jktuhfrd fl)kUr

50

fof'k"V&oxZ ds fl)kUr (Theories of Elite)

;|fi fof'k"V&oxZ ds lEca/k esa fofHkUu fo}kuksa us vius fl)kUr is'k fd, gS] rFkkfi lHkh fo}ku bl ckr ij

lger gS fd izR;sd lekt esa okLrfod 'kfDr FkksM+s ls fof'k"V O;fDr;ksa ds gkFkksa esa gksrh gSa izR;sd lekt esa

vYila[;dks dk 'kklu gksrk gs] ftuesa 'kklu djus dh ;sX;rk rFkk {kerk gksrh gSA bl ckr dk leZFku djrs gq,

MkWŒ ,lŒ ihŒ oekZ (S.P. Verma) us fy[kk gS] ^^ ;s lHkh fl)kUr bl i{k esa gS fd izR;sd lekt mu vYila[;dksa

}kjk 'kkflr gksrk gS tks lEiw.kZ lekftd rFkk jktuhfrd 'kfDr dks lEHkkyus ds fy, vko';d xq.k j[krs gSA os]

tks 'kh"kZ esa igq¡p tkrs gSa] loksZÙke gksrs gSaA mUgsa fof'k"V oxZ dgk tkrk gSaA fof'k"V&oxZ mu lQy O;fDr;ksa ls

curs gSa tks lekt ds izR;sd O;olk; rFkk bldh izR;sd ijr esa 'kh"kZ rd igq¡p tkrs gSaA odhyksa dk ,d

fof'k"V&oxZ gksrk gS] dkjhxjksa dk ,d oxZ gksrk gSa ;gk¡ rd fd pksjksa os';kvksa dk Hkh ,d fof'k"V&oxZ gksrk gSA**

fof'k"V&oxZ ds eq[; fl)kUr fuEufyf[kr gS%

1- foYQsMksa isjsVks dk fof'k"V oxZ fl)kUr ¼1848&1923½ (Elite Theory of Villfred Pareto (1848-1923)

isjsVks bVyh dk ,d izfl) lekt'kkL=h FkkA mlus viuh iqLrd 'The Mind and Society' esa vius fof'k"V oxZ

lEca/kh fl)kUr dh foLr`r O;k[;k dh gSA ijsVks dk fof'k"V oxhZ; fl)kUr bl fopkj ij vk/kkfjr gS fd euq";

viuh ewy ;ksX;rkvksa o {kerkvksa esa ,d nwljs ls fHkUu gksrsa gSa vkSj ;g fo'ks"krk lekt esa vlekurk dks vfuok;Z

cuk nsrh gSA ijsVks ds vuqlkj os O;fDr tks vius dk;Z{ks= ds vUrZxr lcls vf/kd mPp {ks.kh ij gSa] os gh fof'k"V

oxZ gksrs gSA

isjsVks (Pareto) ds vuqlkj] izR;sd lekt dh tula[;k dks nks oxksZ esa foHkkftr fd;k tk ldrk gS&fuEu oxZ

(Lower Stratum) rFkk mPp oxZ (Higher Stratum)A fuEu oxZ esa lk/kkj.k turk rFkk mPp oxZ esa fof'k"V oxZ ds

yksx 'kkfey gksrs gSA fof'k"V oxZ fQj nks Js.kh esa ck¡Vk x;k gS& 'kkldh; fof'k"V oxZ (Governing Elik) rFkk xSj

'kkldh; fof'k"V oxZ (Non-Governing Elite)—

fof'k"V&oxZ ds lapkyu dh /kkj.kk

(Concept of the Circulation of Elite)

isjsVks (Pareto) dk dguk gS fd **bfrgkl dqyhura=ksa dk dfczLRkku gS** ¼History is the graveyard of aristocracies ½

mlds vuqlkj iqjkus fof'k"V oxZ lnk viuk LFkku] u, fof'k"V oxZ dks nsrs gSA os ifjorZu 'khy gksrs gS] fLFkj ugha

gksrsA

isjsVks ¼Pareto½ ds vuqlkj] ^^izR;sd lekt esa O;fDr vkSj fof'k"V oxZ vuojr :i ls Å¡ps Lrj ls uhps Lrj dh

vksj] uhps Lrj ls Å¡ps Lrj dh vksj vkrs tkrs jgrs gSaA irudkjd rÙoksa dh la[;k c<+rh jgrh gSA vkSj nwljh

vksj] 'kkflr oxksZ esa Å¡ps xq.kksa ls lEiUu rÙo mHkjrs jgrs gSA** ijsVks ¼Pareto½ dk dguk gS fd ^^bl izfØ;k ds

ek/;e ls lekt dk izR;sd fof'k"V&oxZ vUrr% u"V gks tkrk gS vkSj mlds LFkku ij nwljs yksx vk tkrs gSaA**

;g fof'k"V&oxZ ds lapkyu ¼Circulation of Elite½ dk fl)kUr gSA isjsVks ¼Poreto½ dk ;g dguk gS fd

^fof'k"V&oxZ dk ifjpyu^ (Circulation of Elite) vko';d gS rFkk bldk vHkkZo ?kkrd gSa isjsVks us dgk gS] ^^Økafr

rc gksrh gS] tc O;fDr;ksa dh fLFkfr esa ifjorZu dh xfr cgqr /kheh gks tkrh gSA **¼Revolution occurs when rate

of circulation of individuals in too low.)**

2- xSVsuksa eksLdk dk fof'k"V&oxZ dk fl)kUr ¼1858&1941½ (Elite Theory of Gaetano Mosca (1858-1941)


51

isjsVks dh Hkkafr eksLdk Hkh ,d bVkfy;u fo}ku Fkk] ftlus viuh iqLrd ^^The Ruling Class** esa vius fof'k"V

oxhZ; fl)kUr dk izfriknu fd;k gSA eksLdk dk dguk gS fd fo'o esa dsoy ,d gh izdkj dh ljdkj dk;Z'khy

gS vkSj og gS ^vYira=* ¼Oligerchy½A eksLdk ¼Mosca½ dk dguk gS] ^^de fodflr lekt ls ysdj iw.kZr fodflr

lekt rd izR;sd lekt esa yksxksa ds lnSo nks oxZ mHkjrs gSa&,d oxZ tks 'kklu djrk gS vkSj nqljk oxZ tks

'kkflr gksrk gSA igyk oxZ tks lnSo de la[;k esa gksrk gS] lHkh jktuhfrd dk;Z djrk gS] 'kfDr ij ,dkf/kdkj

j[krk gS vkSj 'kfDr }kjk yk, x, ykHk dk vkuan ysrk gS] tcfd nwljk oxZ] ftlesa cgqr vf/kd la[;k esa yksx

gksrs gS( igys }kjk funsZf'kr ,oa fu;af=r fd;k tkrk gS] FkksMk ;k cgqr dkuwuh <ax ls rFkk cgqr LosPNkkdkjh rFkk

fgald <+ax ls vkSj igys igys dks] dke ls de fn[kkus ds fy,] thfodk ds HkkSfrd lk/ku rFkk jktuhfrd ra= dh

psruk ds fy, vfuok;Z drZO; lk/ku iznku djrk gSA**

eksLdk ¼Mosca½ us vkxs fy[kk gS] ^^ftruk cM+k jktuhfrd leqnk; gksxk] 'kkldh; vYila[;dksa dk vuqikr mruk

gh de gksxk vkSj cgqla[;dksa ds fy, 'kkflr gksuk vf/kd dfBu gksxkA**

3- jkcVZ fe'kYl dk fof'k"V&oxZ fl)kUr ¼1876&1936½ (Elite Theory of Robert Michels (1857-1936)

fof'k"V oxZ ds lacU/k esa jkcVZ fe'kYl }kjk ,d u, fl)kUr dk izfriknu fd;k x;k gS] ftls mUgksaus ^vYira= ds

ykSg fu;e* (Iron Law of Oligarchy) dk uke fn;k gSA blds vuqlkj izR;sd lekt dks ,d fof'k"V oxZ }kjk

'kkflr fd;k tkrk gSA

tc ,d usrk lÙkk esa vk tkrk gS rks dksbZ Hkh mUgsa 'kfDr ds f'k[kj ds LFkku ls gVk ugha ldrkA ;gh dqyhura=

dk ^ykSg fu;e* dgykrk gSA

fe'kYl (Michels) ds vuqlkj] ^^;fn dkuwuksa ds usrkvksa ds vf/kdkj&{ks= dks fu;af=r djus ds fy, cuk;k tkrk gS

rks dkuwuksa esa gh /khjs&/khjs detksjh vkrh gS] usrkvksa esa ughaA** og ;g Lohdkj djrk gS fd dHkh&dHkh ØkfUr;ksa ds

ek/;e ls vR;kpkjh 'kkldksa dks gVk fn;k tkrk gS] ijUrq bl ckr ls dksbZ QdZ ugh iM+rk] muds LFkku ij tks

'kkld vkrs gS os Hkh mrus gh fujadq'k vkSj vR;kpkjh gksrs gSA bl izdkj lÙkk yxkrkj dqN gh O;fD;ksa ds gkFkksa esa

cuh gksrh gS vkSj mUgsa lÙkk ls gVk;k ugha tk ldrkA okLrfod :i ls ljdkj dh lHkh O;oLFkk,a vYira=h;

O;oLFkk,a gksrh gSA

4- cuZgke dk fof'k"V&oxZ fl)kUr (Elite Theory of Burnham)

cuZgke us fof'k"V&oxZ dk fl)kUr vkSj ekDlZoknh fopkj/kkjk ds feykus dk iz;kl fd;k gSA mldk dguk gS fd

lekt esa fofHkUu izdkj ds lewg gS ftuesa lÙkk izkfIr ds fy, la?k"kZ gksrk jgrk gS] mUgsa fof'k"V oxZ (Managerial

Elite) dgk tkrk gSA

mlds vuqlkj fof'k"V&oxZ dh 'kfDr dk vk/kkj mRiknu ds lk/kuksa ij fu;a=.k gksrk gSA cuZgke ¼Burnham½ us

fy[kk gS ^^fdlh Hkh lekt esa 'kkldh; fof'k"V&oxZ dh [kkst djus dk lcls vklku rjhdk vkerkSj ij ;g

ns[kuk gksrk gS fd dkSu lk lewg lcls vf/kd vk; izkIr djrk gSA^^ (The easiest way to discover the ruling elite

in any society is usually to see which group gets highest income-)

5- k"V oxZ fl)kUr (Elite Theory of C. Wright Mills)

lhŒ jkbZV feYl us vius fof'k"V&oxZ lEca/kh fl)kUr dk izfriknu viuh iqLrd ^The Power Elite* esa fd;k gSa

mUgksausa fof'k"V oxZ ds LFkku ij ^'kfDr fof'k"V&oxZ (Power Elite) 'kCn dk iz;ksx fd;k gSA feYl ¼Mills½ us

'kfDr fof'k"V oxZ dh ifjHkk"kk 'kfDr ds lk/kuksa vFkkZr vkns'k nsus okys inksa ij vklhu O;fDr;ksa ds :i esa dh gSa

¼We may define the power elite in terms of power on those who occupy the command posts½A jkbZV ¼Wright½ ds

jktuhfrd fl)kUr

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vuqlkj ^^fof'k"V oxZ lekt ds laLFkkxr n`'; dh mit gksrk gSA vk/kqfud lekt esa 'kfDr dks laLFkkxr fd;k

tkrk gS] ftlds ifj.kkeLo:i fuf'pr laLFkku lkekftd <+kps ds O;wg&jfpr 'kklu inksa dk fuekZ.k djrs gSA

'kfDr ,sls laLFkkuksa dk ,d xq.k gksrh gSaaaA 'kfDr fof'k"V oxZ mu yksxksa ds }kjk feydj curk gS tks vk/kqfud

lekt ds izeq[k vuqØeksa rFkk laxBuksa ds 'kklu esa vR;Ur izHkkodkjh fu.kZ; ysus fLFkfr esa gksrs gSaA

feYl ¼Mills½ ds vuqlkj] ^^fof'k"V oxZ ds bfrgkl dh 'kfDr lekt ds ;FkkiwoZd fLFkr dks cnyus] orZeku

lkekftd lEcU/kksa dks pqukSrh nsus rFkk ,d ubZ lajpuk dks LFkkfir djus ds fy, i;kZEr gksrh gSaA fof'k"V oxZ dk

vkUrfjd dsUnz lekt esa blds }kjk vU;ksa }kjk fuHkkbZ tkus okyh Hkwfedkvksa dks fu/kkZfjr djus dh ;ksX;rk rFkk

{kerk gksrh gSA**

feYl ¼Mills½ us fof'k"V oxZ dks ;FkkFkZ 'kfDr (Actual Power) dh ctk, vUrfufgr 'kfDr (Potential Power) dh

–f"V ls ns[kk gSA

6- (Elite Theory of Ortega Y. Gasset)

vkjVsxk okbZŒ xkls dk fof'k"V&oxZ dk fl)kUr mlds turk ds fl)kUr ij vk/kkfjr gSA xkls (Gasset) ds

vuqlkj] ^^,d jk"Vª dh egkurk blds yksxksa] turk] HkhM+] tulewgksa dh ,sls fuf'pr rFkk pqus gq, yksxks esa viuk

fpUg izkIr djus dh {kerk ij fuHkZj djrh gS] fxu ij ;g vius tks'k ds foLr`r Hka.Mkj dks maMsy nsrh gSA** ,d

jk"Vª dk <+k¡pk turk }kjk pqus x, FkksM+s ls O;fDr;ksa] ftUgsa fof'k"V&oxZ dgk tkrk gS] }kjk rS;kj fd;k tkrk gSA

vkjVsxk okbZŒ xkls ¼Ortege Y. Gasset½ us fy[kk gS] ^^,d jk"Vª }kjk viuk, tkus okyk dkuwuh :i ftruk rqe

pkgks mruk yksdrkaf=d ;k lkE;oknh gks ldrk gS] ijUrq bldk thou rFkk dkuwuh <+kapk turk ij vYila[;dksa

ds xfr'khy izHkko ls gh cuk jgsxkA ;g ,d LoHkkfod fu;e gS vkSj ;g mruk gh egÙoiw.kZ gS ftruk fd tho

foKku esa lkekftd thoksa] HkkSfrd foKku esa ?kuRoksa dk fu;e gSaA^^ vkjVsxk xkls ds vuqlkj lekt esa nks izdkj ds

yksx gksrs gSa&,d os yksx] ftuesa usr`Ùo djus dh {kerk gksrh gS] nwljs os yksx ftUgsa vuqlj.k djus esa :fp gksrh

gSA

vkjVsxk (Rotega) fy[krs gS ^^,d O;fDr lEiw.kZ :i ls lekt esa u dsoy viusa O;fDrxr xq.kksa ds dkj.k gh]

cfYd turk }kjk mlesa Mkyh xbZ lkekftd 'kkfDr ds dkj.k vf/kd izHkko'kkyh gksrk gSA^^ vkjVsxk (Ortega) vkxs

fy[krs gSa fd] ^^tgk¡ lkewfgd turk ij dksbZ vYila[;d 'kklu ugh djrk vkSj turk ;g ugh tkurh fd mls

vYila[;dks ds izokg dks dSls Lohdkj djuk gS] ogk¡ lekt ugh gksrkA**

VhŒ chŒ ckWVkeksj (T.B.Bottomore)&VhŒ chŒ ckWVkeksj us viuh iqLrd 'Elites and Society' esa vfHktu dh /kkj.kk

dk izfrinu fd;k gSA ckWVkseksj vfHktu ;k 'kkld oxZ dh /kkj.kk dks ,sfrgkfld ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa lkearokn ds vUr

vkSj vk/kqfud iw¡thokn dks izkjfHHkd nsu ekurs gSaA mudk dguk gS fd ml le; ls gh oxZ lekt dh vf/kdk¡'k

lEifÙk rFkk jk"Vªh; vk; ds cMs Hkkx dk izkIrdrkZ ,oa Lokeh cu cSBk gSA

vfHktu dh /kkj.kk esa ,d izeq[k fopkj ;g gS fd vfHktu ifjofrZr gksrs jgrs gSA

,lŒ bZŒ Qkbuj us viuh iqLrd ^Comparative Government* esa vfHktu ls lacf/kr leLr fLFkfr dks ,d fofHkUu

QkWdksa (Slice) okys lUrjs ds vk/kkj ij vPNs rjhds ls iz;kl fd;k tks bl izdkj gSA


53

mijksDr fp= ls Li"V gS fd lUrjs dh lrg ¼fNydk½ lekt dk vfHktu gS tks leqnz :ih lekt esa rSj jgk gSA

lUrjs ds fNyds dk tks Hkkx tyh; js[kk ls Åij gS] og lekt dk 'kkld vfHktu gSA ;g Hkkx lekt ds mu

leqnk;ksa dk izfrfuf/kÙo djrs gSa tks usr`Ùo izfr;ksfxrk esa vlQy gq, gSA ftudh uhfr;ksa dh txg fotsrk oxZ dh

uhfr;ksa dks viuk;k x;k gS vkSj larjs ds fNyds dk og Hkkx tks dh tyh; js[kk ds uhps ds Hkkx dks <+ds gq, gS]

izfr vfHktu (Counter-Elite) vFkkZr orZeku vfHktu ¼tks tyh; js[kk ls Åij gS½ dk fojks/kh gSA ;g izfr vfHktu

lnSo 'kkld vfHktu cuus ds fy, iz;kljr jgrk gSaaaA ,lŒ bZŒ Qkbuj }kjk dh xbZ bl O;oLFkk esa ^vfHktu oxZ

esa ifjoÙkZu (Circulation of Elites) dk Hkko fufgr gSA ftl izdkj gokvksa vkfn ds dkj.k] ty esa larjs dh fLFkfr

esa ifjorZu gksrk jgrk gS Bhd mlh izdkj lekftd] vkfFkZd vkSj jktuhfrd ifjfLFkfr;ksa ds dkj.k lekt ds

vUrZxr vfHktu esa Hkh ifjorZu gksrs jgrs gSaA nwljs 'kCnksa esa orZeku 'kkld oxZ ;fn lekt esa ygjksa :ih vkus

okys fofHkUu leL;kvksa dk Bhd izdkj ls izfrfuf/kÙo u djsaxsa rks larjs dh fLFkfr esa ftl izdkj ygjksa ds lkFk

ifjorzu gks tkrk gS] oSls gh lekt ds 'kkld oxZ esa Hkh ifjorZu gks tkrh gSA ftl lekt esa izfr vfHktu oxZ

(Counter Elite) izrh{kk esa jgrk gS fd mUgsa dc lekt dk izfrfuf/kÙo djus dk volj feysA

la?k"kZ ;k izfr;ksfxrk esa dqN yksx tuleFkZu ds fy, turk dks xqejkg rd dj nsrs gSa vkSj ,slh ^xqejkg* gqbZ

turk dk ^;su dsu izdkjs.k* fo'okl rd izkIr djds lÙkk&vHkftu cu tkrs gSA

vr% mijksDr foospu ls vfHktu dh /kkj.kk dk ;g ewy fopkj Li"V gksrk gS fd vfHktu dh

fLFkfr dks tulaeFkZu ds v/kkj ij fdlh ds }kjk Hkh izkIr fd;k tk ldrk gSa

fof'k"V&oxZ ds fofHkUu fl)kUrksa ds leku y{k.k ¼fo'ks"krk,a½ (Common Characteristics (features) of Various Elite Theories)

fof'k"V&oxZ ds fl)kUr ds ckjs esa fo}kuksa ds fopkjks ds vk/kkj ij bu fuEufyf[kr leku fo'ks"krkvksa dk irk

pyrk gSA

1- lHkh fo}kuksa ftUgksausa fof'k"V&oxZ ds fl)kUr dk izfriknu fd;k] os Lohdkj djrs gS fd izR;sd lekt esa

nks oxZ gksrs gS% fof'k"V oxZ (Elite) rFkk lk/kkj.k turk (Masses) fof'k"V oxZ 'kklu djrk gS rFkk turk

'kkflr gksrh gSA

2- fof'k"V&oxZ ds fl)kUr ds vuqlkj yksdra= okLro esa vfUre :i ls vYira= gh gksrk gSA

jktuhfrd fl)kUr

54

3- fof'k"V&oxZ ds fl)kUr ds leFkZdksa dk dguk gS fd pquko fof'k"V oxZ dks lkeus ykus dk ,d lk/ku

gSA

4- izR;sd lekt esa lÙkk vYila[;d oxZ ¼FkksMs ls O;fDr;ksa½ ds gkFkksa esa gksrh gS] ftUgsa fof'k"V oxZ dgk

tkrk gSA

5- fof'k"V&oxZ ds fl)kUr dk ekuuk gS fd 'kkldh; fof'k"V&oxZ dk turk ds izfr mÙkjnk;h gksuk feF;k

(Myth) gS] D;ksafd n{k rFkk ;ksX; O;fDr ¼fof'k"V&oxZ½ vKkfu;ksa ds izfr mÙkjnk;h ugha gks ldrsA

6- 'kkldh; fof'k"V&oxZ ds lnL; izeq[k inksa ij vklhu gksrs gSa vkSj fu.kZ; ysus okys ra= ij fu;a=.k j[krs

gSaA

7- fof'"V&oxZ ds fl)kUr dk ;g fo'okl gS fd fof'"V oxZ dk 'kklu ,d LokHkkfod rFkk U;k;iw.kZ fLFkfr

gS ftlds fcuk dksbZ Hkh jktuhfrd O;oLFkk] pkgs og yksdrkaf=d gh D;ksa u gksa] lQy ugha gks ldrhA

8- fof'k"V&oxZ ds fl)kUr dk izfriknu djus okysa yxHkx lHkh fo}ku ekurs gSa fd fof'k"V&oxZ cnyrs

jgrs gSaA bls ^fof'k"V&oxZ dk ifjpyu* (Circulation of Elite) dgk tkrk gSA

fof'"V&oxZ ds fl)kUr dh vkykspuk (Criticism of Elite Theory)

fof'k"V oxZ ds fl)kUr dh fuEufyf[kr fcUnqvkssa ds vk/kkj ij vkykspuk dh tkrh gS%

1- vlekurk dks lekt dk vk/kkj ekuuk] fof'k"V&oxZ ds fl)kUr dh lcls cM+h =qVh gSA lHkh O;fDr;ksa dks

leku u ekuuk xyr gS D;ksafd iz—fr us lHkh O;fDr;ksa dks leku cuk;k gSA

2- fof'k"V&oxZ dk fl)kUr lekt dks dsoy nks oxksZ&fof'k"V&oxZ rFkk lk/kkj.k turk esa foHkkftr djrk

gSA tks fd xyr gS D;ksafd lekt esa vusd nwljs oxZ Hkh gksrs gSaA

3- fof'k"V oxZ ds fl)kUr }kjk yksxksa dh lkekftd] jktuhfrd rFkk dkuwuh lekurk dks vLohdkj djuk

xyr gSA blds }kjk turk ds izfr 'kkldksa ds mÙkjnkf;Ùo dks Lohdkj u djuk Hkh xyr gSA

4- ;g fl)kUr yksdrkfU=d jktuhfrd O;oLFkk esa ekStqn cqjkb;ksa dks nqj djus ds fy, dksbZ lq>ko ugh

nsrkA ;g fl)kUr bl ckr ij cy nsrk gS fd yksdra= vYila[;dksa dk 'kklu gS] ijUrq ;g ugh

crykrk dh bls turk dk 'kklu dSls cuk;k tk ldrk gSA

5- ;g fl)kUr lk/kkj.k yksxksa dks 'kkldh; dk;ksZa esa 'kkfey ugh djrk tks okLro esa ljdkj ds

dkuwuksa rFkk uhfr;ksa ds fuekZ.k esa egÙoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkkrs gSA

fu"d"kZ ¼Conclusion½ ;|fi fof'k"V&oxZ ds fl)kUr esa vusd rzqfV;k¡ gS] ijUrq bl ckr ls bUdkj ugh fd;k tk ldrk fd izR;sd

jktuhfrd O;oLFkk esa 'kfDr dk okLrfod iz;ksx O;fDr;ksa ds ,d NksVs leqg ¼fof'k"V&oxZ½ }kjk gh fd;k tkrk

gSA

yksdra= dk fof'k"V&oxZoknh fl)kUr (Elitist Theory of Democracy)

mnkjoknh yksdra= ds leZFkdksa ds vuqlkj] yksdra= og 'kklu O;oLFkk gS] ftlesa ns'k ds 'kklu esa lHkh yksx Hkkx

ysrs gSA czkbZl (Bryce) us fy[kk gS fd Þyksdra= og 'kklu O;oLFkk gS] ftlesa 'kklu lÙkk fdlh fo'ks"k oxZ ds

gkFkksa ugh] cfYd lEiw.kZ lekt ds yksxksa esa fufgr gksrh gSaß lhys (Seeley) ds vuqlkj Þyksdra= og 'kklu gS]

ftlesa izR;sd O;fDr Hkkxhnkj gksrk gSAß


55

20oha 'krkCnh ds vkjfHHkd o"kksZa esa bVyh ds izfl) fo}kuksa&isjsVks (Pareto) rFkk eksLdk (Mosca) us yksdra= dh

bl fopkj/kkjk dk dM+k izgkj fd;k vkSj dgk fd izR;sd lekt esa 'kklu dh 'kfDr dqN fof'k"V O;fDr;ksa* ;k ,d

fof'k"V oxZ (Elite) ds gkFkksa esa dsfUnzr gksrh gSA ckn esa dbZ vU; fo}kuksa jkWcVZ fe'kYl (Roert Michels), cuZgke

(Burnham) rFkk ykloSy (Lasswell) }kjk Hkh bl fopkj/kkjk dk leZFku fd;k x;k gSA

ijsVks (Pareto) us fof'k"V&oxZ dks nks Jf.k;ksa esa foHkkftr fd;k gS ^lkekftd Js"Vtu* (Social Elite) rFkk

^vf/k'kklh Js"Btu (Governing Elite)A eksLdk (Mosca) us izR;sd lekt dks nks Hkkxksa esa ck¡Vk gS&^'kkld oxZ*

(Class that Rules) rFkk ^'kkflr&oxZ (Class that is Ruled)A ,d tks 'kklu djrs gSa rFkk nwljs ftu ij 'kklu

fd;k tkrk gSA

çsLFkl (Presthus) ds vuqlkj] ^^ ge fof'k"V&oxZ dks fof'k"V usrkvksa dh ,slh vYila[;k ekurs gSa tks lekftd

dk;ksZa esa vleku 'kfDr dk miHkksx djrh gSA^^

lhŒ jkbZV feYl (C. Wright Mills) ds vuqlkj] ^^'kfDr fof'k"V&oxZ dh 'kfDr ds ek/;e ds :i esa ge O;k[;k

dj ldrs gSa&vFkkZr bl oxZ esa os yksx vkrs gSa tks vkns'k nsus okys LFkkuksa ij vf/kdkj fd, gksrs gSA**

yklcSy (Laswell) ds vuqlkj] ^^fdlh jktuhfrd O;oLFkk esa 'kfDr ij vf/kdkj j[kus okyk oxZ jktuhfrd

fof'k"V&oxZ gksrk gSa bu 'kfDr j[kus okyksa esa usr`Ùo rFkk os lHkh lekftd lewg 'kkfey gksrs gS( ftuls usrk vkrs

gS rFkk ftuds izfr ,d fuf'pr dky ds vUnj usrk mÙknk;h gksrs gSA

yksdra= ds fof'k"V oxhZ; fl)kUr dh izeq[k fo'ks"krk,a (Main Characteristics of Elitist Theory of Democracy)

yksdra= ds fof'k"V&oxhZ; fl)kUr dh eq[; fo'ks"krk,a fuEufyf[kr gS%

1- fof'k"V oxZ esa lHkh oxksZ ds fof'k"V O;fDr rFkk usrk gksrs gSa (Power Elite Consists of Leaders and

Prominent Persons of all Classes)—blesa 'kkld] fof'k"V fdlh ,d tkfr ;k oxZ ls lac/k ugh j[krk

cfYd blesa lkekftd thou ds fofHkUu igyqvksa ls lacU/k j[kus okys usrk ;k mR—"V izfrHkk ds O;fDr

gksrs gS( tSls fd lSfud ;k vlSfud mPp vf/kdkjh] cMs+ jktuhfrd usrk vkfnA

2- fof'k"V oxZ dk lÙkk ij fu;a=.k (Control of Power Elite Over Authority)&lekt esa fof'k"V oxZ lÙkk

ij viuk fu;a=.k j[krk gS rFkk lHkh jktuhfrd xfrfof/k;ksa dk lapkyu djrk gSA ;g jktuhfrd lÙkk

dk okLrfod iz;ksx djrk gSA tgk¡ lÙkk dk iz;ksx ugh djrk] ogk¡ uhfr&fuekZ.k dks izHkkfor djrk gSA

3- lekt esa fof'k"V oxZ dk usr`Ùo (Leadership of Elite in Society)&izR;sd ny] laLFkk ;k lekt esa ,d

fof'k"V oxZ gksrk gS tks leLr xfrfof/k;ksa dk lapkyu djrk gSA lekt esa ,d 'kkld fof'k"V oxZ gksrk

gS] tks 'kklu 'kfDr ij fu;a=.k j[krk gSA

4- fof'k"V oxZ ds ikl fujdq'k 'kfDr dk vkHkko ¼No Absolute Power with Ruling Elite½&cs'kd 'kkld

fof'k"V&oxZ lÙkk dk iz;ksx djrk gS vkSj iwjs ç;Ru ls vius fgrksa dh j{kk djus dh dksf'k'k djrk gS]

ijUrq yksdra= esa og fujdqa'k 'kfDr dk iz;ksx ugh dj ldrkA vkjksa (Aron) rFkk eSu gkbe (Men-

Heim) dk dguk gS fd fof'k"V oxksZa dh cgqyrk] fu;a=.k rFkk larqyu dk fl)kUr rFkk le;≤ ij

gksus okys pqukoksa ds dkj.k tu&lk/kkj.k vius erkf/kdkj }kjk usrkvksa dks tu&fgr esa fu.kZ; djus ds

fy, foo'k dj nsrh gSA

5- pqukoksa ds le; fof'k"V oxksZ esa lÙkk ds fy, [kqyh LinkZ gksrh gS (Open Competition among elites in

Election)&lkH;oknh lekt esa rks ,d gh fof'k"V oxZ viuk fu;a=.k j[krk gS ijRuq yksdra= esa pqukoksa

ds fofHkUu fof'k"V&oxksZa esa Li/kkZ gksrh gS vkSj izR;sd fof'k"V oxz ubZ&ubZ uhfr;ka rFkk Øk;ZØe izLrqr

djds ernkrkvksa dks vk—"V djus dk iz;Ru djrk gSA cgqyoknh fl)kar ds leFkZdksa dk yksdra= esa ;gh

fopkj gS fd pquko ds )kjk 'lld fof'k"V oxkZsa dh vnyk cnyh gksrh jgrh gSA

jktuhfrd fl)kUr

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6- fof'k"V oxZ vius fgrksa dh j{kk djrs gSa (Elite Takes Care of its Own Interests)&lkoZtfud dY;k.k

rFkk tufgr ds uke ij Hkh fof'k"V oxZ vius fgrksa dh j{kk esa layXu jgrs gSaA fdlh u, O;fDr dks

blds lkFk gh fof'k"V oxZ esa izos'k ugha gksus fn;k tkrkA

çtkra= dk fof'k"V oxZ fl)kUr çfl) fo}ku iSjsVks] (Pareto) eksLdk (Mosca), fepsYl (Michels) vkfn us fof'k"V oxhZ; fl)kUr fn;k vkSj bUgh

ds fl)kUr ds vk/kkj ij 'kqEihVj] jkcZV Mkgy vkSj ,ju vkfn fopkjdksa us çtkrU= dk fof'k"V oxhZ; fl)kUr

fn;kA bl fl)kUr dk lkjka'k ;g gS fd çtkrU= pkgs turk dk 'kklu gS ijUrq mlesa okLro esa 'kklu dsoy

,d fof'k"V oxZ gh djrk gS turk dsoy mudk usr`Ro Lohdkj djrh gSA bldh fo'ks"krk,¡ fuEufyf[kr gSa%

1- vYrU= dk yksg fu;e (Iron Law of Oligarchy) çfl) fo}ku fepysl (Robert Michels) dk dFku gS fd

çR;sd çdkj dh 'kklu ç.kkyh esa vYirU= gh 'kklu djrk gSA vYirU= dk yksgfu;e gh çtkrU= ds

fof'k"V oxhZ; fl)kUr dk ewy vk/kkj gSA çtkrU= esa ;|fi turk dh turk ds }kjk ljdkj gS ijUrq

okLro esa dqN fof'k"V yksxksa ds gkFk es gh lÙkk gksrh gSA

2- yksxksa dh yksxksa ds }kjk ljdkj ,d dYiuk gS (Government of the people and by the people is a sheer

fantasy)% çtkrU= yksxksa dh yksxksa ds }kjk ljdkj gksrh ijUrq fof'k"V oxhZ; fl)kUr esa lÙkk dqN

O;fDr;ksa ds gkFk esa gksrh gSA lekt esa nks oxZ cu tkrs gS ,d 'kkld oxZ vkSj nwljk 'kkflr oxZ] vr%

,d fof'k"V oxZ gh 'kklu djrk gS vr% yksxksa dh yksxksa ds }kjk ljdkj dsoy dYiuk gSA

Ykksdra= ds fof'k"V&oxZoknh fl)kUr dk ewY;kadu (Evaluation of Elitist Theory Democracy)&yksdra= ds

fof'k"V&oxZoknh fl)kUr dks vkykspdks }kjk yksdra= dk fojks/kh dgk x;k gSA ;g turk dk 'kklu u gksdj dqN

O;fDÙ;ksa dk 'kklu gS] ftldk mís'; Lofgr gSaA thŒ lkjVkjh (G. Sartori) ds vuqlkj] ^^vkRe'kkgh turk dh

dYiuk ,d Hkzked dFkk ;k turk esa mÙkstuk iSnk djus dh dksbZ pky gSA** (The imagery of a self-governing

demos is either a deceptive myth or a demagogic device.)

Mgy ¼Dahl½ dk dguk gS fd fof'k"V&oxZoknh fl)kUr ds leFkZd ;g crkus esa vleFkZ jgs gS fd fof'k"V tuksa ds

izHkko dks de dSls fd;k tk,] ftudk lekt esa egÙoiw.kZ LFkku gksrk gSA

ijUrq ykloSy rFkk dkyZ esuge tSls fo}ku bl fl)kUr dks vyksdrkaf=d ugha ekursA ykloSy ds vuqlkj ;g

jktuhfrd lR; gS fd ns'k dh leLr turk 'kklu esa Hkkx ugh ys ldrhA ykloSy ¼Laswell½ ds vuqlkj]

^^ljdkj lnSo dqN yksxks dh gksrh gS] ijUrq ;g rF; yksdra= dh /kkj.kk dks fuf'pr ugha djrkA usrkvksa dh

lajpuk dks yksdra= dk ekinaM eku ysuk ,d ekSfyd Hkwy gSaA lekt FkksM ls usrkvksa ds usr`Ùo esa dke djrk

gqvk Hkh yksdra=h; jg ldrk gSA ekSfyd iz'u rks mÙkjnkf;Ùo dk gSA^^

dkyZ esuge (Karl Menheim) ds vuqlkj] ^^yksdra= esa 'kkflr&oxZ lnk vius usrkvksa dks vinLFk djus dk dk;Z

dj ldrk gS vFkok mUgsa vf/kd yksxksa ds fgr esa fu.kZ; ysus ds fy, ck/; dj ldrk gSA^^

vr% mnkjoknh fl)kUr vkSj fof'k"V oxhZ; fl)kUr] ;s nksuksa iztkra= fl)kUr gSaA fdUrq dqN dkj.k ,sls Hkh gSA

ftuds vk/kkj ij fof'k"V oxhZ; fl)kUr dh dVq vkykspuk dh tkrh gSA ftudk fooj.k fuEu gS%

1- ewY;ksa vkSj fopkj/kkjkvksa dks dksbZ egÙo ugha (No Specific Importance to Values and

Ideologies)&fof'k"V oxZ dh /kkj.kk] fof'k"V oxhZ; fl)kUr dk ewyk/kkj gSA bl fl)kUr us iztkra= ds

laLFkkid i{k (Institutional Aspects) ij vf/kd cy fn;k gS] iztkra= vkn'kksZa vFkok ewY;ksa ij rfud Hkh

/;ku ugh fn;k] tcfd mnkjoknh fl)kUr us Lora=rk] lekurk] Hkzkr`Ùo] bR;kfn ij fo'ks"k vkLFkk O;Dr

dh gSaA bl izdkj ekuoh; ewY;ksa ,oa iztkra= vknZ'kksa dks leqfpr egÙo u nsus ds dkj.k ;g Li"V gS fd

fof'k"V oxhZ; fl)kUr vius vki esa viw.kZ gSA


57

2- O;fDr dks egÙoghu cukrk gS (Makes Individual Insignificant)&iztkra= dk mnkjoknh fl)kUr O;fDr

dks vR;f/kd egÙo nsrk gS] mlds vuqlkj] iztkra= esa O;fDr dk egÙoiw.kZ LFkku gSA og lfØ; :i ls

jktuhfrd xfrfof/k;ksa esa Hkkx ys ldrk gSA fdUrq fof'k"V oxhZ; fl)kUr dh ekU;rk Bhd blds foifjr

gSA fof'k"V oxhZ; fl)kUr us O;fDr dks 'kklu djus ds fy, fof'k"V oxZ ds dsoy pquko djkus rd gh

lhfer j[kk gSA vr% tks fl)kUr O;fDr dks egÙoghu cukrk gS] og iztkra= fl)kUr ugha] cfYd

lÙkkoknh fl)kUr dgk tk,xkA

3- lkoZtfud Hkkxsnkjh dk fojks/k viztkra=h; gS (Opposition to Populate Participation is

Undemocratic)&fof'k"V oxhZ; fl)kUr uhfr&fuekZ.k ds dk;ksZa esa lkoZtfud Hkkxsnkjh dk fojks/kh gSA bl

fl)kUr dks ekuus okyksa dk er gS fd uhfr fuekZ.k ;k fu.kZ;&fuekZ.k fof/k esa lkoZtfud Hkkxsnkjh ls

iztkra=h; lajpuk fou"V gks tk,xhA oLrqr ;g fopkj Hkzked gS] viztkra= gSA bl lacU/k esa mnkjokfn;ksa

dk er vf/kd lehphu gSA

4- usrkvksa dk vR;kf/kd egÙo ¼Too Much Importance to Leaders½&fof'k"V oxhZ; fl)kUr dh ekU;rk gS

fd fof'"V oxZ }kjk gh iztkra= laHko gks ldrk gSA vr% ;g fl)kUr fof'k"V oxZ ,oa usrkvksa dks

vR;kf/kd egÙo nsrk gS] tulk/kkj.k dks ugha fof'k"V oxhZ; fl)kUrkuqlkj] ^^iztkra= iz.kkyh lkekU;

tula[;k ij ugha] vfirq jktuhfr usrkx.kksa dh cqf)] fu"Bk vkSj n{krk ¼dq'kyrk½ ij fuHkZj djrh gSA**

5- fo"kerk dk fopkj vuqfpr ¼The View of Inequality Improper½&fof'k"V oxhZ; fl)kUr jktuhfrd

lerk dh /kkj.kk dks dsoy pqukoksa ds LÙkj rd Lohdkjrk gSaA ;g fl)kUr tu lk/kkj.k dks ernku ds

vf/kdkj ds lkF&lkFk lHkh jktuSfrd vf/kdkj leku :i ls izkIr djus ds i{k esa gSa fdUrq nqljh vkSj

fof'k"V oxhZ; fl)kUr 'kkldksa (Rules) vkSj 'kkflrksa (Ruled) esa xq.kkRed varj ekurk gSaA xq.kkRed varj

dks ekuuk viztkra=h; gSA

6- dsoy er nsuk gh Hkkxhnkjh ugh (Mere Voting is not Participation)&fof'k"V oxhZ; fl)kUr ds

leZFkdksa dk er gS fd yksxksa dks leku :i ls er nsus dk vf/kdkj izkIr gS vkSj ;g vf/kdkj mudh

jktuhfrd Hkkxhnkjh dks fl) djrk gSA fdUrq ;g leqfpr izrhr ugha gksrk gS] D;ksafd dsoy er nsus ls

jktuhfrd lgHkkfxrk iw.kZ ugha gksrhA

fu"d"kZ ¼Conclusion½&;|fi fof'k"V oxhZ; fl)kUr esa dqN vO;kogkfjd] rdZghu rFkk viztkra=h; rF; gSa] fdUrq

fQj Hkh iztkra= esa fof'k"V oxZ dk vfLrRo lekIr ugha gks ldrkA ,slh fLFkfr esa iztkra= dks lQy cukus ds

fy, tu lk.kkj.k esa tkx:drk iSnk dh tk,] ftlls fof'k"V oxZ dks 'kfDr dk nq:i;ksx djus ls jksdk tk

ldsA vko';drk bl ckr fd gS fd jktuhfrd Js"B oxZ ¼fof'k"V oxZ½ jktuhfrd 'kfDr dk iz;ksx yksd dY;k.k

ds fy, djsaA


fucU/kkRed iz'u (Essay Type Questions) 1- fof'k"V ¼vfHktu½ oxZ dh ifjHkk"kk nhft,A bldh eq[; fo'ks"krkvksa dk o.kZu dhft,A

Define elite. discuss its, main characteristics.

2- jktuhfrd fof'k"V oxZ ls vki D;k le>rsa gSa\ blds fofHkUu :i ¼izdkj½ dkSu ls gSa\

What do you understand by political elite? Discuss its, various Kinds.

3- fof'k"V oxZ ds fofHkUu fl)kUrksa dh la{ksi esa foospuk dhft,A

jktuhfrd fl)kUr

58

Explain in brief the various theories of elite.

4- fof'k"V oxZ ds lacU/k esa ijsVksa rFkk eksLdk ds fopkjksa dk o.kZu dhft,A

Explain the theory of Pareto and Mosca.

5- fof'k"V oxZ ds lhŒ jkbZV feYt ds laLFkkRed fl)kUr dh leh{kk dhft,A

Critically examine C. Wright Mill's Institutional theory of elite.

6- yksdra= ds fof'k"V oxZoknh fl)kUr dh vkykspukRed O;oLFkk dhft,A

Critically examine Elitist Theory of Democracy.

ukSdj'kkgh

59

v/;k; 6 ukSdj'kkgh (Bureaucracy)

ukSdj'kkgh dk vFkZ

ukSdj'kkgh dh fo'ks"krk,¡

ukSdj'kkgh ds dk;Z

ukSdj'kkgh dk egÙo

ukSdj'kkgh ds xq.k o nks"k

ukSdj'kkgh dh HkrhZ

yksd lsok vk;ksx

opuc) ukSdj'kkgh

jktuhfrd dk;Zikfydk rFkk LFkk;h dk;Zikfydk

vk/kqfud jkT; ,d yksd dY;k.kdkjh jkT; gSA dY;k.kdkjh jkT; esa ukxfjdksa dh lkekftd] vkfFkZd ,oa

jktuhfrd lqfo/kk,a izkIr djk;h tkrh gS ftlls os thou esa loZkaxh.k fodkl dj ldsaA bl dY;k.kdkjh jkT; esa

ljdkj dk dk;Z{ks= dkQh c<+ x;k gS ftlds dkj.k ljdkj dk dk;Z lqpk:iwoZd pyk ikus esa dkQh dfBukbZ dk

lkeuk djuk iM+rk gSA vr% yksd dY;k.kdkjh jkT; dh lQyrk ,oa méfr pfj=oku] iz'kkldh; ;ksx;rk o

O;ogkfjd Kku laié iz'kklfud vf/kdkjh vFkkZr ukSdj'kkgh ij fuHkZj djrh gSA ukSdj'kkgh dk egRo iztkra= esa]

fo'ks"kdj lalnh; ljdkj esa vkSj Hkh c<+ tkrk gS tgk¡ turk }kjk fuokZfpr eaf=eaMy }kjk iz'kklu py;k tkrk

gSA jktuhfrd dk;Zikfydk dk vFkZ eaf=ifj"kn ;k eaf=eaMy ls gS tks uhfr fu/kkZj.k esa eq[; Hkqfedk fuHkkrh gSA

LFkk;h dk;Zikfydk dk vFkZ ukSdj'kkgh ;kfu iz'kkldh; deZpkjh ls gSa ftudh fu;qfä mudh ;ksX;rk ds vk/kkj dh

tkrh gS] ftudk ,d fuf'pr dk;Zdky gksrk gSA fuf'pr dk;Zdky ds ckn iz'kkldh; deZpkjh lsokfuo`fÙk gksus

rd os vius inksa ij vklhu jgrs gSaA okLrfodrk esa bu yksxksa ds ikl Kku ,oa vuqHko dk HkaMkj gksrk gSA

iz'kkldh; deZpkjh bu Kku ,oa vuqHkoksa dk mi;ksx uhfr fuekZ.k esa eaf=;ksa dks ijke'kZ nsus esa djrs gSa rFkk mudh

uhfr;ksa dks fØ;kfUor djrs gSaA okLrfod iz'kklu bUgha ukSdj'kkgh ds }kjk pyk;k tkrk gSA yksdra=h;

'kklu&iz.kkyh esa 'kklu esa fLFkjrk dks cuk, j[kus ds fy, ukSdj'kkgh ;kfu LFkk;h deZpkjh dk gksuk vfr

vko';d gSA vr% vk/kqfud jkT;ksa esa dY;k.kdkjh xfrfof/k;ksa ds foLrkj ds lkFk gh jkT; dh uhfr;ksa ds fu"iknu

gsrq ,d o`gr iz'kklfud ra= ;kfu ukSdj'kkgh ,d vfuok;Z vko';drk gS rFkk bl ra= esa mi;qDr O;fDr;ksa dk

izos'k] izfo"V O;fDr;ksa dk lE;d~ izf'k{k.k o vuqizsj.k] mudh leL;k dk leqfpr o le;c) lek/kku rFkk muij

mís';iw.kZ fu;a=.k ,d xaHkhj pqukSrh gSA fdlh Hkh ns'k dk 'kklu bUgha iz'kkldh; deZpkjh dh n{krk] lPpfj=rk

rFkk ;ksX;rk ij fuHkZj djrk gSA

ukSdj'kkgh dk vFkZ

(Meaning of Bureaucracy)

iz'kklu esa ^^ukSdj'kkgh** 'kCn ftruk lqifjfpr rFkk lkekU; iz;ksx esa vkus okyk 'kCn gS mruk gh ;g cnuke

rFkk vfiz; Hkh gSA dbZ ckj bldk iz;ksx fQtwy[kphZ] ykyQhrk'kkgh rFkk rkuk'kkgh vkfn ds :i esa fd;k tkrk

jktuhfrd fl)kUr

60

gSA ijarq blds ckotwn vk/kqfud ;qx esa ukSdj'kkgh dk egÙo bruk c<+ x;k gS fd blds fcuk jkT; ds dk;kZsa dks

laié ugha fd;k tk ldrkA dk;Zikfydk uhfr;ksa dk fuekZ.k djrh gS rFkk fo/kkueaMy bls dkuwu ds :i esa oS/krk

iznku djrh gSA ,oa ftl oxZ ds }kjk bu dkuwuksa dks ykxw fd;k tkrk gS] ml oxZ dks lkewfgd :i ls

ukSdj'kkgh dgk tkrk gSA ukSdj'kkgh dks vlSfud vf/kdkjh vFkok iz'kklfud vf/kdkjh Hkh dgk tkrk gSA vk/kqfud

;qx esa iz'kklfud vf/kdkfj;ksa ds fcuk jktuhfrd dk;Zikfydk vFkok ljdkj vius dk;kZsa dks iwjk ugha dj ldrhA

loZizFke 18oha 'krkCnh ds e/; esa fn xkuZs (de Gournay) uked ,d Ýkalhlh fopkjd us ûkSdj'kkgh** 'kCn dk

iz;ksx fd;kA mUgksaus bl 'kCn dk iz;ksx f'kdk;r ds :i esa fd;kA

ûkSdj'kkgh* dk vaxszth i;kZ;okph 'kCn ^C;wjksØSlh* (Bureaucracy) Ýkalhlh Hkk"kk ds ^C;wjks* 'kCn ls fy;k x;k gSA

bl vFkZ ,d foHkkxh; milEHkkx vFkok foHkkx ls gSA ;g izk;% ljdkjh foHkkx dk ifjpk;d gSA Ýkal esa bl 'kCn

dk iz;ksx Mªkvj okyh est vFkok fy[kus dh MSLd ds fy, gqvk djrk Fkk rFkk ØSlh (Cracy) dk vFkZ 'kklu gksrk

gSA blfy, ukSdj'kkgh dks MsLd ljdkj Hkh dgk tkrk gSA ukSdj'kkgh inlksikfud O;oLFkk ds vUrxZr yksdlsodksa

ls xqaFkk gqvk gSA budh fu;qfä HkrhZ izfr;ksfxrk ijh{kk ds vk/kkj ij gksrh rFkk blds i'pkr~ bUgsa izf'k{k.k dsUnzksa esa

izf'k{k.k fn;k tkrk gSA budh ukSdjh LFkk;h izÑfr dh gksrh gS rFkk bUgsa in ds vuqlkj osru rFkk vU; HkÙks fn;s

tkrs gSaA ,d fuf'pr lsokdky ds ckn lsokfuo`fÙkk ds ckn bUgsa isa'ku nh tkrh gSA bUgsa iz'kklfud leL;kvksa dh

iwjh tkudkjh gksrh gS] blfy, ljdkj dk lkjk dk;Z bu vf/kdkfj;ksa }kjk fd;k tkrk gSA

iz'kklfud lsokvksa vFkok ukSdj'kkgh ds laca/k esa fHké&fHké fopkjdksa us vius fopkj O;Dr fd, gSa tks fuEufyf[kr

gS&

1- Qkbuj (Finer) ds 'kCnksa esa] ^îz'kklfud lsok ,sls vf/kdkfj;ksa dk leqPp; gS tks LFkk;h] osrfud rFkk

izf'kf{kr gksrk gSA**

2- eSDl oscj (Max Weber) ds 'kCnksa esa] ^ûkSdj'kkgh iz'kklu dh ml O;oLFkk dk uke gS ftldh fo'ks"krk gS

& fo'ks"kKrk] fu"i{krk rFkk ekuork dk vHkkoA**

3- MhekWd (Demock) ds vuqlkj] ^ûkSdj'kkgh dk vFkZ gS fo'ks"khÑr inlksiku ,oa lapkj dh yEch js[kk,¡A**

4- fiQuj (Piffner) ds vuqlkj] ^ûkSdj'kkgh O;fDr;ksa vkSj dk;kZsa dk ,slk O;ofLFkr laxBu gS tks lkewfgd

iz;kl ds }kjk fuf'pr y{; dh lgt izfr dj ldrh gSA**

5- jkWcVZ lhŒ LVksu (Robert C. Stone) ds vuqlkj] ^^bl 'kCn dk 'kkfCnd vFkZ dk;kZy; }kjk 'kklu ;k

vf/kdkfj;ksa }kjk 'kklu gSA**

6- foyksch (Willoughby) dk dFku gS] ^ûkSdj'kkgh 'kCn dk ladh.kZ :i esa vFkZ ;g yksd lsokvksa dk ,d

,slk laxBu gS tks in lksiku ds vUrxZr laxfBr gS] ijarq tks izHkko'kkyh yksd&fu;a=.k ds {ks= ls ckgj

gSA**

7- gSjkYM tsŒ ykWLdh (Harold J. Laski) ds vuqlkj] ^ûkSdj'kkgh ,d ,slh O;oLFkk gS ftldk fu;a=.k iw.kZr%

vf/kdkfj;ksa ds gkFkksa esa bl izdkj ls gS fd mudh 'kfDr lkekU; ukxfjdksa dh Lora=rkvksa dks lekIr dj

nsrh gSA**

8- vkjŒ dsŒ eVZu (R.K. Merton) ds vuqlkj] ^ûkSdj'kkgh dqN dk;kZsa ds djus ds fy, cuk;h x;h ek/;fed

lewg lajpuk gS tks fd izkFkfed lewg dlkSVh ds vk/kkj ij larks"ktud <+ax ls ugha fd;s tk ldrs gSA**

9- dkyZ tsŒ ÝsMfjd (Karl J. Friedrick) ds vuqlkj] ^ûkSdj'kkgh mu yksxksa ds in lkSaius] dk;kZsa ds

fo'ks"khdj.k rFkk mPp Lrjh; {kerk ls ;qDr laxBu gSa ftUgsa bu inksa ij dk;Z djus ds fy, izf'kf{kr

fd;k x;k gSA**

10- ,Iiy ckbZ (Apple By) ^^;g rduhdh i{k ls f'kf{kr mu O;fDr;ksa dh ,d O;olkf;d Js.kh gS tks

lksikfud :i esa laxfBr gS rFkk fujis{k :i esa jkT; dh lsok djrs gSaA

ukSdj'kkgh

61

mijksDr ifjHkk"kkvksa ds vk/kkj ij ;g Li"V gS fd ukSdj'kkgh 'kCn dk iz;ksx mu ljdkjh deZpkfj;ksa ;k

vf/kdkfj;ksa ds cM+s oxZ ds fy;s gksrk gS tks LFkk;h :i ls ljdkj ds iz'kklfud dk;Z dh ftEesnkfj;ka laHkkyrs gSaA

bl ukSdj'kkgh O;oLFkk esa mij ls uhps rd lHkh deZpkjh vyx&vyx foHkkxksa esa ,d&nwljs ls tqM+s jgrs gSa vkSj

uhps dk vf/kdkjh vius ls Å¡ps vf/kdkjh ds izfr oQknkj vkSj ftEesnkj cuk jgrk gSA bls yksd iz'kklu ds

fo}kuksa us inlksiku O;oLFkk (Hierachical System) ukSdj'kkgh dk okLrfod laca/k ljdkj ds mu deZpkfj;ksa ls gS

tks vUn:uh 'kkfUr vkSj O;oLFkk cuk;s j[kus esa lgk;d gSA bu deZpkfj;ksa ds LFkk;h gksus dh otg ls efU=eaMy

ds cnyko dk buij dksbZ izHkko ugha iM+rk vkSj os jktuhfrd nycUnh ls mij mBdj fu"i{k :i ls viuh

ftEesnkfj;ksa dks iwjh fu"Bk] bZekunkjh rFkk dÙkZO;ikyu ds lkFk iwjk djrs gSaA

ukSdj'kkgh ls lacaf/kr bu ljdkjh deZpkfj;ksa ds Lo:i dk ,d vkSj igyw gS tks turk ds izfr buds n`f"Vdks.k

rFkk dke djus ds rjhdksa ls lacaf/kr gSA vktknh feyus ls igys vaxsztksa ds 'kkludky esa ljdkjh deZpkfj;k sa dk

izeq[k dÙkZO; fons'kh 'kklu ds izfr iwjh oQknkjh vkSj mlds funZs'kksa dk ikyu djuk FkkA turk dh HkykbZ ls

budk dksbZ ljksdkj ugha FkkA ijarq vktknh ds ckn lS)kfUrd rkSj ij bu ljdkjh deZpkfj;ksa vkSj vf/kdkfj;ksa dh

Hkwfedk vQlj'kkgh ds LFkku ij turk ds lsod ds :i esa cny xbZ] fQj Hkh O;kogkfjd rkSj ij mlesa fo'ks"k

vUrj ugha vk;kA blfy, vkt Hkh vQlj'kkgh dk gh cksy&ckyk gS vkSj blds fy, ukSdj'kkgh dk laxBukRed

<kapk Hkh dkQh gn rd ftEesnkj gS ftlesa ekuoh; laca/kksa ds LFkku ij fu;eksa dh dÍjrk dk cksy&ckyk gSA blh

rjg ukSdj'kkgh dh dk;Zi)fr bruh tfVy gS fd ljdkj ds dk;Z esa nsjh yxuk LoHkkfod gSA

ukSdj'kkgh dh fo'ks"krk,¡a (Characteristics of Bureaucracy)

uhfr fuekZ.k dk dk;Z jktuhfrd dk;Zikfydk ;kfu foHkkxh; v/;{k ;kfu foHkkxh; ea=h }kjk fd;k tkrk gS tks

foHkkxh; v/;{k ;kfu foHkkxh; ea=h }kjk fd;k tkrk gSA tks foHkkxh; dk;Zdykiksa esa n{k ugha gksrs gSaA tcfd

ukSdj'kkgh tks fo'ks"kK gksrs gSa muds }kjk uhfr;ksa dk fØ;kUo;u fd;k tkrk gSA

ukSdj'kkgh dh eq[; fo'ks"krk,¡ fuEufyf[kr gS&

1- dkuwu o fu;e esa vVwV fo'okl% ukSdj'kkgh dk dkuwuksa vkSj fu;eksa esa vVwV fo'okl gksrk gS] mldks izkjaHk

ls gh bl ckr dk izf'k{k.k fn;k tkrk gS fd tks dk;Z fd;k tk;s dkuwu ,oa fu;e ds vuqlkj fd;k

tk;A yksdra= esa dkuwu dks lokZsPp LFkku fn;k tkrk gSA ukSdj'kkgh ds lnL; viuh Lo;a ;k ethZ ds

vuqlkj dksbZ dk;Z ugha dj ldrsA ,sls cgqr ls volj vkrs gSa tc dkuwu dk ikyu fdlh ds fgr esa

ugha gksrk gS] ijarq ukSdj'kkgh dkuwu dh voKk ugha dj ldrhA

2- ;ksX;rk ds vk/kkj ij fu;qfä (Appointment on the basis of Merit): iz'kklfud vf/kdkfj;ksa dh fu;qfä

izR;sd in ij mldh 'kS{kf.kd ;ksX;rk ds vk/kkj ij gh dh tkrh gSA fyf[kr rFkk ekSf[kd ijh{kk ds ckn

gh mUgsa inksa ij fu;qDr fd;k tkrk gSA

3- iz'kklu esa fo'ks"k ;ksX;rk (Expert in Administration): ukSdj'kkgh ds vf/kdkjh vius&vius {ks= esa

fo'ks"kK gksrs gSaA mudh fu;qfä ;ksX;rk ds vk/kkj ij dh tkrh gS rFkk ckn esa mUgsa iz'kklu esa izf'k{k.k

fn;k tkrk gSA ukSdj'kkgh ds lnL; 'kklu lapkyu esa fuiq.k gksrs gSa vkSj fu;eksa dk dM+kbZ ls ikyu

djrs gSaA

4- inlksiku dk fl)kar (Hierarchical Principle): ekDlZ ds vuqlkj inlksiku ijaijk ukSdj'kkgh dh

fo'ks"krk gSA izR;sd vf/kdkjh vius ls Åij fdlh vf/kdkjh ds v/khu gksrk gSA vkns'k mPprj vf/kdkfj;ksa

}kjk vkrs gSa rFkk fuEu vf/kdkfj;ksa dks budh vkKkvksa dk ikyu djuk iM+rk gsA fuEu vf/kdkfj;ksa dks

budh vkKkvksa dk ikyu djuk iM+rk gSA fuEu vf/kdkjh vius dk;kZsa ds fy;s vius ls Bhd mij ds

jktuhfrd fl)kUr

62

vf/kdkjh ds izfr mÙkjnk;h gksrs gSaA tSls Hkkjr esa iz'kklu O;oLFkk ds inlksiku esa loZizFke eq[; lfpo]

voj lfpo] vfrfjDr lfpo] milfpo] ftyk/kh'k] fMIVh dyDVj o rglhynkj vkfn gksrs gSaA

5- Li"V Je foHkktu (Clearcut Decision of Labour): ukSdj'kkgh esa laxBu ds lHkh deZpkfj;ksa ds chp

dk;Z dk lqfuf'pr rjhds ls Li"V forj.k fd;k tkrk gS rFkk izR;sd deZpkjh dks viuk dk;Z izHkko'kkyh

:i ls laié djus ds fy;s mÙkjnk;h cuk;k tkrk gSA

6- fuf'pr osru] HkÙks ,oa isU'ku O;oLFkk (Fixed Salary, Allowance and Pension System): ukSdj'kkgh ds

lnL;ksa dks fuf'pr osru rFkk HkÙkk iznku fd;k tkrk gSA inkséfr ds lkFk osru Hkh c<+rk tkrk gSA

fjVk;j gksus ij isU'ku Hkh fn;k tkrk gSA

7- vuq'kklu Hkkouk (Sense of Discipline): iz'kklfud vf/kdkfj;ksa esa vuq'kklu dh Hkjiwj Hkkouk ns[kus dks

feyrh gSA mudh bl vuq'kklu Hkkouk ls dbZ ckj fujadq'krk dks Hkh cy feyrk gSA vf/kdkjh oxZ ;a=or

dk;Z djrs gSaA ljdkjh deZpkfj;ksa dk ;g dÙkZO; gS fd os vius dk;Z dks fu;eksa ds vk/kkj ij mfpr

Bgjk ldsaA vr% ukSdj'kkgh fu;eksa dk dêjrk ls ikyu djrs gSaA

8- jktuhfrd rVLFkk (Political Neutrality): ukSdj'kkgh ij vk/kkfjr iz'kklfud <kaps esa deZpkjh ds

O;fDrxr ;k jktuhfrd fopkjksa dk dksbZ LFkku ugha feyrkA deZpkjhx.k u rks fdlh jktuhfrd ny ds

lnL; gks ldrs gSa vkSj u gh mudk muls dksbZ laca/k gksrk gSA ljdkj pkgs fdlh Hkh ny dh gks mudks

ftEesnkjh viuh iwjh ;ksX;rk vkSj n{krk ds lkFk iz'kklfud lsok djuk gSA bldk rkRi;Z ;g ugha gS fd

ns'k dh jktuhfrd ;k lekt&lajpuk ds ckjs esa muds Lora= fopkj ugha gSaA mudh Lora= fopkj/kkjk gks

ldrh gS ij os vius fopkjksa dks ugha] cfYd rkRdkyhu ljdkj dh uhfr;ksa dks ykxw djrs gSaA

9- inkséfr ds fy, voljksa dh O;oLFkk (Provision of opportunities for promotion): iz'kklfud vf/kdkjh

dks inlksifud O;oLFkk ds vUrxZr méfr ;kfu inkséfr ds iwjs volj izkIr gksrs gSaA inkséfr ds fy,

foHkkxh; ijh{kk Hkh gksrs gSaA bu ijh{kkvksa rFkk inkséfr ds dkj.k iz'kklfud vf/kdkfj;ksa esa vf/kd ls

vf/kd dk;Z djus dh bPNk cuh jgrh gSA

10- O;olkf;d (Professional): yksd lsok ds lnL; is'ksoj dgs tk ldrs gSaA ljdkjh deZpkfj;ksa dk eq[;

dk;Z ljdkjh lsok djuk gSA ftlds fy;s lkekU; n{krk dh vko';drk iM+rh gS] ;|fi O;olkf;d ,oa

izkfof/kd ljdkjh lsokvksa ds garq fof'k"V rduhdh f'k{kk izkIr deZpkfj;ksa dh fu;qfä dh tkrh gSA

bu lS)kfUrd fo'ks"krkvksa ds vfrfjDr ukSdj'kkgh dh fuEufyf[kr fo'ks"krk,¡ Hkh O;ogkfjd v/;;u esa izdV gksrh

gSA

1- Hkz"Vkpkj (Corruption): gekjs ns'k esa vf/kdka'k 'kkldh; dk;Z yksd lsok ds deZpkfj;ksa ds }kjk gh fd;s

tkrs gSaaA xkao dh vf'kf{kr turk vius NksVs&NksVs dk;kZsa ds fy, ljdkjh vf/kdkfj;ksa ij fuHkZj jguk

iM+rk gS rFkk NksVs&NksVs dk;kZsa ds fy;s mUgsa bu vf/kdkfj;ksa dh eqëh xje djuh iM+rh gSa

2- jktuhfr esa layXurk (Involvement in Politics): ;|fi ;g fuf'pr fd;k x;k gS fd iz'kklfud

vf/kdkfj;ksa dks jktuhfr ls nwj jguk pkfg,A ijarq lokZsPp Lrj ij cM+s&cM+s vQlj mij ls rVLFk

fn[kyk;h nsrs gSa] fdUrq mudk jktuhfr ls dgha&u&dgha laca/k Hkh jgrk gSa os vius fopkjksa dks fNikdj

ljdkjh fu.kZ;ksa ij izHkko Mkyrs gSaA

3- yky Qhrk'kkgh (Red Tapism): iz'kk'kuhd lsokvksa esa ykyQhrk'kkgh vFkok vuk';d vkSipkfjdrk ik;h

tkrh gSA vf/kdkjhx.k izfØ;k dh vkSipkfjdrk esa fo'okl djrs gq, fu;eksa vkSj fofu;eksa dk ikyu

dBksjrk ds lkFk djrs gSaA blds ifj.kkeLo:i dk;Z dh laiérk esa foyEc gksrk gS vkSj egRoiw.kZ fu.kZ;

'kh?kz ugha fy;s tk ldrsA vkSipkfjdrk dk vR;kf/kd ikyu djrs&djrs deZpkjh e'khu dh rjg cu x;s

gSaA vf/kdkfjx.k mÙkjnkf;Ro ogu djuk ilUn ugha djrs] gj ckr dk mÙkjnkf;Ro nwljksa ij Vkyrs jgrs

gSaA

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4- dk;Z dh xksiuh;rk (Secracy of Functions): ukSdj'kkgh ds izR;sd lnL; ls ;g vk'kk dh tkrh gS fd

og vius in ls lacaf/kr dk;kZsa dh xksiuh;rk cuk, j[ksA ,slk djus ls iz'kklu izHkko'kkyh o dq'ky

curk gSA

mijksDr fo'ks"krkvksa dk v/;;u djus ls ;g Li"V gks tkrk gS fd ukSdj'kkgh fuf'pr fu;eksa ds vuqlkj dk;Z

djrh gSA ukSdj'kkgh izR;sd ns'k dh vkfFkZd] lkekftd rFkk jktuhfrd ifjfLFkfr;ksa ds vuqlkj dk;Z djrh gSA

ukSdj'kkgh ds çdkj (Types of Bureaucracy)

ukSdj'kkgh ds fuEufyf[kr çdkj gSA

1- vfHkHkkod ukSdj'kkgh (Guardian Bureaucracy)% vfHkkHkkod ukSdj'kkgh ls vfHkçk; gS fd tc ukSdj'kkg

turk ds lkFk vfHkHkkodksa ds leku O;ogkj djrs gSaA os tks Hkh dk;Z djrs muesa tufgr dh Hkkouk

fufgr gksrh gSA IysVks ds nk'kZfud jktk (King Philosophers) vfHkHkkod ukSdj'kkgh ds egRoiw.kZ mnkgj.k

gSaA

2- tkrh; ukSdj'kkgh (Caste Bureaucracy)% tkrh; ukSdj'kkgh ls HkkokFkZ gS] tc yksdlsod ;ksX;rk ds

vk/kkj dh vis{kk ,d oxZ fo'ks"k ls pqus tkrs gSaA fu;qfDr dk vk/kkj fo'ks"k tkfr gksrh gSA tSls çkphu

Hkkjr esa czkã.k vkSj {kf=; gh jkT; ç'kklu ds mPp inksa ij vklhu gksrs FksA

3- laj{kd ukSdj'kkgh (Partronage Bureaucracy)% laj{kd ukSdj'kkgh ls vfHkçk; gS yksdlsodksa dh fu;qfDr

;ksX;rk dh vis{kk 'kkld }kjk iqjLdkj dk çfrQy gksrh gSA 'kkld vius lg;ksfx;ksa dks ç'kklfud inksa

ij fu;qDr djrs gSaA bXySaM esa 17oÈ 'krkCnh ds e/; rd çpfyr jgÈA vesjhdk esa ywV çFkk laj{kd

ukSdj'kkgh ds mnkgj.k gSaA

4- xq.kksa ij vk/kkfjr ukSdj'kkgh (Merit Based Bureaucracy)% bl çdkj dh ukSdj'kkgh esa ukSdj'kkgksa dh

fu;qfDr ;ksX;rk ds vk/kkj ij gksrh gSA ,d fu"i{k vkSj [kqyh çfr;ksfxrk ds vk/kkj ij budk pquko gksrk

gSA tkrh] jax /keZ vkSj oa'k vk/kkj ij dksbZ HksnHkko ugÈ fd;k tkrk dsoy ;ksX;rk ds vk/kkj ij pquko

gksrk gSA Hkkjr ds I.A.S. Officers bl çdkj dh ukSdj'kkgh esa vkrs gSaA ;s yksdlsod fdlh fo'ks"k ny ds

lkFk opuc) ugh gksrs vfirq fu;eksa ds vuqlkj dke djrs gSaA

eSDl oscSj dk ukSdj'kkgh fl)kar (Max Weber's Theory of Bureaucracy)

eSDl oscj ukSdj'kkgh dk O;ofLFkr v/;;u djus okyk izFke lekt'kkL=h FkkA eSDl oscj vkSj ukSdj'kkgh] nksuksa

gh ,d nwljs ds ifjpk;d cu x;sA mUgksaus ukSdj'kkgh dks iz'kklu dh rdZiw.kZ O;oLFkk ekuk gSA muds vuqlkj

laLFkkxr ekuo O;ogkj esa rdZiw.kZrk ykus dk lokZsÙke lk/ku ukSdj'kkgh gSA 1920 esa izdkf'kr viuh Ñfr

^lkekftd vkSj vkfFkZd laxBu dk fl)kar* esa mlus ukSdj'kkgh ds ^vkn'kZ izdkj* (Ideal Type) dk o.kZu fd;k gSa

bl vkn'kZ :i dk o.kZu djus ls igys ukSdj'kkgh ds fodkl dks dqN fof'k"V ifjfLFkfr;ksa dk ;ksx ekurs gSa tks

fuEufyf[kr gSa&

(1) ukSdj'kkgh dk iw.kZ fodkl vk/kqfud iw¡thoknh O;oLFkk ds lkFk ?kfu"B :i ls tqM+k gqvk gSA

(2) eqnzk ij vk/kkfjr vFkZO;oLFkk us ukSdj'kkgh ds fodkl esa fo'ks"k lgk;rk iznku dhA

(3) eqnzk ds izpyu ls iwoZ oLrq&fofue; (Barter) ds nkSjku vf/kdkfj;ksa dks mudh lsokvksa ds cnys oLrq,a gh

nh tkrh FkhA tSls dh eqnzk dk izpyu izkjaHk gqvk] vf/kdkfj;ksa dks eqnzk ds :i esa Hkqxrku fd;k tkus yxk

vkSj os osruHkksxh cu x;sA

(4) cM+s m|ksxksa dh LFkkiuk vkSj iztkra=h; O;oLFkk ds fodkl us ukSdj'kkgh ds fodkl esa fo'ks"k ;ksx fn;kA

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64

(5) vk/kqfud jkT;ksa ds dk;kZsa dk tSls&tSls foLrkj gksrk x;k oSls&oSls iz'kklu ds fØ;k&dykiksa esa tfVyrk

c<+rh x;hA tfVy lekt dh leL;kvksa vkSj dk;kZsa dks iwjk djus ds fy;s /khjs&/khjs ukSdj'kkgh dk fodkl

gksrk x;kA

^ukSdj'kkgh* 'kCn ljdkj] m|ksx rFkk lsuk tSls vk/kqfud cM+s&cM+s laxBuksa esa dk;Z djus okys deZpkfj;ksa ds fy;s

iz;qDr gksrk gSA laLFkkvksa ds mís'; fHké gks ldrs gSa ijUrq muds ^ukSdj'kkgh ra=* dh fo'ks"krk,a ,d&lh gksrh gSA

oscj us ukSdj'kkgh ds ^^vkn'kZ :i* (Ideal Type) dh fuEufyf[kr fo'ks"krkvksa dk mYys[k fd;k gSA

(1) Li"V Je foHkktu (Clearcut Division of Labour): ukSdj'kkgh esa laxBu ds lHkh deZpkfj;ksa ds chp

dk;Z dk lqfuf'pr rjhds ls Li"V fooj.k fd;k tkrk gS rFkk izR;sd deZpkjh dks viuk dk;Z izHkko'kkyh

:i ls laié djus ds fy;s mÙkjnk;h cuk;k tkrk gSaA

(2) fuf'pr dk;Z izfØ;k (Set Working Procedures): ukSdj'kkgh laxBu esa dk;Z djus dh fuf'pr izfØ;k

gksrh gSA leLr dk;Z fu/kkZfjr izfØ;k ds vuqlkj laié djus gksrs gSaA dke djus ds fy, fu;e ,oa

izfØ;k,¡ dqy feykdj fLFkj vkSj O;kid gksrh gSA

(3) fuf'pr dk;Z {ks= (Clearly defined Functions): ukSdj'kkgh esa fu;eksa }kjk fofHké inkf/kdkfj;ksa ds dk;Z]

vf/kdkj ,oa lÙkk dk Li"V foHkktu ik;k tkrk gSA blesa izR;sd deZpkjh ds dÙkZO; iwoZ fu/kkZfjr ,oa

ifjHkkf"kr gksrs gSaA dksbZ Hkh inkf/kdkjh viuh fu/kkZfjr dk;Z {ks= ds ckgj ugha tk ldrkA

(4) inlksikfud i)fr (Hierarchical Structure): ukSdj'kkgh iz.kkyh inlksiku i)fr ij vk/kkfjr gksrh gSA

blesa deZpkfj;ksa ds chp mPp&v/khuLFk laca/k ik;k tkrk gSA vkns'k ds lw= mij ls uhps dh vksj

izokfgr gksrs gSaA laxBu dk iz'kkldh; <kapk ,d ^fijkfeM* ds leku gksrk gSA ftlesa mPpre vkSj

fuEure vf/kdkfj;ksa ds chp dbZ lksikusa jgrh gSA gj dke ^mfpr ekxZ ls* (Through Proper Channel)

gksrk gSA

(5) in ds fy;s vnZrk,a vFkok ;ksX;rk,a (Selection on the basis of Qualifications): ukSdj'kkgh esa ljdkjh

lsok esa dsoy mUgha O;fDr;ksa dks fu;qDr fd;k tkrk gS] tks lkekU; :i ls lsok djus dh fu/kkZfjr

;ksX;rk,a j[krs gSaA rkfd ljdkjh dk;kZsa dk lapkyu {kerkiw.kZ <ax ls dj ldsaA ukSdj'kkgh 'kklu ds

inkf/kdkfj;ksa dh u dsoy HkrhZ cfYd inkséfr Hkh ;ksX;rk ds vk/kkj ij dh tkrh gSA

(6) ,dkf/kdkj dk vHkko (Absence of Monopoly): ukSdj'kkgh esa fdlh Hkh in ij fdlh Hkh O;fDr dk

,dkf/kdkj ugha gksrk D;ksafd vko';drkuqlkj ,oa le;≤ ij vf/kdkfj;ksa ds LFkkurj.k Hkh fd;s tkrs

gSaA

(7) osru ,oa isU'ku vf/kdkj (Monthly Salary and Pension Rights): ukSdj'kkgh laxBu esa deZpkfj;ksa dk

osru muds inlksiku esa mldk Lrj] in ds nkf;Ro] lkekftd fLFkfr] vkfn dk /;ku j[kdj r; fd;k

tkrk gSA

(8) vR;kSfDrd laca/k (Impersonal Relations): ukSdj'kkgh dh ,d vU; fo'ks"krk ;g gS fd deZpkfj;ksa ds

chp laca/k vO;fDrxr gksrs gSA ukSdj'kkgh <kaps esa n¶rj dh fLFkfr O;fDrxr Hkkoukvksa vkSj vuqHkw fr;ksa ls

eqDr gksrh gSA fu.kZ; vkSfpR; ds vk/kkj ij fy;s tkrs gSa] u fd O;fDrxr vk/kkj ijA

(9) rduhdh fo'ks"krk (Technical Specialization): ukSdj'kkgh esa deZpkjh fo'ks"k rduhdh {kerk ls ;qDr gksrs

gSa D;ksafd fdlh Hkh laxBu esa mlds mís';ksa ,oa dk;kZsa ds vuqlkj gh mudh ;ksX;rk ds vk/kkj ij fu;qfDr

iznku dh tkrh gSA

(10) vga Hkko (The Spirit of Pride): ukSdj'kkgh laxBu esa inkf/kdkfj;ksa esa vga Hkko mRié gks tkrk gSA vius

iz'kklfud fLFkfr ds dkj.k os vius vki dks lkekU; turk ls Å¡pk ekuus yxrs gSa vkSj turk ds lsod

cuus dh ctk, os mlds Lokeh cu tkrs gSaA

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(11) yky Qhrk'kkgh (Red Tapism): ukSdj'kkgh dk ,d y{k.k ;g Hkh gS fd blesa vuko';d vkSipkfjdrk

ik;h tkrh gSA blesa iz'kkldh; vf/kdkjh izR;sd dk;Z esa dBksjrk ds lkFk fu;eksa dh ikyu djrs gSa vkSj

izR;sd dk;Zokgh ^mfpr ekxZ* ls dh tkrh gSA ftlds ifj.kkeLo:i fu.kZ; ysus esa foyEc gksrk gSA

(12) vkf/kdkfjd fjdkMZ (Official Records): ukSdj'kkgh okys laxBu eas vf/kdkfjd fjdkMkZsa dks mfpr <ax ls

j[kk tkrk gSA laxBu ds fu.kZ;ksa vkSj xfrfof/k;ksa dks vkSipkfjd :i ls fjdkMZ dj fy;k tkrk gS vkSj

Hkkoh lUnHkZ ds fy;s lqjf{kr j[kk tkrk gSA

eSDl oscj ds fl)kar dh vkykspuk (Criticism of the ideas of Max Weber)

ukSdj'kkgh ds v/;;u rFkk foospu esa eSDl oscj dk ;ksxnku ,d iFk&izn'kZd dk jgk gSA mlds }kjk izLrqr

fo'ys"k.k dh izfrfØ;kLo:i lekt'kkfL=;ksa rFkk yksd iz'kklu ds foKkuksa }kjk Hkkjh vkykspuk,a izLrqr dh x;h

gSA eSDl oscj dh ekU;rkvksa ds fo:) izeq[k vkykspuk,¡ fuEufyf[kr gSA

(1) oscj }kjk iz;qDr ^vkn'kZ :i* (Ideal Type) 'kCn gh nqHkkZX;iw.kZ gSA ukSdj'kkgh esa dqN Hkh vkn'kZ ugha gSA

(2) oscj us ukSdj'kkgh ds iw.kZr% vkSipkfjd :i dk v/;;u fd;k gS rFkk lkekftd ?kVukvksa ;k vukSipkfjd

laca/kksa dks dsoy izlaxo'k ekudj NksM+ fn;k gSA tcfd vukSipkfjd dk;Z ,oa laca/k vkSipkfjd laxBu ds

lqpk: dk;Z lapkyu ds fy, vfr vko';d gSA

(3) vkykspdkas ds vuqlkj vxj oscj ds ^vkn'kZ :i* dh leLr fo'ks"krk,¡ Hkh fdlh laxBu esa ,d lkFk viuk

yh tk;sa rks Hkh os vf/kdre dk;Zdq'kyrk iSnk ugha dj ikrh D;ksafd ;FkkFkZ esa laxBu dh dq'kyrk dk

fu/kkZj.k dqN laxBukRed fLFkfr;ksa }kjk gksrk gSA tSls laxBu ds y{; rFkk laxBu dk lkekftd

okrkoj.k bR;kfnA

(4) oscj us ukSdj'kkgh dks iw.kZr% vkSipkfjd :i ls v/;;u fd;k gSA blesa dsoy izfØ;k ij /;ku fn;k x;k

gS] dk;kZsa ij ughaA blls ykyQhrk'kkgh tSlh cqjkb;k¡ lkeus vkrh gSA

la{ksi esa] oscj }kjk ^ukSdj'kkgh ds vkn'kZ:i* dh vo/kkj.kk vusd vkykspdksa ds rh[ks izgkjksa dk f'kdkj cuh gSA

brus ij Hkh ukSdj'kkgh ds v/;;u esa oscj dk vf}rh; LFkku gSA ;|fi oscj dk ukSdj'kkgh fl)kar vk/kqfud

ukSdj'kkgh ds fy;s vk/kkjHkwr <k¡pk gS ijUrq ifjofrZr ifjfLFkfr;ksa ds lanHkZ esa ;g Hkh vko';d gS fd blesa

la'kks/ku dj fy;k tk;s D;ksafd ukSdj'kkgh dk ykHk vkfFkZd] lkekftd] jktuhfrd ,oa iz'kklfud lHkh {ks=ksa esa

ik;s tkrs gSaA

ukSdj'kkgh ds dk;Z

(Function of Bureaucracy)

bl yksddY;k.kdkjh jkT; esa 'kklu ukSdj'kkgh ds lg;ksx ds fcuk laHko ugha pyk;k tk ldrk gSA yksdrkaf=d

jkT; esa jkT; ds dk;Z brus c<+ x;s gSa fd lHkh dk;Z dk;Zikfydk ds }kjk ugha fd;s tk ldrs D;ksafd ea=h 'kklu

lapkyu fo'ks"kK ugha gksrs rFkk lkFk esa muds ikl le;kHkko Hkh gksrk gSA blfy, iz'kklfud vf/kdkfj;ksa dh

Hkwfedk ;gka ij egÙoiw.kZ gks tkrh gSA vr% bl yksddY;k.kkdkjh jkT; esa ukSdj'kkgh }kjk iz'kklu dks lqpk: :i

ls pykus ds fy;s fuEufyf[kr egÙoiw.kZ dk;Z laié fd;s tkrs gSaA

(1) eaf=;ksa dh uhfr&fuekZ.k esa lgk;rk djuk (To render assistance to Ministers for policy making):

iztkra= esa iz'kklu eaf=;ksa }kjk pyk;k tkrk gSa blds fy;s le;≤ ij uhfr&fuekZ.k fd;k tkrk gSA

eaf=;ksa dks lacaf/kr foHkkx dh iqjh tkudkjh ugha gksrh gSA ea=h vius foHkkx ds dk;kZsa ds fy, iz'kklfud

vf/kdkfj;ksa ij fuHkZj gksrs gSa] D;ksafd iz'kklfud vf/kdkjh vius yEcs iz'kklfud vuqHko ,oa LFkk;h inksa ds

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dkj.k lacaf/kr ekeyksa esa fo'ks"kK gksrs gSaA iz'kklfud vf/kdkfj;ksa dk ;g mÙkjnkf;Ro gS fd os iz'kklu dks

lqpk: :i ls pykus ds fy;s lg;ksx djsa rFkk eaf=;ksa dh lgk;rk djssaA

(2) uhfr;ksa dks fØ;kfUor djuk (Executive of Policies): ns'k dk iz'kklu lqpk: :i ls pykus ds fy;s

ea=heaMy ukSdj'kkgh dh lgk;rk ls uhfr fuekZ.k djrh gSA eaf=;ksa }kjk tks uhfr;ksa ;k dk;ZØe turk ds

fy;s cuk;h tkrh gS mudk fØ;kUo;u iz'kklfud vf/kdkjh ds gkFkksa esa gksrh gSA

(3) iz'kklfud dk;Z (Administrative Functions): ns'k ds iz'kklu dks pykus dk okLrfod mÙkjnkf;Ro

iz'kkldh; vf/kdkjh ;kfu ukSdj'kkgh ij gksrh gSA ljdkj dh uhfr;ksa dks ykxw djus rFkk mlds vuqlkj

iz'kklu pykuk ukSdj'kkgh dk gh dk;Z gksrk gSA uhfr fuekZ.k ds le; eaf=;ksa dks dbZ izdkj ds vk¡dM+s

rFkk lwpuk (Facts and Figures) dh vko';drk gksrh gS tks mUgsa LFkk;h deZpkfj;ksa ;kfu ukSdj'kkgh ds

ek/;e ls izkIr gksrh gSA ftuls ea=h dks fo/kkue.My rFkk turk }kjk iwNs x;s iz'uksa ds mÙkj nsus esa

lgk;rk feyrh gSA ;s iz'kklfud vf/kdkjh ;ksX; vkSj vuqHkoh gksrs gSa bl dkj.k iz'kklu pykus esa mUgsa

fdlh izdkj dh dfBukbZ ugha vkrhA okLrfodrk esa 'kklu dh lQyrk rFkk vlQyrk dk lkjk

nkjksenkj iz'kklfud vf/kdkfj;ksa ij fuHkZj djrh gSA

(4) foHkkxksa esa leUo; LFkkfir djuk (To establish co-ordination in different departments): iz'kklu dh

lQyrk ds fy;s fHké&fHké foHkkxksa esa leUo; LFkkfir djuk cgwqr vfuok;Z gksrk gS] ftlls ljdkj ds

lHkh vax feydj dk;Z dj ldsaA yksd lsod fofHké foHkkxksa esa iz'kklu dks dq'ky cukus ds fy;s leUo;

LFkkfir djrs gSaA

(5) dkuwu&fuekZ.k esa lgk;rk (Help in law-making): rduhdh rkSj ij dkuwu cukuk fo/kkf;dk dk dke gSA

ijarq lek;kHkko ds dkj.k okLro esa lacaf/kr foHkkx ds ea=h }kjk is'k fd;s x;s fo/ks;dksa ij gh fo/kkf;dk

fopkj djrh gS vkSj ikfjr djrh gSA eaf=;ksa }kjk is'k fd;s tkus okys fo/ks;dksa dh :ijs[kk okLro esa

LFkk;h deZpkjh ;kfu ukSdj'kkgh dss }kjk cuk;h tkrh gSA ea=heaMy vius fo"k; ds fo'ks"kK u gksus ds

dkj.k fo/ks;d dk izk:i rS;kj ugha dj ldrs vkSj blds fy;s ofj"B ljdkjh vf/kdkfj;ksa dh lgk;rk

ysuh iM+rh gSA laln ds ikl le; dk vHkko gksrk gS] blfy, laln ds }kjk dkuwu dk <¡kpk ek= gh

ikl fd;k tkrk gSA ckdh t:jr iM+us ij ;kfu uhfr ds fØ;kUo;u ds le; fu;e o mifu;eksa dk

fuekZ.k ukSdj'kkgh ds }kjk fd;k tkrk gSA vr% dkuwu fuekZ.k esa ukSdj'kkgh vge~ Hkwfedk fuHkkrs gSaA

(6) foÙkh; dk;Z (Financial Functions): ctV ds laca/k esa uhfr eaf=eaMy }kjk r; dh tkrh gS vkSj ml

uhfr ds vuqlkj gh ctV rS;kj fd;k tkrk gS] ijUrq ctV dh :i&js[kk rS;kj djuk rFkk ljdkj dh

vkfFkZd uhfr dk fooj.k is'k djuk ukSdj'kkgh dk dk;Z gSA vU; foÙkh; dk;Z tSls djksa dks ,df=r

djuk] ctV ds vuqlkj [kpZ djuk rFkk ys[kk ijh{kk vkfn djuk LFkk;h iz'kkldksa dk dke gSA

(7) U;kf;d dk;Z (Judicial Functions): ;|fi U;kf;d dk;Z djuk U;k;ikfydk dk dke gS] ijarq U;k;/kh'kksa

ds vfrfjDr foHkkxh; vf/kdkfj;ksa dks Hkh U;k; ds vf/kdkj iznku fd;s x;s gSaA vk/kqfud ;qx esa iz'kkldh;

U;k; (Administrative Justice) dh izFkk izpfyr gks xbZ gSA tSls Hkkjr esa vk;dj dfe'kuj dks vk;&dj

ds laca/k esa vihysa lquus dk vf/kdkj gSA

(8) fu;kstu esa lgk;rk (Contribution in Planning): ns'k dh lkekftd ,oa vkfFkZd izxfr ds fy;s fu;kstu

dk izk:i rS;kj djkuk jktuhfrd dk;Zikfydk ;kfu eaf=;ksa dh ftEesnkjh gSA ysfdu bl izk:i dks rS;kj

djus ds fy;s ftu rF;ksa ;k vk¡dM+ksa dh t:jr gksrh gS] os iz'kklfud deZpkjh gh mUgsa miyC/k djkrs

gSaA blh izdkj ;kstuk ds fy;s lk/ku tqVkus ds ckjs esa ukSdj'kkgh dh Hkwfedk vR;ar egÙoiw.kZ gksrh gSA

;kstukvksa ds fuekZ.k ds i'pkr~ mudks ykxw djus dh uhfr dks fuf'pr djus esa ukSdj'kkgh ds lnL; gh

eaf=;ksa dh lgk;rk djrs gSaA vr% ;kstukvksa dks ukSdj'kkgh }kjk gh ykxw fd;k tkrk gSA

ukSdj'kkgh

67

(9) tu&lEidZ dk;Z (Public Relations Functions): iztkra= esa ljdkj tuer ij vk/kkfjr gksrh gSA

ukSdj'kkgh uhfr;ksa dh lQyrk ds fy;s turk ls lg;ksx izkIr djus dk iz;kl djrh gSA blds fy;s

turk ds lkFk lEidZ LFkkfir djus ds fy;s tu&lEidZ foHkkx dh LFkkiuk dh tkrh gSA

(10) turk dh f'kdk;rksa dks nwj djuk (To Redress the grievances of the public): turk viuh f'kdk;rsa

iz'kklfud vf/kdkfj;ksa ds le{k izLrqr djrh gS rFkk iz'kklfud vf/kdkjh yksxksa dks f'kdk;rksa dks nwj

djus dk iz;kl djrs gSaA dbZ ckj turk viuh f'kdk;rsa eaf=;ksa ds ikl Hkstrh gSA ea=h us turk dh

f'kdk;rksa dks nwj djus ds fy;s iz'kklfud vf/kdkfj;ksa dks vkns'k nsrs gSaA vr% turk dh f'kdk;rsa

iz'kklfud vf/kdkfj;ksa }kjk gh nwj dh tkrh gSA

(11) fodkl rFkk dY;k.k laca/kh dk;Z (Development and welfare functions): fodkl'khy ns'kksa esa ukSdj'kkgh

dk dk;Z dkuwu o O;oLFkk cuk;s j[kus ds lkFk&lkFk fodklkRed rFkk dY;k.kdkjh dk;kZsa dks djuk Hkh

gSA jkT; dh uohu dY;k.kdkjh vo/kkj.kk esa jkT; dks ukxfjdksa ds thou ds izR;sd i{k esa fodkl djuk

gS] ;g dsoy fofHké ;kstuk,¡ cukdj gh gks ldrk gSA vr% dY;k.kdkjh ;kstukvksa dk fuekZ.k rFkk

fØ;kUo;u dh lQyrk ukSdj'kkgh ds lg;ksx }kjk gh laHko gSA

fu"d"kZ (Conclusion)

vk/kqfud yksddY;k.kdkjh jkT; esa ukSdj'kkgh dh Hkwfedk vR;f/kd egRoiw.kZ gSA uhfr fuekZ.k ls ysdj uhfr

fØ;kUo;u rd lkjs dk;Z iz'kklfud vf/kdkfj;ksa ds }kjk gh fd;s tkrs gSa ;kfu ljdkj dh fodklkRed rFkk

dY;k.kdkjh dk;kZsa dh lQyrk rFkk vlQyrk ukSdj'kkgh dh dk;Z&dq'kyrk ij fuHkZj djrh gSA ukSdj'kkgh dh

bl rjg dh Hkwfedk ds dkj.k ;fn ;g dgk tk, dh ukSdj'kkgh gh okLro esa ljdkj gS rks ;g dkbZ vfr';ksfDr

ugha gksxhA

ukSdj'kkgh dk egÙo

(Importance of Bureaucracy)

yksd dY;k.kdkjh jkT; esa jkT; dks vc dsoy iqfyl dks dk;Z gh ugha djus iM+rs gSa cfYd blds vfrfjDr mls

cgqr ls fodklkRed rFkk dY;k.kdkjh dk;Z djus iM+rs gSaA bu dk;kZsa esa LokLF; laca/kh dk;Z] izf'k{k.k] vkS|ksfxd

izf'k{k.k] f'k{kk laca/kh dk;Z] csjkstxkjh nqj djuk] vkfn 'kkfey gSa jktuhfrd vdsys bl lc dk;kZsa dks djus esa

vleFkZ gSA vr% mudh lgk;rk ds fy;s LFkk;h vf/kdkjh ;kfu ukSdj'kkgh gksrh gS] tks jktuhfrd dk;Zikfydk

}kjk cuk;h x;h uhfr dks fØ;kfUor djrs gSaA buds egÙo ds dkj.k bUgsa ^vk/kqfud jkT; dk ân;* dgk tkrk gSA

ukSdj'kkgh dks iz'kklu dk vk/kkj ekuk tkrk gSA ;s iz'kklfud vf/kdkjh fo'ks"k izf'k{k.k izkIr fd;s gksrs gSa] rFkk

vius {ks= ds fo'ks"kK gksrs gSaA iz'kklu dh dq'kyrk vkSj lQyrk ;ksX;] fu"i{k vkSj bZekunkj ukSdj'kkgh ij fuHkZj

djrh gSA iz'kklu dk Lrj ukSdj'kkgh ds dk;kZsa vkSj Hkwfedk ij fuHkZj djrk gSA ukSdj'kkgh dk egÙo vk/kqfud

;qx esa bruk c<+ x;k gS fd bls ljdkj ds lekukFkZd ekuk tkus yxk gSa

ukSdj'kkgh dk egÙo fuEufyf[kr ckrksa ls Li"V gS&

(1) iz'kklfud vf/kdkjh fo'ks"kK gksrs gSa (Bureaucrats are Experts): bl yksdra=kRed ljdkj esa uhfr

fuekZ.k dk dk;Z jktuhfrd dk;Zikfydk ;kfu foHkkxh; ea=h ds }kjk fd;k tkrk gS] ijarq iz'kklfud

vf/kdkjh ea=h dks ijke'kZ nsrk gSA ea=h iz'kklfud vf/kdkfj;ksa dh lykg dks ekurk gS D;ksafd iz'kklfud

vf/kdjh vius fo"k; ds fo'ks"kK gksrs gSaA ftl foHkkx esa os fu;qDr fd;s tkrs gSa] ml foHkkx dh mUgsa

rduhdh tkudkjh gksrh gSA mUgsa iz'kkldh; izf'k{k.k Hkh fn;k tkrk gSA iz'kklfud vf/kdkjh eaf=;ksa dks

iz'kklu pykus esa enn djrs gSaaA

jktuhfrd fl)kUr

68

(2) eaf=;ksa ds ikl le;kHkko (Lack of Time with Ministry): eaf=;ksa dks cgqr lkjs lalnh; dk;Z djus gksrs

gSa] lkFk gh mUgsa ny ds cSBdksa esa Hkkx ysuk iM+rk gSA fons'kksa dk nkSjk djuk gksrk gSa blfy, foHkkx dk

lkjk dk;Z djus ds fy;s eaf=;ksa ds ikl le;kHkko gksrk gSA blfy, iz'kklfud vf/kdfj;ksa dks eaf=;ksa ds

cgqr ls foHkkxh; dk;Z djus gksrs gSaA

(3) eaf=;ksa dh 'kSf{kd ;ksX;rk ugha (No Educational Qualification of Ministers): iztkra= esa pquko yM+us ds

fy;s mEehnokj ds fy;s dksbZ 'kSf{kd ;ksX;rk fu/kkZfjr ugha dh x;h gSA blfy, cgqer izkIr gksus ij ny

ds izHkko'kkyh O;fDr;ksa dks ea=heaMy esa 'kkfey fd;k tkrk gS ftuds ikl foHkkx laca/kh tkudkjh dk

vHkko gksrk gSA blfy, foHkkx dk vf/kdka'k dk;Z ukSdj'kkgh ds }kjk fd;k tkrk gSaA

(4) jkT;ksa ds dk;kZsa esa o`f) ds dkj.k ukSdj'kkgh dk egÙo (The increases in the functions of state has

enhanced the importance of Bureaucracy): vk/kqfud jkT; yksd&dY;k.kdkjh jkT; gSa] ftlds dkj.k

jkT; dk;Z&{ks= dkQh c<+ x;k gSA bl dkj.k ukSdj'kkgh dk izHkqÙo rFkk izHkko Hkh c<+ x;k gSA ea=h vius

dk;kZsa ds fy;s ukSdj'kkgh ij fuHkZj djrs gSaA

(5) lzksrksa dk izcU/k (Mobilization of Resources): ns'k dh vkfFkZd izxfr ds fy;s ;kstukvksa dk fuekZ.k fd;k

tkrk gSA bu ;kstukvksa dks dk;Z:i nsus ds fy;s vkfFkZd lalk/kuksa ds lkFk&lkFk ekuoh; lalk/kuksa dk

izcU/k djuk rFkk mfpr mi;ksx djuk ukSdj'kkgh ds }kjk fd;k tkrk gSA vr% ukSdj'kkgh gh okLrfod

:i esa ;kstukvksa dks cukus o mUgsa ykxw djus ds fy;s mÙkjnk;h gSA ;gh ugha ukSdj'kkgh gh le;≤

ij ;kstukvksa ds fØ;kUo;u dk tk;tk ysrh gS rFkk lq/kkj ds mik; Hkh djrh gSA

(6) iz'kklu esa fujUrjrk (Continuity in administration): iz'kklfud vf/kdkjh ,d ckj fu;qDr gks tkrs gSa

rks ,d fuf'pr dk;Zof/k rd vius in ij cus jgrs gSaA tcfd bl lalnh; iz.kkyh esa ljdkj rFkk ea=h

le;≤ ij cnyrs jgrs gSaA ftlds dkj.k 'kklu dh fujUrjrk jguk vko';d gks tkrk gSA D;ksafd

iz'kklfud vf/kdkjh ij gh uhfr fuekZ.k rFkk uhfr fØ;kUo;u iwjh ftEesoknh vk tkrh gSA iz'kklfud

vf/kdkfj;ksa ds LFkkf;Ro ds dkj.k iz'kklfud uhfr;ksa esa fujUrjrk cuh jgrh gSA

(7) lalnh; iz.kkyh esa fo'ks"k egÙo (Special Importance in Parliamentary government): ukSdj'kkgh dk

lalnh; iz.kkyh esa vkSj Hkh egÙo c<+ tkrk gS D;ksafd foHkkxh; ea=h ds ikl foHkkxksa ds fy;s iwjk dk;Z

djus fo'ks"kdj uhfr fuekZ.k rFkk uhfr fØ;kUo;u ds fy;s i;kZIr vuqHko ugha gksrk gSA dbZ ckj rks

foHkkxh; ea=h iqjh rjg ls foHkkxh; dk;kZsaa esa vuqHkoghu gksrs gSaA ,slh fLFkfr esa ukSdj'kkgh ;k yksdlsod

iz'kklu pykus esa ea=h dh lgk;rk djrs gSaA

(8) dY;k.kdkjh jkT; esa egÙo (Importance in Welfare State): vk/kqfud jkT; yksddY;k.kdkjh jkT; gks

x;k gS ftlds dkj.k jkT; dk dk;Z{ks= dkQh c<+ x;k gSa ;s lHkh dk;Z LFkk;h dk;Zikfydk ;kfu

ukSdj'kkgh }kjk laié fd;s tkrs gSaA ;fn ukSdj'kkgh dq'ky] bZekunkj] ;ksX; vkSj dÙkZO;&ijk;.k gS rks

dY;k.kdkjh jkT; vius mís'; dh izkfIr dj ikus esa lQy gks ik;sxkA


iz'kklfud vf/kdkjh iz'kklu esa ;kfu uhfr fuekZ.k ls ysdj uhfr fØ;kUo;u rd egÙoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkkrs gSaA

fodkl'khy ns'kksa esa jkT;ksa dk Lo:i yksddY;k.kdkjh gks tkus ds dkj.k iz'kklu dh lQyrk rFkk vlQyrk

eaf=;ksa ds mij iz'kklfud vf/kdkfj;ksa dh vis{kk de gksrh gSA vr% bl fodklkRed rFkk dY;k.kdkjh jkT; esa

ukSdj'kkgh dk egÙo cgqr c< x;k gSa A

ukSdj'kkgh

69

ukSdj'kkgh dh dk;Zdq'kyrk o bZekunkjh dks cuk, j[kus ds lk/ku (Methods for maintenance of efficiency and integrity of Bureaucracy)

ukSdj'kkgh dh egÙkk mldh bZekunkjh vkSj dk;Zdq'kyrk ij fuHkZj djrh gSA vk/kqfud le; esa dq'ky iz'kklu

dq'ky ukSdj'kkgh ds fcuk LFkkfir ugha fd;k tk ldrk gSA ukSdj'kkgh dh bZekunkjh o dk;Z&dq'kyrk esa ;ksxnku

nsus okys rRo fuEufyf[kr gSaA

(1) fu;qfä dk <ax (Method of Appointment): gj ns'k dh ljdkj ;ksX;re O;fDr;ksa dks iz'kkldh; inksa

ij fu;qDr djus dk iz;kl djrh gSA ukSdj'kkgh ds lnL;ksa dh fu;qfDr dk iz'u dkQh egÙoiw.kZ gSA

bldk lcls mÙke rjhdk ukSdj'kkgh ds lnL;ksa dh HkrhZ ;ksX;rk ds vk/kkj ij [kqyh izfr;ksfxrk }kjk dh

tkuh pkfg,A [kqyh izfr;ksfxrk }kjk HkrhZ (Open Competition for Recruitment) loZizFke baXyS.M esa

viuk;k x;kA ftls vHkh lHkh lH; ns'kksa }kjk viuk fy;k x;k gSA HkrhZ ds fy, ifj{kk nks Jsf.k;ksa esa yh

tkrh gSA fyf[kr ijh{kk (Written examination) rFkk O;fDrxr ijh{kk (Personnal Test)A O;fDrxr ijh{kk

ds fy;s lk{kkRdkj dh fof/k viuk;h tkrh gSA ;g ijh{kk yksd lsok vk;ksx }kjk djk;h tkrh gSA flfoy

lsodksa dh HkrhZ izkjafHkd vk;q (Early Age) ds vk/kkj ij dh tkuh pkfg, D;ksafd bl vk;q esa muesa tkuus

,oa lh[kus dh {kerk gksrh gSA

(2) izf'k{k.k (Training): dq'ky ,oa n{k ukSdj'kkgh ds lnL; ds fuekZ.k ds fy;s nwljh egÙoiw.kZ 'krZ izf'k{k.k

gSA pqus gq, mEehnokjksa esa ;ksX;rk rks gksrh gS ijarq os yksd lsok ds nkf;Roksa ls ifjfpr ugha gksrs gSaA

blfy, muds fy;s izf'k{k.k t:jh gSA yksd lsokvksa ds lnL;ksa dks izf'k{k.k nsus ds fy, dqN laLFkk,a Hkh

LFkkfir dh tkrh gSa tSls Hkkjr esa iz'kklfud lsokvksa ds lnL;ksa dks yky cgknqj 'kkL=h baLVhV;wV] elwjh

dk iz'kklfud vdkneh ,oa iqfyl vdkneh tSls izf'k{k.k dsUnzksa ij gj rjg dk izf'k{k.k fn;k tkrk gSA

rFkk chp&chp eas izf'k{k.k ds fy;s lkjs ns'k ds fofHké txgksa ij ?kqek;k tkrk gS] rkfd os iwjk Kku izkIr

dj ldsaA

(3) inkséfr (Promotions): iz'kklfud vf/kdkfj;ksa dh dk;Zdq'kyrk dk;e j[kus rFkk dq'kyrk rFkk dk;Z ds

izfr :fp cuk;s j[kus ds fy;s inksfér Hkh ,d izHkkoh rjhdk gSA inkséfr iz'kklukRed o fo'ouh; dk;Z

djus ds fy, ,d rjg dk iqjLdkj gSA inkséfr yksdlsodksa dks viuh dk;Z{kerk dks lq/kkjus dk ekSdk

iznku djrh gS vkSj iz'kkldksa dks vPNs o ;ksX; lsodksa dks j[kus dk Hkh volj iznku djrh gSA

inkséfr ojh;rk (Seniority) o ;ksX;rk rFkk foHkkxh; ijh{kk ds vk/kkj ij nh tkrh gSA rhuksa dks feykdj

;k ojh;rk rFkk ;ksX;rk dks feykdj inkséfr djus dk <ax lcls vPNk gSA

(4) yksdra=h; fl)kar (Democratic Principle): yksdlsokvksa (Civil Services) ;k ukSdj'kkgh dh dk;Z{kerk ds

fy;s vko';d gS fd yksdlsokvksa dk lekt ds lkFk iw.kZrk ,dhdj.k gkssuk pkfg,A izk sŒ fofy;e ,Œ

jksclu dk dguk gS fd yksd lsokvksa dk lekt ls ,dhdj.k rhu rjhdksa ls izkIr fd;k tk ldrk gSA

¼d½ yksd lsok ds lnL; lekt ds lHkh oxkZsa ls fy;s tkus pkfg,A

¼[k½ 'kkldksa vkSj 'kkflrksa esa yxkrkj laca/k cuk;s j[kk tkuk pkfg,A

¼x½ jktuhfrKksa ds yksd lsokvksa ls ckgj j[kuk pkfg,A

;fn mijksDr rhuksa fl)kar viuk;s tkrs gSa rks yksd lsok,a vf/kd fuiq.k] mÙkjnk;h rFkk fo'oLr cu

tk,xhA a

(5) rVLFkk o fu"i{krk (Neutrality and Impartiality): ukSdj'kkgh ds lnL; rVLFk ,oa fu"i{k gksus pkfg,A

fu"i{krk dk rkRi;Z ;g gS fd ukSdj'kkgh dks fdlh Hkh jktuhfrd ny ls lacaf/kr ugha gksuh pkfg,A mls

vius ea=h ds fy;s fu"i{krk ls dk;Z djuk pkfg,A

jktuhfrd fl)kUr

70

Hkkjr esa ukSdj'kkgh dks fu"i{k o jktuhfrd :i ls rVLFk cukus ds fy, fuEufyf[kr fu;e cuk;s x;s

gSaA

¼d½ ukSdj'kkgh ds lnL;ksa dks fdlh Hkh ny dk lnL; cuus dh btktr ugha gSA

¼[k½ mUgsa fo/kkeaMy ds fy;s pquko yM+us dh eukgh gSA fQj Hkh mUgsa ,d lk/kkj.k ukxfjd dh rjg oksV

dk vf/kdkj izkIr gSA

¼x½ mUgsa izlkj ek/;eksa ds }kjk jktuhfrd fopkj izdV djus ij izfrcU/k gSA

(6) iz'kklu ds <ax o rduhd (Methods and Techniques of Administration): iz'kklfud izfØ;k lk/kkj.k]

ljy vkSj rst gksuh pkfg,A ukSdj'kkgh ds lnL;ksa dks fu;eksa o fofue;ksa dk ikyu rks djuk pkfg,

ysfdu ;a=or :i esa dk;Z ugha djuh pkfg, cfYd vius efLr"d ls Hkh dke ysuk pkfg,A izR;sd fu.kZ;

fyf[kr :i esa gksuk pkfg,A ukSdj'kkgh ds lnL;ksa dks vius vki fu.kZ; ysus ds fy;s izksRlkfgr djuk

pkfg,A iz'kklu ds <ax o rduhd Hkh ukSdj'kkgh dks izHkko'kkyh cukus esa lgk;rk djrs gSaA

ukSdj'kkgh iz'kklu ds izR;sd {ks= esa vko';d ,oa egÙoiw.kZ gks x;k gSA ukSdj'kkgh dk iz'kklu esa egÙoiw.kZ LFkku

gS blfy, bldh fu"i{krk dks cuk;s j[kuk vko';d gSA okLrfodrk esa lafo/kku dks budh lgk;rk ds fcuk iqjh

rjg ,oa izHkkoh rjhds ls ykxw ugha fd;k tk ldrkA vr% fuiq.k vkSj fu"i{k ukSdj'kkgh vPNh ljdkj ds fy;s

vR;ko';d gSA

ukSdj'kkgh ds xq.k ,oa nks"k

(Merits and Demerits of Bureaucracy)

vk/kqfud ;qx dk Lo:i yksddY;k.kdkjh jkT; dk gSA yksddY;k.kdkjh Lo:i ds dkj.k jkT; ds dk;Z{ks= esa o`f)

ds dkj.k ukSdj'kkgh dk egÙo ,oa izHkqRo Hkh c<+ x;k gSA ukSdj'kkgh vk/kqfud ,oa yksddY;k.kdkjh jkT; dh

vko';drk gSA ukSdj'kkgh ds fcuk iz'kklu dks pykuk dkQh dfBu dk;Z gSA ijUrq bldk vFkZ ;g ugha dh

ukSdj'kkgh nks"kksa ls eqDr gSA tgk¡ ukSdj'kkgh esa dqN xq.k gSa] ogk¡ blds dqN nks"k Hkh gSA

ukSdj'kkgh ds xq.k (Merits of Bureaucracy)

iz'kklu esa ukSdj'kkgh ds fuEufyf[kr xq.k gSaA

(1) iz'kklu esa fLFkjrk (Stability in the Administration): lalnh; iz.kkyh esa ljdkjsa rFk ea=heaMy

le;≤ ij cnyrh jgrh gSaA ijUrq yksd lsod ,d ckj fu;qDr gks tkrs gSa rks vius in ij ,d

fuf'pr vof/k ;k yEcs le; rd vius in ij cus jgrs gSaA eaf=;ksa ds cnyus ij muij dksbZ fo'ks"k

izHkko ugha iM+rk gSA ,slh n'kk esa iz'kklu esa fLFkjrk rFkk fujarjrk cuh jgrh gSA

(2) ;ksX;rk ds vk/kkj ij fu;qfä (Appointment on the basis of Merits): iz'kklfud vf/kdkfj;ksa dh fu;qfä

mudh 'kS{kf.kd ;ksX;rk ds vk/kkj ij dh tkrh gSA fyf[kr ijh{kk rFkk lk{kkRdkj ds i'pkr~ gh fdlh

O;fDr dks ml foHkkx esa fu;qDr fd;k tkrk gSA

(3) fu;eksa dk ikyu (Obedience of Law): ukSdj'kkgh dk ,d vfuok;Z xq.k gS fd iz'kklfud vf/kdkjh

fuf'pr fu;eksa dk ikyu djrs gq, dk;Z djrs gSaA yksd lsod fu;eksa ls ca/ks gksrs gSaA in ij jgus okys

O;fDr cnyrs jgrs gSa] ijUrq ;s vf/kdkjh fu;eksa dh fuf'pr lhek esa dk;Z djrs gSaA

(4) is'ksoj rFkk fuiq.k% oxZ (Professional and Expert Class): ukSdj'kkgh ds yksx is'ksoj rFkk fuiq.k% oxZ ds

yksx gksrs gSaA ;s deZpkjh ,d fo'ks"k dk;Z vFkkZr iz'kklu pykus esa yach vof/k rd jgus ds dkj.k fuiq.k%

gks tkrs gSaA deZpkjh ,d fo'ks"k dyk esa izf'kf{kr gksrk gSA ,d gh dk;Z dks ckj&ckj djus ls ukSdj'kkgh

vius dk;Z esa n{k gks tkrh gSA

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(5) fu"i{krk (Neutrality): ukSdj'kkgh nyxr jktuhfr ls nwj jgdj dk;Z djrk gSA ea=h jktuhfrd v/;{k

gksrs gSaA ukSdj'kkgh vius foHkkx ds jktuhfrd v/;{k ;kfu ea=h ds vkns'kkuqlkj dk;Z djrs gSa pkgs

foHkkx/;{k dksbZ Hkh O;fDr ;k fdlh Hkh ny dk D;ksa u gksA iz'kklfud vf/kdkfj;ksa esa fu"i{krk rFkk

rVLFkk ,d fo'ks"k ,oa vfuok;Z xq.k gSA

ukSdj'kkgh ds nks"k (Demerits of Bureaucracy)

ukSdj'kkgh ds fuEufyf[kr nks"k gSa&

(1) vkSipkfjdrk (Formality): ukSdj'kkgh esa vkSipkfjdrk ij cgqr tksj fn;k tkrk gS ftlds dkj.k buesa

vkRefu.kZ; ysus dh 'kfDr lekIr gks tkrh gSA vf/kdkfj;ksa dks iwoZ fu/kkZfjr fu;eksa ,oa dk;Zfof/k;ksa ds

vuqlkj dk;Z djuk iM+rk gSA vf/kdkjh fuf'pr fu;eksa ls ca/ks gksrs gSaA ftlds dkj.k vf/kdkjhx.k fu.kZ;

ysus ls ?kcjkrs gSaA

(2) yky Qhrk'kkgh (Red Tapism): vf/kdkjhx.k vkSipkfjdrkvksa rFkk fuf'pr fu;eksa dk ikyu djrs gSaA

Qkby fuEu vf/kdkjh ls mPp vf/kdkjh rd vkSj foHkkxk/;{k ds ikl igqaprk gSA ;kfu dk;ns dkuwuksa ds

dkj.k dk;kZsa ds fu"iknu esa nsjh yxrh gSA ukSdj'kkgh ifjfLFkfr;ksa ds vuqlkj dk;Z ugha djrs tks mUgsa

djuk pkfg,A os fu;eksa dk ikyu djrs le; ;s Hkwy tkrs gSa fd fu;e turk ds fy;s gS] u fd turk

fu;eksa ds fy;sA vr% bl izdkj yky Qhrk'kgh ds dkj.k O;FkZ dh nsjh gksrh gS rFkk fu;eksa dks ikyu

djds Hkz"Vkpkj dks c<+kok nsrh gSA

(3) tulk/kkj.k dh ekaxksa dh mis{kk (Ignorance of Public Demands):- ukSdj'kkgh ifjorZu dh fojks/kh gksrh

gS rFkk izk;% tulk/kkj.k dh ekaxksa dh mis{kk djrh gSA

(4) vuqÙkjnk;h (Irresponsible):- ukSdj'kkgh fo/kkueaMy ds izfr lh/ks rkSj ij mÙkjnk;h ugha gksrh cfYd os

ea=h ds ek/;e mÙkjnk;h gksrh gSA ftlds dkj.k mu ij cgqr gn rd lalnh; fu;a=.k de gks tkrk gSA

ftlds dkj.k ;fn os ea=h dks xyr rF; rFkk vk¡dM+s iznku djrh gS rks bl xyrh dh ltk ea=h dks

Hkksxuh iM+rh gS] iz'kklfud vf/kdkjh dks ughaA bl dkj.k ukSdj'kkgh esa mÙkjnkf;Ro dh Hkkouk esa deh

;kfu vuqÙkjnkf;Ro dh Hkkouk c<+ tkrh gSA

(5) 'kfDr izse (The Lust for Power):- ukSdj'kkgh 'kfDr ds Hkw[ks gksrs gSaA fofHké foHkkxksa ds ukSdj'kkgh 'kfDr

ds la?k"kZ esa jr jgus ds dkj.k yksdfgr dks Hkqyk nsrs gSaA flfoy lsok ds lnL; yksdra= ds uke ij

foHkkxksa dh 'kfDr esa fujarj o`f) djrs tk jgs gSa vkSj eaf=;ksa ds mÙkjnkf;Ro ds fl)kar ds uke ij mUgksaus

lkjh 'kfDr;ka Lo;a ds gkFkksa esa dfUnzr dj yh gSA

(6) dsUnzh;dj.k dh izo`fÙk (Tendency towards centralization):- ukSdj'kkgh dk ,d nks"k ;g gS fd blesa

dsUnzh;dj.k dh izo`fÙk c<+rh gSA iz'kklfud laxBu esa inlkskfud O;oLFkk ik;h tkrh gSA blesa fupys

Lrj ij vf/kdkjh QSlyk Lo;a ugha ysrs vkSj ekeyksa dks mPp Lrjh; vf/kdkjh;ksa ds ikl Hkst nsrs gsaA ogka

ls ;s ekeys vkSj Å¡ps Lrj ds vf/kdkfj;ksa ds ikl igqap tkrs gSaA vkSj var esa dsUnzh; ljdkj ds ikl

fu.kZ; ds fy, tkrs gSaA bl izfØ;k esa bruk le; fudy tkrk gS fd fu.kZ; dk dksbZ vkSfpR; gh ugha jg

tkrk gSA

(7) Js"Brk dh Hkkouk (Superiorty Complex):- ukSdj'kkgh dk ,d vU; nks"k ;g gS fd bl O;oLFkk esa

vf/kdkfj;ksa esa Js"Brk dh Hkkouk vk tkrh gSA pw¡dh bUgsa dqN fo'ks"kkf/kdkj izkIr gksrs gSa blfy, os vius

vkidks turk ls Js"B vkSj i`Fkd le>us yxrs gSaA Qyr% 'kkldksa ,oa 'kkflrksa ds chp xgjh [kkbZ iSnk gks

tkrh gS ,oa muds chp mi;qDr laca/k LFkkfir ugha gks ikrsA

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(8) vkdkj esa o`f) (Growth in Size):- Lora=rk ds ckn ukSdj'kkgh ds vkdkj esa yxkrkj o`f) gksrh tk jgh

gSA ukSdj'kkgh ds vkdkj esa o`f) ds dkj.k buds dk;Zdq'kyrk esa deh vk;h gS rFkk ljdkjh [ktkus esa

[kpZ esa Hkh c<+ksÙkjh gqbZ gSA

(9) izkphu fu;eksa dk leFkZu (Support to Conservatism):- yksd lsod ifjorZu ugha pkgrs gSaA os iqjkus

fu;eksa dk gh leFkZu djrs gSaa iz'kklfud vf/kdkjh yEch vof/k rd ,d lk dk;Z djrs gSa ftlds dkj.k

muds LoHkko esa :f<+oknh rFkk izfrfØ;koknh xq.k vk tkrs gSaA ;s :<+hoknh ;k izfrfØ;koknh gksus ds ukrs

lekt esa vkfFkZd o lkekftd ifjorZu dk fojks/k djrs gSaA

(10) tfVyrk esa o`f) (Increase in Complexties):- ukSdj'kkgh dk ,d nks"k ;g Hkh gS fd leL;kvksa ds 'kh?kz

fuiVkjs esa fo'okl ugha djrs gSaA leL;kvksa esa tfVyrk,a iSnk djuk mudk LoHkko gSA muds }kjk cuk;s

x;s fu;e Hkh tfVy gksrs gSa] ftudks lk/kkj.k turk le> ugha ikrhA

(11) uohu fujadq'krk (New Depositism):- ukSdj'kkgh esa ,d voxq.k ;g ik;k tkrk gS fd bldh izo`fÙk

fujadq'krk dh vksj jgrh gSA rhoz ukSdj'kkgh eukso`fÙk ds vQlj dqN ,sls fo'oklksa ds lkFk dke djrs gSa

fltds dkj.k muds 'kklu esa fujadq'krk vkrh gSA baXyS.M esa ykWMZ phQ tfLVl nsVkjZ us flfoy lsodksa

dh c<+rh gqbZ 'kfDr dks 1929 bZŒ esa izdkf'kr viuh iqLrd 'New Despotism' esa ^uohu fujadq'krk* dh

laKk nh gSA mUgksaus ;g vk'kadk O;Dr dh gS fd bl c<+rh gqbZ iz'kkldh; fujadq'krk ds ifj.kkeLo:i

fczfV'k ukxfjd viuh Lora=rk [kks nsaxsA


bl izdkj ukSdj'kkgh ds xq.kksa rFkk voxq.kksa dk v/;;u djus ds i'pkr% ge bl fu"d"kZ ij igqaprs gSa fd

ukSdj'kkgh vusd nks"kksa ls ihfM+r jgrh gSA le; vf/kd cckZn gksrk gSA ykyQhrk'kkgh ik;h tkrh gSA ukSdj'kkgh

vius dk;kZsa ds fy;s turk rFkk laln ds izfr mÙkjnk;h ugha gSA iz'kklfud vf/kdkjh vuus vki dks ,d Js"B oxZ

dk lnL; ekurs gSaA ijUrq ukSdj'kkgh ds egÙo dks budkj ugha fd;k tk ldrk gSA jktuhfrd dk;Zikfydk dh

iz'kklfud dk;kZsa esa vufHkKrk ds dkj.k iz'kklfud vf/kdjh lkjk dk;Z djrs gSaA

ukSdj'kkgh ds nks"kksa dks nwj djus ds mik; (Suggestions to remove evils of Bureaucracy)

ljdkjh iz'kklu esa ukSdj'kkgh dk ;ksxnku de egÙo dk ugha gSA oLrqr% ukSdj'kkgh dk;Zdq'kyrk] fof'k"V Kku]

fu"i{krk] fu;eksa rFkk dkuwuksa ds ikyu] vkfn ds vusd xq.kksa ds dkj.k orZeku le; esa iz'kklu dk vfuok;Z vax

cu x;h gSA fdUrq ;fn bls fu;a=.k esa u j[kk tk; rks fo/oal dk fouk'kdkjh dk;Z djrh gSA vr% ukSdj'kkgh dks

turk ij gkoh ugha gksus fn;k tkuk pkfg,] cfYd mls lsod gh cuk;s j[kuk pkfg,A ;g dk;Z vxzfyf[kr mik;ksa

ls fd;k tk ldrk gSA

(1) ;ksX; eaf=;ksa dh fu;qfä (Appointment of Suitable Ministers):- ukSdj'kkgh dks fu;af=r djuk eaf=;ksa

dk dk;Z gS ;fn ;s ea=h ;ksX; vkSj dk;Zdq'ky gksaxs rks os ljdkjh lsodksa ij lqn`<+ fu;a=.k j[k ldsaxs

vU;Fkk ljdkjh lsod mu ij gkoh gksdj turk dh Lora=rk dks ladV esa Mky nsaxsA

(2) turk esa tkx`fr iSnk djuk (To make People Vigilant):- ukSdj'kkgh dks lq/kkjus ds fy;s ;g egÙoiw.kZ

gS fd ukSdj'kkgh ds izfr turk dks tkx:d cuk;k tk;A turk dks ljdkjh dkuwuksa] fu;eksa o mifu;eksa

dh tkudkjh nh tkuh pkfg,A turk dks muds dÙkZO;ksa dh tkudkjh Hkh nh tkuh pkfg,] rkfd

ukSdj'kkgh ;k iz'kkld mls Ny u djsaA

(3) lÙkk dk fodsUnzhdj.k (Decentralization of Authority):- lÙkk O;fDr dks Hkz"V cukrh gSA vFkkZr ;fn

lÙkk dk dsUnzhdj.k gksxk rks ;g fdlh dks fujadq'k o rkuk'kkg cuk ldrh gSA vf/kdkfj;ksa esa lÙkk dk

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vR;f/kd dUnzhdj.k gksus ls muesa ukSdj'kkgh izÑfr iuirh gSA blfy, ;fn lÙkk dk fodsUnzhdj.k dj

fn;k tk;sxk] rks ukSdj'kkgh vius nks"kksa ls eqDr gks tk;sxhA

(4) iz'kklfud izfØ;k tfVy u gks (Administrative Process should not be complex):- iz'kklfud izfØ;k

dks ljy cuk;k tk;s rkfd vke turk dh le> esa iz'kklfud fØ;kfof/k le> esa vk lds vkSj turk

dks ukSdj'kkgh ds 'kks"k.k ls cpk;k tk ldsA

(5) izR;k;ksftr fof/k fuekZ.k dh ek=k esa deh (Delegated legislation should be decreased):- ukSdj'kkgh dh

fujadq'krk dk eq[; lzksr izR;k;ksftr fof/k fuekZ.k gSA vr% ukSdj'kkgh dks vf/kd mi;ksxh cukus ds fy;s

;g vko';d gS fd izR;k;ksftr fof/k fuekZ.k (Delegated Legislation) dh ek=k esa deh dh tk;sA

(6) iz'kkldh; U;k;kf/kdj.kksa dh LFkkiuk (Establishment of Administrative Tribunals):- ,sls

U;k;kf/kdj.kksa dh LFkkiuk dh tkuh pkfg, tgk¡ vke ukxfjd flfoy deZpkfj;ksa ds fo:) viuh

f'kdk;r j[k ldsaA iz'kklu esa Hkz"Vkpkj dks lekIr djus ds fy;s rFkk ukSdj'kkgh dks nks"kksa ls eqDr djus

ds fy;s ,sls iz'kkldh; U;k;f/kdj.kksa dh LFkkiuk furkUr vko';d gSA

(7) lapkj O;oLFkk (Communication System):- fdUgha nks i{kksa esa lkSgknZiw.kZ laca/k LFkkfir djus ds fy,

izHkko'kkyh lapkj O;oLFkk dh vko';drk gksrh gSA ;g rF; ukSdj'kkgh o turk ds laca/kksa ds ckjs esa Hkh

lgh gSA turk o ukSdj'kkgh ds chp lapkj vUrj (Communication gap) dks nwj fd;k tkuk pkfg,A

(8) foHkkxksa ds v/;{k dh fu;qfDr (Appointment of Head of Departments):- iz'kklu esa foHkkxksa ds v/;{kksa

dh fu;qfDr leqfpr ;ksX;rk ds vk/kkj ij dh tkuh pkfg,A blls foHkkx dh dk;Z{kerk ij ldkjkRed

(Positive) izHkko iM+sxkA foHkkxk/;{k dks ml foHkkx ls lacaf/kr tkudkjh izkIr gksuh pkfg,A

(9) fjVk;MZ flfoy ;k lSfud inkf/kdkfj;ksa dh jktnwr ;k jkT;iky ds in ij fu;qfä Hkh ,d xyr O;oLFkk

dks tUe nsrh gSA blls dqN vf/kdkfj;ksa esa ;g Hkkouk mRié gks ldrh gS fd mUgsa vius jktuhfrd

izHkqvksa dks [kq'k j[kuk pkfg,A Hkys gh blds fy;s mUgsa vuqfpr dk;Z Hkh D;ksa u djuk iM+sA


ukSdj'kkgh vius vki esa dksbZ cqjh pht ugha gSA vko';drk bl ckr dh gS fd ukSdj'kkgh dks bl Hkkafr fu;af=r

fd;k tk;s fd og ^lsod* gh cuh jgs] ^Lokeh* cudj gkoh u gksus ik;sA yksd dY;k.kdkjh ;qx esa ekuo thou dk

dksbZ igyw ,slk ugha gS tgk¡ ljdkj dks ukSdj'kkgh dh vko';drk eglwl ugha gksrhA yksdra=h; jkT;ksa esa

ukSdj'kkgh dh Hkwfedk dkQh cM+h ,oa egRoiw.kZ gksrh gSA blfy, vko';drk bl ckr dh gS fd ukSdj'kkgh ds

nks"kksa dks nwj fd;k tk;A ukSdj'kkgh dks viuk n`f"Vdks.k cnyuk pkfg,A mUgsa turk dh dfBukbZ;ksa dks le>uk

pkfg, vkSj mUgsa nwj djus dk iz;kl djuk pkfg,A

ukSdj'kkgh dh HkrhZ (Recruitment of Bureaucracy)

HkrhZ ,d O;kid izfØ;k gS ftlds }kjk iz'kklu esa ;ksX; deZpkfj;ks a ds laxBu] mudk p;u fd;k tkrk gS vkSj

mUgsa vius inksa ij fu;qDr dj iz'kklu esa fu/kkZfjr y{;ksa dh izkfIr dh tkrh gSA

vf/kdkjh oxZ dks 'kklu dh vk/kkjf'kyk dgk tkrk gS] D;ksafd blds fcuk ljdkj dk pyuk vlaHko gSA yksdlsok

esa deZpkfj;ksa dh HkrhZ dh leL;k vR;ar egRoiw.kZ gS] D;ksafd iz'kklu dh fLFkjrk rFkk dk;Zdq'kyrk bUgha

deZpkfj;ksa dh ;ksX;rk] bZekunkjh vkSj yxu ij fuHkZj gSA 'kklu dh lQyrk vkSj vlQyrk bu deZpkfj;ksa ij

gh fuHkZj gSA HkrhZ ds fy;s izR;sd ns'k esa fHké&fHké rjhds viuk, tkrs gSaA vf/kdka'k ns'kksa esa vf/kdkfj;ksa dh HkrhZ

eq[; :i ls ;ksX;rk ds vk/kkj ij dh tkrh gSA D;ksafd bl <ax ls v;ksX; o vuqfpr yksxksa dks iz'kklu ls nwj

jktuhfrd fl)kUr

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j[kk tk ldrk gSA vr% yksd lsodksa dh HkrhZ dk vFkZ dsoy fjDr LFkkuksa dh iwfrZ djuk ugha gS] cfYd ,d ,slh

izfØ;k gS ftlds }kjk ;ksX; vkSj dq'ky vf/kdkfj;ksa dks fu;qDr fd;k tk ldsA

(1) izksŒ ,yŒ MhŒ OukbV us HkrhZ dh ifjHkk"kk nsrs gq, fy[kk gS] ^^izfr;ksfxrk ifj{kkvksa] fjDr LFkkuksa ,oa inksa

ds fy;s O;fDr;ksa dks vkdf"kZr djuk gh HkrhZ gSA**

(2) MkWŒ ,eŒ ihŒ 'kekZ ds 'kCnksa esa] ^^HkrhZ 'kCn dk vFkZ fdlh in ds fy;s ;ksX; rFkk mi;qDr mehnokjksa dks

fjDr LFkkuksa ds fy;s vkdf"kZr djuk gSA

(3) fdaXlys ds vuqlkj] ^^lkoZtfud HkrhZ dh O;k[;k ;g gS fd ftlds }kjk yksd lsokvksa ds fy;s izkfFkZ;ksa dks

izfr;ksfxrkRed :i ls vkdf"kZr fd;k tk ldsA ;g O;kid izfØ;k dk vkUrfjd Hkkx gSA fu;qfä esa

izfØ;k vkSj izek.k laca/kh izfØ;k,¡ lfEefyr gSA

ukSdj'kkgh dh HkrhZ ds fy;s eq[;r% fuEufyf[kr rjhds viuk, tkrs gSa%&

(1) jktuhfr ij vk/kkfjr fu;qfä (Appointment on Political Basis):- dqN ns'kksa esa vf/kdkfj;ksa dh fu;qfä

jktuhfr ls izsfjr gksrh gSA ljdkj ds cnyus ij mPp vf/kdkfj;ksa dks Hkh cny fn;k tkrk gSA tSls

vesfjdk esa jk"Vªifr ds pquko ds i'pkr u;k jk"Vªifr viuh bPNk ls mPp vf/kdkfj;ksa dh fu;qfä djrk

gSA bl izdkj vf/kdkfj;ksa dk dk;Zdky ljdkj ds dk;Z&dky ds lkFk pyrk gSA bu vf/kdkfj;ksa dh

fu;qfDr ;ksX;rk ds vk/kkj ij ugha cfYd jktuhfr ds vk/kkj ij dh tkrh gSA bl i)fr dks ywV&[klksV

i)fr (Spoil System) dgrs gSaaA

(2) ;ksX;rk ds vk/kkj ij fu;qfä (Appointment on the basis of merit):- vf/kdkfj;ksa dh fu;qfä dk nwljk

vk/kkj ;ksX;rk gSA izR;sd in ds vuqlkj ;ksX;rk fu/kkZfjr dh tkrh gSA fu;qfDr Bhd <ax ls djus ds

fy;s yksd lsok vk;ksx dk xBu fd;k tkrk gS] tks fofHké inksa ds fy;s fyf[kr rFkk ekSf[kd ijh{kk dh

O;oLFkk djrk gS rFkk ;ksX;rk ds lwph ds vk/kkj ij vf/kdkfj;ksa dh fu;qfä djrk gSA Hkkjr esa blh

vk/kkj ij vf/kdkfj;ksa dh fu;qfä dh tkrh gSA

bl i)fr dks ^izR;{k HkrhZ* (Direct Recruitment) Hkh dgrs gSaA ;g i)fr Hkkjr] baXyS.M] if'peh teZuh

vkfn ns'kksa esa viukbZ x;h gSA

(3) vizR;{k HkrhZ vFkok inkséfr (Indirect Recruitment or Promotion):- yksdlsokvksa dh HkrhZ dk ,d vU;

rjhdk ;g gS fd ,d foHkkx us dke djus okys deZpkfj;ksa dks fuf'pr vuqHko izkIr djus ds i'pkr mPp

inksa ij fu;qDr dj fn;k tkrk gSA bl O;oLFkk dks vizR;{k HkrhZ ;k inkséfr dk <+ax dgk tkrk gSA bl

iz.kkyh ds }kjk vuqHkoh O;fDr pqus tkrs gSa ftlds dkj.k mUgsa izf'k{k.k nsus dh vko';drk ugha iM+rh

rFkk blls deZpkfj;ksa esa mRlkg rFkk dq'kyrk esa c<+ksÙkjh gksrh gSA

(4) O;fDrxr rFkk lkewfgd HkrhZ (Individual and Collective Recruitment):- O;fDrxr HkrhZ lk{kkRdkj ds

vk/kkj ij dh tkrh gSA ;fn inksa dh vf/kd la[;k gks vkSj vf/kd deZpkfj;ksa dh HkrhZ djuh gks rks

lkewfgd HkrhZ dk <+ax viuk;k tkrk gSA lkewfgd HkrhZ esa fo'ks"k ;ksX;rk dh vko'd;rk ugha gksrhA

yksd lsok vk;ksx (Civil Service Commission)

izk;% lHkh ns'kksa esa yksd lsokvksa dh HkrhZ ds fy;s Lora= vk;ksx LFkkfir fd;s x;s gSa rkfd budh fu;qfä ;ksX;rk

vkSj fu"i{krk ds vk/kkj ij gks ldsA baXyS.M esa lcls igys 1855 esa yksd lsodksa dh fu;qfä ds fy, ,d yksd

lsok vk;ksx dh LFkkiuk dh x;h FkhA 1870 esa izfr;ksfxrk ijh{kk 'kq: dh x;h vkSj 1877 ls ekSf[kd ijh{kk dk

vk;kstu fd;k x;kA Hkkjr esa la?kh; lsokvksa dh HkrhZ] inkséfr vkSj mudh lsok 'krkZsa vkSj vuq'kklukRed dkjokbZ

ds fy;s la?k yksd lsok vk;ksx (Union Public Service Commission) dh LFkkiuk dh x;h gSA jkT; lsokvksa dh

HkrhZ jkT; lsok vk;ksx (State Public Service Commission) }kjk dh tkrh gSA

ukSdj'kkgh

75

Hkkjr esa HkrhZ dh i)fr (Methods of Recuritment in India)

Hkkjr esa yksd lsokvksa dks fuEufyf[kr rhu Jsf.k;ksa esa ckaVk x;k gSA

(1) vf[ky Hkkjrh; lsok,a (All India Services):- 1951 ds ,d vf/kfu;e ds vUrZxr nks vf[ky Hkkjrh;

lsokvksa dh LFkkiuk dh x;hA Hkkjrh; iz'kklfud lsok (Indian Administrative Services) rFkk Hkkjrh;

iqfyl lsok (Indian Police Service)] lafo/kku ds vuqPNsn 321¼2½ esa mijksDr nksuksa lsok,a IAS rFkk IPS

dk mYys[k fd;k x;k gSA lu~ 1966 esa Hkkjrh; ou lsok (Indian Forest Servce) uked rhljh vf[ky

Hkkjrh; lsok dk xBu fd;k x;k gSA bl izdkj dqy feykdj rhu vf[ky Hkkjrh; lsok,a gSA

(a) Hkkjrh; iz'kklfud lsok

(b) Hkkjrh; iqfyl lsok

(c) Hkkjrh; ou lsok

vf[ky Hkkjrh; inkf/kdkfj;ksa dh HkrhZ rks dsUnzh; ljdkj djrh gS] ijUrq mudh fu;qfä ns'k ds fdlh Hkh

Hkkx esa dh tk ldrh gSA jkT; ljdkjksa dk mu ij dksbZ fu;a=.k ugha gksrkA

(2) dsUnzh; lsok,¡ (Central Services):- dsUnz ljdkj dh flfoy lsokvksa esa dsUnzh; flfoy lsok ds uke ls

Kkr LFkkfir lsok,a rFkk ,slh LFkkfir lsok,a ls ckgj l`ftr flfoy in 'kkfey gSA ftuls lkekU;

dsUnzh; lsok,a curh gSA

dsUnzh; flfoy lsokvksa dks eksVs rkSj ij (1) xSj rduhdh lsokvksa (2) rduhdh lsokvksa ¼ftlesa bathfu;jksa

rFkk oSKkfud lsok,a 'kkfey gS½ esa oxhZÑfr fd;k x;k gSA buesa ls Hkkjrh; fons'k lsok] Hkkjrh; Mkd

lsok] Hkkjrh; jktLo lsok] dsUnzh; lfpoky; lsok] Hkkjrh; vkfFkZd lsok] Hkkjrh; lkaf[;dh lsok] dsUnzh;

bathfu;fjax lsok vkfn 'kkfey gSA

(3) jkT; lsok,a (State Services):- jkT; lsokvksa ls lacaf/kr deZpkfj;ksa dh fu;qfä jkT; lsok vk;ksx }kjk dh

tkrh gSA jkT; lsokvksa esa ls dqN lsok,a bl izdkj gS& jkT; flfoy lsok rFkk jkT; f'k{kk lsokA

HkrhZ (Recruitment)

dsUnz ds fy;s yksd lsokvksa ds inkf/kdkfj;ksa dk pquko la?k yksd lsok vk;ksx }kjk gksrk gSA mlds }kjk p;u fd;s

x;s inkf/kdkfj;ksa dh fu;qfDr jk"Vªifr }kjk gksrh gSA jkT; deZpkfj;ksa dk p;u jkT;yksd lsok vk;ksx }kjk fd;k

tkrk gS vkSj mldh flQkfj'k ij jkT;iky mudh fu;qfDr djrk gSA

izfr;ksfxrk ijh{kk dh :ijs[kk (Pattern of Competitive Examination)

dsUnzh; ljdkj esa izR;sd foHkkx vk;ksx dks fjfDr;ksa ds vuqlkj ekax Hkstrk gS rFkk bUgha ekaxksa ds vk/kkj ij la?k

yksd lsok vk;ksx }kjk fjDr LFkkuksa dks Hkjus ds fy;s Kkiu fn;k tkrk gSA izkfFkZ;ksa ls izkFkZuk i= izkIr gksus ds

ckn] mudh Nkuchu dh tkrh gS vkSj mi;qDr izkfFkZ;ksa dks fuf'pr frfFk dks ijh{kk ds fy;s cqykok i= Hksts tkrs

gSaA ijh{kk dk Øe fuEufyf[kr gSA

(1) izkjafHkd ijh{kk (Preliminary Examination):- lcls igys mEehnokj dks izkjafHkd ijh{kk esa cSBuk gksrk

gSA bl ijh{k.k esa nks iz'u i= gksrs gSaA izFke iz'u i= lkekU; v/;;u dk gksrk gS] tks 150 vad dk

gksrk gSA nwljk iz'u i= tks ,sfPNd gksrk gS] 300 vad dk gksrk gSA nksuksa gh iz'u&i=ksa esa cgqfodfYid

oLrqfu"B (objective) iz'u gksrs gSaA

jktuhfrd fl)kUr

76

(2) eq[; ijh{kk (Main Examination):- eq[; ijh{kk esa dsoy os mEehnokj cSB ldrs gSa tks izkjafHkd ijh{kk esa

mÙkhZ.k gksrs gSaA eq[; ijh{kk esa 8 iz'u i= gksrs gSaA mEehnokjksa dks lafo/kku dh vkBoha lwph esa 'kkfey

fdlh Hkh Hkk"kk ;k vaxszth esa ijh{kk nsus dh NwV gksrh gSA

(3) lk{kkRdkj ijh{kk (Interview):- tks mEehnokj eq[; ijh{kk esa fuf'pr vad izkIr dj ysrs gSa] mUgsa vk;ksx

ds le{k lk{kkRdkj ds fy;s cqyk;k tkrk gSA lk{kkRdkj 300 vadksa dk gksrk gSA bl lk{kkRdkj esa tks

mEehnokj vk;ksx }kjk pqus tkrs gSa] mUgsa fuf'pr le; ds fy;s Hkstk tkrk gSA mudh fu;qfDr Hkkjrh;

jk"Vªifr }kjk Hkh dh tkrh gSA

dk;Zdky rFkk inP;qfr (Tenure and Removal)

la?kh; ljdkj ds deZpkfj;ksa dks 60 o"kZ dh vk;q izkIr djus ds i'pkr lsok ls fjVk;j dj fn;k tkrk gSA lokZsPp

U;k;ky; ds ,d fu.kZ; ds vuqlkj Hkkjr ljdkj dks vf/kdkj gS fd og fdlh Hkh inkf/kdkjh dks igys Hkh fjVk;j

dj ldrh gSA

opuc) ukSdj'kkgh (Committed Bureaucracy)

opuc) dk 'kkfCnd vFkZ gS & dgs vuqlkj dk;Z djukA opuc) ukSdj'kkgh dk vFkZ gSA fd ,sls vf/kdkjh tks

fdlh ny ds ;k iz'kkldksa dh bPNkuqlkj dk;Z djsaA lkE;oknh ns'k esa opuc) ukSdj'kkgh gksrh gSA ogk¡ ds

ukSdj'kkgh ds lnL; lkE;oknh ny ds izfr ;k mldh uhfr;ksa ds izfr opuc) gksrs gSa vkSj mu uhfr;ksa dks ykxw

djrs gSaA :l o phu tSls lkE;oknh ns'kksa esa opuc) ukSdj'kkgh gSA

opuc)rk dk ,d vU; igyw Hkh gSA og ;g gS fd ukSdj'kkgh dks lafo/kku ds vkn'kkZsa vkSj turk dh vk'kkvksa dks

iwjk djuk pkfg,A ukSdj'kkgh dh opuc)rk dk lgh vFkZ ^lkekftd o vkfFkZd U;k;* ds fl)kar dks ykxw djuk

gSA ukSdj'kkgh dk dke mu uhfr;ksa dks iwjh rjg ls ykxw djuk gS] tks jktuhfrd dk;Zikfydk ds }kjk cukdj nh

tkrk gSA vf/kdkfj;ksa dk futh fopkj mu uhfr;ksa dks ykxw djus esa jkLrs esa ck/kk ugha cuuk pkfg,A ;fn

ukSdj'kkgh fdlh fo'ks"k ny dh uhfr;ksa ds izfr opuc) gS vkSj og ny lÙkk ls gV tkrk gS rks ukSdj'kkgh dks

nwljs ny dh uhfr;ksa dks ykxw djus esa dfBukbZ vk;sxh] blfy, opuc) ukSdj'kkgh dh izFkk Bhd ugha gSA

Hkkjr esa lalnh; 'kklu iz.kkyh viuk;h x;h gS blfy, ukSdj'kkgh dks rVLFk jg dj dk;Z djuk pkfg,A Hkkjr

esa ukSdj'kkgh dks fdlh fo'ks"k ny ds izfr fu"Bk u j[krs gq, lafo/kku ds izfr iwjh fu"Bk j[kuh pkfg,A ukSdj'kkgh

dks vius vki dks nycUnh ls nwj j[kuk pkfg, vkSj vkSj fu"i{k ,oa LoFkZ&jfgr gksdj turk dh lsok djuh

pkfg,A

jktuhfrd dk;Zikfydk rFkk LFkk;h dk;Zikfydk (Political Executive and Permanent Executive)

gjsd ns'k dh 'kklu O;oLFkk esa nks rjg dh dk;Zikfydk gksrh gSA (1) jktuhfrd dk;Zikfydk (Political

Executive) rFkk (2) LFkk;h dk;ZZikfydk (Permanent Executive)

jktuhfrd dk;Zikfydk (Political Executive):- Hkkjr esa lalnh; ljdkj dh LFkkiuk dh x;h gSA lalnh; ljdkj

esa nks rjg dh jktuhfrd dk;Zikfydk gksrh gS& ukeek= dh dk;Zikfydk rFkk okLrfod dk;ZikfydkA jk"Vªifr

uke ek= dh dk;Zikfydk dk v/;{k gS tcfd iz/kkuea=h lfgr ea=heaMy ds lnL; okLrfod jktuhfrd

dk;Zifydk gSA tcfd iz/kkuea=h okLrfod dk;Zikfydk ds v/;{k gksrs gSaA

vesfjdk esa v/;{kkRed ljdkj gksus ds dkj.k jk"Vªifr vdsyk jktuhfrd dk;Zikfydk dk v/;{k gkssrk gSA blh

rjg jktra= ;k rkuk'kkgh jkT;ksa esa jktk ;k rkuk'kkg 'kkld jktuhfrd dk;Zikfydk gksrs gSaA

ukSdj'kkgh

77

jktuhfrd dk;Zikfydk dh fu;qfDr dk vk/kkj jktuhfrd gksrk gSA jktuhfrd dk;Zikfydk ds fy;s dksbZ 'kS{kf.kd

;ksX;rk,a fu/kkZfjr ugha gksrh gSA

jktuhfrd dk;Zikfydk }kjk fufeZr uhfr;ksa dk fØ;kUo;u LFkk;h dk;Zikfydk ds }kjk fd;k tkrk gSaA

LFkk;h dk;Zikfydk (Permanent Executive):- LFkk;h dk;Zikfydk iz'kklfud vf/kdkjh ;kfu ukSdj'kkgh gksrh gS

ftudh fu;qfDr ;ksX;rk ds vk/kkj ij dh tkrh gSa LFkk;h dk;Zikfydk izf'kf{kr rFkk dq'ky vf/kdkfj;ksa dk lewg

gksrk gS tks inlksikfud O;oLFkk ds vanj xqaFks gq, gksrs gSaA mudh ,d fuf'pr inkof/k rFkk fuf'pr osru rFkk

vU; HkÙks gksrs gSaA muls ;g vis{kk dh tkrh gS fd os nyxr jktuhfr ls mij mBdj dk;Z djsaA

fdlh Hkh ns'k dk iz'kklu vdsys jktuhfrd dk;Zikfydk ;kfu ea=h ;k vdsys LFkk;h dk;Zikfydk ;kuh ukSdj'kkgh

;k iz'kklfud vf/kdkfj;ksa }kjk ugha pyk;k tk ldrk cfYd nksuksa feydj iz'kklu pykrs gSaa ea=h;ksa rFkk

iz'kklfud vf/kdkfj;ksa esa ftruk lg;ksx gksxk] iz'kklu mruk gh lqpk: :i ls pysxkA nksuksa esa lg;ksx vfuok;Z

gSA fQj Hkh nksuksa esa fuEufyf[kr vUrj gSA

(1) yksd lsok ds vf/kdkjh fo'ks"kK gksrs gSa] ea=h ugha (Civil servants are experts, Ministers are not):-

fo/kkueaMy esa ftl ny dks cgqer gksrk gS] ml ny dk usrk ea=heaMy esa 'kkfey gksrk gS rFkk izR;sd

ea=h dks ,d ;k ,d ls vf/kd foHkkxksa ds ea=h cuk;k tkrk gSA pwafd fo/kkueaMy ds pquko ds fy;s dksbZ

fo'ks"k ;ksX;rk ;k 'kS{kf.kd ;ksX;rk fu/kkZfjr ugha gSA ijUrq yksd lsod izfr;ksfxrk ifj{kkvksa ds vk/kkj ij

pqus tkrs gSa] ftuesa p;u dk vk/kkj fuf'pr ;ksx;rk gksrh gSA rFkk budk ,d fuf'pr dk;Zdky dkQh

yack gksrk gS rFkk bl nkSjku fofHké iz'kklfud inksa ij yEch vof/k rd ;s jgrs gSaA vr% iz'kklfud

vf/kdkjh cgqr vuqHkoh vkSj fo'ks"kK gksrs gSaA

(2) jktuhfrd dk;Zikfydk fuokZfpr rFkk LFkk;h dk;Zikfydk fu;qDr gksrh gS (Political Executive is elected

whereas Permanent Executive is Appointed):- jktuhfrd dk;Zikfydk dk pquko yksdra=h; iz.kkyh esa

ns'k ds ernkrkvksa }kjk izR;{k o vizR;{k <ax ls gksrk gSA LFkk;h dk;Zikfydk dk dke iz'kklu pykuk gSa

blds lnL;ksa dh fu;qfDr ;ksX;rk ds vk/kkj dh tkrh gSA muds p;u ds ckn mUgsa izf'k{k.k fn;k tkrk gS

vkSj fQj dk;Z{ks= esa Hkst fn;k tkrk gSA

(3) eaf=;ksa dk vfuf'pr dk;Z&dky ysfdu yksd lsokvksa dk fuf'pr (Fixed tenure of civil servants but

not of ministers):- jktuhfrd dk;Zikfydk dh fu;qfDr vYi le; ds fy;s gksrh gSA izR;sd ns'k esa

jktuhfrd dk;Zikfydk dk dk;Z&dky vyx&vyx fuf'pr gksrk gSA Hkkjr esa lafo/kku ds vuqlkj ;s

ik¡p o"kZ ds fy;s fu;qDr fd;s tkrs gSa] ijarq budk dk;Zdky fuf'pr ugha gSA dHkh Hkh ea=heaMy ds

fo:) vfo'okl izLrko ykdj mUgsa vius in NksM+us ds fy;s foo'k fd;k tk ldrk gSA

ijarq yksd lsodksa dk dk;Zdky fuf'pr gksrk gSA vFkkZr fuf'pr dk;Zdky ls igys fo'ks"k ifjfLFkfr dks

NksM+ dj gVk;k ugha tk ldrkA blds ckn gh os fjVk;j gksrs gSaA vFkkZr eaf=eaMyksa ds cnyus ls muds

dk;Zdky ij dksbZ izHkko ugha iM+rk gSA

(4) ea=h uhfr;ka cukrs gSa] iz'kklfud vf/kdkjh dk;ZkfUor djrs gSa (Ministers form the policies and Civil

Servants execute them):- izR;sd ea=h dks ,d ;k ,d ls vf/kd foHkkx fn;s tkrs gSa rFkk lacaf/kr foHkkx

ds uhfr;ksa dk fuekZ.k djuk budk dke gksrk gSA rFkk bu uhfr;ksa ds fØ;kUo;u dh ftEesoknh iz'kklfud

vf/kdkjh ;kfu ukSdj'kkgh ij gksrh gSA

(5) ea=h mÙkjnk;h gksrs gSa] iz'kklfud vf/kdkjh ugha (Ministers are responsible, civil servants are not):-

ea=hx.k iz'kklfud dk;kZsa ds fy;s turk rFkk laln ds izfr mÙkjnk;h gksrs gSaA yksd lsodksa }kjk rks

ea=h;ksa ds v/khu jgrs gq, muds mÙkjnkf;Ro ds vUrxZr iz'kklfud dk;Z dus iM+rs gSaA ijUrq ;fn

iz'kklfud vf/kdkjh ls fdlh izdkj ds iz'kklfud dk;kZsa esa xyrh Hkh gks tkrh gS] rc Hkh mldk

mÙkjnkf;Ro ea=h dk gh gSA laln vkSj turk ds le{k ea=h;ksa dks gh mÙkj nsus iM+rs gSaA

jktuhfrd fl)kUr

78

(6) ea=h;ksa dks nwljs cgqr ls dk;Z djus iM+rs gSa (Minister has to perform so many other functions):- ;fn

ea=h fo'ks"kK cuuk Hkh pkgs rks muds fy;s ;g laHko ugha gS D;ksafd mUgsa laln lnL; gksus ds ukrs

foHkkxh; dk;Z ds vfrfjDr vkSj Hkh dk;Z djus iM+rs gSA tSls laln ds vf/kos'ku esa Hkkx ysuk] fons'kksa esa

;k=k ij tkuk] vius {ks=ksa ds ernkrkvksa ls laca/k j[kuk] mn~?kkVu djuk bR;kfnA vr% bu lc foLr`r

dk;kZsa ds dkj.k ea=h dks foHkkxh; dk;kZsa ds fy;s le; ugha cprkA ftlds dkj.k bu lHkh dk;kZsa dks

iz'kklfud vf/kdkjh dks ns[kuk rFkk /;ku nsuk iM+rk gSA rFkk bu lHkh dk;kZsa dh ftEesokjh iz'kklfud

vf/kdkjh ij gksrh gSA

(7) ea=h;ksa ds ikl dbZ foHkkx] yksd lsodksa ds ikl ugha (Many departments are kept by the ministers

but not by civil servants):- ,d ea=h ds ikl ,d ;k ,d ls vf/kd foHkkx gksrs gSa rFkk iz/kkuea=h }kjk

vDlj ea=h ds foHkkx esa ifjorZu fd;k tkrk jgrk gSA blfy, ea=h fo'ks"kK ugha gks ldrsA ijarq

iz'kklfud vf/kdjh ,d gh foHkkx esa yacs le; rd dk;Z djrs gSa] rFkk foHkkx esa fu;qfDr ls igys mldks

iwjk izf'k{k.k fn;k tkrk gSA blds dkj.k iz'kklfud vf/kdkjh ds ikl Kku rFkk vuqHko dk HkaMkj gksrk

gSA

(8) ea=h jktuhfrK gksrs gSa] iz'kklfud vf/kdkjh rVLFk (Ministers are Politicians, Civil Servant are

Neutral):- jktuhfrd dk;Zikfydk ds lnL;ksa dh fu;qfDr ny ds vk/kkj ij dh tkrh gSA ea=h vius ny

dk izfrfuf/kRo djrs gsaA tcfd iz'kklfud vf/kdkjh jktuhfrd n`f"V ls rVLFk gksrs gSaA os nyxr Hkkouk

ls eqDr gksrs gSaA pkgs fdlh Hkh jktuhfrd ny dh ljdkj cus rFkk dksbZ Hkh O;fDr foHkkx dk ea=h cus]

os iwjh fu"Bk ls lafo/kku ds vuqlkj vius dÙkZO;ksa dk fuoZgu djrs gSaA

jktuhfrd dk;Zikfydk o LFkk;h dk;Zikfydk esa laca/k (Relationship between political Executive and Permanent Executive)

iz'kklu ds lqpk: :i ls pykus ds fy;s ;g t:jh gS fd jktuhfrd dk;Zikfydk o LFkk;h dk;Zikfydk vFkkZr~

eaf=;ksa vkSj ukSdj'kkgh esa e/kqj laca/k gksA nksuksa dks vius&vius dÙkZO; fu"BkiwoZd vius {ks= esa jgrs gq, fuHkkuk

pkfg,A eaf=;ksa ds vuko';d ukSdj'kkgh ds dk;kZsa esa gLr{ksi ugha djuk pkfg, rFkk ukSdj'kkgh dks Hkh eaf=;ksa ds

dk;kZsa esa iqjh rjg ls lg;ksx nsuk pkfg,A ijraq dqN yksxksa dh ;g /kkj.kk gS fd ea=hx.k yksd lsodksa ds gkFk dh

dBiqryh gSA ijUrq okLro esa ,slk ugha gSA ukSdj'kkgh dk dÙkZO; gS fd os eaf=;ksa ds uhfr fu/kkZj.k esa fu"i{k

gksdj lgh ijke'kZ nsaA uhfr fu/kkZj.k ds ckn uhfr;ksa ds fØ;kUo;u dh lkjh ftEesokjh ukSdj'kkgh ij gksrh gSA

vr% ukSdj'kkgh dk ;g dÙkZO; gS fd uhfr dk fØ;kUo;u iwjh bZekunkjh rFkk fu"Bk ds lkFk djsA nksuksa ds laca/kksa

ds ckjs esa fuEufyf[kr rF; mYys[kuh; gSA

(1) ea=h iz'kklfud vf/kdkfj;ksa ds gkFk dh dBiqryh ugha gS] D;ksafd jktuhfrd :i ls vuqHkoh O;fDr;ksa dks

gh ea=heaMy esa 'kkfey fd;k tkrk gSA

(2) yksd lsod Hkh lk/kkj.kr% ,d foHkkx ls nwljs foHkkx esa cnyrs jgrs gSaA ;fn os nwljs foHkkx esa n{krk

izkIr dj ldrs gSa rks ea=h D;ksa ugha dj ldrsA

(3) ea=h uhfr fuekZ.k djrs gSa rFkk yksd lsod mUgsa fØ;kfUor djrs gSaA

(4) ;fn nksuksa gh fo'ks"kK gksa vkSj dksbZ Hkh ,d nwljs dh ckr lquus dks rS;kj u gks rks iz'kklu dk dk;Z BIi

gks tk;sxkA

ea=h vkSj yksd lsodksa dk laca/k muds O;fDrRo ij fuHkZj djrk gSA ;fn ea=h izHkko'kkyh O;fDrRo dk Lokeh gS rks

og yksd lsok ds lnL;ksa ij gkoh jgsxkA ;fn ea=h fucZy O;fDrRo okyk gS rks mls yksd lsok ds lnL;ksa ds

b'kkjs ij ukpuk gksxkA

ukSdj'kkgh

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oLrqfu"B ¼cgq&fodYih½ iz'u (Objective Questions)

fuEufyf[kr iz'uksa ds dqN oSdfYid mÙkj fn;s x;s gSaA muesa ls lgh mÙkj dk p;u dhft,A

¼1½ turk rFkk ljdkj ds e/; dM+h dk dke djrs gSa \

¼d½ yksd lsod

¼[k½ /kkfeZd usrk

¼x½ laln

¼?k½ U;k;ikfydk

¼2½ ukSdj'kkgh fdldks ijke'kZ nsrh gS \

¼d½ laln dks

¼[k½ jktuhfrd nyksa dks

¼x½ eaf=;ksa dks

¼?k½ U;k;ikfydk

¼3½ ^ûkSdj'kkgh lalnh; yksdra= dh okLrfod dher gS** ;g dFku fdldk gS \

¼d½ Qkbuj

¼[k½ xSVy

¼x½ ekSfjlu

¼?k½ eSDl oscj

¼4½ ^îz'kklfud lsok ,sls vf/kdkfj;ksa dk leqPp; gS tks LFkk;h] osrfud vkSj izf'kf{kr gksrk gS**A ;g dFku

gS\

¼d½ Qkbuj

¼[k½ ykLdh

¼x½ MsfoM bZLVu

¼?k½ czkbl

¼5½ ^ûkSdj'kkgh iz'kklu dh ml O;oLFkk dk uke gS ftldh fo'ks"krk gS & fo'ks"kKrk] fu"i{krk vkSj ekuokrk

dk vHkko** ;g dFku gS \

¼d½ jkcVZ ,Œ Mgy

¼[k½ oya'kyh

¼x½ eSDl oscj

¼?k½ oS.Vys

¼6½ ^ûkSdj'kkgh og 'kklu iz.kkyh gS ftlesa yksd lsodksa esa bruh vf/kd 'kfDr dsUnzhr gks tkrh gS fd

lkekU; ukxfjdksa dh Lora=rk [krjs esa iM+ tkrh gS** ;g fopkj gS \

¼d½ fxy ØkbLV

¼[k½ xSjy

¼x½ ykLdh

¼?k½ lhys

jktuhfrd fl)kUr

80

¼7½ ukSdj'kkgh dk iz;ksx fdlds fy, fd;k tkrk gS \

¼d½ jktuhfrd ny

¼[k½ laln

¼x½ ljdkjh deZpkjh

¼?k½ mijksDr esa ls dksbZ ugha

¼8½ Bureaucracy 'kCn dh mRiÙkh fdl Hkk"kk ls gqbZ gSS\

¼d½ ySfVu

¼[k½ teZu

¼x½ Ýkalhlh

¼?k½ vaxszth Hkk"kk

¼9½ Ýkalhlh Hkk"kk esa Bureau 'kCn dk vFkZ gksrk gS \

¼d½ MSLd

¼[k½ jkT;

¼x½ ljdkj

¼?k½ lekt

¼10½ yksd lsodksa dh fu;qfDr gksrh gS\

¼d½ jktuhfrd vk/kkj ij

¼[k½ ;ksX;rk ds vk/kkj ij

¼x½ izR;{k fuokZpu ds vk/kkj ij

¼?k½ euksuhr fd;s tkrs gSaA

¼11½ ljdkj dh uhfr;ksa dks dk;ZfUor djus dk vf/kdkj gS \

¼d½ laln dks

¼[k½ U;k;ikfydk dks

¼x½ yksd lsodksa dks

¼?k½ mijksDr lHkh dks

¼12½ ^^eaf=;ksa ds mÙkjnkf;Ro dh Nk;k esa ukSdj'kkgh Qyrh&Qwyrh gS** ;g fopkj gS \

¼d½ jSEt E;ksj

¼[k½ czkbl

¼x½ vkWXLVsu

¼?k½ ykLdh

¼13½ Hkkjr esa LFkk;h dk;Zikfydk gS \

¼d½ ea=heaMy

¼[k½ jk"Vªifr

¼x½ mijk"Vªifr

¼?k½ iz'kklfud vf/kdkjh

ukSdj'kkgh

81

mÙkj% ¼1½ d] ¼2½ x] ¼3½ x] ¼4½ d] ¼5½ x] ¼6½ x] ¼7½ x] ¼8½ x] ¼9½ d] ¼10½ [k] ¼11½ x]

¼12½ d] ¼13½ ?k

vH;kl&ç'u (Exercise-Questions)

fuca/kkRed ç'u (Essay Type Questions) 1- *ukSdj'kkgh* ls D;k le>rs gSa\ bldh eq[; fo'ks"krkvksa dh O;k[;k djsaA

What do you mean by Bureaucracy? Discuss its main characteristics.

2- ukSdj'kkgh dk D;k vFkZ gS\ ukSdj'kkgh ds izeq[k dk;kZsa dk o.kZu djksA

What is meant by Bureaucracy? Discuss the main functions of Bureaucracy.

3- ukSdj'kkgh dh Hkwfedk o mlds egÙo dk o.kZu djsaA

Discuss the role and importance of Bureaucracy?

4- ukSdj'kkgh ls vki D;k le>rs gSa \ blds xq.k ,oa nks"k dh O;k[;k djsaA

What do you mean by Bureaucracy? Discuss its merits and demerits.

5- ukSdj'kkgh dh HkrhZ fdl izdkj ls dh tkrh gS \ Hkkjr ds lanHkZ esa mÙkj nsaA

How can bureaucracy be recruited? Give answer in Indian Context.

6- jktuhfrd dk;Zikfydk rFkk LFkk;h dk;Zikfydk ls vki D;k le>rs gSa \ nksuksa izdkj dh dk;Zikfydk esa

varj crkb;sA

What do you understand by Political Executive and Permanent Executive? Point out the differences

between the two types of executives.

7- opuc) ukSdj'kkgh ls vki D;k le>rs gSa\ ;s ukSdj'kkgh ls fdl izdkj vyx gSA

What do you mean by committed Bureaucracy? How it differ from Bureaucracy?

8- ukSdj'kkgh dh dk;Zdq'kyrk o bZekunkjh dks cuk, j[kus dh mik;ksa dh O;k[;k djsaA

Explain the methods for maintenance of efficiency and integrity of Bureaucracy.

9- ukSdj'kkgh ds nks"k crkvks vkSj mUgsa nwj djus ds rjhdksa ij izdk'k Mkfy,A

What are the demerits of Bureaucracy and explain the methods to remove them?

10- eSDl oscj ds ukSdj'kkgh ds fl)kar dk vykspukRed O;k[;k dhft,\

Critically examine the Max Weber's Bureaucratic Theory?

jktuhfrd fl)kUr

82

v/;k; 7 jktuhfrd laLÑfr (Political Culture)

jktuhfrd laLÑfr ds –f"Vdks.k dh vko';drk

jktuhfrd laLÑfr dk vFkZ ,oa ifjHkk"kk,a

jktuhfrd laLÑfr dh fo'ks"krk,¡

vFkok

jktuhfrd laLÑfr dh izÑfr

jktuhfrd laLÑfr ds ?kVd ;k vax

vFkok

jktuhfrd laLÑfr dk fo'ys"k.k

jktuhfrd laLÑfr ds izdkj

vFkok

jktuhfrd laLÑfr dk oxhZdj.k

jktuhfrd laLÑfr ds fofHkUu :i

jktuhfrd laLÑfr ds vk/kkj vFkok fu/kkZjd rÙo

jktuhfrd laLÑfr dk /keZ&fujis{khdj.k

jktuhfrd laLÑfr ds /keZ&fujis{khdj.k dh fo'ks"krk,a

/keZ&fujis{k jktuhfrd laLÑfr ds fodkl esa lgk;d rÙo

jktuhfr laLÑfr dh mi;ksfxrk

vFkok

jktuhfrd laLÑfr dk egÙo

jktuhfrd laLÑfr dh vo/kkj.kk dh vkykspuk

jktuhfrd laLÑfrd dh ladYiuk dk v/;;u jktuhfrd fodkl ds fo"k; ds lekt oSKkfud igyqvksa dk

ijh{k.k djuk gSA tc ls dqN vejhdh ys[kdksa] tSls mye (Ulam) ohj (Beer) vkSj vkeaM (Almond) us bl 'kCn

dh yksdfiz;rk iznku dh gS] ;g jktuhfrd O;oLFkkvksa ds vkdkfjdh; v/;;u ds fy, ,d egÙoiw.kZ dlkSVh cu

x;k gSa lekt'kkfL=;ksa dks bl ckr dk vkxzg djus ds fy, izHkkfor fd;k gS fd ,d jktuhfrd O;oLFkk nwljh

jktuhfrd O;oLFkk ls u dsoy lajpuk dh n`f"V ls Hkh fHkUu gS ftlesa ;g fLFkr gksrh gSA

jktuhfrd laLÑfr ds f"Vdks.k dh vko';drk (Necessity of Political Cultural Approach)

fdlh Hkh ns'k dh laLÑfr esa ogka ds yksxksa ds O;ogkj] mudh ekU;rkvksa] fo'oklksa] ?k`.kk] LokfeHkfDr] lkfgR;

ijEijkvksa] dyk vkSj dkS'ky dks lfEefyr fd;k tkrk gSA izR;sd lekt esa dqN lkaLÑfrd lkeatL; vFkok

lkaLÑfrd ruko ik, tkrs gSaA lkaLÑfrd lkeatL; lkeftd O;oLFkk ,oa fodkl ds dk;Z dks vklku cuk nsrk gS

jktuhfrd laLÑfr

83

tcfd lkaLÑfrd ruko dbZ izdkj dh jktuhfrd ,oa iz'kkldh; leL;kvksa dks tUe nsrk gSA vr% jktuhfr vkSj

laLÑfr esa xgjk laca/k gSA

jktuhfrd laLÑfr dk vFkZ ,oa ifjHkk"kk,a (Meaning and Definitions of Political Culture)

lqizfl) jktuhfrd fo}ku xzkge okykl us laLÑfr dk vFkZ crkrs gq, dgk gS] ^^laLÑfr fopkjksa] ewY;ksa vkSj mís';ksa

dk lewg gSA ;g lkekftd mÙkjkf/kdkj gS tks ijh{k.k }kjk gesa ihf<+;ksa ls izkIr gqvk gSA og tho laca/kh lkekftd

mÙkjkf/kdkj ls vyx gS tks dhVk.kqvksa }kjk Lo;a gekjs ikl vk;k gSA

jktuhfrd laLÑfr dks vk/kqfud ys[kdksa us vius&vius <ax ls ifjHkkf"kr djus dk iz;kl fd;k gSA dqN izeq[k

ifjHkk"kk,a fuEufyf[kr gSa%&

1- vke.M vkSj ikosy ds erkuqlkj] ^^jktuhfrd laLÑfr ,d jktuhfrd O;oLFkk ds izfr blds lnL;ksa dh

jktuhfrd leL;kvksa ds izfr feyus okys n`f"Vdks.kksa vkSj vfHko`fÙk;ksa ;k vuqdwyu dk uke gSA**

2- oh;j vkSj mye (Beer and Ulam) dk dguk gS] ^^lekt dks lkekU; laLÑfr ds dqN igyw] fo'ks"k

:i ls bl ckr ls lacaf/kr gksrs gSa fd ljdkj dk lapkyu fdl rjg ls fd;k tkuk pkfg, vkSj bls D;k

dqN djus dh dksf'k'k djuh pkfg, laLÑfr ds bl {ks= dks jktuhfrd laLÑfr dgk tkrk gSA**

3- ikjlUl (Parsons) ds erkuqlkj] ^^jktuhfrd laLÑfr dk jktuhfrd mís';ksa ds izfr fd;k x;k vuqdwyu

gSA**

4- jk; eSØhfMl dk fopkj gS] ^^jktuhfrd laLÑfr dk vFkZ ,d ekuo&lewg ds }kjk LohÑr lkekU; y{;ksa

vkSj lkekU; fu;eksa ls gksrk gSA**

5- Qkbuj dk dguk gS] ^^jk"Vª dh jktuhfrd laLÑfr] eq[; :i ls 'kkldksa] jktuhfrd bdkb;ksa vkSj

izfØ;kvksa dh vkSfpR;iw.kZrk ls lacaf/kr gSA**

6- ihVj usVy ds vuqlkj] ^^jktuhfrd laLÑfr dk vFkZ jkT; lÙkk ls lacaf/kr Kku ewY;kadu vkSj lapkj.k

ds izfreku ;k izfrekuksa ls gSA

7- ,syu ,Œ cky ds vuqlkj] ^^jktuhfrd laLÑfr mu vfHko`fÙk;ksa vkSj fo'oklksa] Hkkoukvksa vkSj lekt ds

ewY;ksa ls feydj curh gS] ftudk laca/k jktuhfrd i)fr vkSj jktuhfrd iz'uksa ls gksrk gSA**

bu ifjHkk"kkvksa ds vk/kkj ij dgk tk ldrk gS fd jktuhfrd laLÑfr yksxksa ds jktuhfrd fo'oklksa] izo`fÙk;ksa]

eukso`fÙk;ksa vkSj ijEijkvksa dk lewg gSa tks mudh jktuhfrd xfrfof/k;ksa dks izHkkfor djrk gSA dbZ ckj ,slk Hkh gks

ldrk gS fd ;s vfHko`fÙk;k¡ lpsru :i ls /kkkfjr u gks vkSj jktuhfrd o;oLFkk esa O;fDr ;k xqV ds laca/kksa esa

;g fufgr gksA

jktuhfrd laLÑfr dh fo'ks"krk,¡ (Characteristics of Political Culture)

vFkok

jktuhfrd laLÑfr dh izÑfr (Nature of Political Culture)

jktuhfrd laLÑfr dh ifjHkk"kkvksa vkSj blds vFkZ dh tkudkjh fey tkus ds ckn bldh fuEufyf[kr fo'ks"krk,a

crkbZ tk ldrh gS&

1- ,d O;kid /kkj.kk (A comprehensive concept) : jktuhfrd laLÑfr ds ckjs esa lHkh vk/kqfud

jktuhfr&'kkfL=;ksa dk ;g dguk gS fd og ,d O;kid /kkj.kk gS] tks fdlh ns'k esa jgus okys ekuo lewg

jktuhfrd fl)kUr

84

dh bldh viuh jktuhfrd O;oLFkk izfr viukbZ xbZ vfHko`fÙk;ksa] fo'oklksa] ewY;ksa vkSj euksHkkoksa vkfn ls

curh gSA ftl rjg fdlh ns'k dk lkfgR;] laxhr] mldh ijEijk,a vkSj vkLFkk,a rFkk dyk ,oa dkS'ky

dh yxkrkj pyus okyh /kkjk ml ns'k dh laLÑfr cu tkrh gS] mlh rjg ,d ns'k ds jktuhfrd pfj=

vkSj vknrsa] jktuhfrd lw>&cw> vkSj O;ogkj] jktuhfrd laLFkk,a vkSj mldh dk;Z i)fr dh feyh&tqyh

/kkjk] bl ns'k ,oa lekt dh jktuhfrd laLÑfr dgykrh gSA

2- lkekU; laLÑfr dk Hkkx (Part of General Culture) : fdlh Hkh ns'k dh jktuhfrd O;oLFkk ls lacaf/kr

jktuhfrd laLÑfr vk/kkjHkwr :i esa bl lekt dh lkekU; laLÑfr dk gh ,d vax ;k Hkkx gksrh gSA

D;ksafd og bl lekt dh vfHko`fÙk;ksa] fo'oklksa ewY;ksa vkSj euksHkkoukvksa vkfn ls vfHkUu :i ls tqM+h gksrh

gSA vr% bls bl lekt dh lkekU; laLÑfr dk gh ,d Hkkx ekuk tkrk gSA

3- fofHkUu jktuhfrd O;oLFkkvksa dh jktuhfrd laLÑfr;ksa esa fHkUurk (Difference between the political

culture of different political system) : fo}kuksa dk ;g Hkh dguk gS fd vf/kuk;doknh] lSfudra=]

d;qfuLV O;oLFkk] yksdrkaf=d iz.kkyh vkSj fodflr] fodkl'khy vkSj vfodfldr ns'kksa dh jktuhfrd

laLÑfr esa Hkh fHkUurk ikbZ tkrh gS D;ksafd mudh jktuhfrd O;oLFkk,a vyx&vyx gSA mnkgj.k ds fy,

yksdrkaf=d vkSj dE;qfuLV] lSfud ra= ;k vf/kuk;doknh jktuhfrd O;oLFkkvksa esa vk/kkjHkwr fHkUurk ds

dkj.k gh mudh jktuhfrd laLÑfr;ka Hkh vyx&vyx gksrh gSA blh rjg Hkkjr vkSj fczVsu dh

jktuhfrd O;oLFkk ;k lalnh; 'kklu iz.kkfy;ksa esa Åijh lekurk gksus ds ckotwn muesa vk/kkjHkwr fHkUurk

bl vFkZ esa ekStwn gS fd fczVsu ,d fodflr ns'k gSa tcfd Hkkjr ,d fodkl'khy ns'k gSA blh dkj.k

nksuksa ns'k dh jktuhfrd laLÑfr;ka Hkh vyx&vyx gSA ;gh ckr rhljh nqfu;k ;k fodkl'khy vkSj

vfodflr vU; jk"Vªksa ds Åij Hkh ykxw gksrh gSA

4- vewZr uSfrd vo/kkj.kk (Abstract Moral Concept) : jktuhfrd laLÑfr dks dsoy vuqHko fd;k tk

ldrk gS ;k mls le>k tk ldrk gS] ysfdu mls ns[kk ugha tk ldrkA blhfy, mls ,d vHkwrZ uSfrd

vo/kkj.kk dgdj iqdkjk x;k gSA

5- xfr'khyrk (Dynamism) : gkykafd jktuhfrd laLÑfr ,sfrgkfld fojklr vkSj HkkSxksfyd ifjfLFkfr;ksa ij

vk/kkfjr gksrh gS] fQj Hkh og fLFkj u gksdj lnSo xfr'khy jgrh gSA bldk dkj.k ;g gS fd jktuhfrd

laLÑfr lkekftd vkSj vkfFkZd ifjos'k ;k rÙoksa ls cjkcj izHkkfor gksrh gSA

6- ijEijkvksa dh Hkwfedk (Role of Traditions) : jktuhfrd laLÑfr;ka vius ns'k dh ,frgkfld ,oa

jktuhfrd ijEijkvksa] thou&ewY;ksa] vkn'kks± vkSj izFkkvksa vkfn ls cgqr vf/kd izHkkfor jgrh gS vkSj bl

dkj.k jktuhfrd O;oLFkk ds fodflr Lo:i dh otg ls dksbZ cM+k vUrj ugha vkrkA blfy, fjpMZ jkst

(Richard Rose), uked fo}ku dk dguk gS fd fczVsu esa ijEijk vkSj vk/kqfudrk ds feJ.k ls gh bl ns'k

ds fodkl dks LFkkf;Ro vkSj larqyu izkIr gks ldk gSA

7- jktuhfrd laLÑfr vkSj jktuhfrd fodkl dh ?kfu"Brk (Close relationship between political culture)

: jktuhfrd laLÑfr vkSj jktuhfrd fodkl ,d nwljs dks cgqr izHkkfor djrs gSa vkSj os ,d nwljs ls

vfHkUu :i ls cgqr xgjs tqM+s gq, gSaA

8- fuekZ.kdkjh rÙo (Formative factors) : fdlh Hkh ns'k dh jktuhfrd laLÑfr ds fuekZ.k vkSj fodkl esa

vusd rRo lgk;d gksrs gSaA vkerkSj ij blds vUrxZr bl jk"Vª dk ,sfrgkfld fodkl] bldh ijEijk,a]

thou ewY;] vkn'kZ] HkkSxksfyd fLFkfr] tyok;q] lkekftd vkSj vkfFkZd ljapuk,a] jk"Vª /ot] jk"Vªxku]

vkfn vusd rRoksa dks 'kkfey fd;k tkrk gSA

9- jktuhfrd laLÑfr ds vk/kkj (Basis of political culture) : Y;wfl;u ikbZ us jktuhfrd laLÑfr ds

vk/kkjHkwr rÙoksa ds :i esa ,sfrgkfld fodkl] Hkwxksy vkSj lkekftd vkfFkZd ljapukvksa uked rhu rÙoksa

dk mYys[k fd;k gSA fdUrq dqN fo}ku muds vykok jktuhfrd O;oLFkk ds izfr vke turk

jktuhfrd laLÑfr

85

dh vfHko`fÙk;ksa vkSj fu.kZ; ysus dh izfØ;k esa bldh Hkkxhnkjh uked nks vkSj rÙoksa dk mYys[k Hkh djrs

gSaA

10- jktuhfrd laLÑfr dk Lo:i O;fDrijd gS (Political culture in subjective in nature) : jktuhfrd

laLÑfr eq[;r% O;fDrijd Lo:i dh /kkj.kk gS D;ksafd jktuhfrd laLÑfr esa yksxksa ds fopkjksa] fo'oklksa]

ewY;ks o /kkj.kkvksa dk fo'ys"k.k fd;k tkrk gSA yksxksa ds jktuhfrd O;oLFkk ds ckjs esa fopkj fHkUu&fHkUu

gksrs gSa vFkkZr~ jktuhfrd O;oLFkk ls lacaf/kr fopkj O;fDrijd gksrs gSaA vr% jktuhfrd laLÑfr dk

Lo:i Hkh O;fDrijd gksrk gSA

jktuhfrd laLÑfr ds ?kVd ;k vax (Components of Political Culture)

vFkok

jktuhfrd laLÑfr dk fo'ys"k.k (Analysis of Political Culture)

jktuhfrd laLÑfr eq[; :i ls O;fDr;ksa dh jktuhfrd O;oLFkk ds izfr viuk, tkus okys n`f"Vdks.kksa] Hkkoukvksa

vkSj vfHko`fÙk;ksa ls tqM+h gqbZ gSA bldk vFkZ ;g gS fd bl vo/kkj.kk ds vuqdwyu vkSj jktuhfrd fo"k; uked] nks

?kVd ;k vax gSA

1- vuqdwyu (Orientation) : vuqdwyu dk 'kkfCnd vFkZ izo`fÙk ;k >qdko gSA ;g izo`fÙk ,sfrgkfld

ijEijkvksa] Hkkoukvksa] ekun.Mksa vkfn ds vk/kkj ij fuf'pr gksrh gSA vke.M vkSj ikosy ds vuqdwyu ds

rhu ?kVdksa ;k vaxksa dk mYys[k fd;k gS tks fuEufyf[kr gSA

(i) KkukRed vuqdwyu ;k vkpj.k (Cognitive orientation) : bldk vFkZ gksrk gS fd O;fDr;ksa dks

vius ns'k dh O;oLFkkvksa ds izfr tkudkjh gh uk gksA vr% fdruh vf/kd tkudkjh gSA vFkkZr

yksxksa dks jktuhfrd leL;kvksa] jktuhfrd ?kVukvksa] jktuhfrd xfrfof/k;ksa vkSj jktuhfrd

O;oLFkk ds ckjs esa fdruh o fdl izdkj dh tkudkjh gSA ;g laHko gS fd ,d O;fDr dks ns'k

dh jktuhfrd leL;kvksa o jktuhfrd O;oLFkk ds ckjs es iwjh tkudkjh gksA nwljh vksj ;g Hkh

gks ldrk gS fd dqN yksxksa dks vius ns'k dh jktuhfrd leL;kvksa vkSj jktuhfrd O;oLFkk ds

izfr yksxksa dks KkukRed vuqdwyu dks tkuuk vfr vko';d gSA blhfy, KkukRed vuqdwyu dks

jktuhfrd laLÑfr dk ,d egÙoiw.kZ Hkkx ;k vax ekuk tkrk gSA

(ii) HkkoukRed vuqdwyu ;k vkpj.k % HkkoukRed] vuqdwyu dk rkRi;Z jktuhfrd O;oLFkk vkSj

mlds O;fDr;ks ads fu"iknu vkSj vU; jktuhfrd mís';ksa ds lkFk ukxfjdksa ds yxko layXurk ;k

vLohdj.k ls gSA

(iii) ewY;kadu vuqdwyu ;k vkpj.k % bldk rkRi;Z jktuhfrd mís';ksa vkSj ?kVukvks ds lkFk tqM+s gq,

ewY;ksa ds ckjs esa fu.kZ; djus vkSj vfHkHkr cukus ls gksrk gSA

izR;sd jktuhfrd O;oLFkk ds dqN mís'; gksrs gSa vkSj bu mís';ksa dh izkfIr ds vk/kkj ij yksx jktuhfrd

O;oLFkk dk ewY;kadu djrs gSaA ;fn jktuhfrd O;oLFkk iwoZ fu/kkZfjr mís';ksa dks izkIr ugha dj ikrh rks

yksx mlds vlQy gksus ds dkj.kksa dk irk yxkus dk iz;Ru djrs gSaA

vr% jktuhfrd O;oLFkk dk dk;Z i)fr vkSj blds mís'; ds izfr yksxksa ds ewY;kadudkjh vkpj.k dks

tkuuk cgqr vko';d gSA yksxksa ds ewY;kadudkjh vkpj.k dks tkus fcuk jktuhfrd laLÑfr dks

le>k ugha tk ldrkA blh dkj.k ewY;kadudkjh vkpj.k dks jktuhfrd laLÑfr dk vfHkUu vax ekuk

tkuk gSA

jktuhfrd fl)kUr

86

blds vfrfjDr jkWcVZ Mgy us jktuhfrd laLÑfr ds pkj fuEufyf[kr vuqdwyuksa dk mYys[k fd;k gSA

(i) leL;kvksa dk lek/kku djus okys vuqdwyu

(ii) lkewfgd :i ls dke djus dh izo`fÙk

(iii) jktuhfrd O;oLFkk ds izfr vuqdwyuA

(iv) vU; O;fDr;ksa ds izfr vuqdwyuA

2- jktuhfrd fo"k; (Political Subjects) : vuqdwyu ds fo"k; jktuhfrd O;oLFkk ls lacaf/kr gksrs gSaA mldh

mi&O;oLFkkvksa ds ckjs esa gh vuqdwyu dk iz'u [kM+k gksrk gSA vuqdwyu ds ;s pkj fo"k; fuEufyf[kr gSa&

(i) jktuhfrd O;oLFkk (Political System) : jk"Vªh; jktuhfrd O;oLFkk vuqdwyu dk fo"k; Hkh gks

ldrh gS vkSj ugha HkhA ftu jk"Vªksa dh LorU=rk izkIr fd, gq, FkksM+k le; gksrk gS

ogka ij vuqdwyu dh leL;k vf/kd fn[kkbZ nsrh gSA vÝhdk] ,f'k;k ds uohu jk"Vª blds

mnkgj.k gSA

(ii) jktuhfrd ljapuk vuqqdwyu dk fo"k; (Political Structure as the object of Orientation) : turk

ds }kjk dkwuuksa dk ikyu jktuhfrd lajpuk ds izfr vuqdwyu dgk tkrk gS] c'krsZ og Hk; ;k

vkrad ij vk/kkfjr u gksA vxj turk dks fo/kkuikfydk] dk;Zikfydk vkSj U;k;ikfydk dh

iz'kklfud lajpuk ij fo'okl gS rks turk buds dk;ks± dk leFkZu djsxhA

(iii) uhfr;k¡ vkSj leL;k,a (Problems and Policies) : ns'k dh jktuhfrd leL;k,¡ vkSj uhfr;k¡ Hkh

vuqdwyu ls lacaf/kr gSA izR;sd jktuhfrd laLÑfr dk >qdko jktuhfrd mís';ks a dh vksj gksrk

gSA vxj ljdkj bUgha mís';ksa dks ikus dh dksf'k'k djrh gS rks turk bldk leFkZu djrh gSA

mnkgj.k ds fy, if'peh ns'kksa esa [kqyh vFkZO;oLFkk dk leFkZu turk }kjk fd;k tkrk gSA blh

dkj.k bu ns'kksa dh ljdkjsa vFkZO;oLFkk esa vf/kd gLr{ksi ugha djrhA

(iv) O;fDr ,d jktuhfrd vfHkusrk ds :i esa (Individual as the Political Actor) : O;fDr dks

fHkUu&fHkUu rjg dh Hkwfedk,a fuHkkus ds lkFk jktuhfrd Hkwfedk Hkh iwjh djuh gksrh gSA ,slk

djrs le; O;fDr vius jktuhfrd fopkjksa ls cgqr vf/kd izHkkfor gksrk gS tks fd mldh

eukso`fÙk ij fuHkZj djrs gSaA


blesa lUnsg ugha fd fdlh Hkh ns'k dh jktuhfr dk ml ns'k dh jktuhfrd laLÑfr ds lkFk xgjk laca/k gksrk gSA

bldk dkj.k ;g gS fd fdlh Hkh ns'k dh jktuhfr ml ns'k ds yksxksa ds jktuhfrd n`f"Vdks.k] jktuhfrd

fo'oklksa] thou ewY;ksa] vkn'kks± vkfn ls izHkkfor gq, fcuk ugha jgrhA vr% vxj gesa fdlh Hkh ns'k vFkok nks ;k nks

ls vf/kd ns'kksa dh jktuhfr dh rF;ijd tkudkjh izkIr djuh gS rks gesa ml ns'k ;k ns'kksa dh jktuhfrd laLÑfr

dk Kku vo'; izkIr djuk gksxk D;ksafd blds vHkko esa ge jktuhfrd thou dh xqfRFk;k¡ ;k okLrfodrk dks

igpku ugha ldsaxsA ;gh dkj.k gS fd vk/kqfud jktuhfrd fo'ys"k.k esa jktuhfrd laLÑfr dh izklafxdrk cjkcj

c<+rh pyh tk jgh gSA

jktuhfrd laLÑfr

87

jktuhfrd laLÑfr ds izdkj (Kinds of Political Culture)

vFkok

jktuhfrd laLÑfr dk oxhZdj.k (Classification of Political Culture)

;g /kkj.kk fcYdqy lgh gS fd ,d jktuhfrd O;oLFkk ds vUrxZr leLr tula[;k dh ,d gh jktuhfrd

laLÑfr gksrh gSA ijUrq okLrfodrk esa ,slk ugha gksrk] ,d jktuhfrd O;oLFkk ds lnL;ksa esa jktuhfrd mís';ksa dks

ysdj lgefr gks ldrh gS ysfdu muesa f'k{kk dk Lrj] jDroa'kh; lnL;rk] HkkSxksfyd] vf/kokl o lkekftd o

vkfFkZd fLFkfr;ksa vkSj /kkfeZd fo'oklksa dks ysdj erHksn gks ldrk gSA bUgha erHksnkssa ds vk/kkj ij lekt esa

jktuhfrd milaLÑfr;ka LFkkfir gks tkrh gSA

jktuhfrd laLÑfr ds fofHkUu :iksa ds ckjs esa ,syu vkjŒ cky (Allen R. Ball) dk dguk gS fd jktuhfrd

laLÑfr dk oxhZdj.k bl vk/kkj ij fd;k tkrk gS fd D;k lekt ds lnL; jktuhfrd fØ;k&dykiksa esa lfØ;

Hkwfedk fuHkkrs gSa vkSj ljdkj dh xfrfof/k;ksa ls ykHk dh mEehn j[krs gSa vFkok D;k ljdkj vkSj O;fDr;ksa esa

fuf"Ø; laca/k gS ftlls O;fDr;ksa dks ljdkj dh xfrfof/k;ksa dk cgqr de Kku jgrk gS vkSj os fu.kZ; djus dh

izfØ;k esa Hkkxhnkj cuus dh dksbZ bPNk ugha j[krsA

jktuhfrd laLÑfr ds fofHkUu :i (Various Types of Political Culture)

jktuhfrd laLÑfr ds fofHkUu :iksa dh ppkZ djrs gq, vke.M dk dguk gS fd gesa igys fuEufyf[kr nks ckrksa dks

vius /;ku esa j[kuk pkfg,&

¼d½ iztk dh Hkwfedk (Role of the subjects) : vke.M ds erkuqlkj iztk ls rkRi;Z lekt esa jgus okys mu

O;fDr;ksa ls gSa ftu ij jktuhfrd O;oLFkk ds dk;ks± vkSj fu.kZ;ksa dk izHkko rks iM+rk gS ysfdu os ljdkj

ds lkeus fuos'k ds :i esa ekaxs j[kus vkSj fuxZr ds :i es afu.kZ; ysus es dksbZ Hkwfedk vnk ugha djrs

vFkkZr~ Hkkxhnkjh is'k djus o fu.kZ; ysus esa mudk dksbZ Hkkx ugha gksrkA

¼[k½ Hkkxhnkjksa dh Hkwfedk (Role of the participants) : vke.M dk Hkkxhnkjksa ls rkRi;Z mu O;fDr;ksa ls gS tks

jktuhfrd O;oLFkk dh fuos'k vkSj fuxZr izfØ;kvksa esa Hkkx ysrs gSaA nwljs 'kCnksa esa] Hkkxhnkj os O;fDr gksrs

gSa] tks jktuhfrd O;oLFkk ds lEeq[k ekaxs (Demands) is'k djus vkSj fu.kZ; ysus (Decision-making) esa

lfØ; Hkwfedk vnk djrs gSaA

blh fo'ys"k.k ds vk/kkj ij xzSchy vke.M vkSj flMuh ockZ us jktuhfrd laLÑfr ds rhu :i crk, gSa tks

fuEufyf[kr gSaA

1- ladh.kZ jktuhfrd laLÑfr (Parochial Political culture)

2- ijk/khu jktuhfrd laLÑfr (Subject Political Culture)

3- Hkkxhnkj jktuhfrd laLÑfr (Participant Political Culture)

1- ladh.kZ jktuhfrd laLÑfr (Parochial Political Culture) : bl izdkj dh jktuhfrd laLÑfr vkerkSj ij

de fodflr vkSj ijEijkxr jktuhfrd lektksa esa ikbZ tkrh gSA bldk vFkZ crkrs gq, vke.M vkSj ockZ

(Almond and Verba) us fy[kk gS] ^^ladh.kZ vuqdwyu jktuhfrd O;oLFkk ds }kjk 'kq: fd, x, ifjorZuksa

ds izfr vis{kkÑr :i esa O;fDr;ksa dh mnklhurk dks n'kkZrk gSA ladh.kZ jktuhfrd laLÑfr jktuhfrd

O;oLFkk ls fdlh rjg dh dksbZ vis{kk ugha j[krhA**

jktuhfrd fl)kUr

88

2- ijk/khu jktuhfrd laLÑfr (Subject Political Culture) : ijk/khu jktuhfrd laLÑfr ls vke.M vkSj ockZ

dk rkRi;Z bl lekt dh jktuhfrd laLÑfr ls gS] tgk¡ ij vke vkneh ;k rks vdeZ.; gS ;k fQj og

jktuhfrd O;oLFkk dh rfud Hkh izHkkfor ugha djrk vkSj 'kkldksa ds vkns'kksa dk ikyu LoHkkoo'k ;k

foo'krk ds dkj.k pqipki djrk pyk tkrk gSA

3- Hkkxhnkj jktuhfrd laLÑfr (Participant Political Culture) : ,slh jktuhfrd laLÑfr mu lektksa esa

ikbZ tkrh gS tks yksdra=h; O;oLFkk ds vUnj jktuhfrd tkx#drk j[krs gq, jktuhfrd O;oLFkk ds

vUrxZr pyus okys fuos'k vkSj fuxZr dk;ks± esa lfØ; Hkkxhnkjh fuHkkrs gSaA

4- fefJr jktuhfrd laLÑfr ds :i (Kinds of Mixed Political Culture) : mijksDr rhuksa izdkj dh

laLÑfr ds rÙo] nwljs jktuhfrd laLÑfr ds rÙoksa ls fey tkrs gSaA vke.M ds vuqlkj lHkh jktuhfrd

iz.kkfy;k¡ lkaLÑfrd :i esa fefJr izdkj dh gksrh gSA fdlh Hkh jktuhfrd O;oLFkk esa bldh lEiw.kZ

jktuhfrd laLÑfr ,d izdkj dh ugha gksrhA

izR;sd lekt esa bu laLÑfr;ksa dk feJ.k gksrk gSA vke.M (Almond) us bu rhu izdkj dh fefJr jktuhfrd

laLÑfr;ksa dk o.kZu fd;k gS&

(i) ladh.kZ ijk/khu jktuhfrd laLÑfr

(ii) ijk/khu lgHkkxh jktuhfrd laLÑfr

(iii) ladh.kZ lgHkkxh jktuhfrd laLÑfr

(i) ladh.kZ ijk/khu jktuhfrd laLÑfr % bl izdkj dh laLÑfr fefJr laLÑfr dk izFke :i gSA blesa

ladh.kZ jktuhfrd laLÑfr o ijk/khu jktuhfrd laLÑfr dh fo'ks"krk,a lfEefyr gksrh gSA blesa ,sls yksx

Hkh ik, tkrs gSa ftuesa fdlh izdkj dk yxko ;k :fp ugha gksrhA lkFk gh bl izdkj ds yksx Hkh ik,

tkrs gSaa ftudh jktuhfrd O;oLFkk ds fu.kZ;ksa ds izfr #fp gksrh gSA

(ii) ijk/khu lgHkkxh jktuhfrd laLÑfr (Subject Participant Political Culture) : bl izdkj dh laLÑfr

ijk/khu jktuhfrd laLÑfr vkSj lgHkxh jktuhfrd laLÑfr ds xq.kksa ds feJ.k ls curh gSA ,slh laLÑfr

mu lektksa esa ikbZ tkrh gS tgka yksxksa dk jktuhfrd O;oLFkk ds izfr yxko gksrk gSA lkFk gh dqN ,sls

yksx Hkh gksrs gSa ftudk yxko ljdkj ds fuos'kksa vkSj fudklksa ls gksrk gSA

(iii) ladh.kZ lgHkkxh jktuhfrd laLÑfr (Parochial participant Political Culture) : bl izdkj dh laLÑfr

ladh.kZ jktuhfrd laLÑfr vkSj lgHkkxh jktuhfrd laLÑfr ds xq.kksa dk feJ.k gksrh gSA lk/kkj.k 'kCnksa esa

bl izdkj dh laLÑfr lektksa esa izpfyr gksrh gS] tgka ij yksxksa dks viuh jktuhfrd O;oLFkk ds izfr

fdlh izdkj dk yxko ugha gksrkA mUgsa jktuhfrd iz.kkyh ds ckjs esa fdlh izdkj dk Kku ugha gksrk]

ysfdu blds lkFk bl lekt esa dqN ,sls yksx gksrs gSa] ftUgsa jktuhfrd O;oLFkk ds fuos'kksa vkSj fudklksa

dk iw.kZ Kku gksrk gSA

mi;qZDr rhu izdkj dh jktuhfrd laLÑfr;ksa ds vfrfjDr dqN fo}kuksa us blds vU; ik¡p :i vkSj crk,¡ gSa tks

fuEufyf[kr gSa%&

1- iaFk&fujis{k ;k /keZ&fujis{k jktuhfrd laLÑfr (Secular Political Culture)

2- ukxfjd jktuhfrd laLÑfr (Civil Political Culture)

3- lS)kafrd jktuhfrd laLÑfr (Ideologcal Political Culture)

4- le:i jktuhfrd laLÑfr (Homogeneous Political Culture)

5- [kf.Mr jktuhfrd laLÑfr (Fragmented Political Culture)

jktuhfrd laLÑfr

89

1- iaFk&fujis{k ;k /keZ&fujis{k jktuhfrd laLÑfr (Secular Political Culture) : iaFk&fujis{k jktuhfrd

laLÑfr dk vFkZ crkrs gq, vke.M rFkk ikosy us fy[kk gS fd blesa ijEijkxr vuqdwyuksa rFkk o`fÙk;ksa dk

LFkku vf/kd xfr'khy fu.kZ; izfØ;k,a ys ysrh gSa vkSj ogka rF;ksa dks bdV~Bk djds mudk ewY;kadu fd;k

tkrk gS] oSdfYid jkLrs r; fd, tkrs gSa vkSj ,d ekxZ pqudj ;g irk yxk;k tkrk gS fd blls bfPNr

ifj.kke fudysxk ;k ughaA

2- ukxfjd jktuhfrd laLÑfr (Civil Political Culture) : bl rjg dh jktuhfrd laLÑfr esa Hkkxhnkjh vkSj

lgu'khyrk ds rÙo fo|eku gksrs gSaA ;g gesa lPps yksdrkfU=d O;oLFkk esa gh izkIr gks ldrh gS vkSj

mldh lQyrk ds fy, vko';d Hkh ekuh tkrh gSA blesa fof'k"V oxZ dks jktuhfrd fu.kZ; ysus dk

vf/kdkj Hkh gksrk gS] ysfdu lkFk&lkFk bl oxZ dks mÙkjnk;h Hkh cuk;k tkrk gS ftlls og oxZ u rks

viuh euekuh dj ldrk gS vkSj u gh turk mls ,slk djus ns ldrh gSA vesfjdk] fczVsu vkfn ns'k

,slh jktuhfrd laLÑfr ds mnkgj.k gSaA

3- lS)kafrd jktuhfrd laLÑfr (Ideological Political Culture) : bl izdkj dh laLÑfr ,d fo'ks"k izdkj

dh fopkj/kkjk ij vk/kkfjr gksrh gS rFkk lekt ds O;fDr;ksa ds thou dks blh fopkj/kkjk ds vuqlkj

<kyus dk iz;Ru fd;k tkrk gSA bl izdkj dh jktuhfrd laLÑfr esa jkT; ds }kjk ,d fo'ks"k jktuhfrd

fopkj/kkjk dks izksRlkgu fn;k tkrk gSA blh fopkj/kkjk dks lkekftd o jk"Vªh; thou esa iwjh rjg ykxw

fd;k tkrk gSA LorU= fopkj ;k fpUru dk blesa dksbZ LFkku ugha gksrkA

4- le:i jktuhfrd laLÑfr (Homogeneous Political Culture) : ftl ns'k ds fuokfl;ksa ds jktuhfrd

fopkjksa esa cgqr vf/kd fo"kerk ugha gksrh] ogka le:i jktuhfr laLÑfr ikbZ tkrh gSA ,sls ns'k esa yksxksa

ds jktuhfrd mís';ksa vkSj mudh izkfIr ds lk/kuksa ds fo"k; esa ,d tSls fopkj gksrs gSa vkSj fofHkUu usrkvksa

rFkk nyksa esa vk/kkjHkwr ckrksa ij xgjs erHksn ugha gksrsA vesfjdk] fczVsu vkfn blds ToyUr mnkgj.k gSaA

ogka ds yksxksa esa iztkrU= O;fDrxr LorU=rk ,oa tu dY;k.k tSls jktuhfrd fopkjksa ij ,d er gSA

;gh ugha] bl fopkj dks dk;kZfUor djus okys lk/kuksa ij Hkh loZlEefr gSA

5- [kf.Mr jktuhfrd laLÑfr (Fragmented Political Culture) : ;g laLÑfr izk;% ,sls ns'kksa esa feyrh gS

tgka fofHkUu oxks± ;k jktuhfrd nyksa ds jktuhfrd izfreku vyx&vyx rjg ds gksrs gSa vkSj muesa

lgefr dk;e gksuk ljy ugha gksrkA


bl fooj.k ls ;g Li"V gS fd jktuhfrd laLÑfr;ksa esa vusd :i gSaA vk/kqfud dky esa fdlh Hkh jktuhfrd

O;oLFkk esa jktuhfrd laLÑfr dk dksbZ ,d fo'kq) :i ns[kus dks ugha feyrkA izk;% buds feys&tqys :i gh

vf/kdrj ns'kksa esa ges ns[kus dks feyrs gSaA

jktuhfrd laLÑfr ds vk/kkj vFkok fu/kkZjd rÙo (Foundations or Determinants of Political Culture)

izR;sd ns'k dh jktuhfrd O;oLFkk jktuhfrd laLÑfr ds nk;js esa dk;Z djrh gSA jktuhfrd laLÑfr yksxksa ds

ewY;ksa] fo'oklksa vkSj >qdkoksa ij vk/kkfjr gksrh gSA jktuhfrd laLÑfr ns'k dh lkekU; laLÑfr ls izHkkfor gksrh

gSA vr% lkekU; laLÑfr dks izHkkfor djus okys lHkh rÙo&vkfFkZd] lkekftd] /kkfeZd o HkkSxksfyd] jktuhfrd

laLÑfr dks izHkkfor djrs gSaA

blls ;g iz'u egÙoiw.kZ cu tkrk gS fd jktuhfrd laLÑfr;ksa ds ,sls dkSu ls vk/kkj gSa ftuls mudh izÑfr dk

fu/kkZj.k gksrk gSA jktuhfrd laLÑfr ds izeq[k vk/kkjksa dk o.kZu fuEufyf[kr gS&

jktuhfrd fl)kUr

90

1- ,frgkfld vk/kkj (Historical Foundations of factors) : bfrgkl gesa fdlh Hkh ns'k dh jktuhfrd

laLÑfr ;k jktuhfrd O;oLFkk ds ckjs esa tkudkjh nsrk gSA blfy, fdlh Hkh jktuhfrd O;oLFkk ds fy,

vrhr ls iw.kZr;k laca/k rksM+ ysuk laHko ugha gSA

jktuhfrd ?kVuk,a lnSo jktuhfrd laLÑfr dks izHkkfor djrh gSA tSls baXyS.M dh jktuhfrd laLÑfr

dks eSXukdkVk ¼1215½] iSVh'ku vkWQ jkbZV (Petition of Rights, 1628), fcy vkWQ jkbZV (Bill of Rights,

1689) vkfn us izHkkfor fd;kA blh rjg vesfjdk dh jktuhfrd laLÑfr dks Lok/khurk laxzke (War of

Independence) o x`g ;q) ¼1865½ us izHkkfor fd;kA Ýkal dh jktuhfrd laLÑfr ij ogka dh ØkfUr

¼1789½ dk izHkko iM+kA

2- HkkSxksfyd vk/kkj (Geographical foundations or factors) : fdlh ns'k dh jktuhfrd laLÑfr dks

izHkkfor djus okyk nwljk o egÙoiw.kZ rÙo HkkSxksfyd vk/kkj gSA tSls Hkkjr] vesfjdk o :l ij vf/kd

{ks=Qy o vf/kd tula[;k okys ns'k gksus ds dkj.k] NksVs eksVs jktuhfrd rwQkuksa dk dksbZ vlj ugha

gksrk vkSj os mUufr ds iFk ij vxzlj gksrs jgrs gSaA

3- lekt dh lkekU; laLÑfr dk vk/kkj (Foundations of general culture of society) : jktuhfrd laLÑfr

lekt dh lkekU; laLÑfr ij vk/kkfjr gksrh gSA ;g bldk ,d izeq[k fu;ked rÙo gSA jktuhfrd

laLÑfr lkekU; laLÑfr ls vyx ;k LorU= ugha gksrhA vr% lkekU; laLÑfr jktuhfr laLÑfr dk ,d

ekSfyd o LFkk;h vf/kdkj gS blfy, ;g vko';d gS fd lkekU; laLÑfr ds vuqdwy jktuhfrd laLÑfr

viukbZ tkuh pkfg,A

4- lkekftd&vkfFkZd lajpuk dk vk/kkj (Foundations of Socio-Economic Structure) : jktuhfrd laLÑfr

dks izHkkfor djus okyk ,d vU; egÙoiw.kZ rÙo gSA izR;sd lekt esa fofHkUu tkrh; lewg gksrs gSa tks

tkrh; HksnHkko o fojks/kksa dks tUe nsrs gSaA

5- fopkj/kkjkvksa dk vk/kkj (The ideological Foundations) : orZeku ;qx esa fopkj/kkjk] fo'ks"kr% jktuhfd

fopkj/kkjk] jktuhfrd laLÑfr dk egÙoiw.kZ dkjd cu xbZ gSA fopkj/kkjk fl)karksa dk laxzg gksrh gS rFkk

;g yksxksa ds ewY;ksa] >qdkoksa ,oa mís';ksa vkfn dks cnyus esa lgk;rk djrh gSA jktuhfrd fl)kar ds

ukthokn] Qklhokn] mnkjokn] ekDlZokn] lektokn o xka/khokn eq[; fopkj/kkjk,a gSaA

fu"d"kZ (Conclusion) jktuhfrd laLÑfr ds ;s eq[; fu/kkZjd rÙo gSaA ;s jktuhfrd laLÑfr dks vk/kkj iznku djrs gSaA vr% ,d

jktuhfrd iz.kkyh dk v/;;u djus ds fy, jktuhfrd laLÑfr ds bu dkjdksa dk v/;;u djuk vji';d gksrk

gSA bu dkjdksa ds v/;;u ds fcuk jktuhfrd O;oOFkk dks le>uk dfBu gks tk,xkA

jktuhfrd laLÑfr dk /keZ&fujis{khdj.k (Secularization of Political Culture)

jktuhfrd laLÑfr esa ifjorZu gksrk jgrk gS D;ksafd ifjorZu izÑfr dh nsu gSA tc bl jktuhfrd laLÑfr dk

fuekZ.k djrs gSaA vFkkZr~ bl izdkj dh jktuhfrd laLÑfr esa yksxksa ds jktuhfrd fo'okl vkSj n`f"Vdks.k ldh.kZ o

:f<+oknh u gksdj O;kid vkSj vUrjkZ"Vªh; gksrs gSaA yksxksa dks jktuhfrd lgHkkfxrk ds ckjs esa dkQh ek=k esa

tkudkjh gksrh gS rFkk os jktuhfrd O;oLFkk ds laca/k esa cqf)erk ds vk/kkj ij fu.kZ; ysus esa l{ke gksrs gSaA

fo"k; dh Li"Vrk ds fy, /keZ fujis{k jktuhfrd laLÑfr dks fuEufyf[kr izdkj ls ifjHkkf"kr fd;k x;k gSA

1- vke.M vkSj ikosy (Almond and powell) ds vuqlkj] ^^/keZ fujis{khdj.k esa yksx viuh jktuhfrd

O;ogkj esa yxkrkj foosdh] fo'ys"k.kkRed o vuqHkoh curs pys tkrs gSaA

jktuhfrd laLÑfr

91

jktuhfrd laLÑfr ds /keZ&fujis{khdj.k dh fo'ks"krk,a (Features of Secularization of Political Culture)

mijksDr ifjHkk"kkvksa ds fo'ys"k.k ds ckn jktuhfrd laLÑfr ds fujis{khdj.k dh eq[; fo'ks"krk,a fuEufyf[kr gSa%&

1- jktuhfrd laLÑfr ds /keZ&fujis{khdj.k gksus ds i'pkr~ yksx vf/kd tkx#d gks tkrs gSa rFkk bl dkj.k

yksx viuh jktuhfrd O;oLFkk dk foosd o rdZ ds vk/kkj ij fo'ys"k.k djrs gSaA

2- yksx vius ladh.kZ fopkjksa dks NksM+dj O;kid n`f"Vdks.k viukrs gSaA

3- yksx blesa fdlh ,d fo'ks"k jktuhfrd fopkj/kkjk ls lEc) ugha gksrsA os jktuhfrd O;oLFkk o mlds

fu.kZ;ksa ds ckjs esa vf/kd ls vf/kd tkudkjh bdV~Bh djrs gSa vkSj ;g iz;Ru djrs gSa fd fu.kZ;ksa dks

vf/kd ls vf/kd yksxksa ds ykHk ds fy, ykxw fd;k tk ldsA

4- blesa O;fDr ds jktuhfrd O;oLFkk] jktuhfrd <kapksa] jktuhfrd laLFkkvksa vkSj jktuhfrd fo"k;ksa ds izfr

vuqdwyu O;kogkfjd rFkk vkuqHkkfod gksrs gSaA

5- blesa jax] /keZ] tkfr] jhfr&fjoktksa vkSj {ks=okn dh Hkkoukvksa dk dksbZ LFkku ugha gksrkA

6- ;g ljapukRd fHkUurk ij vk/kkfjr gksrh gSA ljapukRed fHkUurk dk vFkZ gS fd fofHkUu dk;ks± ds fy,

fofHkUu ljapukvksa dk gksukA

7- jktuhfrd laLÑfr dh /keZ&fujis{krk esa yksxksa dk jktuhfrd iz.kkyh ds izfr n`f"Vdks.k O;kogkfjd o

fØ;kRed gksrk gSA

/keZ&fujis{k jktuhfrd laLÑfr ds fodkl esa lgk;d rÙo (Factors Helpful in the Growth of Secular Political Culture)

/keZ&fujis{k jktuhfrd laLÑfr ds fodkl esa vusd rÙoksa esa ls eq[; rÙoksa dk o.kZu fuEufyf[kr gS&

1- f'k{kk (Education) : f'k{kk dk /keZfujis{k jktuhfrd laLÑfr ds fodkl esa egÙoiw.kZ ;ksxnku gSA f'k{kk

O;fDr;ksa ds dY;k.k vkSj blds ewY;ksa dks c<+kus esa egÙoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkkrh gSA jktuhfrd leL;kvksa ds

izfr O;fDr ds fopkjksa o n`f"Vdks.k dks cukus esa f'k{kk dh Hkwfedk dks udkjk ugha tk ldrkA vke.M vkSj

ikosy us Bhd gh dgk gS] ^^lk{kjrk ds foLrkj ls vkpj.kksa dh fof'k"Vrk Hkh c<+rh gSA

2- jsfM;ks vkSj VhŒohŒ (Radio and Television) : vk/kqfud ;qx esa jsfM;ks vkSj Vsyhfotu tu izlkj ds eq[;

lk/ku gSA bl ij fofHkUu izdkj ds dk;ZØe izlkfjr fd, tkrs gSaA bu dk;ZØeksa dks turk cM+h #fp ls

ns[krh gSA ;s dk;ZØe yksxksa dks jktuhfrd O;oLFkk ds ckjs esa tkudkjh izkIr djkrs gSaA

3- fu"i{k lekpkj i= (Secular Press) : fu"i{k lekpkj i= jktuhfrd laLÑfr ds /keZ&fujis{khdj.k

esa vge Hkwfedk fuHkkrs gSaA vk/kqfud ;qx esa lekpkj i=ksa dh Hkwfedk dks de djds ugha vkadk tk

ldrkA

4- jktuhfrd O;oLFkk ;k iz.kkyh ds izdkj (Types of Political System) : jktuhfrd O;oLFkk ds izdkj ij

Hkh jktuhfrd laLÑfr dk /keZ&fujis{khdj.k fuHkZj djrk gSA lekt esa rkuk'kkgh ljdkj gksus ij yksxksa

dks Lora= :i ls fopkj izdV djus dh Lora=rk ugha gksrhA

5- /keZ&fujis{k jkT; (Secular State) : /keZ&fujis{k jkT; os jkT; gksrs gSa ftudh vksj ls fdlh /keZ dk

fo'ks"k izpkj] izpyu vFkok fu;a=.k ugha fd;k tkrk vkSj tks /kkfeZd lfg".kqrk esa fo'okl djrs gSaA bl

izdkj dk jkT; /keZ vkSj jktuhfr esa fo'okl djrk gS vkSj ;g ekurk gS fd jkT; dh vksj ls fdlh /keZ

fo'ks"k dks ekU;rk ugha nh tkrh gS vkSj u gh fdlh /keZ fo'ks"k dk fojks/k fd;k tkrk gSA

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/keZ&fujis{k jktuhfrd laLÑfr dh /kkj.kk vk/kqfud ;qx dh nsu gSA ;fn ckjhdh ls ns[kk tk, rks vk/kqfud

jktuhfrd O;oLFkkvksa dh lQyrk dk vk/kkj /keZ&fujis{k jktuhfrd laLÑfr gSA fo'o dh lHkh iztkrkaf=d

iz.kkfy;ksa dk vk/kkj /keZ&fujis{k jktuhfrd laLÑfr gh gSA

jktuhfr laLÑfr dh mi;ksfxrk (Utility of Political Culture)

vFkok

jktuhfrd laLÑfr dk egÙo (Importance of Political Culture)

jktuhfrd laLÑfr dh mi;ksfxrk ij fofHkUu fopkjdksa us fHkUu&fHkUu fopkj O;Dr fd, gSaA jktuhfrd laLÑfr

dh mi;ksfxrk ij ppkZ djus okys eq[; ys[kd flMuh] ockZ] ihVj edZy] Y;qfl;u ikbZ o ,ŒlhŒ oekZ gSaA bu

ys[kdksa ds vk/kkj ij jktuhfrd laLÑfr dh mi;ksfxrk dk o.kZu fuEufyf[kr gS&

1- jktuhfrd O;oLFkk ij dsfUnzr djus esa lgk;d (Helpful in focusing attention on

political system): jktuhfrd laLÑfr dh loZizFke mi;ksfxrk ;g gS fd blus fo}kuksa dk /;ku

jktuhfrd O;oLFkk ij dsfUnzr fd;k] blls O;fDr ds LFkku ij jktuhfrd O;oLFkk v/;;u dk dsUnz cuh

gSA

2- jktuhfr 'kkL= dk fo"k; {ks= foLr`r gksus esa lgk;d (Helpful in Broadening the scope of political

Science) : jktuhfrd laLÑfr esa lk/kkj.kr% jktuhfrd lekthdj.k dk v/;;u fd;k tkrk gSA

jktuhfrd lekthdj.k dh izfØ;k esa jktuhfrd rÙoksa dk v/;;u Hkh fd;k tkrk gSA blh dkj.k

jktuhfr'kkL= ds fo}kuksa dks jktuhfrd laLÑfr us xSj jktuhfrd rÙoksa dk Hkh v/;;u djus ds fy,

izsfjr fd;kA vr% blls jktuhfr'kkL= ds {ks= esa c<+ksrjh gqbZA

3- O;ogkj ds fu;kedksa ds v/;;u esa lgk;d (Helpful in the study of Determinants of Behaviour) :

jktuhfrd laLÑfr dh vo/kkj.kk us O;fDr ds foosdh vkSj vfoosdh O;ogkj ds fu;kedksa ds v/;;u esa

lgk;rk dh gSA blls ;g le>us esa lgk;rk feyh gS fd jktuhfrd lekt jktuhfrd fodkl dh fHkUu

fHkUu n'kkvksa esa dSls tkrk gSA ;g jktuhfrd O;oLFkk dk jktuhfrd ál] dSls vkSj D;ksa gksrk gS] le>us

esa lgk;rk feyrh gSA

jktuhfrd laLÑfr ds mijksDr foospu ls ;g Li"V gksrk gS fd ;g jktuhfrd O;oLFkk ds fodkl dks le>us esa

lgk;rk djrh gSA ;g /kkj.kk ;g Hkh Li"V djrh gS fd fdl lekt esa fdl izdkj dh jktuhfrd iz.kkyh viukbZ

tkrh gSA jktuhfrd laLÑfr us jktuhfr ds rqyukRed v/;;u dks vksj vf/kd mi;ksxh cuk;k gSA bls

jktuhfrd lekthdj.k dh dfe;ksa dks lekIr djus okyk mikxe ekuk tk ldrk gSA

jktuhfrd laLÑfr dh vo/kkj.kk dh vkykspuk (Criticism of Concept of Political Culture)

jktuhfrd laLÑfr dh vo/kkj.kk dk jktuhfrd fl)kar ds {ks= esa fefJr Lokxr gqvk gSA blh vo/kkj.kk ds

v/;;u ds dkj.k vke.M vkSj ockZ dks cgqr iz'kalk feyhA ;g dgk x;k fd bl vo/kkj.kk }kjk O;fDr ds O;ogkj

dks le>us esa lgk;rk feysxhA bl /kkj.kk dks u, i{k dh laKk nh xbZ] ysfdu bl vo/kkj.kk ds v/;;u esa dbZ

izdkj dh dfBukb;ka vkSj dfe;k¡ lkeus vkb±A mUgha vk/kkjksa ij bldh vkykspuk dh xbZ gSA

jktuhfrd laLÑfr ds ftu nks"kksa o dfe;ksa dk mYys[k fd;k x;k gS] mudk o.kZu fuEufyf[kr gS&

jktuhfrd laLÑfr

93

1- vLi"V vo/kkj.kk (A Vague concept) : jktuhfrd laLÑfr dh vo/kkj.kk vLi"V gSA fopkjdksa

}kjk u rks bldh ifjHkk"kk,a nh xbZ gS vkSj u gh dksbZ lqfuf'pr O;k[;k dh xbZ gSA fopkjdksa }kjk

;g Hkh ugha crk;k x;k fd jktuhfrd laLÑfr dks fdl izdkj Bhd izdkj ls fu/kkZfjr fd;k tk ldrk

gSA

2- iqjkuk fopkj] u;k uke (Old idea, new name) : jktuhfrd laLÑfr dh ;g dgdj vkykspuk dh xbZ gS

fd ;g iqjkus fopkjksa ds :i esa u;k uke gSA ftu ekU;rkvksa dk v/;;u igys fd;k tkrk Fkk] mUgsa gh

u;k uke fn;k x;k gSA tSls jk"Vªh; pfj=] jktuhfrd ewY; vkfn ftudk jktuhfrd laLÑfr esa mYys[k

fd;k x;k gS] mudk v/;;u jktuhfr 'kkL= esa igys Hkh fd;k tkrk FkkA ,slh fLFkfr esa ekSfydrk dgk¡

gS] uohurk D;k gS\ blh lUnHkZ esa ,scdfj;u ,oa eSlkusr us dgk gS fd ;g vo/kkj.kk iqjkus fopkj ij

,d u;k yscy ek= gSA

3- lkekU; laLÑfr ,oa jktuhfrd laLÑfr ds fu/kkZfjd rÙoksa esa vUrj Li"V ugha (Difference between

Determinants General culture and Political Culture is not clear): ;g Bhd gS fd lkekU; laLÑfr

jktuhfrd laLÑfr dk vk/kkj gS vkSj bu nksuksa esa xgjk laca/k gSA ysfdu jktuhfrd laLÑfr ds fopkjdksa

us bl laca/k dks Bhd ls ifjHkkf"kr ugha fd;k gSA D;k nksuksa ds fu/kkZjd rÙo ,d ls gSa ;k vyx&vyxA

exj fu/kkZjd rÙo vyx gS rks dkSu ls vyx gSaA D;k vc jktuhfrd laLÑfr esa ifjorZu gksrk gS rc

og lkekU; laLÑfr dks Hkh izHkkfor djrh gS] vkfn] dqN ,sls iz'u gSa ftudk vUrj vke.M vkSj ockZ us

ugha fn;k gSA

4- jktuhfrd laLÑfr dk rqyukRed v/;;u vlaHko (Comparative Study of political Culture is not

Possible) : jktuhfrd laLÑfr dh lcls cM+h fo'ks"krk ;g gS fd blesa nks ;k nks ls vf/kd jktuhfrd

laLÑfr;ksa dk rqyukRed v/;;u fd;k tk ldrk gS] ijUrq ;g rqyukRed v/;;u dsoy yksdrU=h;

jk"Vªksa ;k lektksa esa gh fd;k tk ldrk gSA jktuhfrd laLÑfr ds izfrikndksa us ;g ugha crk;k fd

vf/kuk;doknh lektksa esa rqyukRed v/;;u dSls fd;k tk ldrk gS] tgk¡ yksxksa ls dksbZ lk{kkRdkj ugha

fd;k tk ldrk vkSj u gh dksbZ losZ{k.k fd;k tk ldrk gSA


vUr esa ;g dgk tk ldrk gS fd mijksDr =qfV;ksa ds ckotwn Hkh jktuhfrd laLÑfr dk viuk egÙo gSA

jktuhfrd laLÑfr dh vo/kkj.kk ds fodkl ls gh jktuhfrd O;oLFkkvksa dh okLrfod izÑfr] muds fodkl vkSj

fodkl dh laHkkfor n'kkvksa dks le>us esa lgk;rk feyrh gS] fdUrq jktuhfrd laLÑfr dh vo/kkj.kk dk iz;ksx

lko/kkuh ls djuk gksxk] vU;Fkk ;g vo/kkj.kk Hkh jktuhfr dh okLrfodrvksa dks le>us esa fo'ks"k lgk;d ugha

gksxhA


fuca/kkRed ç'u (Essay Type Questions) 1- jktuhfr laLÑfr dh ifjHkk"kk nhft,A bldh fo'ks"krkvksa dk o.kZu dhft,A

Define Political Culture. Discuss its characteristics.

2- jktuhfrd laLÑfr ls vki D;k le>rs gSa\ blds eq[; rÙoksa dk o.kZu dhft,A

What do you mean by political culture? Discuss its main components.

3- jktuhfrd laLÑfr dh ifjHkk"kk nhft,A jktuhfrd laLÑfr ds fofHkUu :iksa ;k izdkjksa dk o.kZu dhft,A

Define political culture. Discuss the various types of political culture.

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4- jktuhfrd laLÑfr ls vkidk D;k vfHkizk; gS\ jktuhfrd laLÑfr ds vk/kkj vFkok fu/kkZjd rÙoksa dk

o.kZu dhft,A

What do you understand by political culture? Discuss the foundations or determinants of political

culture.

5- jktuhfrd laLÑfr dk vFkZ crkvks rFkk bldk vkykspukRed v/;;u dhft,A

State and critically examine the concept the political culture.

6- jktuhfrd laLÑfr ds /keZ&fujis{khdj.k ls vki D;k le>rs gSa\ blds fodkl ds vko';d rÙoksa dk

o.kZu djksA

What do you mean by secularization of political culture? Discuss its factors responsible for its progress.

7- jktuhfrd laLÑfr dh ifjHkk"kk nhft,A jktuhfrd laLÑfrd ds egÙo ;k bldh mi;ksfxrk dk o.kZu

dhft,A

Define political culture. Discuss the importance or utility of political culure.

jktuhfrd lekthdj.k

95

v/;k; 8 jktuhfrd lekthdj.k (Political Socialization)

lekthdj.k dk vFkZ

jktuhfrd lekthdj.k dk vFkZ ,ao ifjHkk"kk

jktuhfrd lekthdj.k dh O;k[;k

jktuhfrd lethdj.k dh fo'ks"krk,a

jktuhfrd lekthdj.k ds izdkj

jktuhfr lekthdj.k ds vfHkdj.k

jktuhfrd lekthdj.k dk egRo

cPpk tc lekt esa tUe ysrk gS rks og lHkh lkekftd cU/kuksa ls eqDr gksrk gSA mldk eu ,ao efLr"d ,d

dksjh LysV dh rjg gksrk gS ftl ij dqN Hkh fy[kk tk ldrk gSA cPpk /khjs&/khjs c<+rk gS rFkk ifjokj ls Ldwy

rFkk Ldwy ls lekt eas inkiZ.k djrk gSA ckY;dky ls gh O;fDr thou ds fofHkUu vuqHkoksa dh vuqHkwfr djrk gS

vkSj fLFkfr;ksa dk v/;;u djrk gSA bl izfØ;k dks lekthdj.k dh izfØ;k dgrs gSaaA

lekthdj.k dh izfØ;k ,d vuojr izfØ;k gSaA ;g izfØ;k dsoy lekthdj.k rd gh lhfer ugha jgrh] cfYd

;g jktuhfrd lekthdj.k dh vkSj vxzlj gksrh gSA vkt dk ;qx jktuhfr iz/kku qx gSA O;fDr rFkk lekt dk

dksbZ Hkh igyw jktuhfr ls vNwrk ugha gSA izR;sd O;fDr izR;{k ;k vizR;{k :i ls jktuhfr ls tqMk gqvk gSA

D;ksafd iku ;k ukbZ dh nqdku ij ,df=r yksx] pk; dh nqdku ij pk; dk vkuUn mBkrs yksx vDlj

jktuhfrd eqíksa ij cgl djrs gq, fn[kk;h nsrs gSaA vr% ;g dgk tk ldrk gS fd yksxksa dk jktuhfrd

lekthdj.k gks jgk gSA ysfdu jktuhfrd lekthdj.k dk vFkZ le>us ls igys ;g vko';d gks tkrk gS fd ge

lekthdj.k dk vFkZ tku ysaA

lekthdj.k dk vFkZ (Meaning of Socialization)

izR;sd izdkj ds O;olk; dks lh[kus ds fy;s dksbZ&u&dksbZ vkSipkfjd laLFkk gksrh gS] tSls MkWDVj cuus ds fy,

esfMdy dkWyst] bathfu;j cuus ds fy, bathfu;fjax dkWyst esa tkuk iM+rk gA blh izdkj Ldwy ;k egkfo|ky;

;k fo'ofo|ky; esa f'k{kk izkIr djuh iM+rh gSA ysfdu dksbZ ,slk vkSipkfjd laLFkk ugha gS tks euq"; dks lkekftd

izk.kh gksus ds fy, f'k{kk nsrh gSA lekthdj.k dk igyk vkSj lokZf/kd egroiw.kZ vfHkdrkZ ifjokj gSA ifjokj gh

euq"; dk izkjafHkd 'kSf{kd dsUnz gS] tgk¡ og [kkuk&ihuk] mBuk&cSBuk] pyk&fQjuk] cksyuk] jguk bR;kfn O;ogkj

lh[krk gSA bl izdkj euq"; dk lekt ds fofHkUu i{kksa ls /khjs&/khjs Kku izkIr djrk gSA bl izdkj euq";

/khsjs&/khjs vius vki dks le; ds lkFk&lkFk cnyrs lekt ds ewY;ksa ds vuqlkj <kyrk gSA vr% lekthdj.k ,d

,slh izfØ;k gs ftlesa euq"; vius vkidks cnyrh lkekftd lkaLÑfrd ifjfLFkfr;ksa ds vuqlkj cnyrk gSA

euq"; lekt esa jguk ;k O;ogkj djuk lekt ls gh lh[krk gSA bl izdkj euq"; /khjs&/khjs lkekftd izk.kh ds

:i esa ifj.kr gks tkrk gSA bl izfØ;k dks lekthdj.k dgrs gSaA lekthdj.k dh ifjHkk"kk nsrs gq, cksxkMZl

jktuhfrd fl)kUr

96

(Bogardus) us dgk gS] Þlekthdj.k bdës dke djus] lkewfgd mÙkjnkf;Ro dks fodflr djus dk ,d Øe gS] tks

fd vU;ksa ds dY;k.k dh Hkkouk ls izsfjr gksrk gSAÞ lekthdj.k ds laca/k esa tkWulu (Johnson) us dgk gS]

Þlekthdj.k ,d izf'k{k.k gS tks fd izf'k{kkFkhZ dks lekt esa mldh Hkwfedk fuHkkuk fl[kkrk gSA Þlekthdj.k ds

lanHkZ esa vkWxcUtZ (Ogburns) us fopkj O;Dr fd;k gS] Þlekthdj.k ,d Øe gS ftlls O;fDr lewg Lrj ;k

O;oLFkkvksa ds vuqdwy <y tkuk lh[krk gSA Þblh rjg fxfyu vkSj fxfyu us lekthdj.k dk vFkZ crkrs gq, dgk

gS] Þlekthdj.k ls gekjk rkRi;Z ml izfØ;k ls gS ftlds }kjk O;fDr lewg ds Lrjksa ds vuqlkj] lewg dh

xfrfof/k;ksa ds vuqdwy mldh ijaijkvksa dk ikyu djds vkSj Loa; vkSj lkekftd voLFkkvksa ds vuqdwy djds

lewg ds fØ;k'khy lnL; ds :i esa fodflr gksrk gSAÞ

mijksDr ifjHkk"kkvksa ds vk/kkj ij ;g fu"d"kZ fudyrk gS fd lekthdj.k ds fuEufyf[kr rRo gSa%&

1- ;g ,d izfØ;k (Process) gSA

2- ;g izfØ;k /khjs&/khjs pyrh gSa

3- ;g ,d lrr~ izfØ;k gSA

4- ;g O;fDr dks lkekftd&lkaLÑfrd fu;eksa] eqY;ksa rFkk fl)kUrksa dh tkudkjh nsrk gSA

jktuhfrd lekthdj.k dk vFkZ ,ao ifjHkk"kk (Meaning and Definitions of Political Socialization)

jktuhfrd lekthdj.k] vk/kqfud jktuhfrd fl)kUrksa ds vUrxZr ,d ubZ ,oa egŸoiw.kZ vo/kkj.kk gSA jktuhfrd

lekthdj.k dh izfØ;k ,d vuojr izfØ;k gS ftlesa ,d O;fDr dks jktuhfrd n`f"Vdks.k ls fodflr gksus esa

mldh lkekftd fLFkfr] okrkoj.k] eukSoSKkfud jpuk bR;kfn dk xgjk izHkko iM+rk gSA 20oha 'krkCnh dh ;g ubZ

vo/kkj.kk euksfoKku vkSj lekt'kkL= ls vR;kf/kd izHkkfor gqbZ gSA izkphu dky ls jktuhfrd 'kkL= ds izkjafHkd

fo}kuksa us jktuhfrd lekthdj.k dh egrk dks igpkukA IysVks vkSj vjLrq nksuksa us ukxfjdksa dh jktuhfrd f'k{kk

,oa nh{kk ij cy fn;kA IysVks us viuh iqLrd ^fjifCyd* (Republic) esa ukxfjdksa ds lkFk&lkF 'kkldksa dks Hkh

jktuhfrd f'k{kk ij cy fn;k gSA ijarq jktuhfrd lekthdj.k dk oSKkfud v/;;u 1959 ds ckn gqvk tc

gjcVZ ,p gk;eu (Herbert H. Hyman) us viuh ^jktuhfrd lekthdj.k* uked iqLrd dk izdk'ku fd;kA s

1- ,Yeks.M vkSj ikWosy (Gabriel A. Almond and G. B. Powell) fy[krs gSa] Þjktuhfrd lekthdj.k ,d fØ;k

fof/k ¼izfØ;k½ gS ftlds }kjk jktuhfrd laLÑfr;ksa dks cuk, j[kk tkrk gS vkSj cnyk tkrk gSAÞ

2- gjcVZ ,pŒ gk;eu (Herbert H. Hyman) ds vuqlkj Þjktuhfrd lekthdj.k fofHkUu e/;LFk ,tsfUl;ksa ds

ek/;e ls] O;fDr }kjk viuh lekftd fLFkfr;ksa ls laca/kfr izfr:iksa dk v/;;u gSA

3- Msful dkokukx (Dennis Kavanagh) ds vuqlkj] Þjktuhfrd lekthdj.k 'kCn ml izfØ;k ds fy, iz;ksx

fd;k tkrk gS ftlds }kjk O;fDr jktuhfr ds izfr vkdf"kZr gksrk gS vkSj mls lh[krk ,ao fodflr djrk

gSA

4- :'k vkSj vYFkkWQ (Rush and Althoff) dk dguk gS] Þjktuhfrd lekthdj.k og izfØ;k gS] ftlds }kjk

O;fDr jktuhfrd O;oLFkk ds ckjs esa tkudkjh izkIr djrk gS tks jktuhfrd Kku vkSj jktuhfrd

?kVukvksa ds fo"k; esa mlds laca/kksa dks lqfuf'pr djrh gSA

5- ,syu vkjŒ cky (Allen R. Ball) ds vuqlkj Þjktuhfrd O;oLFkk ds ckjs esa n`f"Vdks.k vkSj fo'okl dh

LFkkiuk rFkk fodkl jktuhfrd lekthdj.k dgykrk gSAÞ

6- vkWLVhu jsus (Austin Rainey) dk dguk gS] Þjktuhfrd lekthdj.k dk lkekU; vFkZ turk dk

lekthdj.k gS D;kasfd blds }kjk vke vkneh viuh jktuhfrd O;oLFkk ds izfr viuk n`f"Vdks.k fodflr

djrs gSaAÞ

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97

7- jkcVZl (Roberts) ds 'kCnksa esa] Þjktuhfrd ,d fof/k gS] ftlds }kjk ,d vkSj O;fDr jktuhfrd rF;ksa ds

}kjk lekt fo'oklksa vkSj Lrjksa dsk ,d ih<h ls vkus okyh dks nsrk gSAÞ

8- ,fjd jks (Eric Rowe) ds vuqlkj] Þjktuhfrd lekthdj.k og izfØ;k gS ftlds }kjk ,d jktuhfrd

laLÑfr ds ewY;] fo'okl vkSj Hkkouk,a vkus okyh ihf<+;ksa rd igq¡p tkrs gSAÞ

vr% jktuhfrd lekthdj.k Þog izfØ;k gS ftlds }kjk jktuhfrd laLÑfr;ksa dk vuqj{k.k vkSj muesa ifjorZu

fd;k tkrk gSA bl dk;Z ds fu"iknu ds ek/;e ls O;fDr;ksa dks jktuhrd laLÑfr;ksa esa 'kkfey fd;k tkrk gS]

rHkh jktuhfrd oLrqvksa ds izfr muds vfHkfoU;kl dk fuekZ.k fd;k tkrk gSA vFkkZr ;g ml f'k{k.k izfØ;k dh

vkSj funsZ'k djrk gSA ftlds }kjk lqlapkfyr jktuhfrd O;oLFkk ds fy, Lohdk;Z ekudksa vkSj O;ogkjksa dks ,d

ih<+h ls vxys ih<+h rd lEizsf"kr fd;k tkrk gSA

jktuhfrd lekthdj.k dh O;k[;k (Explanation of Political Socialization)

jktuhfrd lekthdj.k jktuhfrd laLÑfr ls tqM+h gqbZ ,d ,slh izfØ;k gS tks cjkcj pyrh jgrh gS vkSj ftlus

gj ns'k dh jktuhfr ;k jktuhfrd xfrfof/k;ksa dks cgqr vf/kd izHkkfor fd;k gSA jktuhfrd lekthdj.k dh

izfØ;k vlkekU; gkyrksa ;k ladVksa ds nkSjku cgqr vf/kd rst gks tkrh gSA tc dHkh fdlh ns'k esa ;q) dh fLFkfr

iSnk gks tkrh gS] ;k eqnzk&LQhfr vFkok jktuhfrd usrkvksa ds Hkz"Vkpkj vkSj vdq'kyrk dh otg ls jktuhfrd

fLFkjrk dks [krjk iSnk gqvk gS] rc lkoZtfud leL;kvksa ds ckjs esa vke turk dk n`f"Vdks.k ØkfUrdkjh :i esa

cny tkrk gSA lkezkT;oknh ns'kksa dh neudkjh uhfr;ksa us Hkh v/khuLFk jkT;ksa dh turk ds n`f"Vdks.k esa Økafrdkjh

cnyko ykdj mUgsa mxz joS;k viukus dh izsj.kk nh gSA tSls & igys fo'o ;q) ds nkSjku vaxzstksa dh lfØ;

lgk;rk djus okys xk¡/kh th dkys jkWysDV ,DV vkSj tkfy;kokyk ckx gR;kdkaM ds ckn vfgald lR;kxzkgh cu

x;s vkSj muds usr`Ro esa ns'k us vlg;ksx vkUnksyu NksM+dj vktknh dh ekax rst dj nhA blh izdkj lu~ 1920

rd jk"Vªokn dk leFkZu djus okys eqgEen vyh ftUuk ckn esa lkEiznkf;drk dk vk/kkj cukdj mUgksaus ns'k dk

foHkktu rd djk MkykA bl izdkj fo}kuksa dk ;g dguk gS fd jktufrd lekthdj.k dh bl izfØ;k esa dy ds

fojks/kh vkt ds lg;ksxh vkSj lg;ksxh fojks/kh ds :i esa fn[kk;h nsrs gSaA ;gk¡ ,d egRoiw.kZ rF; ;g Hkh gS fd

vxj jktuhfrd lekthdj.k dh izfØ;k /kheh gksrh gS rks ml ns'k dh jktuhfrd O;oLFkk vius ns'k dh

jktuhfrd O;oLFkk ,ao laLÑfr ls lkeatL; fcBkdj lkekU; :i ls pyrh jgrh gSA ijUrq tc jktuhfrd

lekthdj.k dh xfr cgqr rhoz gksrh gS rc jktuhfrd laLÑfr ls lkeatL; ugha cSBk ikrh gSA

jktuhfrd lethdj.k dh fo'ks"krk,a (Features of Political Socialization)

jktuhfrd lekthdj.k dh fo'ks"krkvksa dk o.kZu fuEufyf[kr :i ls fd;k tk ldrk gSA

1- jktuhfrd lekthdj.k ,d lkoZHkkSfed izfØ;k (Political Socialization is Universal Process)&

jktuhfd lekthdj.k dh izfØ;k ,d lkoZHkkSfed izfØ;k gS] tks lHkh lektksa esa pyrh jgrh gSA bl ij

ljdkj ds izdkj ;kfu yksdrkaf=d ;k lokZf/kdkjoknh O;oLFkk dk bl izfØ;k ij dksbZ izHkko ugha iM+rk

gSA yksdrkf=ad ;k lokZf/kdkjoknh O;oLFkk ls dsoy bruk vUrj vkrk gS fd yksdrkaf=d O;oLFkk esa bl

izfØ;k dh xfr rst gksrh tcfd lokZf/kdkjoknh jktuhfrd O;oLFkk esa xfr /kheh gksrh gSA

2- jktuhfrd laLÑfr ls xgjk laca/k (Close link with Political Culture)&jktuhfrd lekthdj.k dk

jktuhfrd laLÑfr ls xgjk laca/k gSA jktuhfrd lekthdj.k dh izfØ;k ls jktuhfrd laLÑfr ,d

ih<+h ls nwljs ih<+h rg igq¡prh gSA izksQslj ,lŒ ihŒ oekZ us jktuhfrd lekthdj.k vkSj jktuhfrd

laLÑfr ds chp xgjs laca/k dh O;k[;k djrs gq, dgk fd jktuhfrd lekthdj.k ls jktuhfrd laLÑfr

esa cnyko vkrk gSA jktuhfrd lekthdj.k dh izfØ;k dks jktuhfrd laLÑfr dks cuk, j[kus ;k ubZ

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jktuhfrd laLÑfr dk fodkl djus ds fy;s Hkh iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA vFkkZr~ jktuhfrd lekthdj.k ds

rhu eq[; dk;Z gSa& ¼1½ jktuhfrd laLÑfr dks cuk;s j[kuk ¼2½ mlesa ifjorZu djuk rFkk ¼3½ ubZ

jktuhfrd laLÑfr dks ubZ ih<h rd igq¡pkukA vr% jktuhfrd lekthdj.k dh izfØ;k jktuhfrd

laLÑfr dks ,d ih<+h ls nqljh ih<+h rd dsoy mUgha lektksa esa igq¡pk;k tk ldrk gS tgk¡ jktuhfrd

LFkkf;Ro gS vkSj yksxksa ds jktuhfrd ewY; foosd ij vk/kkfjr gSA

3- lh[kus dh izfØ;k (A Learning Process)&izR;sd O;fDr vius pkjksa vksj ds okrkoj.k ;k ifjos'k ls

izHkkfor gksrk gS vkSj mlesa jktuhfrd vuqdwyu (Political Orientation) dh Hkkouka, fodflr gksrh gS vkSj

mls ubZ&ubZ ckrsa fl[kkrh gSa] ftUgsa jktuhfrd lekthdj.k dgk tkrk gSA

4- jktuhfrd lekthdj.k izdV ,ao izPNUu nksuksa :i esa (Political Socialization may be Mainfest or

Latent)&fdlh fo'ks"k mís'; ds fy, jktuhfrd lekthdj.k dk Li"V ,ao izR;{k :i ls iz;ksx fd;k

tkrk gSa rks bls izR;{k ;k izdV jktuhfrd lekthdj.k dgrs gSaA Ldwyksa] dkWystksa vkfn esa fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks

vuq'kklu] drZO;ksa dk ikyu vksj dkuwu ikyu vkfn dh f'k{kk nsuk izR;{k jktuhfrd lekthdj.k dk

mnkgj.k gSA xSj&jktuhfrd mís';ksa dks iwjk djus ds fy;s fd;s x;s iz;kl jktuhfr dks vizR;{k :i ls

izHkkfor djrs gSaA ;g izfØ;k lkekU; fu;e] Lor% ,ao vpsr :i esa gksrh gSA vr% jktuhfrd lekthdj.k

dh izfØ;k izR;sd lekt esa izR;{k ;k Li"V ;k izdV ,oa xqIr ;k vizR;{k ;k izPNu :i esa gksrh jgrh

gSA

5- jktuhfrd lekthdj.k vkSipkfjd ,ao vukSipkfjd nksuksa :i esa (The Political Socialization is both

formal and Informal)&jktuhfrd lekthdj.k lpsr :i esa fofHkUu f'k{kk laLFkkvksa] lekpkj i=ksa vkSj

jktuhfrd nyksa }kjk izR;{k :i ls fd;k tkrk gS rks ;g jktuhfrd lekthdj.k dh vkSipkfjd izfØ;k

gSaA vkSipkfjd izfØ;k esa iz;Ru fo'ks"k :i ls fd;s tkrs gSA tcfd ;fn yksxksa ds jktuhfrd eqY;ksa]

fopkjksa fo'oklksa esa ifjorZu fo'ks"k iz;Ruksa ls u gksdj vius vki gksrk gS rks bls vukSipkfjd jktuhfrd

lekthdj.k dgrs gSaA tSls Hkkjr esa 1975 esa Jherh bafnjk xk¡/kh }kjk vkikr ?kks"k.k ds ckn yksxksa ij

cgqr vR;kpkj gq,A vkikr fLFkfr ds ckn 1977 esa vke pquko gq, ftlesa bafnjk xk¡/kh ,ao mudh ikVhZ dks

gkj dk eq¡g ns[kuk iM+kA ;g lc dqN vius vki gks x;kA ;kfu dksbZ vkSipkfjd f'k{kk yksxksa dks nsuh

ugha iM+h vFkkZr~ ;g vukSipkfjd jktuhfrd izfØ;k dk mnkgj.k gqvkA vr% jktuhfrd lekthdj.k

vkSipkfjd ,ao vukSipkfjd nksauksa izdkj ls gksrk gSA

6- jktuhfrd lekthdj.k ,d lrr~ izfØ;k (Political Socialization is Continuous Process)& jktuhfrd

lekthdj.k ,d ,slh fof/k gS tks lkjh vk;q ds yksxksa dks izR;{k ;k vizR;{k :i ls izHkkfor djrh gSA

fdlh Hkh O;fDr dk jktuhfrd fo'okl lnk ,d lk ugha jgrk gS] cfYd ifjLFkfr ds vuqlkj buds

jktuhfrd n`f"Vdks.k esa FkksM+k cgqr ifjorZu gksrk jgrk gSA bl ifjorZu ds dkj.k muds jktuhfrd

fo'okl jktuhfrd ewY; ,ao jktuhfrd n`f"Vdks.k LFkk;h ugha jgrhA bUgha dkj.kksa ls ;g dgk tkrk gS

fd jktuhfrd lekthdj.k ,d lrr~ izfØ;k gSA

izksŒ ,yu vkjŒ cky (Alan R. Ball) ds vuqlkj] Þjktuhfrd lekthdj.k ,slh fof/k ugha gS tks izHkko

Lohdkj djus okyh cpiu dh vk;q rd lhfer gks vfirq ;g vk;q&i;ZUr fujarj :i ls tkjh jgrh gSA

vr% jktuhfrd lekthdj.k dh izfØ;k fujarj pyrh jgrh gSA

7- lEiw.kZ jktuhfrd thou dks izHkkfor djuk (To influence the total Political life)&jktuhfrd

lekthdj.k ls O;fDr lewg dk lEiw.kZ jktuhfrd thou izHkkfor gksrk gSA

8- jktuhfrd ifjorZu ls laca/k (Close link with Political Change)&jktuhfrd lekthdj.k dk jktuhfrd

ifjorZu ls xgjk laca/k gSA ,d rjQ jktuhfrd lekthdj.k ls cuus okys u, fo'okl vkSj ewY;

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jktuhfrd ifjorZu yk ldrs gSa rks nwljh vkSj jktuhfrd ifjorZu ds ckn Hkh jktuhfrd lekthdj.k

dh izfØ;k lekIr ugha gksrh gS vkSj og pyrh jgrh gSA

jktuhfrd lekthdj.k ds izdkj (Kinds of Political Socialization)

1- izR;{k ;k izdV jktuhfrd lekthdj.k (Mainfest Political Socialization)&tc euq"; izR;{k ;k izdV

lk/kuksa }kjk jktuhfrd laLÑfr] ewY;ksa o >qdkoksa vkfn dks xzg.k djrk gS rks bls izR;{k jktuhfrd

lekthdj.k dgk tkrk gS rks bls çR;{k jktuhfrd lekthdj.k dgk tkrk gSA vke.M vkSj ikosy

(Almond and Powell) ds vuqlkj] ÞizdV jktuhfrd lekthdj.k ml le; gksrk gS tc jktuhfrd

mís';ksa ds izfr lwpukvksa] ewY;ksa ;k Hkkoukvksa dk izdV :i ls lapkj.k fd;k tkrk gSAÞ tSls& Ldwyksa vkSj

egkfo|ky;ksa esa jktuhfr'kkL= dk fo"k; i<+kdj fo|kfFkZ;ksa dk jktuhfrd lekthdj.k fd;k tkrk gSA

:l phu ,oa vU; lektoknh jkT; izR;{k jktuhfd lekthdj.k ds mnkgj.k gSA bu jkT;ksa esa lektoknh

mís';ksa dh iwfrZ ds fy, fo|kfFkZ;ksa ds fy, fo'ks"k izdkj ds ikB~;Øe rS;kj dh tkrh gSa rFkk mlh ds

vuqlkj f'k{kk nh tkrh gSA lkE;oknh ny }kjk lektoknh O;oLFkk dk izpkj fd;k tkrk gSA

2- izPNu ;k vizR;{k jktuhfrd lekthdj.k (Latent Political Socialization)&tc euq"; vizR;{k lk/kuksa

ds }kjk jktuhfrd laLÑfr dks xzg.k djrk gS rks mls yqIr ;k vizR;{k jktuhfrd lekthdj.k dgrs gSaA

;g Lor% gksus okyh izfØ;k gSA blesa jktuhfr laca/kh ekU;rk, O;fDr ds ck/; lekthdj.k dh izfØ;k ds

lkFk Lor% vk tkrh gSA vizR;{k jktuhfrd lekthdj.k Lor% vk tkrh gSA vizR;{k jktuhfrd

lekthdj.k Lor% /kheh ,ao thou Hkj pyus okyh izfØ;k gSA ifjokj lkekftd leqnk; rFkk laLFkkvksa

}kjk jktuhfrd laLÑfr dks fl[kyk, tkus dh izfØ;k dks vizR;{k ;k yqIr jktuhfrd lekthdj.k Hkh

dgk tkrk gSA vke.M ds vuqlkj blesa lkekU; laLÑfr dh ewy fo'ks"krk,a jktuhfrd O;oLFkk rFkk yksxksa

ds jktuhfrd O;ogkj dks izHkkfor djrh gSA

3- iqjkru jktuhfrd lekthdj.k (Primitive Political Socialization)&izkphu lektksa esa O;fdr :f<+okn

ewY;ksa] fo'oklksa o ijaijkvksa ls tqM+s gksrs gSa ftlds dkj.k muesa jktuhfrd psruk dk vHkko gksrk gSA dksbZ

Hkh ,d O;fDr jktuhfrd 'kfDr izkIr dj ysrk gS rFkk lrk dk iz;ksx djds yksxksa ls viuh vkKkvksa dk

ikyu djokrk gSA lk/kkj.k O;fDr jktuhfrd izfØ;k esa Hkkx ugha ysrsA fdlh Hkh izdkj dh jktuhfrd

Hkwfedk fuHkkuk 'kkld dh lÙkk ;k 'kkjhfjd 'kfDr dk fojks/k ekuk tkrk gSA bl izdkj dk jktuhfrd

lekthdj.k dckbyh lektksa esa ik;k tkrk gSA

4- vk/kqfud jktuhfrd lekthdj.k (Modern Political Socialtization)&vk/kqfud lekt esa O;fdr dks

ckY;koLFkk ls gh jktuhfrd Hkwfedk fuHkkus ds fy, rS;kj fd;k tkrk gSA 'kSf{k.kd laLFkkvksa esa mUgsa

fofHkUu jktuhfrd leL;kvksa vkSj jktuhfrd O;oLFkkvksa ls lacaf/kr f'k{kk iznku dh tkrh gSA bl izfØ;k

esa lekpkj i=] if=dk,a] jsfM;ks vksj nwjn'kZu egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk vnk djrs gSaA bu lHkh lapkj lk/kuksa ds

}kjk jktuhfrd O;oLFkk ds izfr vknj] drZO; ijk;.krk dh Hkkouk] jk"Vªh; ,dhdj.k dh Hkkouk vkSj

uSfrd vkn'kksZa ds izfr vknj vkfn phtsa O;fDr ds thou esa tkx`r dh tkrh gSA

blds vfrfjDr fujarjrk vkSj vfujarjrk ds vk/kkj ij jktuhfrd lkethdj.k dks fQj nks Hkkxksa esa

foHkkftr fd;k tk ldrk gSA

1- le:i rFkk fujarj jktuhfrd lekthdj.k (Homogeneous and Continuous Political

Socialization)

2- fHkUu rFkk vfojy jktuhfrd lekthdj.k (Heterogeneous and discontinuous Political

Socialization)

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100

jktuhfr lekthdj.k ds vfHkdj.k (Various Agencies of Political Socialization)

jktuhfrd lekthdj.k esa vusd rRoksa ;k vfedj.kksa dh Hkwfedk jgrh gSA O;fDr ds jktuhfrd lekthdj.k esa

dbZ lk/kuksa] ,oa laLFkkvksa dk ;ksxnku jgrk gSA lk/kkj.kr% bu lk/kuksa dks nks Hkkxksa esa ckaVk tk ldrk gSA

1- izkFkfed lk/ku (Primary Agencies)

2- f}rh;d lk/ku (Secondary Agencies)

ifjokj] fo|ky;] egkfo|ky; bR;kfn laLFkkvksa dks izkFkfed lk/ku dgk tkrk gS] D;ksafd ;s O;fDr ds thou ij

izR;{k izHkko Mkyrs gSaA fdUrq dqN ,sls lk/ku Hkh gSa tks O;fDr dks vizR;{k :i ls izHkkfor djrs gSa] tSls tulapkj

ncko] lewg] f'k"Vtu vkfn] bUgsa f}rh;d (Secondary) lk/ku dgk tkrk gSA ijarq okLrfodrk esa bu nksukas lk/kuksa

eas dksbZ Hksn ugha gSA

vyx&vyx fo}kuksa us jktuhfrd lekthdj.k ds vusd vfHkdj.kksa dh igpku dh gSA bUghsa vfHkdj.kksa ds ek/;e

ls izHkko izfØ;k dke djrh gSa vkSj O;fDrxr lekt esa fuf'pr ^lkekftd lajpuk* dh igpku dj ldrk gS tks

fu;fer :i ls lekthdj.k dk dk;Z laiUu djrh gSA vr% muesa ls dqN izeq[k rRoksa ;k vfHkdj.kksa dk la{ksi esa

fooj.k vkxs fn;k tk jgk gS] tks jktuhfrd lekthdj.k esa lgk;d gksrs gSA

1- ifjokj (Family)&lekthdj.k dk igyk vkSj lokZf/kd egŸoiw.kZ vfHkdj.k ifjokj gSA dqN fo}kuks a dk

fopkj gS fd O;fDr vius thou dk 2@3 Kku thou ds izFke rhu o"kksaZ eas izkIr djrk gSA ifjokj igyk

Ldwy gS tgk¡ O;fDr Kku izkIr djrk gS vkSj ,d vknr ds }kjk dqN lh[krk gSA tUe ds le; cPps dk

dksbZ fopkj/kkjk ;k n`f"Vdks.k ugha gksrk gSA mldh f'k{kk&nh{kk tUe ds ckn izkjaHk gksrh gSA

f'k'kq dk lcls igyk laca/k vius ifjokj ls gh gksrk gSA ifjokj eas jgdj /khjs&/khjs uSfrd ewY;ksa dks

ifjokj ls lh[krk gSA lk/kkj.kr% ;g ns[kk x;k gS fd firk dk laca/k ,d fo'ks"k jktuhfrd ny ls gS rks

csVs dk Hkh ml ny ls lnL;rk izkIr djus dh vf/kd laHkkouk gksrh gSA vke /kkj.kk ;gh gS fd ftu

ifjokjksa esa jktuhfrd leL;kvksa ij xgjkbZ ls fopkj gksrk gS] ifjokj ds lnL; lkoZtfud ekeyksa eas

:fp ysrs gSa] ml ifjoj ds cPpksa dk jktuhfrd lekthdj.k ljyrk ls ,ao Rofjr xfr ls gksrk gSA

blds Bhd foijhr xzkeh.k bykdksa eas] tgk¡ ifjokj esa bl rjg ds fopkj dk vHkko gksrk gSa ogk¡ mu

ifjokjksa ds cPps cM+s gksus ij Hkh jktuhfrd dk;ksZa ds ckjs esa mnklhu ns[ks x;s gSaaA

ifjokj ls cPpk cgqr lh ckrsa lh[krk ,oa tkurk gS ftudk ckn es mlds jktuhfrd thou ij izHkko

iM+rk gS] tSls & vuq'kklu] vknj ,ao lg;ksx dh Hkkouk bR;kfnA

2- f'k{k.k laLFkk,a (Educational Institutions)&lekthdj.k dk nwljk 'kfDr'kkyh lk/ku ¼f'k{k.k laLFkk,a½

fo|ky; gSaaA jktuhfrd Kku ,ao fopkjksa dk Li"V gLrkUrj.k fo|ky; Lrj ij gh gksrk gSA fo|ky; esa

okn&fookn vkSj fopkj&foe'kZ ,ao fu.kZ; djus dh vU; i)fr;ksa O;fDr dh vU; Hkwfedkvksa esa dk;Z

fu"iknu ij ckn ds thou esa izHkko Mkyrh gSaaA

fo|ky;ksa] dkWysstksa o fo'ofo|ky;ksa esa vusd fo"k;ksa dk v/;;u djk;k tkrk gSA bu fo"k;ksa ds v/;;u

ds ckn fo|kfFkZ;ksa ds efLr"d esa vusdksa jktuhfrd fopkj iuirs gSaA dbZ ckj rks fo'ks"k fopkj/kkjk dks

/;ku esa j[kdj ikB~;Øe rS;kj fd;k tkrk gSA izR;sd f'k{k.k laLFkk esa ,d izca/kdh; O;oLFkk gksrh gSA

ftldk fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks ikyu djuk gksrk gSA bls muesa fu;eksa dk ikyu djus vFkok fojks/k djus ds xq.k

dk fodkl gksrk gSA vr% ;g Hkkouk jktuhfrd lÙkk ds izfr ,d n`f"dks.k dk fodkl djrh gSA vFkkZr

fo|ky;ksa o fo'ofo|ky;ksa esa mPp Lrj ds pquko yMs+ tkrs gSa ftuesa Nk= ns'k ds eq[; jktuhfrd nyksa

dk lgkjk ysrs gSaA dksbZ Hkh f'k{k.k laLFkk ns'k dh jktuhfr dks izHkkfor fd;s fcuk ugha jgrhA vr% izR;sd

Lrj dh f'k{k.k laLFkk,a jktuhfrd lekthdj.k esa vge~ Hkwfedk fuHkkrs gSaA

mailto:2@3

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3- fe=&eaMyh (Friend's Circle)&fe=rk vkil esa ,d&nwljs dh Hkkoukvksa vkSj ewy;ksa dks cgqr vf/kd

izHkkfor djrh gSA lkoZtfrud ekeyksa esa tkudkjh ikus dh :fp jktuhfrd lekthdj.k dh izfØ;k rst

gks tkrh gSA

4- vkthfodk ds lk/ku (Means of Livelihood)&vthfodk ds fofHkUu lk/ku vkSj mlls tqM+s gq, gkykr Hkh

O;fDr;ksa ds lkspus&le>us ds rjhdksa dks cgqr vf/kd izHkkfor djrs gSaA vr% bUgsa Hkh jktuhfrd

lekthdj.k dk egRoiw.kZ vfHkdj.k ekuk tkrk gSA ikosy us bl ckr ij cy nsrs gq, dgk gS fd] ÞukSdjh

vkSj blds bnZ&fxnZ vkSipkfjd ,ao vukSipkfjd laxBu&Dyc etnwj la?k vkfn jktuhfrd lwpuk vksj

fo'okl rFkk ewY;ksa ds Li"V :i ls lapkj laca/kh ek/;e gSaAÞ

5- izpkj ds vk/kqfud lk/ku (Modern Means of Publicity)&lapkj ds vk/kqfud lk/ku Hkh jktuhfrd

lekthdj.k dks cgqr vf/kd izHkkfor djrs gSaA bl mnkjhdj.k ,ao oS'ohdj.k ds ;qx esa lapkj ek/;eksa

tSls jsfM;ksa] nwjn'kZu] lekpkj i=ksa bR;kfn ij ljdkj dk T;knk fu;a=.k ugha gksrk gS] ftlds dkj.k

jktuhfrd lekthdj.k dh xfr cgqr rst gksrh gSA

6- ncko lewg (Pressure Group)&vk/kqfud ;qx yksdrkaf=d ;qx gSA bl yksdrkfU=d ljdkj ds uhfr;ksa ds

fuekZ.k rFkk fØ;kUo;u dks izHkkfor djus okys dbZ lewg gksrs gSaA ;g lewg vizR;{k :i ls dk;Z djrs

gSaA bu lewgksa dks ncko&lewg (Pressure Groups) ;k fgr&lewg (Interest Groups) dgk tkrk gSA ;g

lewg jktuhfrd lekthdj.k esa egRoiw.kZ ;ksxnku djrs gSaA ;g yksxksa esa Hkh viuh fopkj/kkjk dk izlkj o

izpkj djds yksder (Public opinion) dk fuekZ.k vius i{k esa djrs gSaA laxfBr O;olkf;d ncko lewg]

O;kikfjd la?k] Ñ"kd laxBu] fo|kFkhZ la?k vkfn bu lewgksa ds mi;qDr mnkgj.k gSaA

7- jktuhfrd ny (Political Parties)&vk/kqfud yksdra= ds ;qx esa jktuhfrd nyksa dk egRoiw.kZ LFkku gSA

jktuhfrd nyksa dk fuekZ.k ,d fo'ks"k jktuhfrd fopkj/kkjk dks fØ;kfUor djus ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA

jktuhfrd ny vius ny ds okf"kZd vf/kos'ku fo'ks"k vf/kos'ku] pqukoh ?kks"k.kk i= bR;kfn ds }kjk vius

fopkjksa dk izpkj ,oa izlkj djrs gSaA bu lHkh rjhdksa ls ernkrk cgqr izHkkofr gksrs gSaaA vr% jktuhfrd

ny jktuhfrd lekthdj.k dh izfØ;k esa cM+h lgk;rk djrs gSaA

8- lkfgR; (Literature)&lkfgR; Hkh jktuhfrd lekthdj.k dk vfr egRoiw.kZ lk/ku gSA O;fDr ftl izdkj

ds lkfgR; dk v/;;u djrk gS] ml lkfgR; ds vuqlkj gh O;fDr ds fopkjksa ij xgjk izHkko iM+rk gSA

dkyZ ekDlZ dh iqLrd ^nkl dSfiVy* dk v/;;u djus ds i'pkr~ gh lalkj eas cgqr&ls O;fDr lkE;oknh

cu x,A

9- jktuhfrd O;oLFkk (Political System)&fdlh ns'k dh jktuhfrd O;oLFkk us lekt ds ukxfjdksa ds izfr

D;k n`f"Vdks.k viuk;k gS blls Hkh jktuhfrd lekthdj.k dh izfØ;k cgqr izHkkfor gksrh gSA ;fn yksx

ljdkj dh xfrfof/k;ksa dks ilUn djrs gSa rks ;g ldkjkRed izHkko Mkyrh gSA ;fn os ljdkj dh

xfrfof/k;ksa dks ilUn ugha djrs rks ;g yksxksa ij udkjkRed izHkko Mkyrh gSA vFkkZr ljdkj dh

xfrfof/k;ksa yksxksa ds efLr"d dks izHkkfor djrh gSA

10- fofHkUu leqnk; (Different Associations)&euq"; ds lkekftd izk.kh gksus vkSj mlds fgr rFkk mudh

t:jr gksus dh otg ls O;fDr mudks iwjk djus ds fy, os muds leqnk; ds lnL; cu tkrs gSaA bu

fofHkUu leqnk; dh xfrfof/k;ka muds vius lnL;ksa ds thou dks cgqr vf/kd izHkkfor djrh gSA blls

jktuhfrd lekthdj.k nksuksa esa cM+h lgk;rk feyrh gSA

11- leku fLFkfr okys lewg (Peer Groups)&ifjokj ds vfrfjDr lekuk fLFkfr okys lewg Hkh jktuhfrd

lkekthdj.k ds lk/ku gSaA bu lewgksa esa os O;fDr lfEefyr gksrs gSa ftudh fLFkfr yxHkx leku gksrh gSA

cPpksa vkSj ekrk&firk dks ge bl Js.kh esa ugÈ j[k ldrs D;ksafd ekrk&firk dh fLFkfr cPpksa dh vis{kk

jktuhfrd fl)kUr

102

mPp gksrh gSA ,sls lewgksa esa O;fDr vius jktuhfrd fopkj fuladksp çdV dj ldrk gS vkSj viuh

foosd 'kfDr ds vk/kkj ij jktuhfrd leL;kvksa dk fo'ys"k.k dj ldrk gSA

12- egku jk"Vªh; usrkvksa ds Hkk"k.k rFkk ys[k (Speeches and Writings of Great National Leaders)&egku

jk"Vªh; usrkvksa ds Hkk"k.k o ys[k jktuhfrd lekthdj.k ds egRoiw.kZ lk/ku gSaA egku jk"Vªh; usrk vius

Hkk"k.kksa }kjk vkSj vius peRdkjh ys[ksa }kjk turk dks çHkkfor djrs gSaA egkRekxka/kh th ds vfgalk vkSj

lR;kxzg ds fl)kUrksa us Hkkjrh; turk dks fdruk çHkkfor fd;k gSA Hkkjr dh 'kkfUr iw.kZ lgvfLrRo dh

uhfr vkSj xqVfujis{krk dk fl)kUr gekjs usrkvksa dh gh /kjksgj gS ftudk ikyu vkt Hkh vUrZjk"Vªh;

Lrj ij fo'ks"k :i ls fd;k tkrk gSA

13- tkfrokn (Castism)&tkfrokn jktuhfrd lkekthdj.k dk egRoiw.kZ lk/ku gSA Hkkjr tSls tkrh; fHkUurk

okys ns'kksa esa tkfr egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkkrh gSA LorU=rk ds ckn Hkkjr esa tkfr us jktuhfrd dks cgqr

çHkkfor fd;k gSA fofHkUu tkfr;ksa dks fiNM+siu ds vk/kkj ij vkja{k.k fn;k tk jgk gS] blls fofHkUu

tkfr;ksa esa lgHkkfxrk dks c<+kus dh ckr dh gS ysfdu fiNM+h tkfr;ka Hkh jktuhfrd ykHk mBkus lkewfgd

:i ls ç;kl djrh gSA


jktuhfrd lekthdj.k vk/kqfud ;qx dh vo/kkj.kk gS vkSj vc mldk egRo lHkh ns'kksa us Lohdkjdj fy;k gSA

yksdrkaf=d O;oLFkk okys ns'kksa esa lekthdj.k ljyrk ls ,ao rsth ls gksrh gSA blds Bhd foifjr rkuk'kkgh

lSfud O;oLFkk vkSj lkE;oknh 'kklu&iz.kkyh esa jktuhfrd lekthdj.k dh xfr /kheh gksrh gSA

jktuhfrd lekthdj.k dk egRo (Importance of Political Socialization)

euq"; ds jktuhfrd O;ogkj ij lekt dh jktuhfrd laLÑfr ij vkSj jktuhfrd fodkl ij jktuhfrd

lekthdj.k dk cgqr izHkko iM+rk gSA jktuhfrd lekthdj.k vk/kqfud jktuhfrd fl)kUr dh egRoiw.kZ vo/kkj.kk

gSA ftldh egrk fuEufyf[kr gS%&

1- jktuhfrd fodkl esa lgk;d (Helpful in Political Development)&jktuhfrd lekthdj.k ,d ,slh

izfØ;k gS] ftlds }kjk jktuhfrd laLÑfr dks cuk, j[kk tkrk gS ;k bles ifjorZu fd;k tkrk gSA

jktuhfrd lekthdj.k ls gh jktuhfrd fodkl dh izsj.kk feyrh gSA ;g ifjorZu dk vk/kkj rS;kj

djrh gSA vr% ;g jktuhfrd fodkl esa lgk;d gSA

2- euq"; dks jktuhfrd izk.kh cukus esa lgk;d (Helpful in making man a Political creature)&euq"; ,d

lkekftd izk.kh gSA ijarq] vkt euq"; ,d jktuhfrd izk.kh curk tk jgk gSA jktuhfr mlds thou ds

izR;sd i{k esa lek x;k gSA thou ds izR;sd i{k dk fu;eu jktuhfrdrk djrh gSA vr% jktuhfrd

O;fDr dk fuekZ.k jktuhfrd lekthdj.k ls gksrk gSA

3- vk/kqfudrk dk vk/kkj (Basis of Modernization)&jktuhfrd lekthdj.k dks jktuhfrd lekt dh

vk/kqfudrk dk vk/kkj ekuk x;k gSA ;g jktuhfrd laLÑfr dh thou/kkjk gSA jktuhfrd laLÑfr;ka

mUur vk/kqfud jktuhfrd lektksa dk vk/kkj gSA

4- O;fDr ds jktuhfrd O;ogkj dks fuf'pr djrh gS (Determines Political Behaviour of Man)&fdlh Hkh

O;fDr dk jktuhfrd O;ogkj dkQh gn rd bl ckr ij fuHkZj djrk gS fd mldh jktuhfrd

lekthdj.k dh izfØ;k D;k jgh gSA ;fn mldh jktuhfrd lekthdj.k dh izfØ;k lUrqfyr o fujUrj

jgh gS] rks O;fDr dk jktuhfrd O;ogkj jpukRed gksxk vU;Fkk jktuhfrd O;ogkj vfLFkj gks ldrk gSA

;fn jktuhfrd lekthdj.k iw.kZ gqvk gS rks O;fDr jktuhfrd O;oLFkk esa :fp ysxk] vU;Fk O;fDr

jktuhfrd mnklhurk dk f'kdkj gks tkrk gSA

jktuhfrd lekthdj.k

103

5- jktuhfrd iz.kkyh ds dq'kyrk vksj fLFkjrk iznku djrh gS (It provides efficiency and stability to

Political System)&jktuhfrd lekthdj.k jktuhfrd iz.kkyh dks fLFkjrk vkSj dq'kyrk iznku djrh gSA

6- jktuhfrd laLÑfr ds fy, vko';d (Necessary for Political Culture)&ftl lekt esa jktuhfrd

lekthdj.k Bhd ,ao lqO;ofLFkr gS ogk¡ jktuhfrd laLÑfr ds fodkl esa lgk;rk feysxhA vxj

jktuhfrd lekthdj.k vfu;fer] v/kwjk vkSj vO;ofLFkr gS rks blls v/kwjh jktuhfrd laLÑfr dk

fuekZ.k gksrk gSA bl lanHkZ esa MkW- ,- dss- eq[kksik/;k; us viuh iqLrd esa fy[kk gS fd Þjktuhfrd

lekthdj.k dk dk;Z jktuhfrd laLÑfr dk fuekZ.k djuk] mls cnyuk rFkk mls cuk, j[kuk gSAÞ

7- jktuhfrd lgHkkfxrk vksj jktuhfrd HkrhZ esa lgk;d (Helpful in Political Participation and Political

Recruitment)&jktuhfrd lekthdj.k] jktuhfrd lgHkkfxrk o jktuhfrd HkrhZ dks fuf'pr djrk gSA

jktuhfrd O;oLFkk dh lfØ;rk jktuhfrd lekthdj.k ls fu;eu gksrh gSA vr% jktuhfrd

lekthdj.k] jktuhfrd HkrhZ jktuhfrd lgHkkfxrk rFkk jktuhfrd O;oLFkk dh izÑfr rFkk dk;Z'kSyh dk

egRoiw.kZ vk/kkj gSA

8- jktuhfrd fodkl esa lgk;d (Helpful in Political Development)&jktuhfrd fodkl dh xfr o fn'kk

jktuhfrd lethdj.k ij vk/kkfjr gSA ;fn jktuhfrd lekthdj.k dh izfØ;k lqO;ofLFkr vkSj lqpk:

:i ls pyrh gS rks jktuhfrd fodkl dh xfr ,ao fn'kk Bhd jgrh gSa] vU;Fkk jktuhfrd fodkl Bhd

ugha gksxkA


jktuhfrd lekthdj.k dk jktuhfrd laLÑfr] jktuhfrd fodkl o jktuhfrd O;ogkj ij dkQh izHkko iM+rk

gSA ;g jktuhfrd O;oLFkk dks Hkh izHkkfor drk gSA ;g ,d ,slh izfØ;k gS tks lrr~ pyrh jgrh gS tks O;fDr

dks jktuhfr ls tksM+rh gSA jktuhfrd lekthdj.k ls gh O;fDr dk jktuhfrdj.k gksrk gSA ;g O;fDr dh

mnklhurk dks lekIr djds mls jktuhfrd O;oLFkk esa lgh jkLrs ij pyus ds fy, iszfjr djrh gSA


fucU/kkRed iz'u (Essay Type Questions) 1- jktuhfrd lekthdj.k ds vFkZ rFkk bldh izÑfr dh foospuk dhft,A

(Define Political Socialization and Discuss its nature.)

2- jktuhfrd lekthdj.k ls vki D;k le>rs gSa\ bldh eq[; fo'ks"krkvksa dk o.kZu dhft,A

(What do you mean by Political Socialization? Discuss its main charactertistics.)

3- jktuhfrd lekthdj.k ls vkidk D;k vfHkizk; gS\ blds fofHkUu vfHkd.kksa dk o.kZu dhft,A

(What do you mean by the term of "Political Socialization." Discuss its various agencies.)

4- jktuhfrd lekthdj.k dh ifjHkk"kk nhft, rFkk blds eq[; vfHkdrkZvksa dk fooj.k nhft,A

(Define Politcal Socialization and discuss its main agents.)

5- jktuhfrd lekthdj.k ij ,d foLr`r uksV fyf[k,A

(Write a note on Political Socialization.)

6- jktuhfrd lekthdj.k ,d lrr~ izfØ;k gSA O;k[;k dhft,A

(Political Socialization is a continious Process. Explain.)

7- ifjokj dh jktuhfrd lekthdj.k esa Hkwfedk crkvksA

jktuhfrd fl)kUr

104

(State role of family in Political Socialization.)

8- jktuhfrd lekthdj.k dh ifjHkk"kk nsrs gq, bldh egrk ij izdk'k Mkfy,A

(Define Political Socialization and discuss its importance.)

jktuhfrd lgHkkfxrk

105

f}rh; [k.M

v/;k; 9 jktuhfrd lgHkkfxrk (Political Participation)

jktuhfrd lgHkkfxrk dk vFkZ

jktuhfrd lgHkkfxrk ds y{k.k

jktuhfrd lgHkkfxrk ds izÑfr

jktuhfrd lgHkkfxrk dh ek=k vkSj vk;ke

jktuhfrd lgHkkfxrk ds izdkj

jktuhfrd lgHkkfxrk dks fu/kkZfjr vFkok izHkkfor djus okys rRo

yksdra=h; O;oLFkkvksa esa jktuhfrd lgHkkfxrk ds lk/ku

jktuhfrd lgHkkfxrk dk egRo

jktuhfr ,d loZO;kih xfrfof/k gS] ftlls orZeku le; esa dksbZ Hkh O;fDr vNwrk ugha jgk gSA jktuhfrd O;oLFkk

dh jktuhfrd izfØ;kvksa vFkok xfrfof/k;ksa es Hkkx ysuk] jtuhfrd lgHkkfxrk ;k Hkkxhnkjh dgykrh gSA

jktuhfrd lgHkkfxrk ds vk/kkj ij jktuhfrd O;oLFkkvksa dks eq[;r% nks :iksa esa ckaVk x;k gS & yksdrkaf=d

'kklu O;oLFkk rFkk fujadq'k vFkok LosPNkpkjh 'kklu O;oLFkk yksdrkaf=d 'kklu O;oLFkk esa turk dh Hkkxhnkjh

cgqr vf/kd gksrh gSA tcfd fujadq'k vFkok LosPNkpkjh 'kklu O;oLFkk esa turk dh Hkkxhnkjh dk vHkko ik;k

tkrk gSA vjLrq ds le; ls ysdj vkt rd jktuhfrd O;oLFkkvksa ds v/;;u djus okys fo}ku jktuhfrd

O;oLFkk dk oxhZdj.k yksxksa dh lgHkkfxrk ds vk/kkj ij djrs gSaA ;|fi jktuhfrd lgHkkfxrk dk v/;;u

yksdrU= ls tqM+k gqvk gS] ijUrq bldk vFkZ ;g ugha gS fd dsoy yksdrU= gh jktuhfrd Hkkxhnkjh iznku drj gS

orZeku ;qx esa lHkh jktuhfrd O;oLFk,a pkgs os lozlrkoknh gks] vuqnkjoknh gksa ;k izfrfØ;koknh gks] vius

ukxfjdksa dsk jktuhfr esa Hkkx ysus dk volj ,ao vf/kdkj iznku djrh gSA vkfLVu jsus (Austin Rainey) ds

vuqlkj] Þvf/kdka'k ljdkjds pkgs os yksdrkaf=d gksa ;k fdlh vU; izdkj dh] ;g pkgrh gS fd muds ukxfjd

de ls de dqN jktuhfrd fØ;kvksa esa Hkkx ysaAÞ okLrfod :i esa fdlh Hkh jktuhfrd O;oLFkk esa jktuhfrd

Hkkxhnkjh ;k lgHkkfxrk ml O;oLFkk dh jktuhfrd] lkaLÑfrd] vkfFkZd rFkk lkekftd O;oLFkk ij fuHkZj djrh

gSA jktuhfrd lgHkkfxrk dk rF; gj le; esa] gj jktuhfrd O;oLFkk dks vkadus o ij[kus dk lk/ku jgk gSA

vr% jktuhfrd lgHkkfxrk jktuhfrd foKku dh ,d egRoiw.kZ vo/kkj.kk gSA

jktuhfrd lgHkkfxrk dk vFkZ (Meaning of Political Participation)

jktuhfr ,d loZO;kih vo/kkj.kk gS] ftlls orZeku le; esa dksbZ Hkh O;fDr vNqrk ugha jg x;k gSA izR;sd O;fDr

fdlh u fdlh :i esa] dgha u dgha] de vFkok vkf/kd ek=k esa jktuhfr ls tqM+k gqvk vo'; gksrk gSA ;kfu

jktuhfrd fl)kUr

106

jktuhfrd fØ;k djuk vFkok jktuhfrd xfrfof/k;ksa esa 'kkfey gksuk jktuhfrd lgHkkfxrk vFkok jktuhfrd

Hkkxhnkjh dgykrh gSA vr% jktuhfrd lgHkkfxrk jktuhfr foKku dh ,d egRoiw.kZ vo/kkj.kk gSA

jktuhfrd lgHkkfxrk dh dqN ifjHkk"kk, dqN fo}kuksa us nh gSA og fuEufyf[kr gSa%&

1- lkekftd foKkuksa ds vUrjkZ"Vªh; 'kCn dks"k (International Encyclopaedia of Social Sciences)&ds

vuqlkj] Þjktuhfrd Hkkxhnkjh ls vfHkizk;% mu ,sfPNd fØ;kvksa ls gS ftuds }kjk lekt ds lnL; vius

'kkldksa vFkok lÙkk/kfj;ksa ds pquko esa izR;{k vFkok vizR;{k :i ls rFkk lkoZtfud uhfr&fuekZ.k izfØ;k

esa Hkkx ysrs gSaAÞ

2- ghUt ;qykÅ (Heing Eulau)&ds vuqlkj] Þlk/kkj.k turk dh fu.kZ;&fuekZ.k izfØ;k vFkok uhfr&fuekZ.k

izfØ;k esa Hkkxhnkjh dks jktuhfrd Hkkxhnkjh dgk tkrk gSAÞ

3- :'k rFkk ,YFkkWQ (Rash and Althof)&ds vuqlkj] Þjktuhfrd lgHkkfxrk dk Hkko jktuhfrd iz.kkyh ds

i`Fkd&i`Fkd Lrjksa ij O;fDr;ksa dk 'kkfey gksrk gSAÞ

4- MhŒ dsŒ fo'okl ds vuqlkj& jktuhfrd lgHkkfxrk dk vfHkizk;% yksxksa }kjk erkf/kdkj tSls jktuhfrd

vkf/kdkjksa dk dsoy iz;ksx gh ugha gS] vfirq bldk Hkko mudh ,slh fØ;k'khy lgHkfxrk gS tks ljdkj

ds fu.kZ;&fuekZ.k dk;ksZa dks okLro esa izHkkfor djrh gSAÞ

mijksDr ifjHkk"kkvksa ds vk/kkj ij ge dg ldrs gSaa fd jktuhfrd lgHkkfxrk og izfØ;k gS ftlesa O;fDr dk

jktuhfrd in /kkjdksa ds p;u rFkk uhfr&fuekZ.k ;k fu.kZ;&fuekZ.k esa izR;{k vFkok vizR;{k Hkkxhnkjh gksrh gSA

jktuhfrd lgHkkfxrk ds y{k.k (Characteristics (Features) of Political Participation)

jktuhfrd lgHkkfxrk dh ifjHkk"kk ds vk/kkj ij bldh egRoiw.kZ fo'ks"krk fuEufyf[kr gS%&

1- lekurk (Equality)&lekurk jktuhfrd lgHkkfxrk dh eq[; fo'ks"krk gSA lHkh ukxfjdksa dks jktuhfrd

xfrfof/k;ksa esa Hkkx ysus dk leku volj izkIr gksuk pkfg,A vFkkZr ukxfjdksa esa tkfr] /keZ] jax rFkk fyax

ds vk/kkj ij HksnHkko ugha gksuk pkfg,A

2- Lora=rk (Liberty)& jktuhfrd lgHkkfxrk ds fy, ukxfjdksa dks Lora=rk feyuh pkfg, rkfd os muds

ukxfjd vf/kdkj ;kfu ernku dk vf/kdkj] pquko yM+us dk vf/kdkj] jktuhfrd ny cukus dk vf/kdkj

bR;kfn dk Lora=rk iwoZd mi;ksx dj ldsaA

3- ns'k HkfDr (Patriotism)& jktuhfrd lgHkkfxrk ls yksxksa esa ns'kHkfDr dh Hkkouk iSnk gksrh gS

D;ksafd lHkh dks ns'k dh jktuhfr esa Hkkx ysus dk volj feyrk gSA izk;% ;g ns[kk x;k gS fd ftu

ns'kksa esa yksxksa dks jktuhfr esa Hkkx ysus dk vf/kdkj ugha gksrk] mudks ns'k ds izfr vf/kd yxko ;k

izse ugha gksrkA ysoyh us bl laca/k esa fy[kk gS fd] ÞÝkal ds yksxksa us okLro esa rc rd dHkh Hkh

Ýkal ls I;kj ugha fd;k tc rd fd ØkfUr ds ckn mUgsa ljdkj esa Hkkx ysus dk volj ugha

feykAÞ

4- yksd izHkqlÙkk (Popular Sovereignty)&jktuhfrd lgHkkfxrk dh ,d vU; fo'ks"krk ;g gS fd blls yksd

izHkqlÙkk dh LFkkiuk gksrh gS D;ksafd blesa lHkh egRoiw.kZ fu.kZ; turk }kjk izR;{k :i ls vFkok muds

}kjk pqus x;s izfrfuf/k;ksa ds }kjk fy, tkrs gSaA

5- jktuhfrd vf/kdkj (Political Rights)&jktuhfrd lgHkkfxrk dh ,d vU; fo'ks"krk ;g gS fd blesa izk;%

lHkh O;Ld ukxfjdksa dks leku jktuhfrd vf/kdkj iznku fd;s tkrs gSaA

jktuhfrd lgHkkfxrk

107

jktuhfrd lgHkkfxrk ds izÑfr (Nature of Political Participation)

jktuhfrd lgHkkfxrk ds vFkZ ls ;g Li"V gks pqdk gS fd O;fDr dh dsoy ,d izdkj dh xfrfof/k vFkkZr~ mldh

jktuhfrd fØ;k gh lgHkkfxrk gSA jktuhfrd lgHkkfxrk esa jktuhfrd O;oLFkk ds yksxksa dh jktuhfrd

xfrfof/k;ka gh vkrh gS vkSj jktuhfrd nyksa] fgr&lewgksa rFkk ncko&lewgksa vkfn ;k mudh xfrfof/k;ksa dks

lgHkkfxrk esa 'kkfey ugha fd;k tk ldrkA ns'k ds ukxfjdksa dh dsoy ,slh xfrfof/k;ksa esa 'kkfey ugha fd;k tk

ldrk gS tks 'kklu ra= dh fu.kZ; izfØ;k dks izHkkfor djrh gSaA blesa ewy rRo O;fDr gSA

,sIVj (Apter) vkSj vke.M rFkk ikosy (Almond and Powell) us jktuhfrd lgHkkfxrk dks ,d O;kid vo/kkj.kk

ekuk gSaA ,sIVj us tu&ifj;kstu (mass Mobilization) dks Hkh jktuhfrd lgHkkfxrk esa 'kkfey fd;k gSA fdUrq ge

fopkj dks ugha eku ldrs D;ksafd blls jktuhfrd lgHkkfxrk esa ukxfjdksa ds jktuhfr dh vksj n`f"Vdks.k vkSj

>qdko Hkh 'kkfey gks tkrs gSaA blh rjg vke.M rFkk ikosy us Hkh jktuhfrd nyksa o fgr&lewgksa dks jktuhfrd

lgHkkxfxrk esa 'kkfey fd;k gSA vr% jktuhfrd lgHkkfxrk esa dosy O;fDr dh jktuhfrd xfrfof/k gh ugha]

cfYd jktuhfrd nyksa o ncko&lewgksa dh jktuhfrd fØ;k,a Hkh 'kkfey gks tkrh gSaaA fdUrq jktuhfrd lgHkkfxrk

dh ;g O;k[;k Hkh Bhd ugha gSaA D;ksafd ;s lHkh jktuhfrd lgHkkfxrk dks izsfjr djus oky rRo gSaA mnkg.k ds

fy, ernku djuk vksj ernku djus ds fy, yksxksa esa izpkj djuk] mudks oksV nsus ds fy, rS;kj djuk rFkk

muls ,d vFkok nwljs mEehnokj ds i{k esa oksV fnyokuk ,d tSlh jktuhfrd xfrfof/k;k¡ ugha gSA buesa ls ,d

esa O;fDr dh Loa; dh jktuhfrd izfØ;k gS vkSj nwljs esa vU; O;fDr;ksa dh jktuhfrd xfrfof/k ds izksRlkgu ;k

mlds u djus laca/kh izsj.kk dh xfrfof/k gSA vr% bu nksuska dks ,d gh Js.kh esa ugha j[kk tk ldrk gSA

jktuhfrd lgHkkfxrk O;fDr ds mu jktuhfrd dk;ksZa dks dgk tk ldrk gS tks jktuhfrd O;oLFkk ds fu.kZ;ksa dks

izHkkfor djrs gSaA bl dkj.k ls ljdkjh vf/kdkfj;ksa] jktuhfrd nyksa fo/kk;dksa] is'ksoj i=dkjksa] O;kolkf;d

izpkjdrkZvksa rFkk ukxfjdksa dks jktuhfrd dk;Z djus ;k u djus laca/kh izsjd xfrfof/k;ksa dks lgHkkfxrk ugha dgk

tk ldrk gSA okLro esa jktuhfrd lgHkkfxrk esa O;fDr dh ,slh jktuhfrd fØ;k tks jktuhfrd O;oLFkk esa

fu"ikfnr gksrh gS] ogha 'kkfey jgrh gSA ;g O;fDr dk O;fDrxr :i esa fd;k x;k jktuhfrd dk;Z] jktuhfrd

xfrfof/k ;k jktuhfrd O;ogkj gS tks jktuhfrd O;oLFkk ds vUnj jktuhfrd fu.kZ;dkfjrk dks izHkkfor djrk gSA

ysLVj feyckFk us viuh iqLrd "Political Participation" esa dgk gS fd jktuhfrd lgHkkfxrk O;fDr dh ^leqPp;h

fØ;k* (Cummulative Action) gSA mldk dguk gS fd tc O;fDr jktuhfrd n`f"V ls ,d dk;Z djrk gS rks og

nwljh jktuhfrd fØ;k djrk gqvk Hkh ik;k tkrk gSA tSls & ;fn ernku djus okyk O;fDr] er nsus ds fy,

izpkj Hkh djrk gS] /ku ;k tu ls lg;ksx Hkh nsrk gS rFkk jktuhfr ds vU; rjhdksa ls jktuhfrd xfrfof/k djrk

gS rks mldh ;s lHkh xfrfof/k;ka jktuhfrd lgHkkfxrk gh gSA feyczkFk dk ;g fopkj gS fd lHkh jktuhfrd

xfrfof/k;ksa dk leqPp; jktuhfrd lgHkkfxrk gksrh gS] ijUrq bu lHkh fØ;kvksa dk dsUnz&fcUnq O;fDr gSA

jktuhfrd lgHkkfxrk dh ek=k vkSj vk;ke (The Extent and Dimension of Political Participation)

izR;sd jktuhfrd O;oLFkk esa jktuhfrd lgHkkfxrk ds vk/kkj ij nks rjg ds O;fDr gksrs gSaA çFke os tks

jktuhfrd çfØ;k esa lfØ; gksrs gSa vkSj f}rh; os tks jktuhfrd lgHkkfxrk esa mnklhu jgrs gSaA vr% jktuhfrd

xfrfof/k;ksa dh ek=k ds vk/kkj ij jktuhfrd lgHkkfxrk ds rhu vk;ke gksrs gSa] tks fuEufyf[kr gSa%

¼d½ n'kZd xfrfof/k;k¡ (Spectator Activities)&n'kZd xfrfof/k;k¡ dk vFkZ ;g gS fd ,slk O;fDr jktuhfr ls

iwjh rjg vyx rks ugha gksrk] ijUrq mldk jktuhfr esa vf/kd Hkkx ugha jgrkA ,slk O;fDr lkekU;r%

jktuhfr dk ,slk n'kZd gksrk gS tks volj izkIr gksus ij mlesa lg;ksxh cu tkrk gSA n'kZd xfrfof/k;ksa

esa ernku djuk] jktuhfrd ckrphr djuk] nwljksa ls bl rjQ ;k ml rjQ ernku djus dh ckr

djuk] bR;kfn izfØ;k,a 'kkfey gksrh gSaA

jktuhfrd fl)kUr

108

¼[k½ lkaØkfUrd xfrfof/k;k¡ (Transitional Activities)&lkaØfUrd xfrfof/k;ksa esa fuEufyf[kr xfrfof/k;k¡ 'kkfey

jgrh gSa%&

1- jktuhfrd cSBdksa] izn'kZuksa rFkk tyls&twywlksa esa 'kkfey gksukA

2- jktuhfrd usrkvksa ls laidZ djukA

3- fdlh mEehnokj ;k jktuhfrd ny dks vkfFkZd lgk;rk nsukA

¼x½ okndq'ky xfrfo/kk;k¡ (Gladiattorial Activities)&okndq'ky xfrfof/k;k¡ jktuhfr esa O;fDr dh is'koj

xfrfof/k;k¡ gksrh gSa] ftuds dkj.k jktuhfr O;fDr ds fy, ,d is'kk cu tkrh gSA ,sls O;fDr dh

jktuhfrd lgHkkfxrk lcls vf/kd gksrh gSA ,slh xfrfof/k;k¡ fuEufyf[kr gSa%&

1- jktuhfrd izpkj djuk]

2- jktuhfrd ny dk lfØ; lnL; cukuk]

3- jktuhfrd ny dh lkSnsckth esa Hkkx ysuk]

4- jktuhfrd xfrfof/k;ksa ds fy, pUnk bdÍk djuk]

5- pquko yM+uk

6- jktuhfrd in xzg.k djuk bR;kfnA

jktuhfrd lgHkkfxrk esa yksxksa dh jktuhfrd xfrfof/k;ksa dh ek=k ls ;g Li"V gS fd vf/kdka'k yksx rks jktuhfr

ls fojDr jgrs gSa vkSj tks mlesa Hkkxhnkj curs gSa] muesa ls Hkh cgqr vf/kd yksxksa dk jktuhfr ls dsyo

vkSipkfjd laca/k gksrk gSA vf/kdrj yksx jktuhfr ds dsoy n'kZd gh jgrs gSaA os jktuhfr ls ijgst ugha djrs]

ysfdu muls vf/kd yxko Hkh ugha j[krsA bldk eq[; dkj.k ;g gS fd lk/kkj.k O;fDr viuh ewyHkwr

vko';drkvksa ;kfu jksVh] diM+k vkSj edku dh iwfrZ esa my>k jgrk gS vkSj bl dkj.k mls jktuhfrd ds fy,

le; gh ugha feyrkA

jktuhfrd lgHkkfxrk ds izdkj (Types of Political Participation)

jktuhfrd lgHkfxrk ds :iksa ds ckjs esa fo}kuksa esa erHksn gSa] ijUrq blds eq[; izdkj ¼:i½ fuEufyf[kr gSa%&

1- lfØ; o fuf"Ø; lgHkkfxrk (Active and Passive Participation)&vke.M rFkk ockZ (Almond and

Verba) us jktuhfrd lgHkkfxrk ds nks izdkjksa ;k :iksa ds ckjs esa dgk gS%& lfØ; lgHkkfxrk rFkk

fuf"Ø; lgHkkfxrkA muds vuqlkj O;fDr dk jktuhfrd xfrfof/k;ksa esa lfØ; Hkkx ysuk lfØ;

lgHkkfxrk dgykrk gSA jktuhfrd nyksa dh cSBdksa esa 'kkfey gksuk] izpkj djuk rFkk muds fy, pUnk

bdV~Bk djuk] pquko yM+uk vkfn lfØ; lgHkkfxrk esa 'kkfey gSA

fuf"Ø; lgHkkfxrk ls rkRi;Z gS fd ftlesa yksx jktuhfrd xfrfof/k;ksa esa fo'ks"k Hkwfedk ugh fuHkkrsA

blesa yksx ns'k dh fnu&izfrfnu dh jktuhfrd xfrfof/k;ksa esa Hkkx ugha ysrs] cfYd dsoy jktuhfr dh

tkudkjh j[krs gSaA T;knk ls T;knk ;s pquko ds fnuksa esa pquko lHkkvks] cSBdksa (Election meeting) esa

usrkvks ds fopkj lquus vkrs gSaA vr% jktuhfr ds ckjs esa tkudkjh j[kuk vkSj ernku ds le; oksV dk

iz;ksx djuk fuf"Ø; lgHkkfxrk ds dqN mnkgj.k gSaA

2- Lok;r o ifj;ksftr lgHkkfxrk (Autonomous and Mobilized Participation)&HkkbZju dhu us nks izdkj

dh jktuhfrd lgHkkfxrk nh gS& Lok;r lgHkkfxrk rFkk ifj;ksftr lgHkkfxrkA

¼d½ Lok;r lgHkkfxrk (Autonomous Participation)&Lok;r lgHkkfxrk ls rkRi;Z ml lgHkkfxrk ls

gS tks O;fDr dh LosPNk ls izsfjr gksrh gSA vFkkZr tc O;fDr viuh bPNk ls jktuhfrd dk;ksZa esa

jktuhfrd lgHkkfxrk

109

:fp ys] jktuhfrd leL;kvksa ds izfr tkx:d jgs] rFkk muds lek/kku ds fy, iz;Rujr jgs] rks

mls Lok;r jktuhfrd lgHkkfxrk dgk tkrk gSA ;g O;fDr dk LokHkkfod rFkk lpsru ÑR; gSA

¼[k½ ifj;ksftr lgHkkfxrk (Mobilized Participation)&HkkbZju dhu ds vuqlkj ifj;ksftr jktuhfrd

lgHkkfxrk ls rkŸi;Z ml lgHkkfxrk ls gS tks 'kklura= ds }kjk izsfjr gksrh gSA izR; sd ljdkj

;g iz;Ru djrh gS fd og viuh uhfr;ksa rFkk dk;ksZa ds fy, vf/kd ls vf/kd ukxfjdksa dk

leFkZu izkIr djsaA vr% buesa tu&lgHkkfxrk izkIr djus ds fy, ljdkj vusd fof/k;ksa dk iz;ksx

djrh gSA

3- izR;{k rFkk vizR;{k jktuhfrd lgHkkfxrk (Direct and Indirect Political Participation)&tc O;fDr

ns'k dh jktuhfr esa rFkk jktuhfrd dk;ksZa esa izR;{k :i ls Hkkx ysrk gS] rks mls izR;{k jktuhfrd

lgHkkfxrk dgk tkrk gSA tc yksx dkuwuksa dk fuekZ.k djus] uhfr fu/kkZj.k djus rFkk dkuwuksa dks ykxw

djus ds fy, vf/kdkfj;ksa dk pquko djus esa izR;{k :i ls Hkkx ysrs gSa] tks mls izR;{k lgHkkfxrk dgk

tkrk gSA fLoVtjySaM esa bl izdkj dh lgHkkfxrk gSA

tc ukxfjd 'kkldksa dk ,d fuf'pr le; ds fy;s pquko djds uhfr&fuekZ.k rFkk jktufrd fu.kZ;ksa ds

dk;Z es vizR;{k :i ls Hkkx ysrs gSa] rks mls vizR;{k jktuhfr lgHkkfxrk dgk tkrk gSA tSls & Hkkjr]

bZaXySaM rFkk vesfjdk bR;kfn esa vizR;{k jktuhfrd lgHkkfxrk gSA

4- vkSfpR;iw.kZ lk/kuksa rFkk vukSfpR;iw.kZ lk/kuksa ij vk/kkfjr jktuhfr lgHkkfxrk (Political Participation

based on Legitimate and illegitimate means)&tc yksx jktuhfrd xfrfof/k;ksa esa vkSfpR;iw.kZ lk/kuksa

}kjk Hkkx ysrs gSa rks mls vkSfpR;iw.kZ lk/kuksa ij vk/kkfjr jktuhfrd lgHkkfxrk dgk tkrk gSA tSls& tc

O;fDr vius vf/kdkjksa ds vUrxrZ fdlh jktuhfrd ny ds lnL; curs gSa] ny dh uhfr;ksa rFkk dk;ZØeksa

dk izpkj djrs gSa] pquko yM+rs gSa] rFkk vius ernku dk iz;ksx djrs gS] rks mldh ;s lHkh xfrfof/k;ksa

vkSfpR;iw.kZ lk/kuksa ij vk/kkfjr jktuhfrd lgHkkfxrk dgykrh gSA

tc yksx vius fgrksa dh iwfrZ djus ds fy, vuqfpr rFkk vlaoS/kkfud lk/kuksa }kjk jktuhfrd xfrfof/k;ksa esa Hkkx

ysrs gSa] rks og vukSfpR; lk/kuksa ij vk/kkfjr jktuhfrd lgHkkfxrk dgykrh gSA tc os naxk&Qlkn rFkk

rksM+&QksM+ tSls fgalkRed dkjZokb;ka djrs gSa ;k muesa Hkkx ysrs gSa rks mls vukSfpR;iw.kZ lk/kuksa ij vk/kkfjr

jktuhfrd lgHkkfxrk dk uke fn;k tkrk gSA

jktuhfrd lgHkkfxrk dks fu/kkZfjr vFkok izHkkfor djus okys rRo (Factors which Determine or Influence Political Participation)

fo'o ds fdlh Hkh ns'k esa lHkh yksxksa dk jktuhfr Lrj ,d tSlk ugha gSA izR;sd O;fDr dh jktuhfr esa u rks ,d

tslh :fp gksrh gS vkSj u gh og jktuhfr ls ,d tSlk yxko j[krs gSaA ;gk¡ rd dh baXyS.M tSls ns'k esa tgk¡

ij yksxksa dh jktuhfrd lgHkkfxrk dk Lrj cgqr Å¡pk ekuk tkrk gS] mudh jktuhfr esa fnypLih ,d tSlh ugah

gSA okLro esa izR;sd lekt esa nks izdkj ds yksx gksrs gSaA & fof'k"V jktuhfrd oxZ (Political Elite) rFkk lkekU;

jktuhfrd oxZ (General Political Stratum)A igys oxZ esa os yksx vkrs gSa tks ns'k ds jktuhfrd fu.kZ;ksa rFkk uhfr

ds fuekZ.k esa egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkkrs gSa rFkk jktuhfrd 'kfDr dk iz;ksx djrs gSasA ,slk oxZ izR;sd ns'k esa ik;k

tkrk gS vkSj ,sls yksxksa dh jktuhfrd lgHkkfxrk dks fuf'pr vFkok izHkkfor djus okys rRoksa dks fuf'pr djuk

dksbZ dfBu dk;Z ugha gS D;ksafd ,sls yksxksa ds fy, jktuhfr O;olk; gksrh gSA ijUrq lkekU; yksxkas dh jktuhfrd

lgHkkfxrk dbZ rRoksa ls izHkkfor gksrh gS] ftuesa ls eq[; bl izdkj gSa%&

1- lkekftd rFkk vkfFkZd rRo (Social and Economic Factors)&O;fDr dk lkekftd&vkfFkZd Lrj o

mldk oxZ] tkfr o /keZ Hkh jktuhfrd lgHkkfxrk dks cgqr gn rd izHkkfor djrs gSaA O;fDr dk O;kikj]

f'k{kk] xzkeh.k gS vFkok ugha] mls lEiznk; ls leFkZu izkIr gS ;k ugha vkfn phtsa mldh jktuhfrd

lgHkkfxrk esa vlj Mkyrh gSA lkekU;r% Å¡ps lkekftd Lrj okys yksx jktuhfrd fu.kZ;ksa dks izHkkfor

jktuhfrd fl)kUr

110

djus esa blfy, lQy gks tkrs gSa D;kasfd Å¡ps inksa ij cSBs yskxksa ls os laca/k LFkkfir dj ikrs gS ogaha

nwljh vkSj detksj oxZ vius erkf/kdkj dk iz;ksx Hkh Bhd <ax ls ugha dj ikrk D;ksafd ,d rjQ rks

mls vius nSfud t:jrksa dh iwfrZ djuh gksrh gS ogha nwljh vkSj mlds ikl fu.kZ;ksa dks izHkkfor djus dh

{kerk ugha gksrhA

2- eukSoSKkfud rRo (Psychological Factor)&euq"; dk euksfoKku mlds thou ds gj {ks= ij izHkko

Mkyrk gS oLrqr% euq"; 'kfDr'kkyh cuus vksj yksdfiz;rk izkIr djus dh ykylk j[krk gS ysfdu dqN ,sls

yksx Hkh gksrs gSa tks nwljs {ks=ksa esa mRÑ"V dk;Z djuk pkgrs gSa vkSj mUgsa vkfFkZd rFkk jktuhfrd 'kfDr

gkfly djus esa dksbZ fo'ks"k fnypLih ugha gksrhA tSls ,d dykdkj ;k oSKkfud vius {ks=ksa esa mRÑ"Vrk

gkfly djus dh dksf'k'k djrk gS vkSj mls jktuhfrd 'kfDr vkSj fu.kZ;ksa dks izHkkfor djus esa dksbZ [kkl

:fp ugha gksrh] ogha nwljh vkSj jktusrk vkf/kdkf/kd jktuhfrd 'kfDr gkfly djuk pkgrs gSa tkfgj gS os

euksoSKkfud n`f"Vdks.k ls jktuhfr ds {ks= esa vf/kd c<+ p<+ dj fgLlk ysrs gSaA

3- jktuhfrd ifjos'k (Political Setting)&jktuhfrd ifjos'k yksxksa dh jktuhfr esa lgHkkfxrk dks izHkkfor

djrk gSA blesa eq[;r% rhu ckrsa 'kkfey gSa%&

1- jktuhfrd laLFkkvksa rFkk nyksa dh ekStwnxhA

2- jktuhfrd fu;e

3- jktuhfrd vfHk;ku ds fy, fo'ks"k n'kkvksa dk gksukA

4- fyax vkSj vk;q (Sex and Age)&vk;q jktuhfr lgHkkfxrk dks blfy, izHkkfor djrh gS D;ksafd T;knkrj

yksdrkaf=d ns'kksa esa erkf/kdkj ds fy, U;wure vk;q lhek fu/kkZfjr dh xbZ gSA erkf/kdkj dh ;ksX;rk

j[kus okyksa esa e/;e vk;q oxZ ds yksx rFkk ;qok x.k jktuhfr esa vf/kd c<+ p<+ dj fgLlk ysrs gSa vkSj

mudh :fp jktuhfr esa vf/kd gksrh gSA

vkadMs crkrs gSa fd fL=;ksa dh vis{kk iq:"k jktuhfr esa vf/kd :fp j[krs gSaA mlh izdkj vfookfgr

euq";] fookfgr euq";ksa ls jktuhfrd :i ls T;knk tkx:d gksrs gSaA

5- jktuhfrd tkx`fr (Political Awareness)&jktuhfrd tkx̀fr jktuhfrd lgHkkfxrk dks izHkkfor djrk

gSA jktuhfrd n`f"V ls tkx:d O;fDr jktuhfr] fu.kZ;ksa o uhfr;ksa ds ckjs esa vf/kd fnypLih j[krk gS

ogha jktuhfrd n`f"V ls de tkx:d oxZ esa jktuhfrd lgHkkfxrk de ns[kus dks feyrh gSA

6- ;krk;kr ds lk/ku vkSj tulapkj (Means of Transport and Communication)&lapkj ds lk/ku O;fDr

ds thou ij xgjk izHkko Mkyrs gSaA og mldh fopkj/kkjk dks izHkfor djrs gSa vkSj mls tkx:d cukrs

gSaA lekpkj i=] Vsfyfotu] flusek] jsfM;ksa vkfn tu izlkj ds izHkko'kkyh ek/;e gSA yksxksa dh leL;kvksa

ljdkjh uhfr;ksa] jktuhfrd ikfVZ;ksa dh fopkj/kkjkvksa vkfn dh tkudkjh ;s yksxks rd igq¡pkrs gS vkSj mUgsa

jktuhfrd n`f"Vdks.k ls tkx:d cukrs gSaA

;krk;kr ds lk/ku Hkh jktuhfrd lgHkkfxrk dks izHkkfor djrs gSa] os vyx&vyx {ks=ksa ds yksxksa ds

esy&feyki dks laHko cukrs gSa rFkk blls Hkh yksxksa esa tkx:drk vkrh gSA

7- jk"Vªh; o vUrjkZ"Vªh; ?kVuk,a (National and Internationl Events)&vDlj ns[kk x;k gS egRoiw.kZ iz'uksa

ij gj O;fDr dqN fopkj j[krk gS] oLrqr% mldh vfHkO;fDr ¼yksdrkaf=d ns'kksa esa½ erkf/kdkj ds }kjk og

djrk Hkh gSA ns[kk x;k gS fd jktuhfr ds {ks= esa cM+s rFkk egRoiw.kZ iz'uksa esa yksxksa dh xgjh :fp ds

dkj.k mudh jktuhfrd lgHkkfxrk Hkh c<+ tkrh gSA mnkgj.kLo:i 1971 esa caXykns'k dks LorU= djokus

dk dkj.k Hkkjr ds yksxksa esa jktuhfrd tkx`fr mRiUu gks xbZ FkhA

8- f'k{kk (Education)&f'k{kk jktuhfrd lgHkkfxrk dk egRo rRo gS D;ksafd f'kf{kr O;fDr vf'kf{kr

O;fDr;ksa dh vis{kk T;knk #fp j[krs gSA f'kf{kr O;fDr;ksa esa çk;% vkRefo'okl vkSj ukxfjd nkf;Ro dh

jktuhfrd lgHkkfxrk

111

Hkkouk ikbZ tkrh gSA f'k{k.k laLFkkvksa esa Hkh fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks NksVs Lrj ij jktuhfr esa Hkkx ysus dk volj

feyrk jgrk gSA

9- O;olk; (Occupation)&O;olk; Hkh jktuhfrd lgHkkfxrk esa vge Hkwfedk fuHkkrk gSA vPNs O;olk; ds

yksx jktuhfr dks vf/kd çHkkfor djrs gSa D;ksafd blesa muds fgr fufgr gksrs gSaA Jfedksa ds fy;s

jktuhfrd lgHkkfxrk dh vis{kk vius vkfFkZd vko';drkvksa dh iwfrZ gSA vr% O;olk;ksa dk Lo:i Hkh

jktuhfrd lgHkkfxrk dks çHkkfor djrk gSA

bl izdkj jk"Vªh; rFkk vUrjkZ"Vªh; ?kVuk,a jktuhfrd lgHkkfxrk dks izHkkfor djrh gSA

yksdra=h; O;oLFkkvksa esa jktuhfrd lgHkkfxrk ds lk/ku (Methods of Political Participation in Democratic System)

tSlk fd igys crk;k tk pqdk gS jktuhfrd ifjos'k] jktuhfrd lgHkkfxrk dks izHkkfor djrk gSA ,d

yksdrkaf=d ns'k esa jktuhfrd lgHkkfxrk ds T;knk volj miyC/k gksrs gSaA oLrqr% yksdrU= ,d ,slh O;oLFkk gS

tks jktuhfr lgHkkfxrk dks izksRlkfgr djrk gSA yksdrU= esa ernkrk ljdkj ds uhfr;ksa vkSj fu.kZ;ksa dks çHkkfor

djrk gSA vkerkSj ij yksdrkaf=d ns'kksa esa yksxksa dks leku jktuhfrd vf/kdkj izkIr gksrs gSa vkSj mu vf/kdkjksa ds

iz;ksx ds fy, Hkh mfpr volj iznku fd, tkrs gSaA tSls Hkkjr esa 18 o"kZ ls vf/kd vk;q ds lHkh O;fDr pkgs os

fdlh Hkh tkfr] /keZ] fyax ds gks dks erkf/kdkj izkIr gSA

blh izdkj Hkkjr esa vFkok vU; yksdrkfU=d ns'kksa esa yksxksa dks pquko yM+us] jktuhfrd ny cukus vkfn ds

vf/kdkj izkIr gksrs gSaA tkfgj gS yksdrkfU=d O;oLFkk esa jktuhfrd lgHkkfxrk vf/kd gksxh ogh xSj yksdrkaf=d

'kklu O;oLFkk vkSj ifjos'kksa esa yksaxksa dks ,slh NwVs ugha gksrh vkSj ogka jktuhfrd lgHkfxrk de gksrh gSA

jktuhfrd lgHkkfxrk izR;{k yksdrU= (Direct Democracy) esa lokZf/kd gksrh gSA izR;{k yksdrU= ,d ,lh O;oLFkk

gS ftlesa ernkrk izR;{k :i ls dkuwuksa dk fuekZ.k djrk gSA rFkk jktuhfrd fu.kZ; ysrk gSA bl izdkj dh

O;oLFkk dbZ NksVs ns'kksa esa dh xbZ gSA fLoVtjyS.M bldk ,d mnkgj.k gSA

izR;{k yksdrU= esa ukxfjd fuEufyf[kr lk/kuksa }kjk jktuhfrd esa Hkkx ysrs gSa%&

1- izkjfEHkd lHkk vFkok ySaMt+ftes.Mh (Primary Assembly or Landsgemeinde)&fLoVtjyS.M ds ,d iw.kZ

dS.Vu rFkk pkj v)Z&dS.Vuksa esa izR;{k iztkra= ds lapkyu ds fy, ySaMt+ftes.Mh vFkkZr izkjfEHkd lHkk

(Primary Assembly) LFkkfir dh xbZ gSA czwl (Brooks) ds 'kCnksa esa] ySMt+ftes.Mh fLoV~tjyS.M dh lcls

vf/kd lqUnj rFkk vkÑ"kZd laLFkk gSAÞ ;g dS.Vu dh ,d lHkk gS] ftlesa dS.Vu ds izR;sd ernkrk dks

Hkkx ysus rFkk ernku djus dk vf/kdkj gSA bl lHkk dk okf"kZd vf/kos'ku ,d lHkkifr dh v/;{krk esa]

ftls ySateku (Landamann) dgk tkrk gS] gksrk gSA ;g vf/kos'ku izR;sd o"kZ vizSy vFkok ebZ ds eghus esa

fdlh [kqys eSnku esa vFkok cMs+ gkWy esa gksrk gSA blesa dS.Vu ds izR;sd ernkrk dks Hkkx ysuk vko';d

gksrk gSA ;fn dksbZ O;fDr tku&cw>dj ;k fcuk fdlh dkj.k ds vius vkidks bl lHkk dh cSBd ls

vuqifLFkr j[krk gS rks ml ij tqekZuk vkfn Hkh fd;k tk ldrk gSA dS.Vu dh leLr jktuhfrd

'kfDr;k¡ ml lHkk ds gkFkksa esa dsUnzh; gksrh gSA ;g lHkk ml dS.Vu ds fy, dkuwuksa dk fuekZ.k djrh gS]

mUgsa ykxw djus ds fy, vf/kdkfj;ksa dh fu;qfDr djrh gS rFkk muds dk;Z o osru vkfn fuf'pr djrh

gSA dS.Vu dk ctV Hkh blh ds }kjk ikl fd;k tkrk gS vkSj bl lHkk dks dS.Vu ds lafo/kku esa la'kks/ku

djus dk Hkh vf/kdkj gksrk gSA bl izdkj bl lHkk dks os lHkh jktuhfrd 'kfDr;k¡ izkIr gksrh gSA tks ,d

izHkqlÙkk lEiUu fo/kkue.My ds ikl gksrh gSA lHkk dk izkjfEHkd dk;Z ,d lykgdkj lfefr (Advisory

Committee) ds }kjk fd;k tkrk gS] tks izLrkoksa dk elkSnk rS;kj djds mUgsa izkjfEHkd lHkk ds vkxs j[krh

gSaA

jktuhfrd fl)kUr

112

ykW;M rFkk gkClu ds vuqlkj] ÞySaMt+ftes.Mh] iztkrU= dk 'kq)re :i gS] ftlesa lHkh ukxfjd bdV~Bs

gksdj ljdkj ds lHkh dfBu dk;ksZ esa viuh izHkqlÙkk & lEiUu 'kfDr dk iz;ksx djrs gSa vksj ;g ml

yksdrU= dk Li"V mnkjg.k gS] ftldh dYiuk :lksa rFkk vU; jktuhfrd nk'kZfudksa us dh FkhAÞ

2- izLrkokf/kdkj (Initiative)&;g ,d ,slk lk/ku gS ftlds }kjk ernkrk viuh bPNk ds vuqlkj dkuwu

cuk ldrh gSA ;fn ,d fuf'pr la[;k esa ernkrk laln ls fdlh dkuwu dks fufeZr djus dh ek¡x djs]

rks ;k rks laln mudh ek¡x dks ekudj mudh izkFkZuk Lohdkj dj ldrh gS ;k ,d tuer laxzg }kjk

vius leLr turk ls bl laca/k esa jk; ysrh gS vxj turk dk cgqer ,ssls dkuwu cuk, tkus ds i{k esa

fu.kZ; nsrh gS rks laln dks ek¡x dh xbZ dkuwu cukus gh iM+rs gSaA

fLoVtjyS.M tSls ns'k esa ;fn 50000 dh tula[;k fdlh dkuwu ds fuekZ.k ;k mlesa lalks/ku dh ek¡x

laln ls dj ldrh gSA

3- tuer laxzg (Referendum)&tuer laxzg esa laln }kjk fufeZr dkuwu ij turk dh jk; yh tkrh gSA

;fn laln }kjk fufeZr dkuwu dks turk ds cgqer dk leFkZu izkIr gksrk gS rks og ikfjr le>h tkrh

gSA vU;Fkk ;g jí gks tkrh gSA bl izdkj laln dksbZ Hkh ,slk dkuwu ikfjr ugha dj ldrh ftls ns'k

dh cgqer dk leFkZu izkIr u gksA

fLoVtjyS.M esa nks izdkj ds tuer laxzg dk izko/kku gS%&

1- vfuok;Z tuer laxzg

2- ,fPNd tuer laxzg

1- vfuok;Z tuer&egŸoiw.kZ dkuwuksa ds ykxw gksus ls igys laln mls tuer laxzg ds fy, turk

ds lEeq[k j[krh gSA ;fn mls tuer laxzg esa cgqer dk leFkZu gkfly gksrk gS rks dkuwu ykxw

dj nh tkrh vFkok jí dj nh tkrh gSA

2- ,sfPNd tuer laxzg&laln dks ;g vf/kdkj gS fd og de egRoiw.kZ dkuwuksa dks turk ds le{k

tuer laxzg ds fy, j[ks ;k u j[ksA fdUrq ;fn 30000 gtkj yksx laln ls bl dkuwu ij

laxzg dh ekax djsa rks laln dks mls vfuok;Z tuer laxzg ds fy, turk ds lEeq[k j[kuk

iM+rk gS vkSj ;fn tuer laxzg ds urhts dkuwu ds i{k esa gksa rHkh dkuwu ykxw fd;k tk ldrk

gSA

:l esa ,sfPNd tuer laxzg dk izko/kku gSA

4- okilh (Recall)&;g ,d ,slk lk/ku gS ftlesa ernkrkvksa dk p;fur izfrfuf/k;ksa ij izHkkoh fu;a=.k

ges'kk cuk jgrk gS ;fn turk izfrfuf/k ds dk;Z dykiksa ls lUrq"V ugha gS rks mls mldh dk;kZof/k ls

iwoZ okil cqyk ldrh gSA ;fn ernkrkvksa dh fuf'pr la[;k bl vk'k; dk izLrko j[ks rks izfrfuf/k dh

lnL;rk lekIr le>h tkrh gSA vesfjdk ds dqN izkUrksa rFkk fLoVtjyS.M esa ,sls izko/kku fd, x, gSaaA

5- yksder laxzg (Plebiscite)&yksder laxzg vksj tuer laxzg esa vUrj ;g gS fd tgk¡ tuer laxzg laln

}kjk ikfjr dkuwuksa ij turk dhjk; ysrk gS ogh yksder laxzg jktuhfrd iz'uksa ij turk dh jk; ysrk

gSA 1935 esa yksder laxzg ds vk/kkj ij lkj dk izns'k (Sarar Region) teZuh esa feyk;k x;k Fkk mlh

izdkj 1967 esa xksok] neu vksj nho Hkh Hkkjr ls yksder laxzg ds vk/kkj ij gh feyk;s x, FksA

mÙkj&if'peh izkUr Hkh ikfdLrku esa foy; blh vk/kkj ij fd;k x;k FkkA

jktuhfrd lgHkkfxrk dk egRo (Significance of Political Participation)

jktuhfrd lgHkkfxrk ds fl)kUr dk egRo fuEufyf[kr ckrksa ls Li"V gS%&

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113

1- jktuhfrd f'k{kk (Political Education)&jktuhfrd lgHkkfxrk yksxksa dks jktuhfr dh f'k{kk iznku djrh

gSA os vius dÙkZO;ksa vksj vf/kdkjksa ds izfr T;knk tkx:d gksrs gSa vkSj ns'k vf/kdkjksa ds izfr T;knk

tkx:d gksrs gSaA vksj ns'k ds lapkyu rFkk uhfr fu/kkZj.k esa u flQZ :fp ysrs gSa oju bldks izHkkfor Hkh

djrs gSaA ;g jk"Vª dh rjDdh ds fy, egRoiw.kZ gSA

2- jktuhfrd O;oLFkk esa fLFkjrk (Stability in Political System)&lgHkkfxrk yksxksa esa viuRo dh Hkkouk

fodflr djus esa enn djrk gSA lHkkfxrk ds dkj.k yksx laLFkkvksa vksj iz.kkfy;ksa ls tqMrs gSa vkSj

ljdkj ds izfr muesa fo'okl iSnk gksrk gSA blls ljdkj dks mudk LoSfPNd lg;ksx izkIr gks tkrk gS

rFkk uhfr;ksa ,ao dkuwuksa ds dk;kZUo;u eas lgk;rk feyrh gSA blds ldkjkRed izHkko ns[kus dks feyrs gSaA

3- 'kkfUr O;oLFkk (Law and Order)&tSls fd geus Åij ns[kk lgHkkfxrk yksxksa esa viuRo dh Hkkouk iSnk

djrh gSA rFkk yksx LosPNk ls ljdkj dks lg;ksx nsus ds fy, izsfjr gksrs gSaA blls ljdkjh vkns'kksa o

dkuwuksa dk ikyu Hkh os LosPNk ls djrs gSaA ;fn yksxksa dk dkuwu ij fo'okl de Hkh gksrk gS rks Hkh

vfgalkRed fof/k;ksa dk iz;ksx dj os ,sls dkuwuksa esa la'kks/ku djokus esa lQy gksrs gSaA bl izdkj fgalkRed

ØkfUr dh laHkkouk de gks tkrh gSA

4- lekurk (Equaluty)&jktuhfrd fLFkjrk rFkk 'kkfUr O;oLFkk LFkkfir djus ds vfrfjDr] jktuhfrd

lgHkkfxrk lekt esa lekurk LFkkfir djrh gSA lekt ds lHkh ukxfjd ,d izdkj ds vf/kdkj dk iz;ksx

djrs gSa vkSj muesa Å¡p uhp tkr&ikr ds vk/kkj ij dksbZ Hkh foHksn ugha fd;k tkrkA blls lekt esa

lekurk rFkk yksxksa dh izfr"Bk esa o`f) gksrh gSA ykMZ czkbl (Lord Bryce) ds vuqlkj] Þjktuhfrd

erkf/kdkj ls yksxksa dh izfr"Bk esa o`f) gksrh gSA

5- uSfrd xq.kksa dk fodkl (Development of Moral Value)&jktuhfrd lgHkkfxrk yksxksa esa uSfrd xq.kksa dk

fodkl djrh gSA blls yksxksa esa lg;ksx] lgu'khyrk rFkk O;fDrxr ftEesnkjh dh Hkkouk mRiUu gksrh

gSA

6- 'kkldksa rFkk 'kkflrksa ds chp lEca/k dk Kku (Knowledge about the relationship between the rules

and the ruled)& jktuhfrd lgHkkfxrk ds }kjk 'kkldksa ,ao 'kkflrksa ds chp lEca/k dk Kku izkIr gksrk

gSA


fucU/kkRed iz'u (Essay Type Questions) 1- jktuhfrd lgHkkfxrk ls vki D;k le>rs gSa\ bldh izÑfr rFkk y{k.k crkvksA

(What do you mean by Political participation? Discuss its nature and Characteristics.)

2- jktuhfrd lgHkkfxrk dk D;k vFkZ gS\ rFkk jktuhfrd lgHkkfxrk dks fu/kkZfjr ;k izHkkfor djus okys

rRoksa dk o.kZu dhft,A

(What is meant by Political participation? Describe the various factors which determine or influence

Politial Participation.)

3- jktuhfrd lgHkkfxrk ds egRo dk o.kZu dhft,A

(Discuss the importance of Political Participation.)

4- lalnh; 'kklu O;oLFkk eas jktuhfrd lgHkkfxrk ds lk/kuksa dk o.kZu dhft,A

(Describe the methods of Political Participation in a democratic system.)

5- jktuhfrd lgHkkfxrk dk vFkZ crkvks vkSj blds fofHkUu :iksa dk o.kZu dhft,A

(Give the meaning of Political Participation and Discuss its various types.)

jktuhfrd fl)kUr

114

v/;k; 10 jktuhfrd vk/kqfudhdj.k (Political Modernization)

vk/kqfudhdj.k dk vFkZ

vk/kqfudhdj.k dh fo'ks"krk,a

vk/kqfudhdj.k ds fofHké i{k

vk/kqfudhdj.k ds rRo

vk/kqfudhdj.k ds ekxZ esa ck/kk,a

jktuhfrd vk/kqfudhdj.k

jktuhfrd vk/kqfudhdj.k ds rRo

vk/kqfud'khy jk"Vªksa ds ik¡p ekWMy

jktuhfrd vk/kqfudhdj.k jktuhfr 'kkL= ds fofHkUu vo/kkj.kkvksa esa ,d egÙoiw.kZ vo/kkj.kk gSA vk/kqfudhdj.k

vk/kqfud ;qx dh fo'ks"krk gSA vk/kqfudhdj.k dh /kkj.kk ,d cgqr O;kid vkSj fo'kky /kkj.kk gSA jktuhfr 'kkL=

dh fofHkUu vo/kkj.kkvksa esa jktuhfrd vk/kqfudhdj.k dh vo/kkj.kk uohu vo/kkj.kkvksa esa ls ,d gSA vk/kqfud ;qx

esa çR;sd jkT; esa jktuhfrd vk/kqfudhdj.k gks jgk gSA ;g vyx ckr gS fd fdlh jkT; esa jktuhfrd

vk/kqfudhdj.k dh çfØ;k dh xfr rst gS vkSj fdlh jkT; esa /kheh gSA dqN fopkjdksa us jktuhfrd fodkl]

vk/kqfudhdj.k vkSj jktuhfrd vk/kqfudhdj.k dh /kkj.kk dk ,d gh vFkZ yxk;k gSA os vk/kqfudhdj.k dh

vo/kkj.kk dk vfHkçk; jktuhfrd O;oLFkk esa fodkl ,oa vk/kqfudhdj.k ls yxkrs gSaA dqN bls ik'pkR;hdj.k

(Westernigation) dk i;kZ;okph ekurs gSaA ysfdu ;g Bhd ugÈ gS D;ksafd jktuhfrd vk/kqfudhdj.k dh vo/kkj.kk

dk {ks= foLr`r gSA jktuhfrd vk/kqfudhdj.k jktuhfrd fodkl ls vf/kd O;kid gS D;ksafd blesa 'kgjhdj.k]

vkS|ksxhdj.k] ykSfddhdj.k] yksdra=hdj.k] 'kSf{kd vkSj lgHkkfxrk lfEefyr gSaA ;kfu jktuhfrd vk/kqfudhdj.k

jktuhfr ls lacaf/kr igyqvksa ds }kjk ekuo n`f"Vdks.k esa ifjorZu vkuk gSA

vk/kqfudhdj.k dk vFkZ (Meaning of Modernization)

vk/kqfud ;qx dh ,d çeq[k fo'ks"krk vk/kqfudhdj.k Hkh gSA çR;sd jk"Vª orZeku esa vk/kqfudhdj.k dh vksj vxzlj

gSA vk/kqfudhdj.k dh /kkj.kk cgqr gh O;kid ,oa fo'kky gSA vk/kqfudhdj.k pkjksa vksj gks jgk gS( mnkgj.k ds fy,

mRiknu ds lk/kuksa (Mean of Production)] lapkj o ;krk;kr ds lk/kuksa] jktuhfrd O;oLFkk] forj.k ç.kkyh

(System of Distribution)] ;gk¡ rd fd lkekftd o /kkÆed {ks= Hkh blls orZeku esa vNwrk ugh jgk gSA blfy,

bl /kkj.kk dks jk"Vª ;k lekt ds ,d i{k rd lhfer ugh fd;k tk ldrkA vr% lk/kkj.k 'kCnksa esa ge bls bl

çdkj O;Dr dj ldrs gSa] vk/kqfudhdj.k lkaLÑfrd o lkekftd ifjorZu dh og çfØ;k gS ftlds }kjk gq,

ifjorZuksa dks lekt ds yksxksa us ykHknk;d o vko';d le>dj Lohdkj fd;k gS vFkkZr ifjorZuksa dk ykHknk;d

o okaNuh; gksuk vko';d gSA vk/kqfudhdj.k esa vFkZO;oLFkk dk vkS|ksfxdj.k o fopkjksa dk fujis{khdj.k vkrk gSA

ysfdu vk/kqfudhdj.k ;gk¡ rd gh lhfer ugÈ gSA vk/kqfudhdj.k esa HkkSxksfyd] lkekftd] oSKkfud rFkk rduhdh

f'k{kk ds {ks= esa ifjorZuksa dks 'kkfey fd;k tkrk gSA vk/kqfudhdj.k dh vo/kkj.kk (Concept of Modernization)


115

vkSj fodkl dh vo/kkj.kk (Concept of Development) dks dqN yksxksa us ,d ekuk gS] ysfdu ;g mfpr ugh gS

D;ksafd fodkl ds fy, fo'ks"k mís'; ;k {ks= fuf'pr ugh fd;k tk ldrk gS( tSls&fodkl vkÆFkd {ks=] lkekftd

{ks=] /kkÆed rFkk lkaLÑfrd {ks= esa gks ldrk gSA tcfd blds foijhr vk/kqfudhdj.k dh vo/kkj.kk dk lEca/k

lekt ds lewps ifjorZu ls gS vFkkZr fodkl dh vo/kkj.kk vf/kd O;kid gSA vr% vk/kqfudrk us jhfr&fjoktksa]

dkuwuksa] 'kklu] i)fr;ksa] fl)karksa] vkÆFkd <kapksa o jktuhfrd O;oLFkkvksa dks çHkkfor fd;k gSA fofHkUu fo}kuksa us

vk/kqfudrk dh fHkUu&fHkUu ifjHkk"kk,a nh gS tks fuEufyf[kr gSa&

1- vkbZŒ vkjŒ fluk; (I.R. Sinai) ds vuqlkj] Þvk/kqfudhdj.k ijEijkoknh ds LFkku ij ubZ O;oLFkk vkSj

lekt dk fodkl gSAß

2- Y;wfl;u ikbZ (Lucian Pye) ds vuqlkj] Þvk/kqfudhdj.k ml xEHkhj lkekftd ifjorZu dh çfØ;k dks

dgrs gS ftlesa ijEijk ij vk/kkfjr xk¡o ;k dchyksa ds lekt] vk/kqfud vkS|ksfxd o uxjhÑr fo'o ds

nckoksa vkSj Hkkxksa ds çfrfØ;k djus ds fy, foo'k gksrs gSaAß

3- DykmMu bZŒ osY'k (Clauden E. Welsh) ds 'kCnksa esa] Þvk/kqfudhdj.k ,d ,slh çfØ;k gS tks lk/kuksa ds

foosdiw.kZ mi;ksx ij vk/kkfjr gS vkSj vk/kqfud lekt dh LFkkiuk ds mís'; ls ;qDr gksrh gSAß

4- gkWÇUVxVu (Huntington) ds 'kCnksa esa] Þvk/kqfudhdj.k ,d cgqeq[kh çfØ;k gS ftlds }kjk ekuoh; fopkjksa

rFkk xfrfof/k;ksa ds lHkh {ks=ksa esa ifjorZu 'kkfey jgrk gSAß

5- yjuj (Lerner) ds vuqlkj] Þ;g foosdiw.kZ ifjorZu dh çfØ;k gSAß

6- osykg (Velah) ds vuqlkj] Þvk/kqfudhdj.k lk/;ksa ;k xUrO;ksa dh cqf) laxrrk gSAß

7- LeSyj (Smeller) ds 'kCnksa esa] Þfdlh jkT; dh vkÆFkd mUufr dks vk/kqfudhdj.k dgrs gSAß

bl çdkj vk/kqfudhdj.k dh mijksDr ifjHkk"kkvksa ls ;g fu"d"kZ fudyrk gS fd dksbZ Hkh nks ys[kd ,d ifjHkk"kk

ij lger ugh gSA ,lŒ ihŒ oekZ ds vuqlkj] Þvk/kqfudhdj.k dh ifjHkk"kk djuk ,d dfBu dk;Z gSAß vlgefr

ds ckotwn fofHkUu fopkjdksa us vk/kqfudhdj.k ij lgefr çdV dh gS fd ;g lekt esa ifjorZuksa dh lEiw.kZrk gS]

fdUrq gj ifjorZu dks vk/kqfudhdj.k ugh dgk tk ldrk D;ksafd dqN ifjorZu ,sls Hkh gks ldrs gSa tks lekt dks

ihNs /kdsy ldrs gSaA vr% vk/kqfudhdj.k ifjorZuksa dh ,d ,slh çfØ;k gS tks lekt dks çxfr'khyrk dh vksj

mUeq[k djrh gSA

,MoMZ f'kYl us vk/kqfudhdj.k dks if'pehdj.k dgk gS] fdUrq vk/kqfudhdj.k dk vFkZ fdlh Hkh n`f"V ls

if'pehdj.k ugh gSA phu ds mnkgj.k ls ;g rF; Li"V gks x;k gS fd phu us if'pe dh udy fd, fcuk gh

vk/kqfudhdj.k fd;k gSA vk/kqfudrk dks yksdra= ds lkFk Hkh ugh tksM+k tk ldrkA :l dk tkj ihVj] tkiku

dk lezkV eSuh rFkk VdÊ dk lqYrku egewn fuf'pr :i ls vk/kqfud dÙkkZ Fks] ijUrq mUgsa fdlh Hkh :i esa

yksdra= dk vxznwr ugh dgk tk ldrkA

vk/kqfudhdj.k dh fo'ks"krk,a (Characteristics of Modernization)

vk/kqfudhdj.k us lekt ds lHkh i{kksa dks çHkkfor fd;k gSA jktuhfr ds ifjçs{; esa bldh fo'ks"krk,a fuEufyf[kr

gSa&

1- jk"Vªh; ,dhdj.k (National Integration)&,d le; Fkk] tc uxj jkT; gqvk djrs FksA uxj&jkT; ds

rhu dk;Z Fks] 'kkfUr] O;oLFkk o ok| vkØe.k ls cpkoA ysfdu vk/kqfudhdj.k ds QyLo:i jk"Vªh; jkT;

dh vo/kkj.kk dh mRifÙk gqbZA çR;sd lekt vius okLrfod O;fDrRo dh vfHkO;fDr jk"Vª&jkT; esa gh

ns[krk gSA jk"Vªh;dj.k dh çfØ;k esa rsth vkrh gS rks nwljh rjQ fo?kVu dh fØ;k lekIr gks tkrh gS

;k /kheh iM+ tkrh gSA bldk Li"V mnkgj.k :l] phu] Ýkal] vesfjdk vkfn gSaA Hkkjr Hkh vk/kqfudhdj.k

dh vksj vxzlj gSA

jktuhfrd fl)kUr

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2- vk/kqfudhdj.k ewY;&;qDr gS (Modernization is Value Ridden)&vk/kqfudhdj.k ewY; ;qDr vo/kkj.kk gSA

gj çdkj dk ifjorZu vk/kqfudhdj.k esa 'kkfey ugh gksrkA mís';&;qDr ifjorZu gh vk/kqfudhdj.k gSA

;fn bls ifjorZuksa dh rdZ lEerrk dgsa rks blesa dksbZ vfr'k;ksfDr ugh gksxh] vr% ,eŒ ,eŒ ftfuokl

us vk/kqfudhdj.k dks lkekftd ifjorZu dk vorkj (Incarnation of Social Development) dgk gSA vr%

vk/kqfudhdj.k esa D;k vPNk gS ;k cqjk gS] dkSu lk ifjorZu vkxs dks ys tkus okyk gS dkSu lk ihNs ys

tkus okyk gS bldk fu.kZ; lekt ds ewY; (value)] lk/; (ends) ;k xUrO; (objective) ij gksrk gSA

3- cgqi{kh; çfØ;k (Multifaceted Process)&vk/kqfudhdj.k dk dksbZ ,d fl)kar u gksdj vusd fl)kar

gksrs gSaA bls 'kgjhdj.k] vkS|kafxdj.k] ykSfddhdj.k] 'kS{kf.kd vkSj lapkj lgHkkfxrk bR;kfn esa gh ugÈ

ikrs] cfYd bldks jk"Vªh; vfHkKku] ços'ku] ,dhdj.k vkfn vusd rÙoksa ls Hkh tksM+k tk ldrk gSA

,sfrgkfld vo/kkj.kk ds :i esa blds vrZxr dqN fof'k"V rÙo lekfo"V gksrs gSa tSls vFkZO;oLFkk vkSj

vkS|ksfxdj.k vFkok fopkjksa dk /keZ&fujis{khdj.k (Sewlaization) vkfnA

4- lkezkT;oknh ;qx dh lekfIr (End of Imperiatision)&,MoMZ f'kYl (Edward Shils) ds 'kCnksa esa]

Þledkyhu jkT;ksa dh if'pe ls eqfDr dh bPNk vk/kqfudhdj.k gSß vFkkZr f}rh; ;q) dh lekfIr ds ckn

lkezkT;okn dk iru gqvk vkSj ySfVu vesfjdk] ,f'k;k] vÝhdk rFkk e/;iwoZ esa u, jkT;ksa dk mn; gqvkA

bu uoksfnr jk"Vªksa dh tula[;k] bfrgkl] laLÑfr] /keZ esa fofHkUurk gksus ds ckotwn] buesa vk/kqfudhdj.k

dh çfØ;k lfØ; gSA lHkh jkT; ijEijkxr jktuhfrd&vkÆFkd lajpuk (Political–Economic structure)

ds LFkku ij thou dh vk/kqfud 'kSyh (Modern style of life) dh vksj mUeq[k gSA

5- foosdhdj.k (Rationalization)&vk/kqfudhdj.k dh ,d çeq[k fo'ks"krk foosdhdj.k gSA ;g thou ds çfr

rdZ'khy n`f"Vdks.k dk fuekZ.k djrh gSA fopkjksa] fLFkfr;ksa rFkk lEca/kksa esa fdlh xzaFk dks vk/kkj ugh cuk;k

tkrk cfYd foosd'khyrk dh gh ç/kkurk gksus yxrh gSA blesa uhfr;ksa dk fuekZ.k foosd ds vk/kkj ij gh

gksrk gSA

6- lkekftd ifjorZu (Social changes)&vk/kqfudhdj.k dh ,d fo'ks"krk ;g Hkh gS fd ;g lkekftd

ifjorZu ykrh gSA tks lekt jhfr&fjoktksa ,oa ijEijkvksa ij fuHkZj gksrk gS mUgsa lkekftd ifjorZu dh

vko';drk gksrh gSA vk/kqfudhdj.k }kjk u, lekt ;k vk/kqfud lekt dk fuekZ.k gksrk gSA

O;fDr&O;fDr esa fdlh Hkh vk/kkj ij HksnHkko ugh fd;k tkrkA

7- f'k{kk dk çlkj (Spread of Education)&f'k{kk ds çlkj dks vR;f/kd egÙo nsuk Hkh ,d vk/kqfud lekt

dh igpku gS D;ksafd f'k{kk ds }kjk gh lekt ds fofHkUu {ks=ksa esa vkewy&pwy ifjorZu ,oa fodkl fd;k

tk ldrk gSA vk/kqfud fodflr lekt f'k{kk ds çlkj ij gh ugh cfYd fofo/krkiw.kZ f'k{kk ij Hkh cy ns

jgs gSaA

8- vUrZjk"Vªh; lg;ksx ij cy (Stress on International Co-operation&vkt ds vk/kqfud lekt dh

fo'ks"krk vkt ds ijLij vUrfuHkZjrk ds ;qx esa vUrZjk"Vªh; lg;ksx ij cy nsuk Hkh gSA bl rjg ge

ns[krs gS fd vk/kqfudhdj.k dh çfØ;k fdlh ,d jk"Vª dh lhekvksa rd lhfer u gksdj ,d vUrZjk"Vªh;

çfØ;k ds :i esa ekuh tkrh gSA

9- /keZfujis{khdj.k (Secularization)&,d vk/kqfud lekt /keZ&fujis{k laLÑfr ij vk/kkfjr gksrh gS ftlesa

/kkÆed {ks= esa O;kidrk dk n`f"Vdks.k viuk;k tkrk gSA bl dkj.k çR;sd O;fDr dks viuh bPNkuqlkj

iwtk&vpZuk ,oa vkLFkk j[kus dh Lora=rk gksrh gSA jkT; ;k ljdkj }kjk dksbZ /keZ fdlh dks Fkksik ugh

tkrk gSA bl dkj.k ;g ,d egÙoiw.kZ fo'ks"krk cu xbZ gSA

10- lapkj ra= dk foLrkj (Extension of Communication Mechanism)&vk/kqfud lekt viuh lapkj

O;oLFkk dks vR;f/kd rhoz vkSj rduhdh n`f"V ls mUur :i çnku djus ij vR;f/kd cy nsrk gS D;ksafd

vkt çR;sd {ks= esa dq'kyrk ,oa 'kh?kzrk ls dk;Z djus esa lapkj ra= dh vxz.kh Hkwfedk gks xbZ gSA


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11- yksdra= (Democracy)&vk/kqfudhdj.k dh ,d fo'ks"krk ;g Hkh gS fd ;g yksdra= dk ekxZ ç'kLr djrk

gSA vk/kqfudhdj.k dk ifg;k fofHkUu jk"Vªksa dks yksdra= dh vksj ys tkrk gSA bldk Li"V mnkgj.k Hkkjr

gS] ;gk¡ ij vk/kqfudhdj.k ds i'pkr yksdra= dh tM+s etcwr gqbZ gSA

12- xfr'khyrk (Mobility)&vk/kqfudhdj.k dh ,d fo'ks"krk gS & xfr'khyrkA vk/kqfudhdj.k dh çfØ;k

:drh ugh gSA ,yfiu jkQyj ds vuqlkj] Þog e'khuhdj.k ls dEI;wVjhdj.k (From mechanization to

computerization) dh vksj pys jgs jgh gSAß

13- jktuhfrd Hkwfedkvksa dh fo'ks"kKrk (Specialization of Political Roles)&vk/kqfudhdj.k dh ,d çeq[k

fo'ks"krk gS & jktuhfrd Hkwfedkvksa dh fo'ks"kKrkA bldk vFkZ gS fd fHkUu&fHkUu jktuhfrd dk;Z ,d

O;fDr ;k O;fDr;ksa ds lewg ds }kjk u fd, tk,a] cfYd fHkUu&fHkUu dk;Z] fHkUu&fHkUu O;fDr;ksa }kjk fd,

tk,aA tSls çkphu le; esa lezkV }kjk lHkh jktuhfrd dk;Z fd, tkrs FksA blds foijhr vk/kqfud ;qx esa

fofHkUu dk;ksZ ds fy, fo'ks"kKksa dks fu;qDr fd;k tkrk gSA

14- uxjhdj.k (Urbanization)&uxjhdj.k Hkh vk/kqfudrk dh ,d vkSj fo'ks"krk gSA uxjhdj.k dk vFkZ gS fd

vf/kd ls vf/kd yksx 'kgj esa vkdj clsaA bldk dkj.k gS fd xk¡o ds yksx :<+hoknh gksrs gSaA ;gh ugh

oSKkfud o rduhdh fodkl Hkh 'kgjksa rd gh lhfer jg tkrk gSA vr% yksxksa ds fodkl o n`f"Vdks.k esa

ifjorZu ykus ds fy, vFkkZr muds vk/kqfudhdj.k ds fy, uxjhdj.k vko';d gSA

15- oSKkfud n`f"Vdks.k (Scientific Approach)&fdlh Hkh lekt esa jgus okys O;fDr;ksa dk oSKkfud n`f"Vdks.k

Hkh mls vk/kqfudrk dh vksj ys tkus esa egÙoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkkrk gS D;ksafd oSKkfud n`f"Vdks.k ml lekt

ds O;fDr;ksa dks ladqfpr n`f"Vdks.k ls ckgj fudkydj mUgsa foosd'khyrk ,oa rkÆddrk ds vk/kkj ij

fu.kZ; ysus ds ;ksX; cukrk gSA

16- vf/kd jktuhfrd lgHkkfxrk (More Political Participation)&,d vk/kqfud jktuhfrd lekt esa yksxksa

dk jktuhfrd lgHkkfxrk dk Lrj mUur gksrk gS vkSj ljdkj }kjk fy, tkus okys fu.kZ;&çfØ;k dks

dkQh gn rd çHkkfor Hkh djrs gSaA tSls if'peh ns'kksa esa 80&85 çfr'kr ernku vk/kqfud O;oLFkk esa

jktuhfrd lgHkkfxrk dks çnÆ'kr djrk gS tcfd r`rh; fo'o ;k fiNM+s ns'kksa esa 55&60 çfr'kr ernku

dk gksuk bl ckr dk ladsr gS fd ;s ns'k vk/kqfudhdj.k dh nkSM+ ls vHkh ckgj gSaA


vr% vk/kqfudhdj.k ,d vfuok;Zrk gSA ;fn vk/kqfud jkT; orZeku fo'o esa viuk vfLrRo cuk, j[kuk pkgrs gS

rks mUgsa vk/kqfudhdj.k dh nkSM+ esa 'kkfey gksuk gh iM+sxkA fofHkUu jkT;ksa dks vkÆFkd] oSKkfud rFkk jktuhfrd

lajpukvksa dks uohu okrkoj.k ds vuqdwy <kyuk gh iM+sxkA

vk/kqfudhdj.k ds fofHkUu i{k (Various Aspects of Modernization)

gkWfUVaxVu ds vuqlkj] vk/kqfudhdj.k ,d cgqeq[kh çfØ;k gSA ;g fujUrj pyus okyh çfØ;k gSA blds vk/kkj ij

ekuo dh xfrfof/k;ksa] fopkjksa] ewY;ksa o o`fÙk;ksa vkfn esa ifjorZu gksrk jgrk gSA vk/kqfudhdj.k ls rkRi;Z lekt esa

ifjoÙkZuksa ls yxk;k tkrk gS] ijUrq vk/kqfudhdj.k dk vFkZ O;kid :i ls le>us ds fy, blds vU; igyqvksa o

i{kksa dk v/;;u djuk vko';d gks tkrk gSA vk/kqfudhdj.k ds fofHkUu i{k vFkok vk;ke fuEufyf[kr gSa&

1- vk/kqfudhdj.k dk lkekftd vk;ke vFkok i{k (Social Dimension or Aspect of Modernization)&euq";

thou ds dbZ i{kksa esa ,d lkekftd i{k Hkh gSA tc rd euq"; thou ds lkekftd i{k dk fodkl ugh

gksrk] rc rd vk/kqfudhdj.k dh çfØ;k v/kwjh jgsxhA tSls gekjs ns'k dh turk ds ,d cM+s Hkkx dks

fuEu oxZ dgdj iqdkjk tkrk gS ;|fi bls dkuwu cukdj bl cqjkbZ dks nwj fd;k x;k gS ysfdu tc

jktuhfrd fl)kUr

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rd yksxksa ds fnyksa ls bl HksnHkko dks nwj ugh fd;k tkrk] rc rd yksxksa dks lkekftd U;k; ugÈ fey

ldrkA vr% lkekftd n`f"V ls vk/kqfudhdj.k dk vk'k; O;fDr ds O;ogkj vkSj eukso`fÙk;ksa ds ifjorZu

ls gSA

2- euksoSKkfud i{k ;k vk;ke (Psychological Aspect or Dimension)&vk/kqfudhdj.k dk euksoSKkfud i{k

;k vk;ke cM+k gh egÙoiw.kZ gSA euksoSKkfud i{k ls rkRi;Z gS fd euksoSKkfud Lrj ij yksxksa ds ewY;ksa]

vfHko`fÙk;ksa ,oa vkdka{kkvksa esa ifjorZu yk;k tk, vkSj mUgs vf/kd rdZ'khy] foosdh vkSj oSKkfud fopkjksa

okyk cuk;k tk,A muds n`f"Vdks.k dks oSKkfud o rdZ'khy cuk;k tk,A ,slk gksus ls yksx va/kfo'oklksa o

jhfr&fjoktksa ds nk;js ls ckgj fudysaxs vkSj mudk vk/kqfudhdj.k gksxkA ;gh ugh dqN yksx rks brus

HkkX;oknh vkSj deZ ds fl)kar ij fo'okl djus okys gksrs gSa fd orZeku dks vius iwoZ tUe ds deks± dk

Qy ekurs gSa vkSj bl pDdj esa iM+dj vius Hkfo"; dks va/kdkje; cuk ysrs gSaA yksxksa ds eukso`fÙk;ksa esa

ifjorZu fd, fcuk fdlh Hkh çdkj dk ifjorZu laHko ugÈ gSA

3- vkÆFkd i{k ;k vk;ke (Economic Aspect or Dimension)&ekuo thou ds fofHkUu i{kksa esa ls vkÆFkd i{k

,d gSA lk/kkj.kr;k vkÆFkd i{k ds fodkl dks gh vk/kqfudhdj.k eku fy;k tkrk gS ijUrq ;g /kkj.kk

Bhd ugh gSA og lekt] ftlesa mRiknu esa 'kkjhfjd ifjJe ds LFkku ij e'khuksa dk vf/kdkf/kd ç;ksx

gksus yxk gks] vkÆFkd n`f"V ls vkS|ksxhÑr vkSj vk/kqfud dgykrk gSA

Jh ,lŒ ihŒ oekZ us vk/kqfudhdj.k ds vkÆFkd i{k ds ckjs esa vius fopkj çdV djrs gq, fy[kk gS]

ÞvkÆFkd {ks= esa thou&fuokZgh Ñf"k (Subsistence Agriculture)] cktkjh Ñf"k (Market Agriculture) esa cny

tkrh gSA O;kikj] m|ksxksa vkSj vU; vÑ"kh; xfrfof/k;ksa dh rqyuk esa Ñf"k dh voufr gks tkrh gS rFkk

T;ksa&T;ksa ;g xfrfof/k jk"Vªh; Lrj ij vf/kdkf/kd dsUæh;Ñr gksus yxrh gS] R;ksa&R;ksa xfrfof/k;ksa dk {ks=

foLr`r gksrk tkrk gSAß

blh lUnHkZ esa ,lŒ ihŒ gkWfUVaxVu ds vuqlkj] Þvk/kqfudhdj.k ,d O;kid vo/kkj.kk gS tks vkÆFkd

fodkl ds {ks= esa fo'ks"kdj vkS|ksfxdj.k vkSj inkFkZ mUufr dh fn'kk ds vfr egÙoiw.kZ ifjorZu ykrk gSAß

4- jktuhfrd i{k ;k vk;ke (Political Aspect or Dimension)&çkphu dky esa jktra= O;oLFkk esa lHkh

çdkj ds vf/kdkj jktk ds ikl gksrs FksA og gh çR;sd çdkj dk dk;Z djrk FkkA çtk gh 'kklu fdlh

Hkh rjg dh lgHkkfxrk ugh FkhA mldh rqyuk esa vk/kqfud ;qx esa çtkra=h; O;oLFkk LFkkfir gks pqdh gS

ftles turk dh lgHkkfxrk c<+ pqdh gSA jktuhfrd Lrj ij jktuhfrd vk/kqfudhdj.k dk vFkZ

jktuhfrd ifjorZu ls gSA vr% vk/kqfudhdj.k ds jktuhfrd i{k dk vFkZ gS & jktuhfrd 'kkldks dh

fo'ks"kKrk vkSj jktuhfrd laLÑfr dk fujis{khdj.kA jktuhfrd laLÑfr ds fujis{khdj.k dk vFkZ gS fd

yksxksa ds jktuhfrd n`f"Vdks.k dk O;kid gksukA blfy, vk/kqfud ;qx esa vk/kqfudhdj.k ds jktuhfrd

i{k ;k vk;ke dk dkQh vf/kd egÙo c<+ x;k gSA blh lanHkZ esa MkWŒ tsŒ lhŒ tkSgjh (J.C. Johri) us

dgk gS] Þjktuhfrd çfØ;k ds lanHkZ esa] lkekftd rFkk HkkSfrd okrkoj.k esa ifjorZuksa ds vuqlkj

jktuhfrd laLÑfr dks cnyus ds ç;kl fd, tkrs gSaA bl vfuok;Z rF; ds vUrZxr jktuhfrd ifjorZu

rFkk vkÆFkd dkjdksa ds foLr`r o.kZØe ls xgu :i esa lcaf/kr gksrk gSAß vke.M o ikosy (Almond and

Powell) ds vuqlkj] Þjktuhfrd vk/kqfudhdj.k dk vfHkçk; lajpuk dh fofHkUurk dh fof/k;ksa vkSj

jktuhfrd laLÑfr /keZ&fujis{krk ls gS tks lekt dh jktuhfrd ç.kkyh dh lkeF;Zrk] çHkkfodrk vkSj

;ksX;rk dks c<+krs gSaAß


vk/kqfudhdj.k dh vo/kkj.kk dk foLr`r v/;;u djus ds i'pkr ;g fu"d"kZ fudkyk tk ldrk gS fd

vk/kqfudhdj.k dh vo/kkj.kk cgqeq[kh (Multifaceted) gSA bldk lEca/k dsoy vkÆFkd fodkl gh ugh cfYd bldk

lEca/k lekt esa lkekftd lekurk ykuk] lkekftd U;k; LFkkfir djuk] yksxksa dks foosd'khy cukuk rFkk


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jktuhfrd O;oLFkk esa okafNr ifjorZu djuk gSA bl rjg ge ikrs gSa fd vk/kqfudhdj.k ds fofHkUu i{kksa esa u

dsoy ?kfu"B lEca/k gS oju~ og vi`Fkduh; gSA mlh lEca/k esa gkWfUVaxVu ds vuqlkj] Þvk/kqfudhdj.k ,slh O;kid

çfØ;k gS tks vkÆFkd fodkl ds {ks= rFkk HkkSfrd çxfr esa ewyHkwr ifjorZu ykrh gSA blls jktuhfrd O;oLFkkvksa

dh çÑfr] la?kVuk] vkSj thou ds euksoSKkfud rFkk lkekftd {ks=ksa esa ifjorZu vk tkrk gSAß

vk/kqfudhdj.k ds rÙo (Factors of Modernization)

vk/kqfud ;qx esa çR;sd lekt o jktk vk/kqfudrk dh vksj c<+ jgk gSA fdlh ns'k esa bldk Lrj vf/kd gS fdlh

esa deA blfy, vk/kqfudrk dks ekius dk dksbZ fuf'pr ekin.M ugh gSA blfy, ;g dgk tk ldrk gS fd tgk¡

vk/kqfudrk ds rÙoksa dh çpqjrk gksxh] ogk¡ ;g vf/kd gksxhA jlsV (Ruset) us fo'o ds 108 ns'kksa dk v/;;u djds

vk/kqfudrk dh n`f"V ls lekt dks ik¡p voLFkkvksa esa ck¡Vk gS&

¼d½ ijEijkxr çkphu lekt (Traditional Primitive Societies)] ¼[k½ ijEijkoknh lH;rk,a (Traditional

Civilizations)] ¼x½ laØe.kdkyhu lekt (Transitional Societies)] ¼?k½ vkS|ksfxd ØkfUr ls çHkkfor lekt

(Industrial Revolution Societies)] ¼³½ çpqj mi;ksxh lekt (High Man Consumption Societies)A

vk/kqfudhdj.k ds rÙo (Factors of Modernization)&vk/kqfudhdj.k dh vo/kkj.kk cgqeq[kh gSA blds çHkko dks

ekiuk dfBu gSA vr% ftl ns'k esa bldks çHkkfor djus okys rÙo vf/kd gksxsa ogk¡ vk/kqfudhdj.k vf/kd gksxk]

vkSj tgk¡ ;s rÙo de gksxs ogk¡ vk/kqfudhdj.k de gksxkA vk/kqfudhdj.k ds rÙoksa dk o.kZu fuEufyf[kr gSa&

1- vkS|ksxhdj.k (Industrialization)&vk/kqfudhdj.k dh ifjHkk"kk djrs gq, ;g dgk x;k gS fd bldk vFkZ

vkS|ksxhdj.k gSA ;g vkS|ksxhdj.k ij fuHkZj djrh gSA tks jkT; vkS|ksfxd :i ls ftruk fodflr gksxk]

mruk gh ogk¡ vk/kqfudhdj.k gksxkA vkS|ksxhdj.k ls u dsoy vkÆFkd fodkl gksrk gS cfYd ;g tkr&ikr

dks nwj djrk gSA blls lekt esa efgykvksa dk Loj Å¡pk mBrk gSA bldk Li"V mnkgj.k ik'pkR; ns'kksa

dks ns[kus ls feyrk gS tcfd blds foifjr Hkkjr dk iw.kZ vk/kqfudhdj.k ugh gqvk gS] ;gk¡ ds jk"Vªh;

vk; dk vf/kdka'k Hkkx Ñf"k ls çkIr gksrk gSA

2- mPp thou&Lrj (High Standard of Living)&yksxksa dk thou Lrj ftruk Å¡pk gksxk] mruk gh

vk/kqfudhdj.k vf/kd gksxkA mPp thou Lrj] vk/kqfudhdj.k dk çrhd gSA

3- lk{kjrk (Literacy)&vk/kqfudhdj.k lk{kjrk dh ek=k ij fuHkZj djrk gSA lk{kjrk vk/kqfudhdj.k dk

vk/kkj gSA blds vkHkko esa vk/kqfudhdj.k ugh gks ldrkA fHkUu&fHkUu jkT;ksa ;k lektksa esa lk{kjrk dk

Lrj fHkUu&fHkUu gksrk gS] vr% ogk¡ vk/kqfudhdj.k dk Lrj Hkh fHkUu&fHkUu gksrk gSA tSls& vesfjdk]

dukt] U;wthyS.M] baXyS.M esa 80 çfr'kr yksx lk{kj gS vr% ogk¡ vk/kqfudhdj.k vf/kd gS tcfd blds

foijhr b.Mksusf'k;k] vaxksyk o vQxkfuLrku vkfn ns'kksa esa lk{kjrk dh nj dkQh de gS] blfy, ogk¡

vk/kqfudhdj.k de gSA Hkkjr esa lk{kjrk dh nj fnu&çfrfnu c<+rh tk jgh gS vr% vk/kqfudhdj.k Hkh

mlh nj ls c<+ jgk gSA

4- mPp f'k{kk (Higher Education)&vk/kqfudhdj.k dks çHkkfor djus okyk vU; rÙo mPp f'k{kk gSA

vk/kqfudhdj.k ds fy, mPp f'k{kk dk c<+uk vko';d gSA jkT; ;k lekt ds mPp f'k{kk ds çlkj o

foLrkj ls vk/kqfudhdj.k dk Hkh foLrkj gksxkA blds vkHkko esa dksbZ Hkh lekt fiNM+k jg ldrk gSA

5- lekpkj i= (Press)&vk/kqfudhdj.k dks çHkkfor djus okyk vU; rÙo lekpkj i= gSA bu nksuksa esa xgjk

lEca/k gSA blls yksxksa dks Kku çkIr gksrk gSA lekpkj i= yksxksa ds n`f"Vdks.k esa ifjorZu djrs gSaA

blfy, lekpkj&i= ds ikBdksa dh vf/kd la[;k dks vk/kqfudhdj.k dk fpUg ekuk tkrk gSA

jktuhfrd fl)kUr

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6- 'kgjhdj.k (Urbanization)&vk/kqfudhdj.k dk ,d vkSj rÙo 'kgjhdj.k gS] bldk vFkZ gS 'kgjksa dh

la[;k esa o`f)A uxjksa dh o`f) dk lh/kk vFkZ vk/kqfudhdj.k gSA uxjksa dh o`f) ds lkFk&lkFk budk

fodkl Hkh vko';d gSA tSls fd vesfjdk] Ýkal] baXyS.M vkfn ns'kksa esa uxjksa dk fodkl gqvk gSA

7- /keZ dk ?kVrk çHkko (Declining influence of Religion)&/keZ&fujis{krk vk/kqfudhdj.k dh çfØ;k dks

çHkkfor djrh gSA bldk çHkko de gksuk vk/kqfudhdj.k dk lwpd gSA Hkkjr esa vkt Hkh /keZ dk çHkko

vR;f/kd gS tks blds vk/kqfudhdj.k esa ,d ck/kk cuk gqvk gSA tcfd baXyS.M] Ýkal] teZuh vkfn ns'kksa esa

/keZ dk çHkko de gS vkSj ;s ns'k vk/kqfudhdj.k ds jkLrs ij vxzlj gSaA

8- vodk'k vkSj vkeksn&çeksn (Leisure and Recreation)&vodk'k vkSj vkeksn&çeksn euq"; ds fodkl ds

fy, vko';d gSA ;g euq"; ds dk;Z djus dh {kerk esa o`f) djrk gSA blds vkHkko esa euq"; fujlrk

dk vuqHko djrk gSA vr% [ksy&dwn dh lqfo/kk,a] Dyc (Clubs)] fidfud LFky (Picnic Resort)] vkfn

dk gksuk vk/kqfudhdj.k dk lwpd gSA

9- oSKkfud&n`f"Vdks.k (Scientific Approach)&yksxksa dk n`f"Vdks.k vk/kqfudhdj.k esa ,d egÙoiw.kZ Hkwfedk

fuHkkrk gSA ;fn n`f"Vdks.k :f<+oknh gSa rks yksx ijEijkvksa] jhfr&fjoktksa esa fo'okl j[ksxsaA os ifjorZu dk

fojks/k djsxsa tcfd ifjorZu rks vk/kqfudhdj.k dk vk/kkj gSA blds foijhr oSKkfud n`f"Vdks.k okys

ukxfjdksa esa ifjorZu dh pkg gksxh] ifj.kkeLo:i os vk/kqfudhdj.k esa lgk;rk djsxsaA

vr% ;s dqN ,sls rÙo gSa ftuds vk/kkj ij vk/kqfudhdj.k dks c<+kok fn;k tk ldrk gS vkSj fo'o vk/kqfudhdj.k

ds ekxZ ij vxzlj gks ldrk gSA

vk/kqfudhdj.k ds ekxZ esa ck/kk,a (Hindrances in the Way of Modernization)

vk/kqfudhdj.k dk vk/kkj ifjorZu gS ysfdu ifjorZu lHkh dks lqgkrk ugh gSA dqN ifjorZu dk fojks/k djrs gS] os

ydhj dk Qdhj gh cus jguk pkgrs gSaA ifjorZu muds [kwu esa gh ugh gksrkA muds fojks/k ds dkj.kksa dk o.kZu

fuEufyf[kr gS&

1- vkÆFkd dkj.k (Economic Factors)&dbZ ckj yksxksa dh vkÆFkd fLFkfr vk/kqfudhdj.k ds jkLrs esa ck/kk

cu tkrh gSA vk/kqfudrk ifjorZu ykrh gS vkSj vkÆFkd fLFkfr lqn`<+ u gksuk] yksxksa ij cks> cu tkrk gSA

muds [kpZ dks c<+k nsrk gS vr% ,sls ifjorZu dk yksxksa }kjk fojks/k fd;k tkrk gSA

2- vKkurk (Ignorance)&vKkurk euq"; dk lcls cM+k 'k=q gS] blds dkj.k euq"; vk/kqfudhdj.k ds lk/kuksa

dk Kku çkIr ugh dj ldrkA vKkurk yksxksa dks :f<+oknh cuk nsrh gSA vr% vKkurk vk/kqfudrk ds

ekxZ esa ck/kk gSA

3- u, vkfo"dkjksa dh viw.kZrk (Inadequacy of New Inventions)&vk/kqfudhdj.k u, vkfo"dkjksa dks tUe nsrk

gSA vkfo"dkj ,d /kheh vkSj Øfed çfØ;k vkSj dbZ ckj vkfo"dkj iwoZr% lQy ugh gksrs] muds dqN

nq"ifj.kke Hkh muds lkFk tqM+s gksrs gS] ,slh fLFkfr esa vkfo"dkjksa dh çklaxfdrk de gks tkrh gS vkSj dqN

yksx mlls gksus okys nq"ifj.kkeksa dks vuko';d :i ls mNkyrs gSaA blls yksx la'kfdr gks tkrs gS vkSj

vk/kqfudhdj.k dh çfØ;k /kheh iM+ tkrh gSA

4- yksxksa dk LoHkko ,oa vknrsa (Nature and habbits of the people)&vDlj yksx viuh vknrksa vkSj LoHkko

ds dkj.k ubZ phtksa dks viukus ls ?kcjkrs gSaA :<+hoknh vkSj ijEijkxr n`f"Vdks.k ds dkj.k yksx iqjkuh

ekU;rkvksa dks idM+ dj j[kuk pkgrs gSaA tSls ;s tkurs gq, Hkh fd tula[;k o`f) ds dkQh nq"ifj.kke gSa

yksx ifjokj fu;kstu dks viukus esa vHkh rd ladksp fn[kkrs gSaA



121

vk/kqfudhdj.k ifjorZu ls lEcaf/kr gSA ifjorZu vPNs vkSj cqjs nksuksa rjg ds gks ldrs gSaA ,slk Hkh laHko gS fd

fdlh ,d LFkku ij ldkjkRed çHkko Mkyuk okyk dksbZ ifjorZu] fdlh nwljs LFkku ij u flQZ vlQy jgs oju~

udkjkRed çHkko NksM+sA

jktuhfrd vk/kqfudhdj.k (Political Modernization)

jktuhfrd vk/kqfudhdj.k dk vFkZ jktuhfr ls lEcaf/kr fofHkUu i{kksa ds lEca/k esa gksus okys ekuoh; n`f"Vdks.k esa

ifjorZu gSA çxfr vkSj fodkl ds lkFk ekuo n`f"Vdks.k O;kid vkSj foLr`r gksrk tkrk gS vkSj ifj.kker% bldk

çHkko jktuhfr 'kkL= ij Hkh iM+rk gSA jktuhfrd vk/kqfudhdj.k dk vFkZ dqN yksx jktuhfrd fodkl ds vFkZ esa

ysrs gSa fdUrq ;g ,d ladh.kZ fopkj/kkjk gS ;|fi ;g lR; gS fd jktuhfrd vk/kqfudhdj.k jktuhfrd fodkl ls

?kfu"B :i esa tqM+k gSA ijUrq flQZ jktuhfrd fodkl dks jktuhfrd vk/kqfudhdj.k eku ysuk xyr gksxkA oLrqr%

jktuhfrd vk/kqfudhdj.k jktuhfrd fodkl ls vf/kd O;kid gS vkSj blesa 'kgjhdj.k] vkS|ksxhdj.k]

yksdraf=dj.k lgHkkfxrk vkfn vusd ckrsa dgha lfEefyr gSA

jktuhfrd vk/kqfudhdj.k D;k gS\ (What is Political Modernization?)

jktuhfrd vk/kqfudhdj.k dh ifjHkf"kr djuk ,d dfBu dk;Z gSA dksbZ Hkh nks ys[kd bldh ifjHkk"kk ij lger

ugh gSA dqN bls vkS|ksfxd çfØ;k ekurs gSa rks dqN bls xSj&vkS|ksfxd çfØ;k ekurs gSaA dqN bls ik'pkR;hdj.k

(Westernization) dk i;kZ;okph ekurs gSA dqN fopkjdksa }kjk bls lekt esa lkekftd rFkk HkkSfrd okrkoj.k dk

ifjorZu ekuk tkrk gSA fQj Hkh lHkh fo}kuksa us bls iqjkus ifjorZu ds txg ij uohu ifjorZu ekuk gSA

jktuhfrd vk/kqfudhdj.k dh ifjHkk"kkvksa dk fooj.k fuEufyf[kr gSa&

1- jkcZV okMZ (Robert Word) ds 'kCnksa esa] Þjktuhfrd vk/kqfudhdj.k vk/kqfud lekt ds çfr ,d ,slk

vkUnksyu gS tks vius okrkoj.k dh HkkSfrd rFkk lkekftd ifjfLFkfr;ksa dks fu;af=r ;k çHkkfor djus dh

nwjxkeh ;ksX;rk j[krk gSAß

2- ,lŒ ihŒ gkWfUVaxVu (S.P. Hantington) ds 'kCnksa esa] Þjktuhfrd vk/kqfudhdj.k ,d cgqeq[kh çfØ;k gS

ftlesa ekuoh; fpUru rFkk fØ;kvksa ds lHkh {ks=ksa esa ifjorZu gksrs gSaAß

3- dksyeSu (Coleman) ds vuqlkj] Þjktuhfrd vk/kqfudhdj.k ,sls laLFkkxr <k¡ps dk fodkl gS tks i;kZIr

yphyk rFkk bruk 'kfDr'kkyh gks fd mlesa mBus okyh ekaxksa dk lkeuk dj ldsAß

4- DykmMu bZŒ osY'k (Clauden E. Welch) ds 'kCnksa esa] Þjktuhfrd vk/kqfudhdj.k lk/kuksa ds foosdiw.kZ

mi;ksx ij vk/kkfjr çfØ;k gS rFkk bldk y{; ,d vk/kqfud lekt dh LFkkiuk gSAß

5- MkWŒ tsŒ lhŒ tkSgjh (Dr. J.C. Johri) ds 'kCnksa esa] Þjktuhfrd çfØ;k ds lUnZHk esa lkekftd rFkk HkkSfrd

okrkoj.k esa ifjorZu ds vuqlkj jktuhfrd laLÑfr dks cnyus ds ç;kl fd, tkrs gSaA bl vfuok;Z rF;

ds vUrZxr jktuhfrd ifjorZu lkekftd rFkk vkÆFkd dkjdksa ds foLr`r o.kZØe ls xgu :i ls lEcaf/kr

gksrk gSAß

6- csUtkfeu 'oktZ (Benjamin Schwartz) ds 'kCnksa esa] Þjktuhfrd vk/kqfudhdj.k fofHkUu ekuoh; mís';ksa ds

fy, O;fDr ds HkkSfrd rFkk lkekftd okrkoj.k ij foosdiw.kZ fu;=a.k ds fy, ekuoh; 'kfDr dks Øec)]

fujUrj rFkk 'kfDr'kkyh <ax ls ykxw djrk gSAß

7- MkWŒ ,lŒ ihŒ oekZ (Dr. S.P. Verma) us jktuhfrd vk/kqfudhdj.k dks cgq&Lrjh; çfØ;k crk;k gSA

muds vuqlkj jktuhfrd vk/kqfudhdj.k dh çfØ;k fuEufyf[kr ik¡p Lrjksa ij ekuoh; Çpru] dk;ksZ ,oa

lEca/kksa esa ifjorZu djrh gS&

jktuhfrd fl)kUr

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¼d½ lkekftd Lrj ij jktuhfrd vk/kqfudhdj.k dh çfØ;k O;fDr dh laLFkkxr o laxBukRed

fu"Bk ,oa 'kfDr ds dsUæ esa ifjorZu djrh gSA

¼[k½ euksoSKkfud Lrj ij jktuhfrd vk/kqfudhdj.k dh çfØ;k O;fDr;ksa ds ewY;ksa] n`f"Vdks.kksa rFkk

vkdka{kkvksa esa ifjorZu mRiUu djrh gSA

¼x½ ckSf)d Lrj ij jktuhfrd vk/kqfudhdj.k dh çfØ;k dk vFkZ gS O;fDr dks vius okrkoj.k dh

vR;kf/kd tkudkjh gksuk rFkk lEiw.kZ lekt esa c<+rh lk{kjrk rFkk lapkj O;oLFkk ds }kjk bl

tkudkjh dk lekt esa çlkj gksukA

¼?k½ vkÆFkd Lrj ij Ñf"k ds :i esa egÙo esa deh vkrh gS vkSj m|ksx O;kikj dk fodkl gksrk gSA

Ñf"k dk cktkjhdj.k gksus yxrk gS rFkk tula[;k dk cM+k Hkkx Ñf"k ds {ks= ls m|ksx ,oa

O;kikj ds {ks= esa ços'k djrk gSA

¼³½ tula[;k ds Lrj ij bldk vFkZ gS çfr O;fDr thou Lrj esa o`f) rFkk LokLF; esa lq/kkj ,oa

vk;q esa o`f)] O;fDr;ksa dh HkkSfrd xfr'khyrk esa o`f) rFkk xzkeh.k {ks= ls 'kgj dh vksj tula[;k

dk iyk;uA

jktuhfrd vk/kqfudhdj.k dh mijksDr ifjHkk"kkvksa dks v/;;u djus ds ckn dgk tk ldrk gS fd ;g ,d ,slh

çfØ;k gS ftlds }kjk iqjkus lekt dks vk/kqfud lekt esa ifjoÆrr djus dk ç;Ru fd;k tkrk gS vFkkZr lekt

vkS|ksfxÑr] 'kgjhÑr] f'kf{kr rFkk jktuhfr esa lfØ; :i ls Hkkxhnkj cu tkrk gSA blesa jktuhfrd laLÑfr;ksa

esa lkekftd rFkk HkkSfrd okrkoj.k ds vuqdwy ifjorZu lEHko gksrk gSA jktuhfrd O;oLFkk dks jktuhfrd n`f"V

ls jktuhfrd vk/kqfudhdj.k dgsaxsA

jktuhfrd vk/kqfudhdj.k dh fo'ks"krk,¡ (Characteristics of Political Modernization)

jktuhfrd vk/kqfudhdj.k dh ifjHkk"kk ls ;g Li"V gS fd fo'ks"k y{k.kksa okyh jktuhfrd O;oLFkk dks jktuhfrd

n`f"V ls vk/kqfudhÑr dgk tkrk gSA bldh fo'ks"krkvksa ij lHkh fo}ku ,der ugÈ gSA fQj Hkh bldh çeq[k

fo'ks"krk fuEufyf[kr gS&

1- tulgHkkfxrk (Popular Participation)&jktuhfrd vk/kqfudhdj.k dk ,d egÙoiw.kZ ekin.M ;g ns[kuk

gS fd jkT; esa laLFkkvksa rFkk çfØ;kvksa esa tu&lgHkkfxrk fdl ek=k rd gSA loZlk/kkj.k dh jktuhfr esa

lgHkkfxrk jktuhfrd vk/kqfudhdj.k dh loZçFke 'krZ gS] ftlds vkHkko esa lHkh çdkj dk fodkl :d

tk,xkA ;gk¡ dsoy lgHkkfxrk gh i;kZIr ugh gS cfYd bldk mÙkjnk;h gksuk Hkh vko';d gSA

2- jkT; dk vf/kdkf/kd ços'ku (Penetration of State)&çkphu dky esa ^iqfyl jkT;* ds dk;Z lfefr FksA

;krk;kr rFkk lapkj ds lk/kuksa ds fodkl ds dkj.k jkT; dk dk;Z bruk c<+k gS fd jkT; dks

dY;k.kdkjh jkT; dgk tkrk gSA jkT; }kjk ldkjkRed dk;Z fd, tkrs gSaA jkT; rFkk turk dh Lrj

dh lEidZrk c<+h gSA bls gh jktuhfrd vk/kqfudhdj.k dgk tkrk gSA

3- 'kfDr;ksa dk dsUæh;dj.k (Centralization of Powers)&jktuhfrd vk/kqfudhdj.k dh ,d çeq[k fo'ks"krk

gS fd ekuo thou ls lEcaf/kr xfrfof/k;ksa dh lHkh çdkj dh 'kfDr;ka jkT; ;k jktuhfrd O;oLFkk esa

dsUæh;Ñr gksus yxrh gSaA jktuhfrd 'kfDr dk egÙo c<+uk gh jktuhfrd vk/kqfudhdj.k dk fpUg gSA

4- dsUæ o ifjlj esa vuq%fØ;k (Interaction between State and Periphery)&bldk vFkZ gS dsUæ vFkkZr

jktuhfrd O;oLFkk rFkk ifjlj vFkkZr lekt esa vUr%fØ;k dk c<+ukA jktuhfrd vk/kqfudhdj.k nks

rjQk çfØ;k gSA O;ogkjokfn;ksa dh 'kCnkoyh esa bldks fuos'k vkSj fuxZy (Input-output) dgk tk ldrk

gSA


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5- lÙkk dk LFkkukUrj.k (Transfer of Power)&lÙkk ds LFkkukUrj.k ls rkRi;Z gS fd iqjkuh jktuhfr]

lkekftd] vkÆFkd] euksoSKkfud lÙkkvksa dk LFkku jk"Vªh; jktuhfrd lÙkk ys ysrh gSA lÙkk ds ijEijkxr

L=ksr fucZy gksus yxrs gSa mudk LFkku jk"Vªh; jktuhfrd lÙkk ys ysrh gSA blh lEca/k esa gkWfUVaxVu us

fy[kk gS] Þvk/kqfud jktuhfrd lekt esa /kkÆed] ijEijkxr] ikfjokfjd] tkrh; lÙkkvksa dk LFkku ,d

ykSfddÑr vkSj jk"Vªh; jktuhfrd lÙkk ds }kjk ys fy;k tkrk gSAß dkyZ Mk;p us bl fo'ks"krk dks

lkekftd lapkyu (Social Mobilization) dk uke fn;k gSA blh rjg gkWfUVaxVu us jktuhfrd

vk/kqfudhdj.k dks ijEijkxr ls eqDr (Disengagement from traditionalism) dgk gSA

6- ukSdj'kkgh dh Hkwfedk (Roll of Bureacoracy)&vk/kqfudhdj.k ds dkj.k ljdkj ds dk;ks± esa o`f) gqbZ gS]

ftlds dkj.k mu dk;ks± dks djus ds fy, ljdkjh deZpkjh;ksa ,oa ukSdj'kkgh dh vko';drk gSA blfy,

fnu&çfrfnu budh la[;k c<+rh tk jgh gSA lu~ 1947 ls ysdj vcrd 50 xq.kk vf/kd o`f) ukSdj'kkgh

esa gks pqdh gSA ukSdj'kkgh dk vkdkj ds lkFk&lkFk mlds vk/kkj dh O;kidrk Hkh vko';d gSA

7- jktuhfrd O;oLFkk esa fu"Bk (Loyalty towards Political System)&jktuhfrd vk/kqfudhdj.k okyh

jktuhfrd O;oLFkkvksa esa O;fDr;ksa ds n`f"Vdks.k esa ifjorZu vko';d gS] ftlls fd O;fDr jk"Vªoknh cusxsaA

O;fDr;ksa dk jkT; o jktuhfrd O;oLFkk ds çfr viukiu c<+sxk] buds çfr muds eu esa fu"Bk c<+sxh]

jk"Vªh;dj.k rFkk jk"Vªh; fuekZ.k dh Hkkouk dk fodkl gksxkA

jktuhfrd vk/kqfudhdj.k dh mijksDr ifjHkk"kk,a lkekU; y{k.kksa dh vksj ladsr djrh gSaA buds vfrfjDr fof'k"V

fo'ks"krkvksa dks ge rhu Hkkxksa esa ck¡V ldrs gSa& ¼d½ cqf)laxr lÙkk (Rationalized Authority)] ¼[k½ fofHkUuhÑr

jktuhfrd lajpuk,a (Differentiated Political Structures) rFkk ¼x½ jktuhfrd lgHkkfxrk (Political Participation)A

jktuhfrd vk/kqfudhdj.k ds rÙo (Determinants and Factors of Political Modernization)

jktuhfrd vk/kqfudhdj.k dks çHkkfor djus okys rÙoksa dh lwph rS;kj djuk dfBu rks gS gh] lkFk gh bldh

t:jr Hkh ugh gSA bldh lwph rS;kj djuk blfy, dfBu gS D;ksafd çR;sd jktuhfrd O;oLFkk dks çHkkfor djus

okys rÙo fHkUu&fHkUu gksrs gSaA bldh vko';drk blfy, ugh gS D;ksafd fdUgÈ nks ns'kksa ds jktuhfrd

vk/kqfudhdj.k ds Lrj] fn'kk,a o ek=k,a vyx&vyx gksrs gSaA fQj Hkh dqN lkekU; rÙoksa dh lwph rS;kj dh tk

ldrh gS] ftu ij fopkjdksa esa erHksn ugh gSA mudk o.kZu fuEufyf[kr gS&

1- jktuhfrd ljapuk,a vkSj laLÑfr (Political Structures and Cultures)&jktuhfrd vk/kqfudhdj.k dks

çHkkfor djus okys rÙo esa çFke] ns'k dh lajpuk ,oa laLÑfr gSA ;fn jktuhfrd lajpuk,a ijEijkxrrk

ds ca/kuksa esa tdM+h gqbZ gSa rks fuf'pr :i ls ml ns'k dk jktuhfrd vk/kqfudhdj.k ugh gks ldrkA

bldk Li"V mnkgj.k usiky ,oa HkwVku gSA

blds lkFk gh lkekU; laLÑfr vkSj fo'ks"kdj jktuhfrd laLÑfr dk jktuhfrd vk/kqfudhdj.k ij

nh/kZdkyhu çHkko iM+rk gSA

2- jktuhfrd O;oLFkk dh çÑfr (Nature of Political System)&jktuhfrd vk/kqfudhdj.k esa jktuhfrd

O;oLFkk dh çÑfr dh vge~ Hkwfedk gSA jktuhfrd O;oLFkk dk :i lkekftd O;oLFkk }kjk rS;kj fd,

x, okrkoj.k ds vuq:i gh gksrk gSA yksdra= esa lekt rFkk jktuhfrd O;oLFkk esa nks&rjQk

vknku&çnku ,oa lEidZrk jgrh gSA bl çdkj jktuhfrd O;oLFkk dh çÑfr jktuhfrd vk/kqfudhdj.k

dh çfØ;k dks rhoz rFkk f'kfFky nksuksa dj ldrh gSA vxj jktuhfrd O;oLFkk çtkrkaf=d gS rks ;g

jktuhfrd vk/kqfudhdj.k dks c<+kok nsxh] ij ;fn vf/kuk;doknh jktuhfrd O;oLFkk gS rks ;g

vk/kqfudhdj.k ij udkjkRed çHkko MkysxhA

jktuhfrd fl)kUr

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3- ,sfrgkfld rÙo (Historical Factors)&jktuhfrd O;oLFkk esa ifjorZu ;k jktuhfrd O;oLFkk dks vk/kqfud

cukus dk ç;kl fdl le; fd;k tk,] ;g egÙoiw.kZ ckr gS] D;ksafd bfrgkl lk{kh gS fd tc Hkh le;

dh /kkjk ds foijhr dksbZ Hkh ifjorZu fd;k x;k rks og lQy ugh gqvkA ysfdu blds foijhr bfrgkl

dh /kkjk ds vuqlkj ifjorZu ykuk vklku gh ugh gksrk] cfYd Lor% gh ;g gksus yxrk gSA

4- jktuhfrd usr`Ro (Political Leadership)&jktuhfrd usr`Ro dk jktuhfrd vk/kqfudhdj.k dks c<+kok nsus

;k jksdus esa egÙoiw.kZ LFkku gksrk gSA ;fn jktuhfrd usr`Ro vk/kqfudrk dh i{k/kj gS rks ;g

vk/kqfudhdj.k esa lgk;d fl) gksxsaA tSls Hkkjr esa jktuhfrd usrkvksa tokgjyky usg:] bafnjk xk¡/kh o

vU; usrkvksa us jktuhfrd vk/kqfudhdj.k esa lgk;rk dhA


jktuhfrd vk/kqfudhdj.k dks çHkkfor djus okys rÙoksa ls ;g fuf'pr gksrk gS fd bldk fodkl'khy ns'kksa ij

cgqr çHkko iM+k gSA fodkl'khy ns'k fodkl djuk pkgrs gSa ysfdu mudh ijEijkxr jktuhfrd lajpuk,a mUgsa

,slk djus ls jksdrh gS] tc ;s ns'k bl ca/ku ls eqDr gksxsa rHkh budk jktuhfrd vk/kqfudhdj.k gks ldrk gSA

if'peh rFkk ubZ jktuhfrd O;oLFkkvksa ds vk/kqfudhdj.k esa vUrj (Differences between Western and New Political Systems of Modernization)

vk/kqfudhdj.k dks gh lk/kkj.kr;k if'pehdj.k dgk tkrk gS] ysfdu ;g iw.kZr;% xyr gS D;ksafd uoksfnr jkT;ksa

us if'peh jkT;ksa dh udy ugh dh gSA ysfdu bu jkT;ksa esa vk/kqfudrk dh vksj c<+us dh bPNk vf/kd gSA

uoksfnr jkT;ksa esa vk/kqfudhdj.k cká 'kfDr;ksa }kjk vkjksfir gS tcfd if'peh jkT;ksa esa vk/kqfudhdj.k vkUrfjd

'kfDr;ksa vkSj çHkkoksa ds dkj.k gqvkA

okLrfodrk ;gh gS fd if'peh vkSj uoksfnr jktuhfrd O;oLFkkvksa ds vk/kqfudhdj.k esa dkQh vUrj gSA bl

vUrj dks lkekftd lajpuk ds vk/kkj ij O;Dr fd;k tk ldrk gSA ,MoMZ f'kYl us vius çfl) iqLrd

^jktuhfrd vk/kqfudhdj.k* (Political Modernization) esa uoksfnr jkT;ksa dh lkekftd ljapuk dh fo'ks"krkvksa dk

o.kZu fd;k x;k gSA ;s vUrj fuEufyf[kr gSa&

1- f'k{kk ds çlkj ds vk/kkj ij vUrj (Difference on the basis of Education)&if'peh jkT;ksa esa vf/kdrj

yksx f'kf{kr gSa] ftlds dkj.k os thou ds çfr ewY;ksa vkSj çkFkfedrkvksa ds çfr tkx:d gksrs gSa vkSj

vk/kqfudhdj.k esa lgk;d gksrs gSaA blds foijhr uoksfnr jkT;ksa esa vf/kd yksx vf'kf{kr gksrs gSa ftlds

ifj.kkeLo:i mudk thou ds ewY;ksa ds çfr n`f"Vdks.k gh cny tkrk gSA vr% vf'k{kk vk/kqfudrk ds

jkLrs esa ck/kk mRiUu djrh gSA

2- jktuhfrd O;oLFkk ds vk/kkj ij vUrj (Difference on basis of Political System)&if'peh jk"Vªksa esa

jktuhfrd O;oLFkk çtkrkaf=d gksrh gS] ljdkj turk }kjk fuokZfpr çfrfuf/k;ksa }kjk pykbZ tkrh gS]

fuokZfpr lnL; turk ds çfr mÙkjnk;h gksrs gSaA fu.kZ;dkjh çfØ;k (Decision Making Process) ij xSj

yksdrkaf=d rÙoksa dk Hkh çHkko iM+rk gSA blds foifjr uoksfnr jk"Vªksa esa jktuhfrd O;oLFkk de

çtkrkaf=d gksrh gSA ogk¡ ijEijkvksa] jhfr&fjoktksa o :f<+;ksa dk xgjk çHkko gksrk gSA jkT; ds fu.kZ; ysrs

le; turk ds fopkjksa dks /;ku esa ugh j[kk tkrkA fu.kZ;dkjh çfØ;k dqN gh yksxksa rd lhfer jgrh

gSA uoksfnr jk"Vªks esa lÙkk dk dsUæh;dj.k gksrk gS tks jktuhfrd vk/kqfudhdj.k ds jkLrs esa ck/kk curk

gSA

3- e/;e oxZ ds vk/kkj ij vUrj (Difference on the basis of Middle class)&if'peh jk"Vª vkS|ksxhÑr ,oa

uxjhÑr gksrs gSa rFkk muds e/;e oxZ dh çpqjrk gksrh gS tks dh lekt ds çR;sd i{k esa vge~ Hkwfedk

fuHkkrs gSaA blh oxZ ls ç'kkld vkSj dk;Zdkjh ukSdj'kkg fudyrs gSa tks leLr lekt dh O;oLFkk dks

xfr'khy cukrs gSaA buls gh vk/kqfudhdj.k dks leFkZu feyrk gSA blds foijhr uoksfnr jk"Vªksa esa e/;e


125

oxZ gksrk gh ugh gS vxj gksrk gS rks ux.; :i ls gksrk gSA ;gk¡ yksx vf/kdrj xzkeh.k gksrs gSa tks

vf'kf{kr gksrs gSaA os v;ksX; gksrs gS vr% vk/kqfudhdj.k dh xfr /kheh iM+ tkrh gSA

4- vkÆFkd O;oLFkk ds vk/kkj ij vUrj (Difference on the basis of Economic System)&lk/kkj.kr;k

uoksfnr jk"Vªks dh vFkZO;oLFkk Ñf"k ij vk/kkfjr gksrh gSA bu jk"Vªksa esa ijEijkxr lk/kuksa o rduhdksa dk

ç;ksx fd;k tkrk gS] bl dkj.k bu jk"Vªksa esa çfr O;fDr vk; de jg tkrh gSA bu jk"Vªksa esa iquZfuekZ.k

vkSj lq/kkj dh leL;k mifLFkr jgrh gSA blds foijhr if'peh jk"Vªksa dk vkÆFkd fodkl igys ls gks

pqdk gksrk gS ftlls mudk jgu lgu dk Lrj Å¡pk jgrk gS rFkk ogk¡ çfr O;fDr vk; vf/kd gksrh gSA

mudk jktuhfrd vk/kqfudhdj.k fuf'pr :i ls fHkUu gksrk gSA

vk/kqfud'khy jk"Vªksa ds ik¡p ekWMy (Five Models of Modernizing Nations)

uoksfnr jk"Vªksa ds lEeq[k vk/kqfud'khy jk"Vªksa ds ik¡p ekWMy ,MoMZ ,Œ f'kYl (Edward A. Shills) us çLrqr fd, gSa

ftudk o.kZu fuEufyf[kr gS&

1- jktuhfrd yksdra= (Political Democracy)

2- vk/kqfud'khy vfHktkrra= (Modernizing Oligarchy)

3- laj{kd yksdra= (Tutelory Democracy)

4- ijEijkoknh vfHktkrra= (Traditional Oligarchy)

5- lokZf/kdkjoknh vfHktkrra= (Tutalitarian Oligarchy)

1- jktuhfrd yksdra= (Political Democracy)&jktuhfrd yksdra= dk vFkZ ,slh O;oLFkk ls gS ftls çR;sd

vk/kqfudhdj.k jk"Vª çkIr djuk pkgrk gSA f'kYl us bls çfrfuf/k;kRed laLFkkvksa vkSj lkoZtfud Lor=ark

ds ek/;e ls ukxfjd 'kklu ds jkT; (A regime of Civilian Rule through Representative Institution and

Civil Liberties) ds :i esa ifjHkkf"kr fd;k gSA bl O;oLFkk dh fuEufyf[kr fo'ks"krk,a gSa&

¼d½ loksZPp fo/kkue.My (Supreme Legislature)&bl O;oLFkk esa fo/kkue.My loksZPp gksrk gS

ftldk fuokZpu turk }kjk lkoZHkkSfed erkf/kdkj ds vk/kkj ij fd;k tkrk gSA fo/kkue.My dks

dk;Zikfydk }kjk çLrqr fd, x, çLrkoksa dks Lohdkj ;k jí djus dk vf/kdkj çkIr gksrk gSA

bldh LohÑfr ds fcuk dksbZ fo/ks;d vf/kfu;e dk :i ugha ys ldrk gSA

¼[k½ jktuhfrd ny (Political Parties)&bl O;oLFkk esa jktuhfrd ny gksrs gSa vkSj cgqer çkIr ny

}kjk ljdkj dk fuekZ.k fd;k tkrk gSA vU; ny fojks/kh ny ds :i esa Hkwfedk fuHkkrs gSaA dbZ

LFkkuksa ij dk;Zikfydk dk i`Fkd :i ls pquko gksrk gS] ogk¡ ij fuokZfpr mEehnokj cgqer çkIr

ny ds lkFk feydj dk;Z pykrk gSA

¼x½ fuf'pr vof/k (Fixed Time)&dk;Zikfydk vof/k fuf'pr gksrh gSA ;g /;ku jgs vof/k

vYidkyhu gksuh pkfg,A dk;Zikfydk dh lÙkk ds fu;e Bhd rjg ls ifjHkkf"kr gksus pkfg,

rkfd dk;Zikfydk bldk nq:i;ksx u dj ldsA

¼?k½ lÙkk ij fu;=a.k (Check on Authority)&lÙkk ds nq:i;ksx dh ges'kk laHkkouk cuh jgrh gS

blfy, ;g vfr vko';d gS fd lÙkk ds nq:i;ksx ij fu;=a.k cuk jgsA lÙkk/kkjh fo/kkue.My

,oa fuokZpu e.My ds fo'okl çkIr jgus ij lÙkk esa jg ldrs gSaA turk dk fo'okl [kksrs gh

mUgsa R;kxi= ns nsuk pkfg,A

jktuhfrd fl)kUr

126

¼³½ Lora= U;k;ikfydk (Independent Judiciary)&çtkrkaf=d O;oLFkk ds fy, Lora= U;k;ikfydk

dk gksuk vko';d gSA Lora= U;k;ikfydk gksus ls lafo/kku dh lqj{kk gksrh gSA jktuhfrKksa ij

fu;=a.k cuk jgrk gSA

2- vk/kqfud'khy vfHktkrra= (Modernizing Oligarchy)&jktuhfrd yksdra= esa yksxksa dks cgqr lh lqfo/kk,a

o Lora=rk çnku dh tkrh gSA yksx dbZ ckj bl Lora=rk dk xyr ç;ksx djrs gSa ftlls vk/kqfudhdj.k

esa ck/kk mRiUu gksrh gS vr% laj{kd yksdra= dks c<+kok feyrk gSA vk'kkoknh yksx laj{kd ra= dk

vUrfje mik; ds :i esa ns[krs gS vkSj vk'kk djrs gSa fd le; vkus ij jktuhfrd yksdra= fQj ls

LFkkfir gks tk,xkA ysfdu vf/kdrj yksx jktuhfrd yksdra= ,oa laj{kd yksdra= ds çfr mnklhu gks

tkrs gSa vkSj ,d ,slh O;oLFkk dh vksj vxzlj gksrs gSa ftlesa vf/kd LFkkf;Ro feysxk vFkkZr os

yksdrkaf=d 'kklura= ls ijs gVdj ,d vf/kd vf/kdkjoknh jkT; (A more Authorative Regime) dh vksj

mUeq[k gksrs gSaA mudk fo'okl gksrk gSa fd ;g vf/kdkjoknh jkT; ml çdkj ds lekt ds fuekZ.k esa

l{ke gksxk ftldh vfHktkrra= dh ljdkj 'kfDr'kkyh] LFkk;h ,oa bZekunkj gks vkSj ftlls vk/kqfud'khy

oxZ (A Modernizing Oligarchy) dh LFkkiuk gks ldsA vk/kqfud'khy xqVra= dh fo'ks"krk fuEufyf[kr gSa&

¼d½ bl O;oLFkk esa laln dh lHkh 'kfDr;ksa dks fu;af=r dj fn;k tkrk gSA laln dk dk;Z dsoy

dk;Zikfydk ds fu.kZ;ksa dk leFkZu djuk gksrk gSA

¼[k½ fojks/k fdlh Hkh :i esa lgu ugh fd;k tkrkA lHkh fojks/kh nyks dks lekIr dj fn;k tkrk gSA

dsoy ,d gh ny dh rkuk'kkgh gksrh gSA pquko dsoy ukeek= gksrs gSaA fojks/kh nyksa ,oa usrkvksa

ij >qBs vkjksi yxk dj eqdnes pyk, tkrs gSa ;k mUgsa tsyksa esa Bw¡l fn;k tkrk gSA

¼x½ ukSdj'kkgh dks egÙoiw.kZ LFkku çkIr gksrk gSA vxj lSfud fof'k"V oxZ ds xqVra= dh LFkkiuk gS

rks vlSfud deZpkfj;ksa o vf/kdkfj;ksa dks vko';d :i esa HkrÊ fd;k tkrk gSA egÙoiw.kZ LFkku

ij vius leFkZd deZpkfj;ksa dks dk;Z djus ds fy, fu;qDr fd;k tkrk gSA

¼?k½ U;k;ikfydk dh Lora=rk dks lekIr dj fn;k tkrk gS vkSj lÙkk:+<+ fof'k"V oxZ }kjk

U;k;ikfydk dk ç;ksx vius mís';ksa dh iwÆr ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA

¼³½ tu lapkj ds lk/kuksa ij dM+k fu;=a.k gksrk gSA

vr% vk/kqfud'khy xqVra= vçtkrkaf=d gksrk gSA bl O;oLFkk esa foæksg dh laHkkouk ges'kk cuh jgrh gSA

blfy, lÙkk:< fof'k"V oxZ lsuk ;k iqfyl ds lgkjs thfor jgrk gSA

3- laj{kd ;k vfHkHkkod yksdra= (Tutelary Democracy)&jktuhfrd yksdra= ds O;ogkfjd :i dks laj{kd

vFkok vfHkHkkod yksdra= dgrs gSaA bl yksdra= esa jktuhfrd yksdra= dks lS)kfUrd :i vFkok

laj{kkRed :i ls cus jgus fn;k tkrk gS] fdUrq O;ogkj esa mls cny fn;k tkrk gSA laj{kd yksdra= esa

yksxksa ds jktuhfrd n`f"Vdks.k esa ifjorZu vk tkrk gSA yksx vius vYidkyhu mís';ksa dh çkfIr ds fy,

;k vFkZO;oLFkk esa ifjorZu ykus ds fy, ;k vk/kqfudhdj.k djus dh n`f"V ls çHkko'kkyh vkSj LFkk;h

ljdkj dh LFkkiuk djuk pkgrs gSaA laj{kd yksdra= esa dk;Zikfydk dh 'kfDr;ksa dks vf/kd foLr`r ,oa

n`< dj fn;k tkrk gSA dk;Zikfydk esa vf/kd 'kfDr;k¡ dsUdnzhr dj nh tkrh gSA fo/kkuikfydk dh

'kfDr;ksa ij vadq'k yx;k tkrk gSA jktuhfrd nyksa dh 'kfDr;ka ?kVkbZ tkrh gSA /;ku jgs dk;Zikfydk

dh 'kfDr;ka c<+krs le; dkuwu ds 'kklu vkSj lkoZtfud Lora=kvksa ds fdlh izdkj dh pksV ugha igqapkbZ

tkrhA izfrfuf/k laLFkk,a vkSj tuer laLFkk,a T;ksa dh R;ksa cuh jgrh gSa ijUrq mudh 'kfDr;ksa dks lhfer

dj fn;k tkrk gSA

laj{kd yksdra= lekt esa fof'k"V oxkZsa dks vf/kdek=k esa izHkkfor djrk gS ijUrq blds }kjk gh lektksa esa

vf/kdkjiw.kZ O;oLFkk (An Anthorative System) dh LFkkiuk dh tk ldrh gSA ;s fof'k"V oxZ lk/kkj.k

yksxksa ls gj {ks= esa vf/kd l{ke gksrs gSaA lk/kkj.k yksxksa }kjk yksdrkaf=d laLFkkvksa dks izHkko'kkyh <ax ls


127

u pykus ds dkj.k gh laj{kd yksdra= dh LFkkiuk dh tkrh gSaA vr% laj{kd yksdra= dh lQyrk

fof'k"V oxZ dh jktuhfrd yksdra= dh bPNk ij fuHkZj djrh gSA lkFk gh laj{kd yksdra= dh lQyrk

vkSj dq'kyrk ukSdj'kkgh dh Lokfe&HkfDr ij Hkh fuHkZj djrh gS d;ksafd l{ke ukSdj'kkgh gh dk;Zikfydk

dh lgk;rk dj ldrh gSA ukSdj'kkgh ls ;g vk'kk dh tkrh gS fd og laln }kjk izLrqr uhfr;ksa dh

fu"i{k vkykspuk djsA

4- ijEijkoknh vfHktkra= (Traditional Oligarchy)&fdlh Hkh lekt esa iw.kZ ifjorZu laHko ugha gSA vr%

ijEijkvksa vkSj jhfr&fjoktkas dk fdlh u fdlh :i eas izHkko gksrk gSA ijEijkoknh oxZ ra= ijEijkxr

/kkfeZd fo'okl ls lEc) 'kfDr'kkyh jktoa'kh; lafo/kku ij vk/kkfjr gksrk gSaA ;g O;oLFkk jDr laca/kksa

ij vk/kkfjr gksrh gSA ijEijkoknh oxZ ra= dh eq[; fo'ks"krk,a fuEufyf[kr gSa&

¼d½ 'kkld }kjk 'kklu lykgdkjksa dh lgk;rk ls pyk;k tkrk gSa bu lykgkdjksa dh fu;qfDr

'kkld vius lEcaf/k;ksa ;k fe=ksa esa ls djrk gSA

¼[k½ ukxfjd lsok,a (Civil Services) u ds cjkcj gksrh gSA tks gksrh Hkh gS] mudh HkrhZ izfr;ksfxrk ds

vk/kj ij u gksdj 'kkgh egyksa ds vuqpjksa esa ls gksrh gSA

¼x½ dsUnzh; ljkdj dHkh Hkh 'kfDr'kkyh ugha gksrh D;ksafd dsUnzh; lÙkk viuh lSU; 'kfDr ds fy,

izkarksa ij fuHkZj djrh gSA

¼?k½ fojks/kh ny dk vfLrRo ugha gksrkA

¼M-½ 'kkld 'kklu pykus ds fy, iqfyl o lsuk dh enn ysrk gSA

¼p½ jktuhfrd Kku dk izlkj vkSj tuer fuekZ.k djus okyh laLFkkvksa dk vkHkko gksrk gSA

5- lokZf/kdkjoknh vfHktkra= (Totalitarian Oliganchy)&lokZf/kdkjoknh fopkj/kkjk iztkra= o mnkjoknh

fopkj/kkjk ds fo:) ,d izfrfØ;k gS tks O;fDr dks xkS.k vkSj jkT; dks iz/kku lÙkk ekurs gq, lEiw.kZ

'kfDr jkT; dks iznku djuk pkgrh gSA bldk mÌs'; lUrkuksRiknu ls ysdj dkO; jpuk rd ds thou

ds lHkh {ks=ksa esa jkT; dks vlhe] vifjfer vkSj ve;kZfnr vf/kdkj iznku djuk gSA ;g euq"; ds

jktuhfrd] vkfFkZd] /kkfeZd] lkaLÑfrd vkSj vU; lHkh izdkj ds vkpkj fopkj] O;ogkj vkSj dk;kZsa ij

jkT; dk iwjk fu;a=.k vkSj izHkqRo LFkkfir djus dk izcy leFkZd gSA lokZf/kd 'kklu dh dqN izeq[k

fo'ks"krk,a bl izdkj gSa&

¼d½ lokZf/kdkj 'kklu ls dksbZ Hkwy ugha gks ldrh gSA ;g lekpkj&i=ksa] jsfM;ks] pyfp=] jaxeap o

lkfgR; vkfn ij jkT; ds fuekZ.k dks LFkkfir djuk pkgrk gSA

¼[k½ ;g iztkra= dk fojks/kh gSA vke vkneh iztkra= ds ;ksX; ugha gSA blfy, iztkra= bl nqfu;k esa

vdky ekSr ej jgk gSA

¼x½ lokZf/kdkjokn ekuo thou esa cqf) vkSj foosd dh vis{kk LokHkkfod izo`fÙk;ksa dks vf/kd egRoiw.kZ

ekurk gSA

¼?k½ lokZf/kdkjokn uSfrd fl)karksa vkSj ewY;ksa esa vkLFkk ugha j[krkA

¼M-½ fof'k"V oxZ ds yksx vf/kd vuq'kkflr vkSj ,dhÑr fudk; ds :i esa gksrs gSsaA os nyh; laLFkk ds

ek/;e ls vius fl)karksa ds ijLij dBksj :i esa ca/ks gksrs gSaA

¼p½ ny ,d vfuok;Z vax gksrk gSA ftlds }kjk 'kklu dk lapkyu gksrk gSA

¼N½ jkT; dh ,dkRed LFkkfir djus ds fy, /keZ dks jkT; ds v/khu j[kk tkrk gSA

lokZf/kdkj jkT; esa dkuwu ds 'kklu] Lora= U;k;ikfydk vkSj fojks/kh ny dk dksbZ LFkku ugha gksrkA ,d gh ny

dk 'kklu gksrk gSA ny }kjk fuf'pr <k¡ps ij gh turk dks pyuk iM+rk gSA

jktuhfrd fl)kUr

128


fucU/kkRed iz'u (Essay Type Questions) 1- vk/kqfudhdj.k ls vki D;k le>rs gSa\ vk/kqfudhdj.k dh eq[; fo'ks"krkvksa dk o.kZu dhft,A

What do you mean by Modernization? What are main characteristics of Modernization.

2- vk/kqfudhdj.k dh ifjHkk"kk nhft,A vk/kqfudhdj.k ds fofHké i{kksa dk o.kZu dhft,A

Define Modernization. Explain the various aspects of Modernization.

3- vk/kqfudhdj.k dh ifjHkk"kk nhft, rFkk blds rRoksa dk o.kZu dhft,A

Define Modernization and discuss its factors.

4- vk/kqfudhdj.k ls vki D;k le>rs gSa\ vk/kqfudhdj.k ds ekxZ esa vkus okys ck/kkvksa dh foospuk djsaA

What do you mean by Modernization? Explain the hindrances in the way of Modernization.

5- jktuhfrd vk/kqfudhdj.k D;k gS] jktuhfrd vk/kqfudhdj.k dh eq[; fo'ks"krkvksa dk o.kZu dhft,A

What is Political Modernization? Discuss the main characteristics of Political Modernization.

6- jktuhfrd vk/kqfudhdj.k ds rRoksa dk o.kZu dhft,A ifj'peh rFkk ubZ jktuhfrd O;oLFkkvksa ds

vk/kqfudhdj.k esa vUrj Li"V dhft,A

Discuss the Determinants and factors of Political Modernization. Differentiate between Western and

New Political System of Modernization.

7- vk/kqfud jk"Vªksa ds fofHké ekWMyksa dk o.kZu dhft,A

Explain the various Models of Modernizing Nation.

jktuhfrd fodkl

129

v/;k; 11 jktuhfrd fodkl (Political Development)

fodkl dk vFkZ

fodkl dh ifjHkk"kk

fodkl ds mís';

fodkl ds fofHkUu i{k

jktuhfrd fodkl dh vo/kkj.kk

jktuhfrd fodkl dk fo'ys"k.k

jktuhfrd fodkl dh fo'ks"krk,a

jktuhfrd fodkl ds pj.k

jktuhfrd fodkl ds lwpd

jktuhfrd fodkl dh mi;ksfxrk

ifjorZu thou dk vk/kkj gSA ifjorZu O;fDrxr] LFkkuh;] jk"Vªh; vUrZjk"Vªh; vk/kkj ij gksrk gSA fodkl dh

vo/kkj.kk dk lEcU/k ifjorZu ls crk;k tkrk gSA vr% fodkl jk"Vªh; o vUrjkZ"Vªh; Lrj ij gksrk jgrk gSA ftu

ns'kksa esa fodkl iw.kZ :i ls gks pqdk gS] mu ns'kksa dks fodflr ns'k dgk tkrk gS vkSj ftu ns'kksa esa vHkh Hkh fodkl

py jgk gS mu ns'kksa dks fodkl'khy ns'k ;k r`rh; fo'o ds jk"Vª Hkh dgk tkrk gSA çFke fo'o ds jk"Vª esa

vesfjdk rFkk mlds xqV esa lfEefyr ns'k vkrs Fks] tcfd nwljs fo'o ds jk"Vª esa lksfo;r la?k rFkk mlds leFkZd

ns'k vkrs FksA r`rh; fo'o ds jk"Vª ds vUrxZr lkezkT;oknh 'kfDr;ksa ;k ;wjksih; vkSifuos'kokn dh nklrk ls eqDr

vkfFkZd] lkekftd rFkk jktuhfrd fodkl ds iz;Ru'khy jk"Vª gSA lksfo;r la?k ds ,d jk"Vª ds :i esa lekIr gksus

ij f}rh; fo'o ds jk"Vª dh vo/kkj.kk lekIr gks x;h rFkk vc fo'o dsoy ,d /kzqoh; ;kfu vesfjdk ds bnZ&fxnZ

jgk x;k gSA lkezkT;oknh 'kfDr;ksa ;kfu ;qjksfi; vkSifuos'k us ,f'k;k] vÝhdk rFkk ySfVu&vesfjdk ds vf/kdka'k

ns'kksa dks yEcs le; rd viuk nkl cukdj j[kk rFkk vkfFkZd 'kks"k.k dj muds lkekftd] lkaL—frd] vkfFkZd

rFkk jktuhfrd fodkl dks vo:) dj j[kk FkkA ifj.kke Lo:i ;s ns'k vfodflr jgsaA f}rh; fo'o ;q) ds

i'pkr~ bu ns'kksa ds yksxksa esa tkx̀fr mRiUu gksus yxh ftlds dkj.k ;gk¡ ds yksxksa us Lora=rk&izkfIr ds fy,

vkUnksyu pyk,A cgqr&ls ns'kksa es vkUnksyu lQy jgk rFkk mUgksaus Lora=rk izkIr dh bu Lora= ns'kksa ds lkeus

loZizFke fodkl dh izeq[k leL;k ;kfu ekuo dh loZizeq[k vko';drk&jksVh] diM+k vkSj edku dh iwfrZ djuk

FkkA vr% bu Lora= ns'kksa us loZizFke vius vkfFkZd fodkl dh vkSj /;ku fn;kA rRi'pkr~ lkekftd] lkaLd`frd o

jktuhfrd {ks=ksa esa fodkl] izkjEHk gqvkA vr% fodkl dh vo/kkj.kk lkekftd fodkl] vkfFkZd fodkl rFkk

jktuhfrd fodkl ls ijLij tqM+k gqvk gSaA

fodkl dk vFkZ (Meaning of Development)

ifjorZu ls gh fodkl dh vo/kkj.kk dk lacU/k tksM+k x;k gSaA vk/kqfud HkkSfrdoknh ;qx esa O;fDr ;k lekt ds

fodkl dh vo/kkj.kk dk vFkZ vkfFkZd fodkl ls fy;k tkrk gSA HkSfrdokn ls lacaf/kr nks eq[; fopkj/kkjk,a

gS&iwathokn rFkk lkH;oknA bl le; lkH;oknh fopkj /kkjk vius vUrZfojks/kksa ds dkj.kksa ls u"V gksrh tk jgh gS

jktuhfrd fl)kUr

130

vkSj iwathoknh fopkj /kkjk vius gh cks> esa ncdj lekIr gksus ds dxkj ij gSA ysfdu euq"; dsoy HkkSfrd y{;ksa

gh ugha cfYd muls Hkh mPprj y{;ksa dh izkfIr ds fy, thfor jgrk gSA og HkkSfrd lq[k dh izkfIr djuk pkgrk

gSA

fodkl dh ifjHkk"kk (Definition of Development)

fofHkUu fo}kuksa us fodkl dh ifjHkk"kk fHkUu&fHkUu rjhdksa ls fn;k gS vr% bldh tfVyrk c<+ tkrh gSA dqN

fo}kuksa fodkl dks jktuhfr dh ,slh fLFkfr ekurs gSa tks vkfFkZd mUufr es a lqfo/kk igq¡pk ldsA dqN yksx bldk

lEcU/k jktuhfrd] lkekftd o vkfFkZd ifjorZu ls crkrs gSaA dqN fo}ku vkS|ksfxd lektksa dh fo'ks"k jktuhfr

ds :i esa fodkl dk v/;;u djrs gSa] dqN ys[kd jktuhfrd fodkl dks vk/kqfudhdj.k dk lwpd ekurs gSaA

fodkl dks jkT; dh jkT; dh laLFkkvksa ds izlax jk"Vªokn dh jktuhfr Hkh ekuk x;k gSa bl –f"Vdks.k ds vUrZxr

fodkl ds fy, jk"Vªokn dk gksuk vko';d gksxkA dqN fo}ku fodkl dk vFkZ iz'kkluh; vkSj oS/kkfud fodkl ls

ysrs gSA dqN yksxksa dk ekuuk gS fd jktuhfr esa vf/kd ls vf/kd yksxksa dk Hkkx ysuk Hkh fodkl esa 'kkfey gSaA

fofHkUu fo}kuksa us ^fodkl* dks fuEufyf[kr rjhds ls ifjHkkf"kr fd;k gS&

1- eSdsath ¼Mackenzi½ ds vuqlkj] ^^fodkl lekt esa mPpLrh; vuqdwyu ds izfr vuqdwy gksus dh {kerk

gSA**

2- foy;e pSEclZ (William Chambers) ds 'kCnksa esa] **fodkl dks ,d ,lh vkfFkZd o jktuhfrd O;oLFkk dh

vksj vxzlj le>k tk ldrk gSa ftlesa mu leL;kvksa dk lek/kku <w¡<+us dh {kerk gks ftudk mls

lkeuk djuk iM+rk gSA mlesa lajpukvksa dk fuosnu vkSj dk;ksZa dh fof'k"Vrk gksrh gSA**

3- Y;qflu ikbZ (Lucin Pye) ds erkuqlkj] ^^jktuhfrd fodkl] laL—fr dk folj.k (difussion) vkSj thou

ds iqjkus izfrekuksa dks ubZ ekaxksa ds vuqdwy cukus] mUgsa muds lkFk feykus ;k muds lkFk lkeatL; cSBkuk

gSA**

4- vke.M vkSj ikosy ¼Almond and Powell½ ds vuqlkj] ^^fodkl jktuhfrd lajpukvksa dh vfHko`f)]

fofHkUuhdj.k vkSj fo'ks"kdj.k rFkk jktuhfrd lkaL—frd dk c<+k gqvk ykSfddhdj.k gSA**

5- ,pŒ feVyeSu ¼H.Miltman½ ds vuqlkj] ^^fodkl dk vFkZ lkekftd y{;ksa dh iwfrZ ds fy, izk—frd vkSj

ekuoh; lalk/kuksa ds rdZ&laxr iz;ksx dh {kerk dks c<kuk gSA**

6- ,yÝM Mk;es.V ¼Alfred Diament½ ds dFkkuqlkj] ^^fodkl ,d ,lh izfØ;k gS ftlds }kjk ,d

jktuhfrd O;oLFkk ds u, izdkj ds y{;ksa dk fujUrj lQy :i esa izkIr djus dh {kerk cuh jgrh gSA**

mijksDr ifjHkkvksa ds vk/kkj ij ;g dgk tk ldrk gS fd fodkl ,d fuf'pr y{; dh izkkfIr ek= ugha

gS cfYd ;g ,slh izfØ;k tks lajpukvksa ;k laLFkkvksa dk fuekZ.k djrh gS tks lekt esa mRiUu meL;kvksa

dk lek/kku fudkyus esa leFkZ gksA

fodkl ds mís'; (Aims of Development)

tc ge fodkl ds mís'; dh ckr djrs gSa rks bl lEcU/k esa ;g mYys[kuh; gS fd vk/kqfud ;qx esa fodkl dh

ifjHkk"kk ;k y{; cny x;k gSA ,d le; Fkk] tc fodkl dk vFkZ euq"; dh ekSfyd vko';drkvksa dh iwfrZ ls

FkkA ysfdu vkt lkekU; yksx vko';d oLrqvksa ds lkFk&lkFk foykl dh oLrqvkas dk Hkh viHkksx djus yxsa gSaA

vFkkZr~ orZeku esa vkfFkZd –f"V ls lcy o nqcZy oxksZa dh vo/kkj.kk o /kwfey gks xbZ gSaA

fodkl ds mís'; dk fooj.k fuEu fyf[kr :i ls fn;k tk ldrk gSA

jktuhfrd fodkl

131

1- thou dk Lrj (Standard of Living)&fodkl dk izFke egÙoiw.kZ y{; ;g gS fd yksxksa ds jgu&lgu ds

Lrj dk fodkl gksA bldk rkRi;Z gS fd yksxksa ds thou ds Lrj dh u dsoy vko';d lqfo/kk,a izkIr gksa

cfYd mUgsa os lqfo/kk,a Hkh feyuh pkfg, ftUgsa izkIr djds os vius thou dks lq[kh vkSj lEiUu cuk ldsaA

mUgsa os lqfo/kk,a izkIr gksus pkfg, ftUgsa izkIr gksus pkfg, djds os viuh izfrHkk ,oa dk;Z dq'kyrk dk

fodkl dj ldsaA

2- iz—fr dk nksgu (Exploitation of Nature)&fodkl dk nwljk mís'; iz—fr dk nksgu gSaA HkkSfrdokfn;ksa

dh ;g /kkj.kk gS fd tks Hkh bl fo'o esa gS mldk pje miHkksx fd;k tkuk pkfg,A vr% vkt os iz—fr

dk vf/kd ls vf/kd 'kks"k.k dj jgsa gSa ijUrq blds chp larqyu cuk;s j[kuk vR;kf/kd vko';d gSA vr%

fo}kuksa us izk—frd lk/kuksa dk 'kks"k.k u djds mudk ek= nksgu (Milking of Nature) djus ij cy fn;k

gSA

3- nfjnz dh lgk;rk ¼Helping of the Poor½&fodkl ds fy, jkT; }kjk fofHkUu ;kstukvksa dk fuekZ.k fd;k

tkrk gSa ysfdu fodkl dks okLrfod fodkl rHkh le>k tk ldrk gSA tc blls nfjnzrk de gksxhA

fodkl ls lHkh dk fo'k"ksdj nfjnzksa dk dY;k.k gksuk pkfg,A blds fy, ljdkj dks pkfg, dh fuos'k

xzkeh.k {ks= esa fd;k tk, ftls xzkeh.k {ks=ksa dk Hkh fodkl gks ldsA jkstxkj miyC/k djokuk] (To

Provieds Jobs) fodkl dk ,d vksj y{; ns'k ds ukxfjdksa dks jkstxkj miyC/k djkuk gSA vk/kqfud ;qx

esa ftu ns'kksa dh tula[;k vf/kd gS ogk¡ csjkstxkjh dh leL;k dkQh c<+ x;h gSA ;gh ugha csjkstxkjh

dh leL;k baXyS.M+] vesfjdk vkfn mUur ns'kksa esa Hkh fodV :i /kkj.k djrh tk jgh gSA ;g ckr vyx

gS fd fodflr ns'kksa esa csjkstxkjksa dks csdkjh HkÙkk (unemployment allowance) fn;k tkrk gSA ijUrq ;g

leL;k dk lek/kku ugha gSA ;g Bhd gS fd bl HkÙks ls csjkstxkj O;fDr dh HkkSfrd vko';drk rks iwjh

gks tkrh gS ysfdu mldh ekufld ihM+k dk dksbZ lek/kku ugha fudyrk D;ksadh og csjkstxkj gksus ij

vius vki dks lekt ls vokafNr O;fDr le>rk gSA vr% fodkl ds y{; dks r; djrs le; csjkstxkjh

dks nwj djus dk izko/kku j[kk tk;A

5- yksdra= dk fodkl (Development of Democracy)&yksdra=] fodkl dk ,d vU; y{; gSA ^fodkl*

yksdra= ds fodkl esa lgk;rk djrk gS rFkk blds QyLo:i yksdra= fodkl esa viuk ;ksxnku djrk

gSA ;g lgh gS fd rkuk'kkgh ns'kksa esa fodkl dh xfr rhoz gksrh gSA ijUrq ;g fpjLFkk;h ugha gksrh gS

D;ksafd blesa turk ds lg;ksx dk vkHkko gksrk gSA yksdra= ds fodkl esa tu lg;ksx gksrk gSA ;g

fodkl [kqyk vkSj tufgrk; gksrk gSA

fodkl ds fofHkUu i{k (Aspects of Development)

euq"; thou ds dbZ i{k gS tSls lkekftd] vkfFkZd] jktuhfrd rFkk /kkfeZdA euq"; tc bu {ks=ksa esa fodflr gks

tk, rHkh mldk thou fodflr dgyk,xkA eq[; :i ls fodkl ds rhu i{kksa dk o.kZu feyrk gS tks bl izdkj

gSaA

1- lkekftd fodkl ¼Social Development½&euq"; tc bl Hkwfe ij dne j[kk Fkk mlh fnu lekt dk

fuekZ.k gks x;k FkkA izkphu lekt vk/kqfud lekt ls fHkUu Fkk rFkk /khjs&/khjs lekt dk fodkl gqvkA

bldk vFkZ gS fd izkphu lekt esa ifjorZu gksuk gh lekftd fodkl dgykrk gSA lekt esa lekftd

U;k; dh O;oLFkk djuk] tkr&ikr dh Hkkouk dks nwj djuk] lekftd lekurk LFkkfir djuk] /kkfeZd

Hksn&Hkko dks nwj djuk] lkoZtfud f'k{kk] tu&LokLF; dh lqfo/kk, rFkk edku dh lqfo/kk, miyC/k

djkus] vusd lekftd dqjhfr;ksa dks nwj djuk vkfn lekftd fodkl ds {ks= esa vkrs gSA

2- vkfFkZd fodkl ¼Economic Development½&vkfFkZd fodkl lekt ds vkfFkZd ls lacaf?kr gSaA vkfFkZd

fodkl ds ckjs esa dqN fo}kuksa dk dguk gS fd vkfFkZd fodkl dk vFkZ dqy jk"Vªh; vk; esa o`f) ls rFkk

jktuhfrd fl)kUr

132

dqN fo}ku izfr O;fDr okLrfod vk; esa o`f) ls yxkrs gSaA dqN us vkfFkZd dY;k.k esa o`f) dks vkfFkZd

fodkl ekuk gSA vk/kqfud ;qx ds fo}kuksa us vkfFkZd fodkl dh fopkj/kkjk dks iw.kZ fodkl dk :i ekuk

gSA vr% vkfFkZd fodkl dk y{; dsoy izfr O;fDr okLrfod vk; esa o`f) ykuk gh ugha] cfYd jk"Vªh;

vk; esa o`f) ykus ds fy, mRiknu dh iz.kkfy;ksa dk vk/qfudhdj.k djuk] jkstxkj ds volj c<+kuk]

m|ksxksa dk fodkl djuk] jkstxkj ds volj c<+kuk] m|ksxksa dk fodkl djuk] vkfFkZd fo"kerkvksa dks nwj

djuk] ubZ VsDukWyth dk fodkl djuk] izk—frd lalk/kuksa dk lgh :i ls nksgu djuk vkfn lHkh

vkfFkZd fodkl ds {ks= esa vkrs gSA

3- jktuhfrd fodkl ¼Political Development½&fodkl dh vo/kkj.kk dk vFkZ lk/kkj.kr% jktuhfrd fodkl

ls tksM+k tkrk gSA jktuhfrd fodkl ds Lo:iksa ds ckjs esa dqN fo}kuksa us jktuhfrd fodkl dks ,slh

fLFkfr ekuk gSa tks vkfFkZd mUufr esa lqfo/kk igq¡pk ldsaA dbZ fo}ku~ vkS|ksfxd lektksa esa fo'ks"k jktuhfr

ds :i esa jktuhfrd fodkl dk v/;;u djrs gSaA dqN ys[kd jktuhfrd fodkl dks jktuhfrd

vk/kqfudhdj.k dk lalwpd ekurs gSaA ;g Hkh dgk tkrk gSa fd jktuhfrd fodkl jkT; dh laLFkkvksa ds

izlax esa jk"Vªokn dh jktuhfr gSA bl n`f"Vdks.k ls jk"Vªokn jktuhfrd fodkl dh vko';d ifjfLFkfr

gSaA dqN fopkjdksa us jktuhfrd fodkl dks iz'kkldh; vkSj oS/kkfud fodkl ekuk gSaA dbZ yksxksa us ;g Hkh

ekuk gSa fd jktuhfrd fodkl esa dqN lhek rd ;g Hkh lefUor gS fd vf/kd&ls&vf/kd yksx

jktuhfrd dk;ksZa esa Hkkx ysa

jktuhfrd fodkl dh vo/kkj.kk (Concept of Political Development)

lekt esa ifjorZu vkus dh izfØ;k dks fodkl dgk x;k gSA ysfdu lekt esa dbZ rjg ds ifjorZu vkrs gSaA

jktuhfrd ifjorZu muesa ls ,d gSa jktuhfrd ifjorZu dh izfØ;k jktuhfrd fodkl dh laKk nh tkrh gSA

blfy, Msfol rFkk ysfol us dgk gS] ^^jktuhfrd laLFkku cnyrs gSa vkSj jktuhfrd ewY; cnyrs gSA^^ dqN

lektksa esa ifjorZu ØkafUrdkjh rjhdksa ls vkrk gSA vkSj dqN esa ;g lgt <ax ;k fodkloknh izfØ;k ls vkrk gSA

vr% jktuhfrd O;oLFkkvksa ds chp vkus okys ifjorZu dk fo'ys"k.k djus ds fy, jktuhfrd fodkl fd;k x;k

gSA

Y;wflu ikbZ] vke.M] dksyeSu] fjXl vkSj ekbuj ohuj] MsfoM ,sIVj] ,lŒ ihŒ gkWfUVaxVu] jkcVZ VhŒ gksYM] ,lŒ

,eŒ fyIls] flMuh oxZ vkfn fo}ku~ bl izR;e ds iz;ksx esa yxs tks fodkl dh lEiw.kZrk ds lUnHkZ esa u, jkT;ksa

dh jktuhfrd izfØ;kvksa dks le>us esa lgk;d gksaA bu fo}kuksa us jktuhfrd fodkl ds izR;; dk iz;ksx bl

izdkj fd;k] ftlls jktuhfrd ifjorZuksa dks le>k tk ldsaA

1- fofy;e pSEclZ (William Chambers) ds vuqlkj] Þjktuhfrd fodkl dks ,d ,slh vkÆFkd o jktuhfrd

O;oLFkk dh vksj vxzlj le>k tk ldrk gS ftlesa mu leL;kvksa dk lek/kku <aw<+us dh {kerk gks

ftudk mls lkeuk djuk iM+rk gSA mlesa lajpukvksa dk fuosnu vkSj dk;ksZa dh fof'k"Vrk gksrh gSA**

2- ,yÝM Mk;es.V ds 'kCnksa esa] ^^jktuhfrd fodkl ,d ,lh izfØ;k gS ftlds }kjk ,d jktuhfrd O;oLFkk

ds u, izdkj ds y{;ksa dk fujarj lQy :i es izkIr djus dh {kerk cuh jgrh gSA**

3- eSdsath (Mackenzie) ds vuqlkj] ^^jktuhfrd fodkl lekt esa mPpLrjh; vuqdwyu ds izfr vuqdwyu

gksus dh {kerk gSA**

4- ,lŒ ,uŒ btsuLVsM ¼M.N. Eisenstade½ ^^jktuhfrd fodkl ds vUrxZr jktuhfrd O;oLFkk ds fofo/k

ekxksZ rFkk laxBuksa dks vkRelkr djus dh ;ksX;rk gSA blesa uohu o ifjofrZr leL;kvksa dk lek/kku

<aw<+usa dh ;ksX;rk Hkh 'kkfey gSA ftudks O;oLFkk tUe nsrh gks vFkok tks bls cká L=ksrksa ls vkRelkr

djuh iM+rh gSA**

jktuhfrd fodkl

133

5- vke.M vkSj ikosy ¼Almond and Powell½ ds 'kCnksa esa] ^^jktuhfrd fodkl jktuhfrd lajpukvksa dh

vfHko`f)] fofHkUuhdj.k vkSj fo'ks"kdj.k rFkk jktuhfrd laL—fr dk c<+k gqvk ykSfddhdj.k gSA**

6- tkXokjkbZo ¼Jagvarible½ ds 'kCnksa esa] ^^jktuhfrd fodkl ,d izfØ;k ds :i ls jktuhfrd vk/kqfufddj.k

rFkk jktuhfrd laLFkkdj.k dk tksM+ gSA**

7- eSdsath ¼Mackenzie½ ds vuqlkj] ^^jktuhfrd fodkl lekt esa mPpLrjh; vuqdwyu ds izfr vuqdwy gksus

dh {kerk gSA** vr% ;g dgk tk ldrk gS fd jktuhfrd fodkl jktuhfrd lajpukvksa dk fofHkUuhdj.k

rFkk fo'ks"kdj.k ,oa jktuhfrd laL—fr dk c<+rk gqvk ykSfddj.k gS ftlls turk esa lekurk vkSj

jktuhfrd O;oLFkk esa dk;Z{kerk rFkk mldh mi&O;oLFkkvksa esa Lok;Ùkrk vk tk,A

jktuhfrd fodkl dk fo'ys"k.k (Interpretation of Political Development)

fofHkUu fo}kuksa us jktuhfrd fodkl o mlds fo'ys"k.k ds ckjs esa fHkUu&fHkUu fopkj izdV fd, gSaA lHkh

vius&vius <ax ls jktuhfrd fodkl ds fo'ys"k.k lEca/kh fopkj izdV fd, gSaA jktuhfrd fodkl dh fofHkUu

O;k[;kvksa dk o.kZu fuEufyf[kr gS %&

1- jktuhfrd fodkl vkfFkZd fodkl dk jktuhfrd iwoZ 'krZ gS ¼Political development is the political pre-

requisite of economic development½&izFke O;k[;k ds vuqlkj jktuhfrd fodkl vkÆFkd fodkl dh iwoZ

'krZ gSaA nwljs 'kCnksa esa jktuhfrd fodkl jktuhfrd dks ,slh fLFkfr gS tks vkfFkZd mUufr esa lqfo/kk

igaqapk ldsA bldk vFkZ gS fd jktuhfrd fodkl vkSj vkÆFkd fodkl esa xgjk laca/k gSA jktuhfrd

fodkl vkSj vkfFkZd leL;kvksa dk lek/kku djus ds fy, jktuhfrd ifjfLFkfr;ksa dk vuqdwy cukuk

vko';d gSA

2- jktuhfrd fodkl vkS|ksfxd lektksa dh fof'k"V jktuhfr ds :i esa ¼Political development as the

politics typical of industrial society½&nwwljh O;k[;k jktuhfr fodkl dks vkS|ksfxd lektksa dh fof'k"V

jktuhfr ds :i esa izdV djrh gSa ;g fopkj izLrqr fd;k x;k gS fd vkS|ksfxd tho U;wukf/kd :i ls

,d ,sls lkekU; izdkj ds jktuhfrd thou dks izdV djrk gSa ftls dksbZ Hkh lekt izkIr djus ds fy,

iz;Ru'khy gksrk gS] pkgs okLro esa og vkS|ksxh—r gks ;k ughaA vr% izR;sd vkS|ksfxd lekt jktuhfrd

dk;Z&lapkyu ds fy, fo'ks"k ekin.M~ izLrqr djrk gS tks fd jktuhfrd fodkl esa lgk;d gksrs gSa rFkk

lHkh jktuhfrd O;oLFkkvksa ds fy, fodkl ds leqfpr y{;ksa dk izfrfuf/kÙo djrs gSaA

3- jktuhfrd fodkl jk"Vªh; jkT; ds O;ogkj ds :i esa (Political Development is the form of behaviour

of the nation state)&rhljh O;k[;k ds vuqlkj jk"Vªh; jkT; vk/kqfudrk vkSj jktuhfrd fodkl nksuksa ds

fy, vko';d gSaA jk"Vªh;rk dh Hkkouk jktuhfrd fodkl dk ToyUr fpUg gS vkSj blfy, dHkh&dHkh

jktuhfrd fodkl dks jk"Vªokn dh jktuhfr dg fn;k tkrk gSA ijUrq /;ku jgs fd jk"Vªokn jktuhfrd

fodkl ds fy, vko';d gS] fdUrq i;kZIr ugha A

4- jktuhfrd fodkl vk/kqfudhdj.k dk :i gS (Political Development is Modernization)&pkSFkh O;oLFkk

esa jktuhfrd fodkl dks jktuhfrd vk/kqfudhdj.k ds :i esa izLrqr fd;k x;k gS] vFkkZr~ ;g jktuhfrd

vk/kqfudhdj.k dk lekukFkZd gSA bl n`f"Vdks.k ds leFkZdksa dh ekU;rk gS fd ftu ns'kksa esa yksdra= gS]

ogka dh turk ns'k dh jktuhfr esa lfØ; :i ls Hkkx ysrh gSA tUe ls vf/kd ;ksX;rk dks egÙo fn;k

tkrk gS vkSj tgka Lora= jktuhfrd laLFkkvksa dk vfLrÙo gS] ogka jktuhfrd vk/kqfudhdj.k gS rFkk bl

izdkj ds ns'kksa vFkok ,slh jktuhfrd O;oLFkkvksa dks jktuhfrd :i ls fodflr le>k tkuk pkfg,A

bl er ds leFkZd if'peh O;ogkj vkSj O;oLFkk dks vk/kqfud ekurs gSa rFkk mls lHkh jktuhfrd

O;oLFkkvksa ds ,d ekin.M~ ds :i esa ysrs gSaA jktuhfrd fodkl iw.kZ :i ls vk/kqfud ugha gS D;ksadh

jktuhfrd fl)kUr

134

if'peh ns'kksa esa fodkl ds u,&u, eqís iSnk gks jgsa gSA tSls& i;kZoj.k mUeqyu] 'kks"k.k rFkk vekuoh;rk

ds fpUg rFkk vk.kfod ;q) dh lEHkkouk dks de djuk vkfnA

5- jktuhfrd fodkl iz'kkldh; vkSj oS/kkfud fodkl ds :i esa (Political Development is the form of

Administration and Legislative Development)&fdlh Hkh jktuhfrd O;oLFkk dks dq'kyrk&iwoZd dk;Z

djus ds fy, ;g vko';d gS fd ogka dh 'kklu&iz.kkyh vkSj dkuwu lw{e gksus pkfg,A bldk vfHkizk;

;g gS fd jktuhfrd fodkl ds fy, iz'kkldh; laLFkk,a bl izdkj ls dq'ky o fodflr gksuh pkfg, fd

os vius lkeus vkus okyh gj leL;k dk lek/kku fudky ldsa vkSj iz'kklu dks dq'kyrk iwoZd pyk

ldsaA

6- jktuhfrd fodkl cgqla[;d tu leqnk; ds ;ksxnku ds :i esa ¼Political Develpment is the

Contribution of Majority Community½&NBh O;k[;k ds vuqlkj jktuhfrd fodkl cgqla[;d tu

lqnk; ds ;ksxnku ds :i esa izLrqr fd;k x;k gSA tgka turk jktuhfr esa vf/kd lfØ; gS] ogka

jktuhfrd ds y{k.k gSaA pquko] jktuhfrd leL;k,a] izpkj] izn'kZu vkfn jktuhfrd fodkl ds fpUg ekus

tkrs gSaA Y;wflu ikbZ dk dguk gS fd ;|fi vf/kdkf/kd yksxksa }kjk jktuhfr esa Hkkx ysuk fu'p; gh

jktuhfrd fodkl dk izrhd gS] fdUrq yksdfiz; Hkkoukvksa dks lkoZtufd O;oLFkk ds lkFk lUrqfyr djus

dh vfuok;Zrk dk /;ku j[kuk gksxk] vFkok bldk izHkko Hkz"Vkpkj iq.kZ fudysxkA

7- jktuhfrd fodkl yksdra= dk fuekZ.k gSA ¼Political Development is establisment of

Democracy½&lkroha O;k[;k ds vuqlkj yksdra= dh LFkkiuk vkSj fodkl dks jktuhfrd fodkl ekuk

tkrk gSA yksdrkaf=d laLFkkvksa dk fuekZ.k fd;k tkrk gS rFkk yksdrkaf=d y{;ksa dh miyfC/k ds fy,

vf/kdkf/kd iz;kl fd, tkrs gSaA fofHkUu 'kklu iz.kkfy;ksa esa yksdra= dks lcls mÙke 'kklu iz.kkyh ekuk

tkrk gSA vkSj fodkl dh izfØ;k }kjk tgka yksdra= ugha gS] ogka yksdra= LFkkfir fd;k tkrk gSa vkSj

tgka yksdra= gS ogka mldh laLFkkvksa dks vf/kd dk;Zdq'ky vkSj –<+ cuk;k tkrk gSA

8- jktuhfrd fodkl lkekftd o vkfFkZd ifjorZu ds :i esa (Political Development as a Social and

Economic Change)&vkBoh O;k[;k ds vuqlkj jktuhfrd fodkl lkekftd ,oa vkfFkZd ifjorZu gSA

ns'k dh lkekftd ,oa vkfFkZd izxfr gh jktuhfrd fodkl ls lEcfU/kr gSA lekftd ;k vkfFkZd ifjorZu

;k fodkl 'kklu esa LFkkf;Ùo ij fuHkZj djrk gSA LFkkf;Ùo dk vFkZ gS fd 'kklu&iz.kkyh esa tYnh&tYnh

ifjorZu u vk, vkSj tks ifjorZu yk, tk,a] os O;ofLFkr :i ls yk,A tks LFkkf;Ùo dsoy fLFkjrk vkSj

;FkkfLFkfr dk leFkZu djrk gks] mls fodkl ugha dgk tk ldrk gSA LFkkf;Ùo dk vFkZ fodkl ls rHkh

fy;k tk ldrk gS tc og vkfFkZd ,oa lekftd izxfr ls lEcfU/kr gksA

9- jktuhfrd fodkl xfr'khyrk vkSj 'kfDr dk :i gS ¼Political Development as Mobility and

force½&ukSosa –f"Vdks.k ds vuqlkj jktuhfrd fodkl dks xfr'khyrk vkSj 'kfDr ds :i esa izLrqr fd;k

x;k gSA dqN fo}kuksa }kjk ;g dgk x;k gS fd 'kklu esa xfr'khyrk ykuk vkSj 'kfDr dks c<+kuk gh

jktuhfrd fodkl gSA fdlh Hkh 'kklu O;oLFkk dks izk—frd lk/kuksa o ekuoh; laLkk/kuksa dk iz;ksx djds

xfr'khy cuk;k tk ldrk gSA ;gh ugha 'kklu dks 'kfDr'kkyh cukuk Hkh vko';d gS D;ksafd 'kfDr'kkyh

'kklu gh vius lkeus vkbZ fofHkUu leL;kvksa dk lek/kku dq'kyrk&iwoZd <wa< ldrk gSA jktuhfrd

fodkl dk i{k Hkh yksdra= dh LFkkiuk rFkk mls –<+ cukus dh vkSj b'kkjk djrk gS D;ksafd yksdra=h;

O;oLFkk esa tu&lk/kkj.k dk vf/kdkf/kd leFkZu 'kklura= dks izkIr gksrk gSA

10- jktuhfrd fodkl dk cgqi{kh; :i (Multidimensial View of Political Development)&vfUre –

f"Vdks.k ds vuqlkj jktuhfrd fodkl cgqeq[kh lkekftd ifjorZu dk ,d igyw gSA bl fopkj ds

jktuhfrd fodkl dks ge fodkl ds vU; igyqvksa ls lEcfU/kr djrs gSA lekt esa tSls&tSls lkekftd

o vkfFkZd ifjorZu vkrs jgrs gSa rks muds lkFk&lkFk jktuhfrd fodkl gksrk jgrk gS vFkkZr~ jktuhfrd

fodkl dh izfØ;k fujUrj pyrh jgrh gSA

jktuhfrd fodkl

135


mijksDr nl O;k[;kvksa ds vk/kkj ij jktuhfrd fodkl ds dbZ /kkjk.kk;sa lkeus vkrh gSaA jktuhfrd fodkl dks

jk"Vªh; vkRelEeku o vUrjkZ"Vªh; ekeyksa esa izfr"Bk Hkh le>k tk ldrk gSA jktuhfrd fodkl] bu lHkh fopkjksa

ls ;g Li"V gks tkrk gS fd bl /kkj.kk dh ifjHkk"kk djuk dkQh dfBu gSaA

jktuhfrd fodkl dh fo'ks"krk,a ¼Characteristics of Political Development½

eq[; :i ls nks fopkjdksa Y;qflu ikbZ rFkk vke.M o ikosy us jktuhfrd fodkl dh fo'ks"krk dk o.kZu fd;k gSA

vr% bu nksuksa fopkjdksa ds }kjk fn;s x, y{k.kksa dk vyx&vyx o.kZu djds lkekU; fo'ks"krkvksa ds ckjs esa fu"d"kZ

fudkyk tk ldrk gSA

¼d½ Y;qfl;u ikbZ }kjk jktuhfrd fodkl dh fo'ks"krk,a ¼Characteristics of Political Development by

Lucian Pye½&blds }kjk nh xbZ fo'ks"krk,a fuEufyf[kr gSaA bu fo'ks"rkvksa ds foospu dks fodkl lay{k.k

Hkh dgk tkrk gSA Y;qfleu ikbZ us jktufrd fodkl ls lEcfU/kr rhu y{.kksa dk foospu fd;k gSA

1- lekurk ¼Equality½&Y;wflu ikbZ ds vuqlkj jktuhfrd fodkl dh izFke fo'ks"krk lekurk gSA

lekUrk ls rkRi;Z gS fd yksxksa esa jktuhfr O;oLFkk ds izfr lkekU; Hkkouk dk mRiUu gksukA

yksxksa esa lekUkrk dh voLFkk rc ikbZ tk,xh tc mUgsa jktuhfrd xfrfof/k;ksa esa leku :i ls

Hkkx ysus dk vf/kdkj gksxk vkSj jktuhfrd izfØ;kvksa esa tu&lgHkkfxrk ¼people participation½ esa

fdlh izdkj dk HksnHkko u gksaA jktuhfrd fodkl ds bl y{k.k dks bl izdkj ls of.kZr fd;k

tk ldrk gSA

1- leku volj & jktuhfrd lfØ;rk ds lHkh Lrjksa ij ukxfjdksa dks leku volj izkIr

gksaA

2- fu"i{krk&tu & lgHkkfxrk HksnHkko&jfgr gksA

3- lg;ksxh turk & ijk/khu vkSj vkns'k izkIr djus okyh turk ds LFkku ij jktuhfrd

fu.kZ;ksa esa lfEefyr vkSj lg;ksxh turk gksaA

4- loZO;kid dkuwu & lekurk dk vFkZ dkuwu ds lkoZnsf'kd Lo:i ls gS tks jkT; ds

lHkk lnL;ksa ij leku :i ls ykxw gksrk gSA

5- jktuhfrd HkrhZ & lekurk dk vFkZ ;g Hkh gS fd jkT; es fofHkUu inksa ds fy, HkrhZ

djrs le; vFkok lkoZtfud inksa ij fu;qfDr djrs le; ;ksX;rk rFkk dk;Z lEiknu

dk ekin.M ykxw gksuk pkfg,A

vr% vijksDr y{k.kksa okyk lekt lekurk okyk gksxkA ;gka mYys[kuh; gS fd ikbZ dsoy

lS)kfUrd :i ;k dkuwu :i esa gh lekurk ugha pkgrk cfYd ;g O;ogkfjd Hkh gksuh pkfg,A

2- {kerk ¼Capacity½&jktuhfrd fodkl dh nwljh fo'ks"krk dk lEcU/k jktuhfrd O;oLFkk dh

{kerk ls gSA jktuhfrd fodkl dh izFke fo'ks"krk lekurk dk laca/k tu leqnk; ls gS] ysfdu

{kerk dk lEcU/k jktuhfrd 'kfDr dh lajpukRed O;oLFkk dh izHkkodkfjrk ls gSA ikbZ ds

vuqlkj bl fo'ks"krk dk lEcU/k jktuhfrd O;oLFkk ds fuxZrksa ¼outputs½ ls gSaA lk/kkj.k 'kCnksa esa

{kerk dk vFkZ gS%

1- fdlh jkT; rFkk ljdkj esa vko';d dk;ksZa ds lEiknu dh {kerk fdruh gS vFkkZr~

iz'kkldh; fuiq.krk] dk;Z dq'kyrk ;k iz'kklfud cqf) dh laxrr fdruh gSA

2- {kerk dk nwljk vFkZ lkoZtfud fu;eksa dks ykxw djus dh dq'kyrk rFkk ;ksX;rk ls gSA

jktuhfrd fl)kUr

136

3- {kerk dk rhljk vFkZ iz'kklu esa foosdiw.kZ] /keZ fujis{k –f"Vdks.k dk mRiUu gksuk gSA

4- fooknksa dk leqfpr lek/kku djuk gSA

5- fooknksa dks rdZlaxr vk/kkj ij lqy>kk ldrk gSA

mijksDr fo'ks"krkvksa dk lEcU/k jktuhfrd O;oLFkk dh {kerk ls gksrk gSA jktuhfrd fodkl mlh

jktuhfrd O;oLFkk esa gksrk gS ftldh {kerk bu {ks=ksa esa c<+ tkrh gSA

3- fofHkUuhdj.k (Differentiation)&jktuhfrd fodkl dh rhljh fo'ks"krk fofHkUuhdj.k gSA

fofHkUuhdj.k ls rkÙi;Z gS fd&

1- jktuhfrd lajpuk,a vyx&vyx dk;ksZa ds fy, i`Fkd&i`Fkd gksrh gSA

2- lekt rFkk jkT; ds fofHkUu vaxksa] inksa ,oa foHkkxksa dk lqLi"V gksuk rFkk muds dk;Z

fuf'pr djukA

3- jktuhfrd O;oLFkk ds fofHkUu dk;ksZa dh lqfuf'prk gksrh gSA

4- fofHkUu vaxksa dh tfVy izfØ;kvksa dk ,dhdj.k djuk ftlls fd O;oLFkk dk fo|Vu u

gks vkSj muesa leUo; LFkkfir jgrk gSA

vr% ;g Li"V gS fd fofHkUuhdj.k dk lEcU/k xSj&vf/kdkfjd lajpukvksa vkSj lEiw.kZ lekt dh

lkekU; jktuhfrd izfØ;kvksa ls gSA Y;qflu ikbZ lekurk dks jktuhfrd laL—fr ls] {kerk dks

vf/kdkfjd lajpukvksa ls rFkk fofHkUuhdj.k dks lkekU; jktuhfrd fØ;kvksa ls lEcfU/kr crkdj

jktuhfrd fodkl buds vkilh lEcU/kksa ds pkjksa vksj ?kwerh gqbZ vo/kkj.kk cuk nsrk gSA

¼[k½ vke.M rFkk ikosy }kjk jktuhfrd fodkl dh fo'ks"krk,¡ (Characteristics of Politcal Development by

Almond and Powell½&vke.M rFkk ikosy ds vuqlkj jktuhfrd fodkl dh fo'ks"krk,a fuEufyf[kr gS&

1- Hkwfedk fofHkUuhdj.k ¼Role of Specialization½&;g vke.M rFkk ikosy ds }kjk nh xbZ izFke

fo'ks"krk gSA ;g fo'ks"krk ikbZ ¼Pye½ dh fofHkUuhdj.k dh fo'ks"krk ds leku gSA lajpukvksa ds

fofHkUuhdj.k dh rqyuk esa Hkwfedk fofHkUuhdj.k vf/kd egÙoiw.kZ gSA dbZ ns'kksa esa lajpukvksa dk

fofHkUuhdj.k rks dj fn;k tkrk gS fdUrq O;ogkj esa ,d gh lajpuk ljdkj ds lHkh dk;ksZa dks

dj nsrh gSA tSls phu] :l ;k vU; lkH;oknh ns'kksa esa gksrk gSA ;gka lajpukvksa dk fofHkUuhdj.k

rks gksrk gS ysfdu Hkwfedk dk fofHkUuhdj.k ugha gksrk D;ksadh ogka ij lHkh dk;Z lkH;oknh ny

}kjk gh lEiUu fd, tkrs gSA vr% vke.M ,oa ikosy bl izdkj lajpukRed fofHkUuhdj.k dk

i{k ysrk gSA tgka OkkLrfodrk esa Hkwfedkvksa dk fofHkUuhdj.k gksA tSls fo/kkuikfydk }kjk fo/kk;h

dk;Z Hkh fd, tk,a u fd dk;Z ikfydk o U;kf;d dk;Z HkhA ;g 'kfDr;ksa dk i`Fkddhdj.k ugha

gSA

2- mi&O;oLFkk Lok;rrk ¼Sub-System Autonomy½&jktuhfrd fodkl dh nqljh fo'ks"krk vke.M

rFkk ikosy us mi&Lok;rrk dks crk;k gSa ;g fo'ks"krk Y;qflu ikbZ dh jktuhfrd fodkl dh

{kerk dh fo'ks"krk ls feyrh&tqyrh gSA mi&O;oLFkk Lok;Ùkrk dk vFkZ jktuhfrd O;oLFkk dks

mi&O;oLFkkvksa esa ckaVuk rFkk mUgsa dk;Z djus dh 'kfDr iznku djuk gSA mudk dguk gS fd

Hkwfedk fofHkUuhdj.k dsoy jktuhfrd O;oLFkkvksa dks Lok;rrk iznku djus ij gh gks ldrk gSA

blls jktuhfrd O;oLFkk dh {kerk esa c<+ksÙkjh gksrh gSA mi&O;oLFkk dh Lok;rrk fodsUnzh;dj.k

dh vkSj bafxr djrh gSA blesa lkjh ekaxsa lh/ks dsUnz ds ikl uk tkdj vU; lajpukvksa ;k

mi&O;oLFkkvksa ds ikl pyh tkrh gSA mUgsa vius LÙkj ij fu.kZ; ysus dk vf/kdkj gksrk gSa blls

jktuhfrd O;oLFkk dh {kerk esa o`f) gksrh gSA

jktuhfrd fodkl

137

3- ykSfddj.k ¼Secularization½&vke.M rFkk ikosy us jktuhfrd fodkl dh rhljh fo'ks"krk

ykSfddj.k crk;k gSA ;g Y;wflu ikbZ dh lekurk ls lEcfU/kr gSA D;ksafd lekurk dk lEcU/k

vkSfpR;iw.kZ rFkk O;oLFkk esa izfrfu"Bk j[kus okyh jktuhfrd laLÑfr rFkk Hkkoukvksa ls gS vkSj

ykSfddj.k dk laca/k okLrfodrk esa jktuhfrd laL—fr ls gS vr% lekt esa ykSfddj.k rHkh gks

ldrk gS tc mlesa lekurk LFkkfir gks tkrh gSA Y;wflu ikbZ rFkk vke.M o ikosy dh

jktuhfrd fodkl dh fo'ks"krkvksa dk v/;;u djus ls ;g Li"V gks tkrk gS fd bu nksuksa

fopkjdks ads fopkj esa dksbZ fo'ks"k vUrj ugha gSA nksuksa us vius&vius fopkjksa dks izdV djus ds

fy, dsoy fofHkUu 'kCnkoyh dk iz;ksx fd;k gSA vr% lk/kkj.k Hkk"kk esa bu fo'ks"krkvksa dks bl

izdkj ls O;Dr fd;k tk ldrk gSA

1- lekt ds izfr yksxkas dk jpukÙed –f"Vdks.kA

2- jktuhfrd O;oLFkk esa uhfr;ksa dks fu/kkZfjr vkSj fØ;kfUor djus dh {kerkA

3- jktuhfrd dk;ksZa dk fofHkUuhdj.k o fo'ks"khdj.ka

4- yksfd—r jktuhfrA

fu"d"kZ ¼Conclusion½&vr% ;g dgk tk ldrk gS fd jktuhfrd fodkl dh vo/kkj.kk ,d O;kid vo/kkj.kk gS

ftlds vius fuf'pr y{.k gSA jktuhfrd fodkl ij gh ,d jk"Vª vFkok lekt dk fodkl fuHkZj djrk gSA

x- tkXokjkbZo }kjk jktuhfrd fodkl dh fo'ks"krk,a ¼Characteristices of Political Development by H.

Jagvaribe½&jktuhfrd fodkl dk oSKkfud v/;;u djus esa ikbZ ¼Pye½ vkSj fjUt ¼Ringe½ dk egÙoiw.kZ

LFkku gSA ;g lR; gS fd tkXokjkbZ o jktuhfrd fodkl ds v/;;u djus okys vxz.kh ys[kd ugha gS

ijUrq fQj Hkh mlus jktuhfrd fodkl ds v/;;u esa egÙoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkkbZ gSA tkXokjkbZo us viuh

iqLrd Political Development: A General Theory and A Latin American Case Study* esa jktuhfrd

fodkl dk fo'ys"k.k foLrkj iwoZd fd;k gsA muds vuqlkj jktuhfrd fodkl dk v/;;u pkj izdkj ls

fd;k tk ldrk gS&

1- jktuhfrd fodkl ifjp;Z ds :i esa ¼The Variables of Political Development½-

2- jktuhfrd fodkl ,d jktuhfrd fn'kk ds :i esa ¼Political Development as a Political

Direction½-

3- jktuhfrd fodkl ,d izfØ;k ds :i esa ¼Political Development as a Process½-

4- jktuhfrd fodkl fofHkUu igyqvksa ds :i esa ¼Political Development as Diffrent as Aspects½-

jktuhfrd fodkl ds pj.k (Stages of Political Development)

fofHkUu ys[kdksa us jktuhfrd fodkl ds fofHkUu pj.kksa ds lEcU/k esa vyx&vyx fopkj izLrqr fd;s gS tks bl

izdkj gSaA

1- dSusFk vkjxsUldh ds fopkj ¼Views of Keneth Organski½&blds vuqlkj jktuhfrd fodkl ds

fuEufyf[kr pkj pj.k gSaA

d- jktuhfrd ,dhdj.k (Political unification)&lekt dbZ vk/kkjksa ij caVk gksrk gS] tSls&tkfr]

/keZ oa'k o jktuhfr bR;kfnA jktuhfrd ,dhdj.k dk vHkko ,d rjg dh vjktdrk gksrh gSA

vr% jktuhfrd fodkl dh izFke voLFkk esa jk"Vªh; ljdkjsa viuh tula[;k ij izHkko'kkyh

jktuhfr ,oa iz'kklfud fu;a=.k dh LFkkiuk djrh gSaA jktuhfrd ,dhdj.k ds i'pkr~ lekt esa

jktuhfrd fl)kUr

138

gj –f"Vdks.k ls O;oLFkk LFkkfir gks tkrh gsA jktuhfr ds ,dhdj.k ds ckn gh vkfFkZd fodkl

laHko gksrk gSA

[k- vkS/kksfxdj.k ¼Industrialization½&jktuhfrd fodkl dk nwljk pj.k vkS|ksfxdj.k gSA lekt esa

'kkfUr o O;oLFkk dh LFkkiuk ds ckn ljdkj dk /;ku vkS|ksfxd fodkl dh vkSj tkrk gSaA

'kkfUr vkSj O;oLFkk LFkkfir gksus ds ckn gh yksx iwaath lap;u dh lksp ldrs gSaA ns'k dk

vkS|ksfxdj.k iwath lap;u ij gh fuHkZj djrk gSA

x- jk"Vªh; dY;k.k ¼National Welfare½&;g pj.k vkS|ksfxdj.k dh voLFkk ds ckn vkrk gSA jk"Vª ds

vkS|ksfxd fodkl ds ckn yksxksa dh O;fDrxr vk; c<+ tkrh gSaA ljdkj bl izdkj dh uhfr;ksa

dks viukrh gS] ftuls fdlh ,d fo'ks"k oxZ dk dY;k.k u gksdj jk"Vª dk dY;k.k gksrk gS vFkkZr~

jk"Vªh; ljdkj dk mís'; O;fDrxr dY;k.k ds LFkku ij jk"Vªh; dY;k.k gksrk gSA

?k- le`f) ¼Prosperity½&jktuhfrd fodkl dk pkSFkk pj.k Hkh vkS|ksfxdj.k ds ckn gh vkrk gSA bl

voLFkk esa jk"Vª esa ,slk okrkoj.k iSnk gks tkrk gS ftlesa O;fDr vius thou dks vPNk ,oa

fodflr dj ldrk gSA vFkkZr~ O;fDr dks thou fodkl dh mi;qDr lqfo/kk,a izkIr gksrh gSA

tSls&lkoZtfud f'k{kk] jkstxkj ds mi;qDr rFkk leqfpr lk/ku] ukxfjd Lora=rk,] ekuo

vf/kdkj] 'kklu lapkyu esa turk dh Hkkxhnkjh] Lora=rk esa turk dh Hkkxhnkjh] Lora= fopkj]

vfHkO;fDr dh Lora=rk] ,dhdj.k] forj.k dh izHkko'kkyh iz.kkyh lfEefyr gSA

2- gWfUVaxVu ds fopkj ¼The Views of Huntington½&gWfUVaxVu us vius ,d fuca/k ^iksfyfVDl ,.M

iksfyfVdy faMds* ¼Politics and political decay½ esa jktuhfrd fodkl ds fofHkUu lEcU/kksa dh ppkZ dh gSA

mlus rhu izpfyr lsVksa dk o.kZu fd;k gSA budk mu jkT;ksa ls lEcU/k gS ftUgksaus lQyrkiwoZd

jktuhfrd fodkl dh fuf'pr voLFkk ;k mlds vkxs dh voLFkk rd fodkl dj fy;k gSa jktuhfrd

fodkl ds pj.k bl izdkj gS%

d- lÙkk dh cqf)laxrrk dk LÙkj ¼Stage of Power½&blesa vusd LFkkuh; lÙkkvksa ds LFkku ij ,d

dsUnzh; lÙkk dk fuekZ.k gks tkrk gSA ;g lÙkk ds dsUnzh;dj.k dh voLFkk gSaA blesa lÙkk ds

L=ksrksa ds :i esa ,d gh dsUnzh; lÙkk] vfHkdj.k ;k izdj.k LFkkfir gks tkrk gSA

[k- u, jktuhfrd dk;ksZ dk fofHkUuhdj.k rFkk muds fy, fof'k"V lajpukvks dk fodkl

¼Diffrentiation of New Political Functions and Specialization of Institution½&blesa jktuhfrd

izfØ;k esa uohu jktuhfrd dk;ksZa ds fu"iknu lEefyr gks tkrs gSaA buds fy, fof'k"V lajpukvksa

dk fodkl jktuhfrd fodkl dh nwljh voLFkk gksrh gSA

x- vfHko`f) lgHkkfxrk ¼Participation in Growth½&;g ifjljh; lkekftd lewgksa rFkk lekt ds

Hkkxksa dks /khjs&/khjs dsUnzh; lÙkk esa 'kkfey djus dk Lrj gSA gfUVxVu ds vuqlkj ;g izfØ;k

mlh le; lEHko gksrh gS tc ;g rhuksa lqfuf'pr fØ;k Lrj ds vuqØe esa miyC/k fd, tk,a]

ftlls gj ,d fodkl dk lEcU/k lEcfU/kr Lrj ls gksA blh Øe esa izpfyr gksus ij gh

jktuhfrd fodkl ds :i esa Lrj cu ldrk gSA vFkkZr~ izFke ds ckn nwljs ds Åij] uhps ;k

lkFk&lkFk izpyu ?kkrd gksrk gSA mlesa jktuhfrd fodkl ugha cfYd jktuhfrd iru vkrk

gSA

3- vke.M ds vuqlkj Lrj ¼Stage According to Almond½&vke.M ds vuqlkj jktuhfrd fodkl ds

fuEufyf[kr pj.k gS%

d- jkT; fuekZ.k ¼State Building½&vke.M ds vuqlkj jktuhfrd fodkl dh izFke voLFkk jkT;

fuekZ.k dh gSA bl Lrj esa dsUnzh; lÙkk dk fuekZ.k rFkk fofHkUu lewgksa dk dsUnzh; lÙkk ds

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139

vf/kdkj {ks= esa ,dhdj.k gksuk gSA vFkkZr~ Lrj esa ,dhdj.k rFk fu;a=.k ¼Integration and

Control½ ds y{; dh izkfIr gksrh gSA

[k- jk"Vª fuekZ.k (Nation Bulding)&jktuhfrd fodkl dk nwljk pj.k gSA izR;sd jktuhfrd O;oLFkk

jkT; fuekZ.k ds i'pkr~ jk"Vª fuekZ.k dh vksj vxzlj gksrh gSA jk"Vª fuekZ.k ds ckn jkT; dh

viuh igpku cu tkrh gSA bl Lrj ij ukxfjdksa esa jk"Vª ds izfr HkfDr o fu"Bk rFkk izfrc)rk

mRiUu gksrh gSA

x- lgHkkfxrk dk Lrj ¼Stage of Participation½&jktuhfrd fodkl dk rhljk pj.k lgHkkfxrk dk

Lrj gSaA jk"Vª dk fuekZ.k gksus ds ckn lekt ds fofHkUu lewgksa dh jktuhfrd lgHkkfxrk lkeus

vkrh gSA ukxfjd ln~Hkkfxrk ljdkj pykus dh izfØ;k esa Hkkx ysus ds fy, dgrs gSaA lekt ds

fofHkUu leqg ,oa oxZ jktuhfrd fu.kZ; ysus dh izfØ;k esa viuh Hkkxhnkjh eh ekax djrs gSaA tc

ukxfjd jktuhfrd fu.kZ; ysus dh izfØ;k esa Hkkx ysuk izkjEHk dj nsrs gSa rks jktuhfrd fodkl

dh rhljh voLFkk iw.kZ gksrh gSA

?k- forj.k dk Lrj ¼Stage of Distribution½&jktuhfrd fodkl dh pkSFkh voLFkk forj.k gSA forj.k

ds Lrj vFkkZr~ lkekftd thou ds fy, ykHkksa dks iqu% fu/kkZj.k dh vusd fof/k;ksa ds }kjk lcdh

igqap es ykuk 'kkfey gSA vFkkZr~ jktuhfrd O;oLFkk vk;] lEeku rFkk voljksa dk iquforj.k

djsaA vr% vke.M dh ekU;rk gS fd ftu lektksa es jktuhfrd fodkl dk vfUre pj.k vk x;k

gS] os lHkh ml vuqØe ls ,d Lrj ds ckn nwljs Lrj esa igqaps gSa vkSj fodkl'khy jkT;ksa ls Hkh

vuqØe jguk vo';d gSA

jktuhfrd fodkl ds lwpd (Indicator of Political Development)

jktuhfrd fodkl dks r; djus dk ,d ekin.M gS ftls jktuhfrd fodkl dk lwpd dgk tkrk gSA fdlh ns'k

dk jktuhfrd fodkl gqvk ;k ugha] fodkl gks jgk gS ;k fQj jktuhfrd O;oLFkk iru dh vksj tk jgh gS] ;g

lc ekius ds fy, dqN ladsrd ;k lwpd fuf'pr fd, x, gSA lkekftd rFkk jktuhfrd lwpdksa dh fo'o

iqfLrdk esa mu lwpdkssa dk o.kZu fd;k x;k gSA bu lwpdksa dks nks izdkj ls cakVk x;k gSa%

1- lkdkjkRed lwpd

2- ukdkjkRed lwpd

MkWŒ tsŒ lhŒ tkSgjh us viuh iqLrd ^rqyukRed jktuhfr* esa lkdkjkRed lwpdksa dh la[;k 22 rFkk ukdkjkRed

lwpdksa dh la[;k 15 j[kk gSA

1- lkdkjkRed lwpd ¼Positive Indicator½&ldkjkRed lwpdksa dk vFkZ gS fd tks lekt ;k ns'k dks fodkl

dh vksj ys tkrk gSA ;s lwpd fuEufyf[kr gS%

1- jkT; fuekZ.k ;k izknsf'kd ,dhdj.kA

2- jk"Vª fuekZ.k ; jk"Vªh; ,dhdj.k A

3- Lok;ÙklaxBuksa }kjk c<+rk gqvk fgr Li"Vhdj.k A

4- ernku ds vf/kdkj esa o`f) rFkk cM+h la[;k esa ernku djus okyksa ds lkFk eqDr rFkk fu"i{k

pqukoA

5- fLFkj rFkk yksdrkaf=d nyksa }kjk c<+rk gqvk fgr lewghdj.kA

6- izsl dh Lora=rk rFkk tu&lapkj ek/;eksa dk fodklA

7- erHksn lfg".kqrkA

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140

8- jktuhfrd fof'k"V oxksZa ds lkekftd vk/kkj dk foLrkjA

9- ljdkj dh dk;Z'khyrk esa [kqykiu o 'kkflrksa ds izfr 'kkldksa dk mÙknkf;ÙoA

10- f'k{kk lqfo/kkvksa esa foLrkjA

11- fo/kkuikfyvksa dh izHkko'kkyh Hkwfedk rFkk izfrfuf/k }kjk vius pquko {ks= dh lsokA

12- jktuhfrd rFkk iz'kklfud fodsUnzhdj.kA

13- LFkkuh; ljdkj dh bdkbZ;ksa dh Lok;ÙkrkA

14- U;k;ikfydk dh Lora=rk rFkk dkuwu ds 'kklu dh vfLrÙoA

15- lSU; cyksa dk vjktuhfrd pfj=A

16- laoS/kkfud lk/kuksa ds iz;ksx dh vksj lgefr tUe jktuhfrA

17- v/kZljdkjh ,tsfUl;ksa tSls lkoZtfud m|eksa dh izHkko'kkyh HkwfedkA

18- lkoZtfud vf/kdkfj;ksa dh dk;kZRedrk dks ns[kus rFkk tu&f'kdk;rksa dks nwj djus okyh

'kfDr'kkyh laxBuksa dh HkwfedkA

19- yksd lsokvksa dh rVLFkrk rFkk Lora=rkA

20- jktuhfrd laL—fr dk fujis{khdj.k A

21- fu.kZ;&fuekZ.k esa yksxksa dh Hkkxhnkjha A

22- jktuhfrdj.k ;k jktuhfrd izfØ;k esa vf/kd ls vf/kd yksxksa dh HkkxhnkjhA

2- ukdkjkRed lwpd ¼Negative Indicators½&

1- pqukoh gsjkQsjh rFkk vfu;ferrk,aA

2- fgalkÙed fojks/k izn'kZuA

3- vizfrekuh xM+cfM+;k¡] Hkwfexr xfrfof/k;ka rFkk 'kL= vkØe.kA

4- LokFkhZ fgrksa ds fy, jktuhfrd ny cnyhA

5- 'kfDr;ksa dk dsUnzh;dj.kA

6- lkewfgd fxj¶rkjh;kaA

7- ?kjsyw ekeyksa esa fons'kh gLr{ksiA

8- jktuhfrd gR;k,a A

9- lSU; cyksa dk jktuhfrdj.kA

10- yksd&lsokvksa dh 'kkld ny&vuqØe ds izfr opuc)rkA

11- foLr`r Hkz"Vkpkj rFkk nq"iz'kkluA

12- erHksnksa dks cyiwoZd nckukA

13- fu;eksa dks ek= ,d <kapk ;k cqr cukukA

14- ljdkjh fopkj/kkjk dks vf/kekuA

15- jktuhfrd nyksa ds NksVs&NksVs Hkkxksa esa fo|ekuA

bl lwph esa ge ¼d½ fonzksgksa ¼[k½ naxksa ¼x½ jkT;ksa }kjk idM+s x, jktuhfrd cfUn;ksa dh la[;k dks lfEeyr dj

ldrs gSaA

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141

jktuhfrd fodkl dk v/;;u bu dkjdksa dk fo'ys"k.k rFkk ewY;kadu djds fYk;k tk ldrk gSaA jktuhfrd

fodkl dh /kkj.kk vkerkSj ij lkekftd ifjorZu rFkk fo'ks"krkSj ij jktuhfrd ifjorZu ds fo'y"k.k ds fy, ,d

mi;ksxh /kkj.kk iznku djrh gSA jktuhfrd fodkl –f"Vdks.k dk iz;ksx cgqr ls ledkyhu jktuhfr oSKkfudksa us

cM+h lQyrk ls fd;k gSA bu iz;klksa us jktuhfr rFkk rqyrkRed jktuhfr esa ewY;oku v?;;uksa dks lEHko cuk;k

gSA jktuhfrd fodkl ds vk/kkj ij jktuhfrd O;oLFkkvksa dh rqyuk djuk fu%lansg vuqla/kku dk ,d :fpiw.kZ

rFkk mi;ksxh {ks= gSA

jktuhfrd fodkl dh mi;ksfxrk (Utility of Political Development)

jktuhfr fodkl dh mi;ksfxrk dk o.kZu vke.M rFkk ikosy us fuEufyf[kr vk/kkjksa ij fd;k gS%

1- jktuhfrd O;oLFkkvksa ds v/;;u es lgk;d (Helpful in the Study of Political System)& jktuhfrd

fodkl ds –f"Vdks.k ls fofHkUu jktuhfrd O;oLFkkvksa ds v/;;u djus esa lgk;rk feyrh gSA vke.M

rFkk ikosy dk dguk gS fd rduhfd ifjorZu o lkaL—frd folj.k ls jktuhfrd O;oLFkkvksa esa ifjorZu

vkrk gSa ;g ifjorZu jktuhfrd dk ladsr gSA vr% jktuhfrd fodkl ftu ckrksa dks ysdj pyrk gS ml

vk/kkj ij jkuhfrd fodkl O;oLFkkvksa dk v/;;u fd;k tk ldrk gSaA

2- jktuhfrd O;oLFkkvksa ds oxhZdj.k esa lgk;d (Helpful in Classification of Political System)&

jktuhfrd fodkl dh vo/kkj.kk ls jktuhfrd O;oLFkkvksa dk] muds vrhr ds vk/kkj ij oxhZdj.k fd;k

tk ldrk gSA jktuhfrd O;oLFkkvksa ds vrhr ls ;g ladsr feyrk gS fd veqd O;oLFkk us Hkwrdky esa

leL;kvksa dk fdl izdkj ls lkeuk vkSj mudk lek/kku fd;k rFkk Hkfo"; esa vkus okyh leL;kvksa dk

og fdl izdkj lkeuk djsxhA vr% vrhr ds jktuhfrd fodklksa ds vk/kkj ij jktuhfrd O;oLFkkvksa dk

oxhZdj.k fd;k tk ldrk gSA

3- jktuhfrd O;oLFkkvksa dh rqyuk esa lgk;d (Helpful in Comparision of Political System)& jktuhfrd

fodkl dh rhljh mi;ksfxrk ;g gS fd ;g jktuhfrd O;oLFkkvksa ds vFkZiw.kZ ekun.Mksa ds vk/kkj ij

rqyuk djus esa lgk;d fl) gksrk gSaA jktuhfrd fodkl dks Hkwfedk fofHkUuhdj.k] ykSfddj.k vkSj

miO;oLFkk] Lok;Ùkrk ds rÙoksa }kjk ekik tk ldrk gSA buds vfrfjDr fodkl dks vfFkZd] lkekftd o

lkaL—frd rÙoksa }kjk Hkh ekik tk ldrk gSA vr% ,d izdkj ds y{.kksa okyh jktuhfrd O;oLFkk dk nwljs

izdkj ds y{.kksa okyh O;oLFkk ls rqyuk dh tk ldrh gSA

4- jktuhfrd O;oLFkkvksa ds lkekU;hdj.k esa lgk;d (Helpful in Generalization of Political

Systems)&jktuhfrd fodkl dh vo/kkj.kk ;|fi ,d fl)kUr izLrqr djus esa fl) ugha gqbZ gSA ysfdu

blus jktuhfrd O;oLFkkvksa ds lkekU;hdj.k esa lgk;rk vo'; dh gSA bl lekU;hdj.k dh izfØ;k esa

jktuhfrd fodkl ds ladsrdksa] fodkl ds fu/kkZjdksa] jktuhfrd fodkl dk vU; fodklksa ls lEcU/k]

jktuhfrd fodklksa ds oxhZdj.k vkSj jktuhfrd O;oLFkkvksa dh rqyuk us lgk;lrk dh gSA

5- ,d dM+h dk dk;Z (As a Link)&jktuhfrd fodkl dh vo/kkj.kk nks –f"Vdksa.kksa] O;ogkjoknh –f"Vdks.k

vkSj {ks=h; v/;;uksa ds –f"Vdks.k esa ,d dM+h ds :i esa dk;Z djrh gSA bldh lgk;rk ls bu nksuksa –

f"Vdksa.kksa ds Hksn dks nwj fd;k tk ldrk gSA vr% jktuhfrd fodkl dh vo/kkj.kk dk vk/kqfud

jktuhfrd fodkl dh vo/kkj.kk dk jktuhfrd v/;;uksa esa ,d egÙoiw.kZ LFkku gS jktuhfrd fodkl dh

vo/kkj.kk dh vkykspuk ¼Criticism of Concept of Political Development½&jktfufrd fodkl dh

vo/kkj.kk dh vkykspuk vusd fopkjdksa us fuEufyf[kr izdkj ls dh gS%

d- jktuhfrd iru ds v/;;u dk vHkko (Lack of Study of Political Decay)&jktuhfrd fodkl

dh bl vo/kkj.kk ds v/kkj ij ;g vkykspuk dh tkrh gS fd blesa jktuhfrd iru dh O;k[;k

dk vHkko gSA jktuhfrd fodkl esa jktuhfrd laLFkku] jktuhfrd laL—fr;k¡ rFkk jktuhfrd

ewY; fodflr rFkk ifjiDo gksrs gSa vkSj miyfC/k dh fLFkfr izkIr dj ysrs gSA ysfdu blds lkFk

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142

gh dHkh&dHkh fofHkUu fLFkfr;ksa esa ukdkjkRed fodkl vFkok fxjkoV dh vkSj Hkh c<+ ldrh gSA

;g jktuhfrd iru gh dgykrk gSA lk/kkj.k jktuhfrd fodkl ds leFkZd dsoy vk/kqfudrk

vkSj vkSf/kkfxdhdj.k dks gh loksZijh ekurs gSaA

[k- fl)kUr fuekZ.k dk vHkko (Lack of Theory Building)&jktuhfrd vo/kkj.kk ds fodkl esa bruh

=qfV;ka gSa fd fl)kUr fuekZ.k lEHko ugha gSaA fl)kUr fuekZ.k djuk dsoy fodkl dh vo/kkj.kk

esa gh dfBu ugha gS cfYd vU; vo/kkj.kkvksa esa Hkh ;g dfBukbZ ikbZ tkrh gSA jktuhfrd fodkl

dh vo/kkj.kk esa fl)kUr dh [kkst vf/kd tfVy vkSj dfBu blfy, gks tkrk gS D;ksafd ;g Lo;a

esa isfpnk gksus ds lkFk&lkFk nwljh vo/kkj.kkvksa ds rF;ksa ls fu;af=r o izekf.kr Hkh gksrk gSA vr%

bl vo/kkj.kk esa fl)kUr fuekZ.k esa dfBukbZ dk lkeuk djuk iM+ jgk gSA

x- HkzeksRiknd (Illusionary)&jktuhfrd fodkl ds rhljs vk/kkj ij vkykspuk dh tk ldrh gS fd

;g HkzeksRiknd gSA bl vo/kkj.kk ls lEcfU/kr fopkjd jktuhfrd ls lEcfU/kr lHkh fo"k;ksa dks]

tSls lkekftd] vkfFkZd vFkok lkaL—frd vkfn] pkgs os izR;{k :i ls lEcfU/kr gks vFkok viR;{k

:i ls] vk/kqfudrk esa 'kkfey dj ysrs gS] tks fd xyr gSA

?k- vLi"V vo/kkj.kk ¼Vague Concept½&jktuhfrd fodkl dh vo/kkj.kk esa fo}kuksa us vusd rF;ksa]

ifjoR;ksaZ vkSj ifjizs{;ksa ij fopkj ugha fd;k gS] mUgksaus fgalk Økafr jktuhfrd vf/kdkj] Lora=rk]

usr`Ùo vkfn egÙoiw.kZ fo"k;ksa ij Hkh fopkj ugha fd;k gSaA bl dkj.k ;g vo/kkj.kk vLi"V cu

xbZ gSA

³- turk dk vlg;ksx ¼Non co-operation of People½&dksbZ Hkh losZ{k.k turk ds lg;ksx ds fcuk

lQy ugha gks ldrkA jktuhfrd fodkl ds ckjsa esa Hkh ;g lR; gSA turk jktuhfrd rFkk

v/;;udÙkkZvksa dks lansg dh –f"V ls ns[krh gSA vr,o lg;ksx iznku ugha djrh rFkk jktuhfrd

fodkl esa ck/kk iSnk djrh gSaA

p- O;k[;k y{k.kksa ij lgefr dk vkHkko ¼Lack of Unanimity on Interpretations and

Features½&jktuhfrd fodkl dh vo/kkj.kk dh O;k[;k vkSj y{.kksa dks ysdj fopkjdksa esa lgefr

dk vkHkko gSA fopkjdksa esa bruk erHksn gS fd ;fn ,d fopkjd ds –f"Vdks.k&fo'ks"k dks eku

fy;k tk, rks yxrk gs fd ;g ,d&i{kh; gSA bl erHksn dk bl ckr ds }kjk leFkZu fd;k tk

ldrk gS fd vesfjdk esa lkekftd foKku vuqla/kku ifj"kn~ ds rÙok/kku esa rqyukRed jktuhfrd

lfefr us jktuhfrd fodkl ds i{kksa ij yxHkx vkB iqLrdksa dks izdkf'kr fd;kA izk;% fodkl

izfØ;kvksa esa mRiUu gksus okyh fodk;kZÙed leL;kvksa ij /;ku ugha fn;k x;k gSA mnkgj.kkFkZ

bl iz'u ij fd D;k ean xfr ds vk/kqfudhdj.k dh dher fgalkÙed ØkfUr dh vis{kk vf/kd gks

ldrh gS] jkt&oSKkfudksa }kjk dksbZ fopkj ugha x;k gSaA

fu"d"kZ (Conclusion) mijksDr vkykspukvksa ls ;g ugha le>kuk pkfg, fd ;g vo/kkj.kk vuqi;ksxh gS] rFkk ;g fu.kZ;ksa dks izHkkfor ugha

dj ldrh gS ;k mlds ikl leL;kvksa dk fo'ys"k.k vkSj lek/kku djus ds i;kZIr lk/ku ugha gSA cfYd

;g egÙoiw.kZ vo/kkj.kk gSaA blus jk"Vªokn ds iuius rFkk yksdra= dks lq–<+ djus esa dkQh cM+k ;ksxnku fn;k gSA


fucU/kkRed iz'u (Essay Type Questions) 1- fodkl ls vkidk D;k RkkÙi;Z gS\ fodkl ds fofHkUu mís';ksa dh O;k[;k dhft,A

What is meant by development? Discuss its various goals.

2- fodkl ls vki D;k le>rs gS\ blds fofHkUu i{kksa dk o.kZu dhft,A

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143

What do you mean by Development? Discuss its, main aspects.

3- jktuhfrd fodkl dh vo/kkj.kk ls vki D;k le>rs gS\ jktuhfrd fodkl dh fo'ks"krkvksa dk o.kZu

dhft,A

What do you mean by the concept of political development? Discuss the main features of Political

development.

4- jktuhfrd fodkl D;k gS\ Y;qfl;u ikbZ }kjk nh xbZ jktuhfrd fodkl ds fo'ys"k.k dk o.kZu dhft,A

What is political development? Discuss the interpretation of political development by Lucian Pye. 5- jktuhfrd fodkl dh vo/kkj.kk dk vkykspukÙed O;k[;k dhft,A

Critically examine the concept of political development.

6- jktuhfr fodkl dh vo/kk.kk ij fofHkUu ys[kdksa ds fopkj izdV fdft,A

Write views of various writers on the concept of Political development.

7- jktuhfrd fodkl D;k gS\ jktuhfrd fodkl ds fofHkUu pj.kksa dk o.kZu fdft,A

What is political development? Describe the various stages of political development.

8- jktuhfrd fodkl dh vo/kkj.kk ls vki D;k le>rsa gSaA jktuhfrd fodkl dh mi;ksfxrk dk o.kZu

dhft,A

What do you mean by the concept of political development? Describe the utility of political

development.

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144

v/;k; 12 jk"Vª&fuekZ.k rFkk jk"Vªh; ,dhdj.k (Nation-Building and National Integration)

jk"Vª dh ifjHkk"kk

jk"Vª fuekZ.k dk vFkZ

jk"Vª fuekZ.k ds rRo

jk"Vª fuekZ.k esa jkT; dh Hkwfedk

jk"Vªh; ,dhdj.k

jk"Vªh; ,dhdj.k dk vFkZ

jk"Vªh; ,dhdj.k esa ck/kd rRo

lk/kkj.kr% jkT;] jk"Vª rFkk jk"Vªh;rk 'kCnksa dk iz;ksx ,d gh vFkZ esa fd;k tk ldrk gSA fo'ks"kdj ^jkT;* rFkk

jk"Vª 'kCnksa esa cgqr gh de Hksn fd;k tkrk gSA tSls& la;qDr jk"Vª la/k (United Nations Organization) jk"Vªksa dk

la/k u gksdj jkT;kas dk la/k gSA vtZs.kVkbuk x.kjkT; (Republic of Argentina) dks blds lafo/kku ds vuqlkj ,d

^jk"Vª* dgk x;k gSA vk/kqfud ;qx esa jk"Vª esa fofHké jk"Vªh;rkvksa ds yksx jgrs gSa ftUgsa ,d jk"Vª ds :i esa <+kyuk

orZeku jkT; dh egRoiw.kZ leL;k gSA jk"Vª&fuekZ.k ds fy;s jktuhfrd Lora=rk] mfpr lkoZtfud lÙkk yksxksa ds

eu esa jk"Vªh; Hkkouk rFkk fofHkérk esa ,drk dh LFkkiuk bR;kfn rRo egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkkrs gSaA lkFk gh

vk/kqfud jkT; dks jk"Vª dk fuekZ.k djus ds fy;s egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkkuh iM+rh gSA vr% ;g vko';d gks tkrk

gS fd ^jk"Vª* rFkk ^jk"Vªh;rk* 'kCnksa dk lgh vFkZ tku fy;k tk; rFkk bu nksuksa ds vkilh Hksn dks Hkh Li"V dj

fn;k tk;A

Hkkjr ,d fo'kky ns'k gS ftlesa tkfr] /keZ] Hkk"kk] {ks= vkfn ds vk/kkj ij yksxksa esa cgqr fofHkérk ik;h tkrh gSa

bu fofHkérkvksa ds dkj.k tkfrokn] lEiznk;okn] Hkk"kkokn] {ks=okn tSlh ladh.kZ vkSj ladqfpr Hkkouk,a tUe ysrh gS

tks jk"Vªh; ,dhdj.k dks izkIr djus ds fn'kk esa :dkoV iSnk djrh gSA Hkkjr dh ,drk rFkk v[k.Mrk dks cuk,

j[kus ds fy, jk"Vªh; ,dhdj.k vfr vfuok;Z gSA vr% lkekftd lekurk] vkfFkZd lekurk] Hkz"Vkpkj dks nwj dj]

lUrqfyr vkfFkZd fodkl dj] leqfpr f'k{kk O;oLFkk dj] iz'kklu esa turk dk fodkl dj] leqfpr f'k{kk O;oLFkk

dj] iz'kklu esa turk dk fo'okl txkdj vkfn mik; dj jk"Vªh; ,dhdj.k dks thfor j[kk tk ldrk gS tks

Hkkjr dh ,drk rFkk v[k.Mrk dks cuk, j[kus ds fy, vfr vko';d gSA

jk"Vª dh ifjHkk"kk (Definition of Nation)

jktuhfr foKku esa ys[kdksa us jk"Vª dh ifjHkk"kk vyx vyx n`f"Vdks.k ls dh gSA dbZ ys[kdksa us jk"Vªh;rk ds vFkZ

esa jk"Vª 'kCn dk iz;ksx fd;k gS] tcfd nwljs mls jkT; ds vFkkZsa esa xzg.k djrs gSaA

jktuhfr foKku dk leqfpr jkhfr ls v/;;u djus ds fy, rhuksa ladYiukvksa dks le>uk vko';d gSA

us'ku ¼jk"Vª½ 'kCn dh O;qRifr ySfVu 'kCn usf'k;ks ls gqbZ] ftldk vFkZ gS iSnk gksukA ;g bls oa'kh; vFkok u`oa'kh;

vFkZ iznku djrk gSA Qyr% jk"Vª ls vfHkizk; mu yksxksa ls ftudk fodkl ,d uLy ls gksA jk"Vª dk okLrfod

jk"Vª&fuekZ.k rFkk jk"Vªh; ,dhdj.k

145

vFkZ gksrk gS] ,sls yksx] tks jDr lEcU/kksa }kjk ,d jktuhfrd lekt esa ijLij lEcfU/kr gksA cxsZl (Burgess)

yhdkWd (Leacock) vkfn fo}kukas us mlh vk/kkj ij jk"Vª 'kCn dh ifjHkk"kk dh gSA

¼1½ oxZsl (Burgess) us bl ckr ij tksj nsrs gSa fd og tulewg ftlesa tkrh; ,drk gks vkSj tks HkkSxksfyd

,drk okys izns'k esa clk gqvk gks] jk"Vª dgykrk gSA

;|fi oxsZl lkekU; oa'k&ijEijk dks jk"Vª dk vko';d rRo ugha le>rsA mudh n`f"V esa jk"Vª HkkSxksfyd

,drk okys ,d izns'k esa clh gqbZ u`o'akh; ,drk okyh tula[;k gSA u`oa'kh; ,drk ls mudk rkRi;Z bl

tula[;k ls gS] ftldh lkekU; Hkk"kk vkSj lkfgR;] lkekU; ijEijk vkSj bfrgkl] lkekU; jhfr&fjokt

rFkk mfpr rFkk vuqfpr dh lkekU; psruk gSA

¼2½ blh rjg yhdkWd (Leacock) dk dguk gS fd jk"Vª ls vfHkizk; ,d tkfr vFkok oa'kxr fo'ks"krkvksa okyk

ekuo&laxBu gSA

bu fo}kuksa us Øe'k% tkrh; n`f"Vdks.k ij tksj fn;s gSaA

tkfr ,oa oa'k dh ,drk ds vk/kkj ij fn, x, jk"Vª ds ml n`f"Vdks.k dks cgqr ls fo}ku lgh ugha ekurs

gSaA os jk"Vª ds jktuhfrd Lo:i dks vf/kd egRo nsrs gSA muds vuqlkj jk"Vª ds fy, jkT;Ro izkIr djuk

t:jh gSA ykWMZ ozkbl] gSt vkSj fxyØkbLV us blh vk/kkj ij jk"Vª 'kCn dh ifjHkk"kk nh gS&

¼d½ gst (Hayes) ds dFkukuqlkj ^^,d jk"Vªh;rk jktuhfrd ,drk vkSj laizHkqrk dks izkIr djds jk"Vª

cu tkrh gSA**

¼[k½ blh rjg ykMZ ozkbl ds erkuqlkj ^^jk"Vª og jk"Vªh;rk gS ftlus vius vkidks Lora= gksus ;k

Lora=rk dh bPNk j[kus okyh jktuhfrd laLFkk ds :i esa laxfBr dj fy;k gSA

¼x½ jktuhfr 'kkL= ds ,d vU; fo}ku ftUgksaus jk"Vª ij vius oDrO; esa fxyØkbLV us fy[kk gS

^^vFkZ dh n`f"V ls jk"Vª vkSj jkT; yxHkx leku gS] gkykafd jk"Vª dk vFkZ vf/kd O;kid gSA

jkT; esa dqN vkSj feyk nsus ls jk"Vª curk gS vFkkZr~ og ,d jkT; ds :i esa laxfBr yksxksa dh

,drk ls curk gSA

cgqr ls fo}ku mij crk, x, nksuksa vk/kkjksa dks lgh ugha ekursA mUgksaus HkkoukRed ,drk

lEca/kh n`f"Vdks.k fn, gSaA budk dguk gS fd vesfjdk vkfn ns'kksa ds mnkgj.kksa ls ;g Li"V gks

tkrk gS fd jk"Vª ds fy, tkrh; ,drk gksuk vfuok;Z ugha gSA blh rjg jkT; Hkh jk"Vª ds

vfLrRo ds fy, vfuok;Z rRo ugha dgk tk ldrkA lu~ 1947 ls igys Hkkjrokfl;ksa dk viuk

jkT; ugha FkkA fQj Hkh Hkkjr ,d jk"Vª ml le; Hkh Fkh vkSj vc Hkh bSA blfy, ;s fo}ku jk"Vª

ds fy, HkkoukRed ,drk ij cgqr tksj nsrs gSA mudk dguk gS fd jk"Vª ,sls O;fDr;ksa dk lewg

gksrk gS ftuesa ,drk dh Hkkouk ekStwn gksus ds lkFk&lkFk ml tulewg esa vius vkidks nwfu;k

ds nwljs tulewgksa ls vyx le>us dh izcy Hkkouk gksrh gSA os ;g Hkh ekurs gSa fd bl rjg

dh ,drk dh Hkkouk leku tkfr] Hkk"kk] /keZ] jhfr&fjokt] lkfgR;] laLÑfr] bfrgkl vkfn ls

vklkuh ds lkFk mRié gks tkrh gSA ysfdu bu lHkh rRoksa dh vfuok;Zrk dh ckr dks os eatwj

ugha djrsA bl n`f"Vdks.k ds leFkZd fo}kuksa esa Cya'kyh] xkuZj] okdZj] gkmlj] LVkfyu] uksfodkso

vkfn gSaA

¼v½ xkuZj (Garner) dk dguk gS ^^jk"Vª lkaLÑfrd n`f"V ls leku O;fDr;ksa dk ,slk

lkekftd leqnk; gS tks thou dh HkkoukRed vkSj vkSj euksoSKkfud ,drk ,oa

vfHkO;fDr dh vksj lpsr vkSj n`<+ gksrk gSA**

jktuhfrd fl)kUr

146

¼c½ Cya'kyh ds 'kCnksa esa] ^^jk"Vª ,sls euq";ksa ds lewg dks dgrs gSa tks fo'ks"kr;k Hkk"kk vkSj

jhfr&fjoktksa ds }kjk ,d leku lH;rk ls c¡/ks gq, gksA ftlls muesa vU; lHkh

fonsf'k;ksa ls vyx ,drk dh lqn`<+ Hkkouk iSnk gksrh gSA**

¼l½ gkmlj (Houser) us dgk gS] ^^jk"Vª ,d Hkk"kk ;k tkfr ls u cudj yksxksa ds ,d tqV

gksdj jgus dh Hkkouk ls curk gSA

blh rjg ckdZj (Barker) us Hkh vius oDrO; fn;s Fks ^^jk"Vª yksxksa dk og lewg gS tks ,d fuf'pr HkwHkkx esa jgrs

gq, vkilh izse vkSj Lusg dh Hkkouk ls ,d nwljs ds lkFk ca/ks gq, gksaA**

blls ;g Li"V gks tkrk gS fd vyx&vyx fo}kuksa us jk"Vª 'kCn dh ifjHkk"kk vyx&vyx rjhds ls nh gSA fQj

Hkh vc ;g lPpkbZ vkerkSj ij Lohdkj dh tkrh gS fd jk"Vª dsoy uLy ;k tkrh; ,drk ij vk/kkfjr ugha gSA

blh rjg jk"Vª ds fy, jkT; Hkh vfuok;Z ugha gSA xkuZj (Garner) ds Li"V 'kCnksa esa dgk gS] ^^jk"Vª ds fy, yksxksa

dk jkT; ds :i esa laxfBr gksuk t:jh ugha gS vkSj u gh jkT; ds fy, jk"Vª gksuk vko';d gSA

pwafd vk/kqfud ;qx esa HkkoukRed vkSj euksoSKkfud ,drk ds rRo dks cgqr egRoiw.kZ ekuk tkrk gSA vUrrksxRok

ge ;g dg ldrs gSa fd jk"Vª ,d ,slk ekuo&lewg gS] ftlesa HkkoukRed ,drk fodflr gqbZ gks] ftldh ,d

fuf'pr ekr`&Hkwfe gksA lEHkor% ,d gh uLy] leku ,sfrgkfld vuqHko] lEHkor% leku Hkk"kk] lkfgR;] vkfFkZd]

/kkfeZd o lkekftd rRoksa ij vk/kkfjr lkekU; laLÑfr gks] leku jktuhfrd egRokdka{kk vkfn ;k muesa ls ckrsa

ftuesa lkFk&lkFk jgus vkSj fodflr gksus dh ml ij vk/kkfjr ,d lkewfgd O;fDrRo gksA ftldks lk/kkj.kr%

vkRefu.kZ; ds vf/kdkj }kjk vFkok dHkh&dHkh dsoy lkaLÑfrd Lora=rk }kjk mér cuk, j[kus dk mlesa mRlkg

gksA

jk"Vªh;rk (Nationality) vHkh gky rd jk"Vª vkSj jk"Vªh;rk 'kCnksa dk iz;ksx ,d nwljs ds cnys fd;k tkrk FkkA vc mUgsa nks fHké 'kCnksa ds

:i eas iz;qDr fd;k tkrk gSA fdUrq os fo}ku ftUgksaus muesa vUrj dj fy;k gS ^^bl varj ds fo"k; esa fdlh izkdj

,der ugha gSA** bl rF; dk Li"V dkj.k ;g gS fd us'ku ¼jk"Vªª½ vkSj u'kuSfyVh ¼jk"Vªh;rk½] nksuksa dh O;qO;fDr

^^usVl** (Natus) ls gqbZ tks tUe ;k oa'k ds fopkj dk ladsr djrk gSA fdUrq jk"Vª vkSj jkT; esa rdZlEc) vUrj

gksrs gq, Hkh vc jk"Vª dk fuf'pr :i ls jktuhfrd vFkZ gks x;k gS D;ksafd vc lHkh yksx ,d jk"Vª vkSj ,d

jkT; dk ukjk cqyUn dj jgs gSaA jk"Vª dk vFkZ gS jktuhfrd ,drk&vU; leqnk;ksa ls fHké ,sls yksxksa dk ,d

leqnk; ftudk viuk futh jktuhfrd vfLrRo gksA jk"Vªh;rk dk jktuhfrd ,drk ls dksbZ lEcu/k ugha gSA ;g

yksxksa ds bl lewg dk ladsr djrh gS] tks ewy&oa'k] Hkk"kk ;k lkekU; ijEijk ;k bfrgkl dh lekurk ls lEc)

gq, gksaA blfy, jk"Vªh;rk vius lkekU; tUe vFkok lkekU; ewy oa'k ds O;qR;fŸk vFkkZsa ij tksj nsrh gSA

jk"Vªh;rk dh dqN egRoiw.kZ ifjHkk"kk,¡ fuEufyf[kr gS&

¼1½ fjpMZ ¶yksjukW; (Richard Flournay) ds vuqlkj ^^jk"Vªh;rk fdlh O;fDr dk Lrj gS tks jkT;HkfDr ds

cU/ku }kjk jkT; ls ca/kk gqvk gSA**

¼2½ tkWu LVqvVZ fey (J.S. Mill) ds vuqlkj ^^ekuo tkfr dk ,d Hkkx jk"Vªh;rk dgk tk ldrk gS] ;fn og

lkekU; lgkuqHkwfr }kjk ijLij ca/kk gqvk gS] rFkk blh ds leku fdlh vU; leqnk; ls lgkuqHkwfr u j[krk

gks] vkil esa lg;ksx dh vf/kd bPNk j[krk gks vkSj ,d ,slh ljdkj ds vUrxZr j[kuk pkgrs gksa tks

dsoy yksxksa dh cuh gksA

¼3a½ oxZsl (Burgess) ds vuqlkj ^^jk"Vªh;rk fdlh jkT; esa jgus okyh lEiw.kZ tula[;k dk ,d fo'ks"k

vYila[;d leqnk; gS tks lkekftdrk o uLy ds vk/kkj ij laxfBr gSA**


147

¼4½ czkbl (Bryce) ds vuqlkj ^^jk"Vªh;rk og tulewg gS tks Hkk"kk ,oa lkfgR;] fopkj izFkkvksa vkSj ijEijkvksa

tSls cU/kuksa esa ijLij bl izdkj ca/kk gqvk gks fd og viuh Bksl ,drk vuqHko djs rFkk mUgha vk/kkjksa ij

ca/kh gqbZ vU; tula[;k ls vius vkidks fHké le>saA**

¼5½ fxyØkbLV (Gilehrist) ds vuqlkj ^^jk"Vªh;rk ,d vk/;kfRed Hkkouk vFkok fl)kar gS ftldh mRifŸk mu

ykskxas eas gksrh gS tks lk/kkj.kr% ,d tkfr ds gksrs gSa] tks ,d Hkw&[k.M ij jgrs gSa] ftudh ,d Hkk"kk] ,d

bfrgkl ,d&lh ijEijk,a ,oa lkekU; fgr gksrs gSa rFkk ftuds ,d ls jktuhfrd leqnk; rFkk

jktuhfrd ,drk ds ,d ls vkn'kZ gksrs gSaA

¼6½ oksge (Bohum) ds vuqlkj ^^Hkk"kk ,oa laLÑfr dh fHkérk rFkk /keZ] tkfr ,oa jhfr;ksa ds vUrj ds

ifj.kkeLo:i ,sls lkekftd lewgksa dk fuekZ.k gksrk gS tks jktuhfrd lhekvksa ds ckjs esa Lora= gksrs gq,

Hkh ekSfyd jk"Vªh; bdkb;ksa dk fuekZ.k djrs gSaA jk"Vªh;rk dk fpUg bl izdkj fdlh jkT; ds izfr yxko

ugha] oju~ fdlh tu&lewg ds izfr yxko gksrk gSA**

bl izdkj jk"Vªh;rk ls rkRi;Z bu yksxksa ;k lewgksa ls gksrk gS tks jktuhfrd mÌs';ksa ls ijs] ,d ,slh lef"V cukrs

gSa ftldk Lo:i vf/kd foLr`r rFkk vf/kd O;kid gksrk gSA mnkgj.kLo:i ge ns[krs gSa fd iksyS.M esa ;wØsu

jk"Vªh;rk esa ogk¡ ds lHkh ;wØsfu;u yksx lfEefyr gSa rFkk ;wjksi esa iksfy'k jk"Vªh;rk esa ;wjksi ds lHkh iksfy'k yksxk

vk tkrs gSaA

jk"Vª rFkk jk"Vªh;rk esa Hksn (Distinction between National and Nationality)

okLro esa nksuksa 'kCn ,d ewy /kkrq ysfVu 'kCn usf'k;ksa ls fudys gSa] fQj Hkh muds vFkZ esa oSKkfud Hksn gSaA ;g Hksn

bruk lw{e gS fd budh foHkktu js[kk <wa<uk dfBu gks tkrk gSA vr% gesa bu nksuksa esa bl izdkj ls Hksn /;ku eas

j[kuk pkfg,&

tSlk ykMZ czkbl dh jk"Vª rFkk jk"Vªh;rk dh ifjHkk"kkvksa ls Li"V gS] muds fopkj esa bu nksuksa esa jktuhfrd

laxBu dk Hkh Hksn gSA vFkkZr jk"Vª rks jktuhfrd :i ls laxfBr o Lora= jkT; cu x;k gS ijUrq jk"Vªh;rk bl

izdkj laxfBr ugha gSA fey dk ;gh er jgk gSA mUgksaus Hkh jk"Vªh;rk dh ifjHkk"kk djrs le; jktuhfrd laxBu

ij cy fn;k gS] tks lEHkor% jk"Vª dh ifjHkk"kk gh gSA oxZsl (Burgess) rFkk xeIykfot (Gumplowiez) us jk"Vªª

rFkk jk"Vªh;rk esa jktuhfrd laxBu dk Hksn ugha ekurs] os muesa ykxksa dh de ;k vf/kd la[;k dk Hksn ekurs gSaA

muds ekruqlkj vYila[;d leqnk; gh jk"Vªh;rk gS] bl vk/kkj ij Hkkjr esa eqlyeku] ikjlh rFkk ikfdLrku esa

fgUnw] baXyS.M esa Ldkp rFkk osY'k yksx jk"Vªh;rk,¡ gSaA

bl izdkj jk"Vª dk {ks= jk"Vªh;rk ls cM+k gksrk gS tc dksbZ jk"Vªªh;rk ,d Lora= jkT; cu tkrh gS ;k cuus dh

bPNk j[krh gS] og jk"Vª dgykrh gSA ;fn jk"Vªh;rk Lora= jkT; ugha cuuk pkgrh rks og dsoy jk"Vªh;rk cudj

gh jg tkrh gSA

jk"Vª vFkok jk"Vªh;rk ds fuekZ.k ds rRo (Constituent Elements of Nation or Nationality)

jk"Vªh;rk rFkk jk"Vª ds fuekZ.k esa eq[;r% fuEufyf[kr rRo lgk;d gksrs gSa&

¼1½ uLy dh lekurk (Community of Race): ;g ckr lR; gS fd leku uLy ds nksuksa esa ,drk dh Hkkouk

ljyrk ls mRié gks tkrh gS vkSj ;gh dkj.k gS fd izkphu dky esa uLy dh ,drk us ekuo&lewgksa dks

tksM+us rFkk bdÎk j[kus dk egRoiw.kZ dk;Z fd;k gSA

bl lEca/k eas fxyØkbLV us fy[kk gS fd ,d uLy dh mRifÙk ds izfr fo'okl] pkgs og okLrfod gks

vFkok dkYifud] jk"Vªh;rk dk cU/ku gksrk gSA izR;sd jk"Vªh;rk dh mRifÙk dh viuh ikSjkf.kd dFkk,a

gksrh gSA**

jktuhfrd fl)kUr

148

fQj Hkh vk/kqfud ;qx esa bl rRo dks iwjh rjg ykxw dj ikuk dfBu gSA mldk dkj.k ;g gS fd vkt

lalkj esa 'kk;n gh dksbZ ,slh ,d tkfr gks tks uLy vkSj jDr dh 'kq)rk dk nkok dj ldsA blds

vfrfjDr vesfjdk] :l] dukMk] fLoV~tjyS.M vkfn vusd ns'kksa ds ,sls cgqr ls mnkgj.k gSa tgk¡ vusd

tkfr;ksa vkSj uLyksa ds O;fDr;ksa us feydj ,d i`Fkd jk"Vª vkSj jk"Vªh;rk dk fuekZ.k fd;k gSA blh rjg

vjc tkfr vkfn ds ,sls mnkgj.k Hkh gSa tgk¡ ,d gh uLy ds vusd jk"Vª vkSj jk"Vªh;rk dk fuekZ.k fd;k

gS tks vfLrRo esa gSaA blfy, izk;% ;g dgk tkrk gS fd uLy ,d HkkSfrd rRo gh gS vkSj mlesa

vk/;kfRed rRo ds feyus ls gh jk"Vª vkSj jk"Vªh;rk dk fuekZ.k gksrk gSA MkŒ xkuZj (Garner) ds 'kCnksa esa

^^uLy ,d HkkSfrd rRo gksrk gS tcfd jk"Vªh;rk ,d fefJr rRo gS] ftldh mRifÙk vk/;kfRed rRo ds

feyus ls gksrh gSA bl rjg ;g dguk vf/kd mfpr gksxk fd uLy vkSj jk"Vª dks ,d dj nsus dk vFkZ

uSfrd vkRek dk HkkSfrd thou ds v/khu dj nsuk ;k euq"; esa ikbZ tkus okyh i'kqrk dks ekuork dk :i

nsuk gksxkA

¼2½ /keZ dh lekurk (Community of Religion): izkphu dky esa /keZ dh lekurk us jk"Vª vkSj jk"Vªh;rk ds

fuekZ.k esa cgqr vf/kd ;ksxnku fn;k gSA vk/kqfud ;qx esa Hkkjr dk foHkktu Hkh eqfLye yhx vkSj blds

usrk eqgEen vyh fték dh dksf'k'kksa ls /keZ dh fHkérk ds vk/kkj ij gh gqvk FkkA ysfdu vk/kqfud ;qx esa

/keZ dh lekurk dks bruk vf/kd egRo ugha fn;k tkrkA dE;qfuLV yksx rks /keZ dks ekuus ls bUdkj

djrs gSaA blds vykok /kkfeZd lfg".kqrk ij vk/kkfjr /keZ fujis{k jkT; dk izpkj gks tkus ls vc /kkfeZd

,drk dk rRo vfuok;Z ugha jg x;kA ;gh otg gS fd /kkfeZd mUekn dks HkM+dkdj fték vkSj eqfLye

yhx ikfdLrku cukus esa Hkys gh lQy gks x, gksa] ysfdu iwohZ caxky ikfdLrku ds lkFk ugha jg ldkA

vc cakXykns'k ds :i esa og ikfdLrku ls iwjh rjg vyx gks pqdk gSA blh rjg fték vkSj eqfLye yhx

ds f?kukSus izpkj ds ckotwn Hkkjr dh vktknh feyus ds le; lk<+s pkj djksM+ eqlyekuksa us blh ns'k esa

jguk mfpr gksxk fd /keZ dh lekurk ls jk"Vªh;rk ds fodkl esa lgk;rk rks fey ldrh gS] ysfdu

vfuok;Z rRo ugha gSA

¼3½ HkkSxksfyd ,drk (Geographical Unity): jk"Vª vkSj jk"Vªh;rk ds tUe vkSj fodkl esa ekr`&Hkwfe ds izfr

xgjh J)k dh Hkkouk ,d izeq[k lgk;d rRo ds :i esa gksrh gSA blesa lansg ugha fd bfrgkl esa ,sls

mnkgj.k Hkh ekStwn jgs gSa tcfd ,d jk"Vªh;rk ;k jk"Vªokys O;fDr;ksa us ,d HkkSxksfyd ,drk okys Hkw&Hkkx

dsjgus ij Hkh vius vkidks thfor cuk, j[kk gSA ijUrq ,sls O;fDr&lewg us viuh ekr`&Hkwfe dks izkIr

djus ds iz;Ru Hkh cjkcj tkjh j[ks gSaA ;gwfn;ksa dk mnkgj.k ,slk gh gSA lu~ 1948 esa fQfyLrhu ds

bykds esa Lora= btjkby jkT; ds dk;e gks tkus ls mudh jk"Vªh;rk vkSj jk"Vª ds fodkl esa cgqr vf/kd

lgk;rk feyh gSA blfy, HkkSxksfyd ,drk ds rRo dks jk"Vª ds vkSj jk"Vªh;rk ds fodkl esa ,d lgk;d

rRo ekuk tkrk gSA

¼4½ Hkk"kk] laLÑfr vkSj ijEijkvksa dh lekurk (Community of Language, Culture and Traditions): izR;sd

tkfr dh Hkkoukvksa dks izdV djus ds ,dek= lk/ku mldh viuh Hkk"kk gksrh gSA vr% Hkk"kk;h ,drk Hkh

jk"Vª vkSj jk"Vªh;rk ds fodkl esa lgk;d gksrh gSA Hkk"kk ds }kjk gh lkfgR; dk fuekZ.k gksrk gS vksj blls

vkxs pydj laLÑfr dk fodkl gksrk gS] tks fd leku ijEijkvksa dks tUe nsrh gSA blfy, Hkk"kk dh

lekurk dks Hkh jk"Vª vkSj jk"Vªh;rk ds fuekZ.k esa ,d izeq[k rRo ekuk tkrk gSA

Hkk"kk ds bl egRo ds ckotwn gesa ;g /;ku j[kuk pkfg, fd vkt lalkj esa vesfjdk] dukMk] :l] Hkkjr]

fLoV~tjyS.M vkfn vusd ,sls jk"Vª gSa ftuesa vusd Hkk"kk,a cksyh tkrh gS] fQj Hkh mudk viuk ,d jk"Vª

gSA blh rjg vesfjdk] baXyS.M] vkWLVªfy;k vkfn ,sls jk"Vª Hkh gSa ftuesa ,d gh Hkk"kk vaxszth fy[kh i<+h

tkrh gSA fQj Hkh muds vyx&vyx jk"Vª gSaa A bldk vFkZ ;g gS fd fdUgha Hkh dkj.kksa ls ;fn dksbZ

O;fDr lewg vyx&vyx Hkk"kkvksa ds gksrs gq, Hkh leku laLÑfr dk fodkl djus esa lQy gks tkrk gS

mldk jk"Vª ljyrk ls dk;e gks ldrk gSA Hkkjr esa vÎkjg Hkk"kkvksa ds ckotwn mudsk tksM+us okyh


149

laLÑfr ekStwn jgh gS vkSj mÙkj vkSj nf{k.k eas Hkk"kk;h fHkérk ds ckotwn laLÑfr ds rRo izk; ,d tSls

jgs gSa ftleas jk"Vªh; ,drk dk;e j[kus esa lgk;rk igqapkbZ gksA

¼5½ leku bfrgkl (Common History): fdlh Hkh O;fDr&lewg dk leku bfrgkl Hkh jk"Vª vkSj jk"Vªh;rk

dks mRié djus esa cgqr vf/kd lgk;d gksrk gSA fdlh Hkh ns'k esa fons'kh vkØe.kdkfj;ksa ds fo:) NsM+k

x;k lkewfgd la?k"kZ Hkh jk"Vªh;rk ds fodkl esa lgk;d gksrk gSA lu~ 1857 dk l'kL= Lora=rk laxzke

vkSj tfy;kaokyk ckx vkfn dh ?kVuk,a vHkh Hkh Hkkjrh;ksa ds vUnj jk"Vª Hkkouk mRié djus esa lgk;d

gksrh gSA blfy, ladV ds fnuksa esa izR;sd jk"Vª ds usrk bfrgkl dh ?kVukvksa] bfrgkl ds chj iq:"kksa dh

lQyrkvksa vkSj cfynkuksa vkfn ds vk/kkj ij turk dks ladV dk lkeuk djus ds fy, rS;kj djrs

fn[kkbZ nsrs gSaA

¼6½ leku fgr (Common Interest): fdlh Hkh O;fDr lewg eas leku lkekftd] vkfFkZd vkSj jktuhfrd fgrksa

dh psruk Hkh jk"Vªh;rk ds fuekZ.k esa lgk;d gksrh gSA 18oha 'krkCnh esa vesfjdk esa jg jgs fofHké ;wjksih;

oa'k ds yksxksa dks ;g ckr iwjh rjg ls le> eas vk xbZ Fkh fd buds lkekftd] vkfFkZd vkSj jktuhfrd

fgrksa dh ekax ;gh gS fd os vkilh HksnHkkoksa dks Hkwykdj ,d gksa vkSj rc fczVsu ds fo:) [kM+s gksaA rHkh os

viuh Lora=rk izkIr djus dh vk'kk dj ldrs FksA

¼7½ leku jktuhfrd egRodka{kk,a (Common Political Aspirations): vk/kqfud ;qx esa leku jktuhfrd

egRodka{kk,a Hkh jk"Vª&thou ds fodkl esa cgqr vf/kd lgk;d gksrh gSA ,d gh 'kklu ds vUrxZr jgrs

gq, fons'kokfl;ksa esa ,drk dh Hkkouk mRié gks tkrh gS vkSj leku jktuhfrd vkdka{kk,a mudks lalkj esa

xkSjoiw.kZ LFkku fnykus dh n`f"V ls dfBu ifjJe] ukxfjdksa }kjk R;kx vkSj cfynku ,oa d"V lgu djus

dh izsj.kk nsrh gSA


fu"d"kZr% ge dg ldrs gSa fd ;s lHkh rRo jk"Vª vkSj jk"Vªh;rk ds fuekZ.k esa lgk;d gksrs gSaA ysfdu gekjs fy,

;g dguk dfBu gS fd muesa ls dkSu lk rRo lcls vf/kd lgk;d gksrk gSA bldk dkj.k ;g gS fd ekuo

thou vkSj blds fodkl dh izfØ;k cgqr my>uiw.kZ ,oa tfVy gSA blhfy, bu rRoksa esa ls fdlh ,d ;k dqN

rRoksa dks ge vf/kd egRo ugha ns ldrsA

jk"Vª fuekZ.k dk vFkZ (Meaning of Nation-building)

jk"Vª fuekZ.k dk 'kkfCnd vFkZ gS& jk"Vª dk fuekZ.k djukA ;g og izfØ;k gS tks iwjs jk"Vª esa ,drk dh Hkkouk

vRié djrh gS rFkk iwjs jk"Vª ds fy, fu"Bk dk ,d gh dsUnz fodflr djrh gS rkfd turk ladh.kZ Hkkoukvksa dk

ifjR;kx djds iwjs jk"Vª dks viuh HkfDr rFkk fu"Bk dk dsUnz ekusA ;g og izfØ;k gS tks ykskxsa dh tkrh;] {ks=h;]

/kkfeZd] Hkk"kk;h rFkk lakLÑfrd rFkk vusd ladh.kZ Hkkoukvksa dks u"V djds jk"Vªh; Hkkoukvksa rFkk fu"Bkvksa dks

fodflr djrh gSA

yqflu ikbZ (Lucian Pye) ds vuqlkj jk"Vª fuekZ.k dk vFkZ gS] og izfØ;k ftlds }kjk yksx NksVs dchyksa]

xkoksa] uxjksa ;k NksVh fj;klrksa ds izfr oQknkjh vkSj cU/kuksa dks fo'kky dsUnzh; jktuhfrd iz.kkyh dh vksj eksM+

ysrs gSaA

MkŒ tsŒ vkjŒ Y;qfl;u (Dr. J.R. Siwach) ds vuqlkj ^^jk"Vª fuekZ.k dk vFkZ ,d vksj dchyk] lEiznk;] tkrh;

Hkk"kk;h vFkok {ks=h; vk/kkj ij lekt dks foHkkftr djus okyh leL;kvksa dks u"V djuk gS vkSj nwljh vksj

euksoSKkfud Hkkoukvksa dh ,drk vkSj HkkbZpkjk gSA

jktuhfrd fl)kUr

150

jk"Vª&fuekZ.k ds rRo (Elements of National building)

jk"Vª fuekZ.k ds egRoiw.kZ rRo fuEufyf[kr gSa&

¼1½ jk"Vªh; Lora=rk (National Independence): ;fn dksbZ jk"Vªh; leqnk; fons'kh fu;a=.k ds v/khu gS rks

,sls leqnk; ds fy, jk"Vª fuekZ.k dk iz'u gh ugha mBrkA lu~ 1947 ls igys Hkkjr tc fons'kh 'kklu ds

v/khu Fkk rks jkT; }kjk jk"Vª fuekZ.k dh dksbZ vk'kk ugha fd tk ldrh FkhA vr% jktuhfrd Lora=rk

jk"Vª fuekZ.k dk egRoiw.kZ rRo gSA

¼2½ mfpr lkoZtfud lÙkk (Legitimate Public Authority): jk"Vª fuekZ.k ds fy, mfpr lkoZtfud lÙkk ls

vfHkizk; ,slh laoS/kkfud vFkok dkuwu 'kfDr ls gS ftldh oS/krk ds ckjs esa yksxksa ds eu esa dksbZ 'kadk

vFkok jks"k ugha gSA ;fn fgalk vFkok vlaoS/kkfud lk/kuksa }kjk dqN yksx jktuhfrd lÙkk vius gkFkksa ys

ysrs gSa vkSj lk/kkj.k yksx bl lÙkk dh oS/krk dks Lohdkj u djrs gksa] rks ,sls O;fDr dsoy 'kfDr ds cy

ij jk"Vª fuekZ.k dk dk;Z ugha dj ldrsA

¼3½ jk"Vªh; Hkkouk (National feeling): fdlh jktuhfrd leqnk; ds jk"Vª fuekZ.k ds fy, dsoy ckgjh fu;a=.k

ls Lora=rk gh dkQh ugha gS] cfYd mlds fy, yksxksa ds eu esa jk"Vªh; psruk vkSj Hkkouk dk gksuk

vko';d gSA tcrd yksxksa ds fnyksa esa jk"Vªª ds lkFk lEcfU/kr gksus dk xoZ rFkk Hkkouk iSnk ugha gksrh]

rcrd bu yksxksa dk ,d jk"Vª ds :i eas laxfBr djuk dfBu gks tkrk gSA

¼4½ fofHkérk esa ,drk dh LFkkiuk (Establishment of Unity in Diversity): orZeku ;qx esa 'kk;n gh dksbZ

,slk jkT; gksxk ftlesa yksxksa esa Hkk"kk] /keZ] tkfr rFkk laLÑfr vkfn ds vk/kkj ij fofHkérk ugha ikbZ

tkrhA ,sls jkT;ksa esa fofHkérkvksa ds gksrs gq, Hkh ,drk dh LFkkiuk jk"Vª fuekZ.k dk vfuok;Z rRo gSA

jk"Vª fuekZ.k esa jkT; dh Hkwfedk (Role of State in Nation-building)

jkT; jk"Vª fuekZ.k esa vge Hkwfedk gSA vjLrq us fy[kk gS ^^jkT; dh mRifÙk euq"; dh vfuok;Z vko';drkvksa dh

iwfrZ ds fy, gqbZ gS ijUrq ;g vPNk thou cuk, j[kus ds fy, ekStwn gSA blh izdkj xzhu us fy[kk gSa ^^jkT; dk

dk;Z dsoy vijkf/k;ksa dks idM+uk] le>kSrksa dks ykxw djuk vFkkZr iqfyl dk;Z gh ugha gS] cfYd mldk dk;Z

euq";ksa dks] tgk¡ rd gks lds] leku volj iznku djrk gS rkfd os viuk okSf)d vkSj uSfrd fodkl dj ldsA^^

vk/kqfud jkT; jk"Vª fuekZ.k eas egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkkrk gS] tks fuEufyf[kr fooj.k ls Li"V gS&

¼1½ jkT; rFkk HkkSxksfyd ,drk (State and Geographical Contiguity): HkkSxksfyd ,drk jk"Vª fuekZ.k dk ,d

egRoiw.kZ rRo gSA ,d fuf'pr HkkSxksfyd ,drk okys {ks= esa jgus okys yksxksa eas leku laLÑfr] [kkuiku]

jgu lgu dk <ax rFkk ijEijkvkas dh lekurk mRiUu gksrh gS tks jk"Vª ds fuekZ.k esa cgqr lgk;rk djrh

gSA

¼2½ jkT; rFkk jk"Vª&fuekZ.k dk lkaLÑfrd igyw (State and Cultural aspect of Nation-building): jk"Vª

fuekZ.k eas lkaLÑfrd fodkl dk Hkh egRoiw.kZ LFkku gSA ftu yksxksa dk jgu lgu [kku&iku] igukok rFkk

jhfr&fjokt ,d tSls gksrs gSa] muesa ,d fo'ks"k izdkj dh ,drk dh Hkkouk dk fodkl gksrk gSA ftu ns'kksa

esa fofHké tkfr;ksa] uLyksa rFkk /kekZsa ds yksx jgrs gSa vkSj ftudh laLÑfr ,d nwljs ls fHké gS] mUgsa ,drk

dh yM+h esa fijksus dh vko';drk gksrh gSaA

¼3½ jkT; rFkk jk"Vª&fuekZ.k dk jktuhfrd igyw (State and Political aspect of Nation-building): jkT; gh

jk"Vª dks jktuhfrd lqj{kk iznku djrk gS vkSj jktuhfrd fLFkjrk] 'kkfUr rFkk O;oLFkk cuk, j[kus esa

lgk;rk djrk gSA fcuk jktuhfrd fLFkjrk ds dksbZ Hkh jk"Vª viuk fodkl ugha dj ldrkA jkT;

ukxfjdksa dks jktuhfrd dk;kZsa esa Hkkx ysus dk volj iznku djrk gS ftlls yksxksa dh jk"Vªh; Hkkouk,a


151

etcwr gksrh gSA jkT; }kjk ukxfjdksa dks ernku djus] pquko yM+us] ljdkjh in xzg.k djus rFkk

jktuhfrd laxBu vkfn cukus ds vf/kdkj fn, tkrs gSaA

¼4½ jkT; rFkk jk"Vª&fuekZ.k dk vkfFkZd igyw (State and Economic aspect of Nation-building): fdlh Hkh

ns'k ds jk"Vª fuekZ.k ds fy, bldk vkfFkZd fodkl gksuk vko';d gSA ;fn fdlh ns'k esa /ku dqN gh

O;fDr;ksa ds gkFkksa dsfUnzr gksxk rFkk lk/kkj.k turk cgqr fu/kZu gksxh] ftuds fy, viuh ekSfyd

vko';drkvksa dh iwfrZ Hkh lEHko ugha gksxh] rks og ns'k jk"Vª&fuekZ.k esa lQy ugha gks ldrkA jkT; }kjk

gh mfpr vkfFkZd iz.kkyh dks viukdj ,slh fLFkfr dks jksdk tk ldrk gSA jkT; gh ukxfjdksa dks jkstxkj

fnykus esa lgk;rk djrk gS] muds fy, U;wure etnwjh rFkk dke djus ds ?k.Vs fuf'pr djrk gS vkSj

ns'k dh vkS|ksfxd méfr ds fy, dk;Z djrk gSA jkT; /kuh O;fDr;ksa ij vf/kd dj yxkdj muds gkFkksa

esa /ku ds dsUnzh;dj.k dks jksdus dk iz;Ru djrk gSA

¼5½ jkT; rFkk jk"Vª&fuekZ.k dk lkekftd igyw (State and Social aspect of Nation-building): jkT;

lkekftd {ks= esa Hkh egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkkrk gSA jkT; lkekftd lekurk dh LFkkiuk djrk gS rkfd

ukxfjdksa esa tkfr] uLy] /keZ] fyax rFkk jax vkfn ds vk/kkj ij fdlh izdkj dk HksnHkko u iSnk fd;k tk

ldsA

vr% ge dg ldrs gSa fd orZeku le; esa jkT; jk"Vª&fuekZ.k ds dk;Z esa egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkkrk gSA

jk"Vªh; ,dhdj.k (National Integration)

Hkkjr ,d fo'kky ns'k gS ftlesa tkfr] /keZ rFkk Hkk"kk vkfn ds vk/kkj ij yksxksa esa cgqr fofHkérk ikbZ tkrh gSA

blds vfrfjDr ns'k ds dqN Hkkx vkfFkZd n`f"V ls cgqr gh vf/kd fodflr gSa tcfd dqN Hkkx vfr fiNM+s gSaA

blds dkj.k muesa vuko';d izfrLi/kkZ rFkk bZ";kZ dh Hkkouk iuirh jgrh gSA Hkkjr ds vusd Hkkxksa esa

fnu&izfrfnu lkEiznkf;d naxs gksrs jgrs gSaA ftlls vusd O;fDr tks funkZs"k gSA bl naxs esa tkusa tkrh gS vkSj bl

vk/kkj ij Hkh HksnHkko cuk jgrk gS ukxfjdksa ds chpA bu ckrksa ds vk/kkj ij fuR; u, jkT;ksa dh ekax gksrh jgrh

gS vkSj dqN ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa rks Hkkjr ls vyx gksdj Lora= jkT; dh LFkkiuk dh ekax dh tkrh gSA dqN o"kZ iwoZ

[kkfyLrku dh ekax blh dk mnkgj.k Fkk ftlds otg ls [kkfyLrku leFkZdksa us iqjs iatkc esa vkrad QSyk fn;k

FkkA vkt Hkh iqjs Hkkjr esa dgha u dgha Lora= jkT; dh ekax dh tkrh jgh gS ysfdu Hkkjr ljdkj buds Qu

mBrs gh dqpy nsrs gSa D;ksafd Hkkjr vFkkZr bf.M;k jkT;ksa dk la/k gS vkSj Hkkjr ds lafo/kku ds vUrxZr tks Hkh

igyw gSa mls viuk;k tkrk jgk gSA

jk"Vªh; ,dhdj.k dk vFkZ (Meaning of National Integration)

jk"Vªh; ,dhdj.k dk okLrfod vFkZ gS Hkkjr dh lfn;ksa ls pyh vk jgh lkaLÑfrd ,drk dh ijEijkvksa ds vk/kkj

ij ml jk"Vª esa ,d ,sls laxfBr lkewfgd thou dk fuekZ.k djuk gS ftlesa tkfrokn] lkEiznk;okn] Hkk"k.kokn

vkSj {ks=okn tSlh ladh.kZ vkSj ladqfpr Hkkouk,a iqjh rjg u"V gks tk,aA

jk"Vªh; ,dhdj.k dk vFkZ crkrs gq, lqizfl) fo}ku ekbju ohuj (Myron Weiner) us fy[kk gS ^^bldk vfHkizk;

,d lqfuf'pr HkwHkkx ds izfr ,slh xgjh jk"Vªh;rk dh Hkkouk dk fodkl djuk gS tks ladh.kZ vkSj ladqfpr

oQknkfj;ksa dks xkS.k cuk nsrh gS ;k mUgsa u"V dj Mkyrh gSA

,pŒ ,Œ xuh (H.A. Gani) ds vuqlkj ^^jk"Vªh; ,dhdj.k ,d ,slh lkekftd euksoSKkfud vkSj 'kSf{kd izfØ;k gS

ftlds }kjk yksxksa ds fnyksa esa ,drk] n`<+rk lEc)rk dh Hkkouk fodflr gksrh gks vkSj muesa lkekU; ukxfjdrk

dh Hkkouk vFkok jk"Vª ds izfr oQknkjh dh Hkkoukk dk fodkl gksrk gSA**

jktuhfrd fl)kUr

152

vr% jk"Vªh; ,dhdj.k bl HkkoukRed rFkk fopkjkRed ,drk dk uke gS tks lHkh Hkkjrokfl;ksa dks izkUr] Hkk"kk]

tkfr] etgc] {ks= vkfn dh ladh.kZrkvksa ls mij mBkdj mUgsa ,d lw= esa cka/krh gS vkSj mUgsa bl jk"Vª dh

lukru ijEijk ds vuqlkj fofo/krk esa ,drk ls lk{kkRdkj djkrh gSA

Hkkjr esa jk"Vªh; ,dhdj.k ds vk;ke ¼i{k½ (Dimensions or Aspects of National Integration in India)

jk"Vªh; ,dhdj.k ,d O;kid vo/kkj.kk gS ftlds dbZ vk;ke gSaA bldk fooj.k fuEufyf[kr gS&

¼1½ jktuhfrd vk;ke (Political Dimension): jk"Vªh; ,dhdj.k dk jktuhfrd vk;ke ns'k ds {ks=h; laxBu

ls lEcfU/kr gSA blds fy, jkT; fuekZ.k gksuk vfuok;Z gSA lu~ 1956 esa Hkkjrh; laln }kjk jkT;

iquxZBu vf/kfu;e (State Reorganization Act, 1956) ikl fd;k x;kA mlds i'pkr Hkh Hkk"kk ds vk/kkj

ij dbZ u, jkT;ska dk xBu fd;k x;k ftlds ifj.kkeLo:i jkT;ksa dh la[;k 28 gks xbZ gSA

mnkgj.kLo:i] egkjk"Vª jkT; esa dqN yksx fonHkZ (Vidarbh) jkT; dh] vle esa ckSMksyS.M (Bodoland)

mÙkj izns'k esa mÙkjk[k.M (Uttrakhand) rFkk fogkj esa >kj[k.M (Jharkhand) dh ek¡x dj jgs Fks vkSj

lQy gq,A ,slh ekaxsa jk"Vªh; ,dhdj.k ds ekxZ esa ck/kk curh gSA

¼2½ lkekftd vk;ke (Social Dimension): jk"Vªh; ,dhdj.k ds fy, lkekftd ,drk rFkk lkekftd

,dhdj.k dk gksuk vko';d gSA ;|fi Hkkjrh; lafo/kku dks NqvkNwr dks lekIr dj fn;k x;k vkSj

bldk ikyu vijk/k ?kksf"kr dj fn;k x;k gSA fQj Hkh lekt esa tkfr&ikfr dh bl leL;k dk iw.kZ :i

ls vUr ugha gqvk gSA vkt Hkh vuqlwfpr tkfr;ksa ds yksxksa ds lkFk viekutud O;ogkj fd;k tkrk gSA

Hkkjr eas mÙkjizns'k] fcgkj] gfj;k.kk] mÙkjk[k.M] >kj[k.M] jktLFkku] vkU/kzizns'k vkfn jkT;ska ds tkfrokn

cgqr gh ek=k esa ekStwn gS blds vfrfjDr Hkk"kk] /keZ vkfn ds vk/kkj ij Hkkjrh; yksxksa esa HksnHkko cuk

gqvk gSA

¼3½ vkfFkZd vk;ke (Economic Dimension): Hkkjr dh tula[;k dk ,d cgqr cM+k Hkkx fu/kZurk rFkk

Hkw[kejh dk f'kdkj gS] tcfd dbZ yksx foykflrk dk thou O;frr djrs gSaA blds vfrfjDr ns'k ds dqN

yksxksa dks HkjisV Hkkstu rd ugha feyrkA Hkkjr esa fofHké {ks=ksa dk vlarqfyr vkfFkZd fodkl Hkh jk"Vªh;

,dhdj.k ds fy, cgqr cM+h ck/kk gSA

¼4½ lkaLÑfrd vk;ke (Cultural Dimension): lHkh yksxksa dh viuh laLÑfr ls ?kfu"B yxko gksrk gS vkSj

;g mUgsa jk"Vªh; eq[; /kkjk (National Mainstream) ls nwj j[kus dk ,d dkj.k curk gSA yksx viuh

laLÑfr dh vyx igpku (Separate Identity) cuk, j[kuk pkgrs gSa vkSj blds dkj.k dbZ ckj mxzoknh

vkSj vkradoknh vkUnksyu Hkh fd, tkrs gSaA

¼5½ euksoSKkfud vk;ke (Psychological Dimension): okLro esa jk"Vªh; ,dhdj.k dksbZ edku ugha gS ftls

bZVksa vkSj xkjs ls cuk;k tk ldrk gSA ;g dksbZ vkS|ksfxd ;kstuk Hkh ugha gS ftls fo'ks"kKksa }kjk fopkj

vkSj ykxw fd;k tk ldrk gSA blds foijhr] ,dhdj.k ,d fopkj gS tks vo'; gh yksxksa ds eu esa lek

tkuk pkfg,A ;g ,d psruk gS ftls cM+s iSekus ij yksxksa dks vo'; tkx̀r djuk gSA

¼6½ lkekU; mÌs'; vk;ke (Common Purpose Dimension): ekbZju ohuj (Myron Weiner) us fy[kk gS fd

fdlh mÌs'; dh izkfIr ds fy, yksxksa dk bdÎk gksuk jk"Vªh; ,dhdj.k dk vk/kkj curk gS ijUrq yksxksa esa

bruh ;ksX;rk rFkk {kerk gksuh pkfg, fd os ,sls mÌs'; ds ckjs esa] tks blds fy, vko';d gks] tu

Hkkoukvksa dks izsfjr dj ldsaA

bl izdkj ge ns[krs gSa fd jk"Vªh; ,dhdj.k ds vusd vk;ke ¼i{k½ gSa vkSj blds izR;sd i{k dk mfpr gy gh

bldh izkfIr dks laHko cuk ldrk gSA


153

jk"Vªh; ,dhdj.k esa ck/kd rRo (Hindrances in the path of National Integration)

Hkkjr esa jk"Vªh; ,dhdj.k dh leL;k vFkok mlds ekxZ esa mifLFkr ck/kd rRoksa dk fopkj djrs le; vHkh rd

vius ns'k ds cqf)thfo;ksa] jktuhfrd nyksa vkSj buds usrkvksa us if'pe dh HkkSfrdoknh thou iz.kkyh }kjk

fodflr fd, x, iSekus ds vk/kkj ij gh fopkj fd;k gS rFkk muds }kjk crk, x, mi;ksa dk lgkjk fy;k x;k

gSA gesa jk"Vªh; ,dhdj.k dh leL;k dk gy Hkkjrh; lUnHkZ esa [kkstuk iM+sxk D;ksafd jksx dk funku djrs le;

jksx dk izÑfr dk Hkh le>uk vR;ar vko';d gksrk gSA bl n`f"V ls uhps fn;s x;s dkj.k cgqr vf/kd fopkjuh;

gSA

¼1½ tkfrokn (Casteism): tkfrokn dh leL;k us jk"Vªh; ,dhdj.k ds ekxZ esa ck/kk igqapkbZ gSA ;|fi tkfr

dk ,d lkekftd cqjkbZ ds :i esa vUr gks jgk gS] rFkkfi vc blds jktuhfrd vkSj iz'kklfud cqjkbZ dk

:i /kkj.k dj fy;k gSA

t; izdk'k ukjk;.k us dgk Fkk Hkkjr esa tkfr lcls egRoiw.kZ jktuhfrd ny gSA

¼2½ Hkk"kk;h mUekn (Linguistic Fanaticism): vkt Hkkjr esa lHkh Hkk"kkvksa esa ekStqn HkkoukRed vkSj lkaLÑfrd

,drk ds lw= dks igpkudj fofHké Hkk"kk;h yksxksa ds vkil esa yM+krs jgrs gSaA

¼3½ {ks=okn (Regionalism): Hkkjr dh lkaLÑfrd ,drk dks u igpkuus ds dkj.k turk esa tks vKku QSyk

gqvk gS jktuhfrd mlls ykHk mBkus ds mÌs'; ls jktuhfrd {ks=h;rk dh ladqfpr Hkkouk,a QSykrs gSaA

¼4½ iz'kklu dk fxjrk Lrj (Deterioration of Administration): mij fxuk, x, bu nksuksa ds dqizHkko ls

vc iz'kklu Hkh vNwrk ugha jg ldk gSA HkkbZ&Hkrhtkokn] yky Qhrk'kkgh] ukSdj'kkgh dh lÙkk/kkjh ny

ds lkFk O;ogkfjd :i ls izfro)rk iz'kklu esa jktuhfrd gLr{ksi vkfn us bruk izHkkfor dj j[kk gS

fd iz'kklu ds lokZsPp Lrj ls fcYdqy fupys Lrj rd cM+s iSekus ij Hkz"Vkpkj O;kIr gSA [kkvks] f[kykvks

vkSj [kkus nks dk rjhdk py jgk gSA

¼5½ f'k{kk dk vHkko (Lack of Education): vf'k{kk vkSj vKku ekuo ds fodkl ds lcls cM+s 'k=q gSaA vkt

Hkh Hkkjr esa f'k{kk dk vHkko fxjrk tk jgk gSA lafo/kku crkrs gSa fd nl o"kksZa ds vUnj lHkh cPpksa ds

fy, izkFkfed f'k{kk dh vfuok;Z O;oLFkk djus dk ladYi fy;k x;k Fkk ysfdu og y{; vHkh Hkh nwj gSA

¼6½ jktuhfrd voljokfnrk (Political Opportunism): jktuhfrd nyksa dh voljokfnrk ds dkj.k Hkh

jk"Vªh; ,dhdj.k ds ekxZ esa cM+h ck/kk,¡ [kM+h gSA jktuhfrd ny mi;qDr dfe;ksa ds dkj.k ns'k dk

mRFkku djus dh ;kstukvksa dks ykxw djus ds LFkku ij lÙkk dh dqlhZ ikus ds fy, dqN Hkh djus dks

rS;kj jgrs gSaA

¼7½ vlUrqfyr fodkl (Imbalanced Growth): Hkkjr tSls fo'kky ns'k esa lejlrk iSnk djus ds fy, mlds

lHkh Hkkxksa vkSj bykdksa dk lUrqfyr fodkl fd;k tkuk pkfga,A bl n`f"V ls tgk¡ ns'k ds fdlh Hkh

HkksxkSfyd Hkkx dh mis{kk djuk xyr gS ogha fodkl dk ykHk lekt ds izR;sd oxZ vkSj O;fDr dks feyuk

pkfg,A

¼8½ lerk;qDr lekt fuekZ.k esa vlQyrk (Failure in building of the Education Society): lafo/kku

fuekZrkvksa us /kuh&fu/kZu] map&uhp] NksVs&cM+s] vLi'kZ vkfn ds lHkh HksnHkkoksa dks lekIr djds ns'k esa

lerk;qDr lekt dk fuekZ.k dk LoIu latks;k FkkA fdUrq ns'k ds vktkn gksus ds ckn ls xjhc O;fDr

vkSj xjhc gqvk gS rFkk vehj vkSj vf/kd vehj gqvk gSA

¼9½ lkEiznkf;drk (Communalism): lkEiznkf;drk ,d ,slh Hkkouk gS] ,slh fopkj/kkjk gS tks fdlh jk"Vª ds

iru dk ,d egRoiw.kZ dkjd cuh gSA gekjk Hkkjr [kqn Hk;kud vkSj [krjukd ekufldrk dk ejht Fkk

vkSj vHkh Hkh gS irk ugha dc bl vfHk'kki dk [kkRek gksxkA igyh ckj lkEiznkf;drk Hkkjr dks

jktuhfrd fl)kUr

154

[k.M&[k.M djds ,d ikfdLrku cuk pqdk gS vkSj irk ugha fdrus ikfdLrkuksa dk fuekZ.k djk;sxkA vHkh

Hkh jk"Vªh; ,dhdj.k ds ekxZ esa ck/kk gSA

¼10½ xjhch (Poverty): Hkkjr esa vHkh Hkh dqN leqnk; ,sls gSa fd ftls HkjisV Hkkstu ugha feyrk gSA jktuhfrd

ny xjhch gVkvks ukjs nsrs gSa ysfdu okLro esa xjhc dks gVkrs gSaA

¼11½ lektokn dh vlQyrk (Failure of Socialism): lektokn dh vlQyrk us Hkh jk"Vªh; ,dhdj.k dh

leL;k dks iSnk fd;k gSA ;fn lektokn lQy gks tkrk gS rks vkfFkZd fodkl dk Qy lHkh dks p[kus

dks feyrkA

¼12½ nks"kiw.kZ f'k{kk iz.kkyh (Defective education): Hkkjr dh f'k{kk iz.kkyh nks"kiw.kZ gSA gekjh f'k{kk iz.kkyh

fo/kkFkhZ;ksa ds pfj= fuekZ.k rFkk vuq'kklu LFkkfir djus esa lQy ugha gqbZ gSaA tks gekjh f'k{kk iz.kkyh

jk"Vªh; ,dhdj.k dh Hkkouk mRié djus esa vlQy jgh gSA

¼13½ vkUnksyu vkSj fgalk dh jktuhfr (Politics of Agitations and Violence): gekjs ns'k dh jktuhfr esa

fiNys dbZ o"kkZsa ls vkUnksyu rFkk fgalk esa o`f) gqbZ gSA gekjs ukxfjdksa dks lafo/kku ds vUrxZr 'kkafriw.kZ

lk/kuksa ds }kjk fojks/k izxV djus dk vf/kdkj iznku fd;k x;k gS ysfdu jktuhfr esa fgalk dh ?kVuk,a

fnu&izfrfnu c<+rh tk jgh gSA

¼14½ {ks=h; ny (Regional Parties): gekjs ns'k esa {ks=h; nyksa esa fnu&izfrfnu o`f) gks jgh gSA o"kZ 1998 ds

pquko vk;ksx us 34 {ks=h; jktuhfrd nyksa dks ekU;rk iznku dhA {ks=h; ny {ks=h; fgrksa dks eÌsutj

j[kdj jk"Vªh; fgrksa dk R;kx dj nsrs gSaA

¼15½ ljdkj dh uhfr (Government's Policy): ljdkj dh uhfr Hkh jk"Vªh; ,dhdj.k ds ekxZ esa ck/kd cuh

gqbZ gSA ljdkj mij ls {ks=h;okn] lkEiznkf;drk vkfn ds fo:) vkokt mBkrh gS] ysfdu O;ogkj esa og

tkfrokn] {ks=h;okn rFkk lkEiznkf;drk dks c<+kok gh nsrh gSA

dkaxszl ljdkj us eqlyekuksa ds izfr <hyh uhfr dks viuk;k gS] D;ksafd vkerkSj ij eqfLye er dkaxszl ds

gh le>s tkrs gSaA

¼16½ fons'kh rkdrsa (Foreign Powers): fons'kh rkdrsa Hkh dbZ o"kkZsa ls Hkkjr esa vfLFkjrk ykus dk iz;kl dj

jgh gSA ikfdLrku [kqys :i ls tEew&d'kehj ds vxzokfn;ksa dks gfFk;kj rFkk foÙkh; lgk;rk iznku dj

jgk gSA

¼17½ vYila[;d (Minorities): Hkkjr esa vusdksa /keZ ds yksx gSa ftlesa Hkk"kkbZ rFkk /kkfeZd vYila[;d jgrs gSaA

dqN /kkfeZd vYila[;d vlarq"V gSa rFkk mudks ;g f'kdk;r gS fd Hkkjr dh cgqla[;k mudks i`Fkd

igpku dks u"V djuk pkgrh gSA /kkfeZd vYila[;dksa dk ,slk vfo'okl gh c<+ jgh /kkfeZd dÍjrk dk

eq[; dkj.k gSA budh ,slh vlarq"Vrk tgk¡ /kkfeZd dÍjrk dks tUe nsxh] ogk¡ jk"Vªh; ,dhdj.k dh

lQyrk ds ekxZ esa ck/kk Hkh fl) gksxhA

¼18½ jk"Vªh; pfj= dk vkHkko (Lack of National Character): Hkkjr esa jk"Vªh; ,dhdj.k ds ekxZ esa ,d

egRoiw.kZ ck/kk ;g gS fd yksxksa esa jk"Vªh; pfj= dk vHkko gSA cgqr de ,sls yksx gSa tks Hkkjrh; gksus dk

xoZ djrs gSaA izk;% yksx Lo;a dks fgUnw] eqlyeku flD[k] blkbZ] iatkch] caxkyh] eæklh bR;kfn le>rs gSa

rFkk mudks bl ckr dk Kku ugha gS fd os loZizFke Hkkjrh; gSaA Hkkjrh; gksus ds ,glkl dk vHkko gh

jk"Vªh; ,dhdj.k ds ekxZ esa ,d cM+h ck/kk gSA

jk"Vªh; ,dhdj.k ds ekxZ esa ck/kkvksa dks nwj djus ds mik; (Methods to remove the hindrances in the way of National Integration)

Hkkjr dh ,drk rFkk v[k.Mrk cuk, j[kus ds fy, jk"Vªh; ,dhdj.k vfr vfuok;Z gSA oLrqr% jk"Vªh; ,dhdj.k

dks cuk, j[kus ds fy, mu ck/kkvksa dks nwj djuk pkfg, vU;Fkk ns'k dh ,drk ,oa v[k.Mrk [krjs esa iM+

tk,xhA bu ck/kkvksa dks nwj djus ds fy, vxzfyf[kr mik; fd, tkus pkfg,A


155

¼1½ lkekftd lekurk (Social Equality): lekt esa fo'ks"k :i ls fgUnw lekt esa izpfyr Å¡p&uhp dh

Hkkouk izHkko'kkyh <ax ls nwj dh tkuh pkfg,A fiNM+s oxZ vkSj gfjtuksa esa fdlh izdkj dh ghurk u gks

vkSj mUgsa dkuwuh laj{k.k fn;k tk,A blh izdkj dh O;oLFkk vYila[;dksa ds fy, Hkh djuh pkfg,A

¼2½ vkfFkZd lekurk dh LFkkiuk (Establishment of Economoic Equality): Hkkjr esa tks vkfFkZd vlekurk

izpfyr gS] mlls jktuhfr Hkh nwf"kr gksrh gSA leL;k rks vkfFkZd gksrh gSA blfy, Hkkjr eas bl izdkj dh

vkfFkZd uhfr viukbZ tkuh pkfg,] ftlls xjhch vkSj csjkstxkjh nwj gks] ftlls /ku dk mfpr forj.k gks]

ns'k esa u dksbZ cgqr vehj gks vkSj u cgqr xjhc gksA bl fn'kk esa lektoknh O;oLFkk dks viukuk mfpr

gSA

¼3½ iz'kklu esa turk dk fo'okl gksuk (Faith of people in Administration): iz'kklfud {ks= esa ea=h vkSj

ljdkjh deZpkjh bZekunkj] fu"i{k vkSj dk;Zdq'ky gksaA blls turk esa muds izfr fo'okl iSnk gksxkA

fo'okl ds vHkko esa cgqr ls vkanksyu pyk, tkrs gSa vkSj jk"Vª dks mlls gkfu gksrh gSA

¼4½ jk"Vªh; laLÑfr dk fodkl (Development of Nattional Culture): Hkkjr dh laLÑfr izkphu vkSj

vkn'kZe; gSA ;fn bldk Bhd :i ls fodkl fd;k tk, rks ,d jk"Vªh; laLÑfr dk fodkl gks ldsxk

ftlls lkekftd] HkkoukRed vkSj jk"Vªh; laLÑfr dk fodkl gks ldsxk vkSj lkekftd] HkkoukRed vkSj

jk"Vªh; ,drk dks izksRlkgu feysxkA

¼5½ leL;kvksa dk 'kh?kz ls 'kh?kz fuokdj.k (Quick Solution of Problems): Hkkjr esa cgqr ls vkUnksyu bl

dkj.k ls fgalkRed cu tkrs gSa D;ksafd mudh leL;k dks lqy>kus dk mfpr iz;Ru ugha fd;k tkrkA

vle vkSj iatkc ds vkUnksyu bl rF; ds mnkgj.k gSaA leL;k pkgs Hkk"kk ls lEcfU/kr gks D;k vFkZ ls

lEcfU/kr gks ;k vU; dksbZ Hkh gks] bldk 'kh?kZ ls 'kh?kz fuokdj.k gksuk pkfg,A

¼6½ ladh.kZ Hkkoukvksa dks nwj djus ds iz;Ru (Removal of Narrow feelings): jk"Vª dh v[k.Mrk ds fy,

lcls vf/kd gkfudkjd rRo yksxksa dh ladh.kZ Hkkouk,a gSaA budks nwj djus ds fy, tgk¡ mnkj f'k{kk ,d

lk/ku gS] ogk¡ lekpkj&i=ksa] if=dkvksa vkSj izpkj ds lk/kuksa }kjk yksxksa esa mnkj n`f"Vdks.k dk fodkl

fd;k tkuk pkfg,A

¼7½ fonsf'k;ksa ij fuxkg j[kuk (To watch the Foreigners): lalkj ds cgqr ls jkT; Hkkjr ds fodkl ls

izlé ugha gSaA os pkgrs gSa fd Hkkjr esa ,slh xfrfof/k;k¡ iSnk dh tk,a ftlls fd og ,d egku jk"Vª u

cu ldsA Hkkjr esa ns'knzksfg;ksa dk vHkko ugha gSA fons'kh rkdrsa buds lgkjs ls ns'k esa xM+cM+h djkrh

jgrh gSA bu ij dM+h fuxjkuh j[kh tk,A ;fn bu fonsf'k;ksa dh xfrfof/k;k¡¡ Hkkjr ds vfgr esa gks rks

dBksj ls dBksj dkjZokbZ dh tk,A ,sfrgkfld vk/kkj ij fl) gq, fons'kh 'k=qvksa dk fdlh Hkh :i esa

fo'okl ugha fd;k tkuk pkfg,A

¼8½ Hkz"Vkpkj dk nwj djuk (To End Corruption): jk"Vªh; ,dhdj.k ykus ds fy, iz'kklu ls Hkz"Vkpkj

lekIr djuk vko';d gSA HkkbZ&Hkfrtkokn cUn gksuk pkfg,A

¼9½ jk"Vªh; izrhdksa dk lEeku (To honour National Symbols): jk"Vªh; ,drk o v[k.Mrk dks cuk, j[kus

ds fy, vko';d gS fd lHkh Hkkjrh; jk"Vªh; xhr dk lEeku djsaA jk"Vªh; >.Ms vkSj jk"Vªh; xhr dk

lEeku djuk lHkh dk drZO; gSA

¼10½ fl)karksa ij vk/kkfjr jktuhfr (Value-based Politics): jk"Vªh; ,dhdj.k ds fodkl ds fy, ;g

vko';d gS fd jktuhfr fl)karksa o ewY;ksa ij vk/kkfjr gksA jktuhfrKksa dks /keZ] tkfr] Hkk"kk vYila[;d

vkfn dh jktuhfr ls eqDr gksuk iM+sxkA

¼11½ leqfpr f'k{kk O;oLFkk (Proper Education System): leqfpr f'k{kk O;oLFkk jk"Vªh; ,dhdj.k ykus ds

fy, vfr egRoiw.kZ lk/ku gSA gekjh f'k{kk&ç.kkyh ns'k dh vko';drkvksa ds vuqlkj gh gksuh pkfg,A

jktuhfrd fl)kUr

156

f'k{kk&ç.kkyh ,slh gksuh pkfg, ftlls lEçnk;okn] tkfrokn] {ks=okn] Hkk"kkokn] bR;knh vusd leL;kvksa

dk lek/kku fd;k tk ldsA

¼12½ Hkk"kk;h leL;k dk lek/kku (Solution of Language Problems): jk"Vªh; ,dhdj.k ds cuk, j[kus ds

fy, Hkk"kk;h leL;k dk lek/kku djuk vfr vko';d gSA jkT;ksa ds iquxZBu ij nqckjk fopkj fd;k tkuk

pkfg, rFkk ftu yksxksa dh Hkk"kk ds vk/kkj ij ekax U;k;laxr gS] ml jkT; dh LFkkiuk dh tkuh pkfg,A

¼13½ lUrqfyr vkfFkZd fodkl (Balanced Economic Deveopment): jk"Vªh; ,dhdj.k ds fodkl ds fy, ;g

vko';d gS fd ns'k ds lHkh {ks=ksa dk ;kstukc) vkfFkZd fodkl fd;k tk,A fiNM+s gq, {ks=ksa dk fodkl

cM+h rsth ls fd;k tkuk pkfg,A

¼14½ lkEçnkf;d laxBuksa ij çfrcU/k (Ban on Communal Organisations): jk"Vªh; ,drk rFkk v[k.Mrk dks

cuk, j[kus ds fy, lkEçnkf;d laxBuksa ,oa nyksa ij dBksj çfrcU/k yxkus pkfg,A


blesa lUnsg ugha fd Hkkjr esa jk"Vªh; ,dhdj.k dh leL;k vkt ,d xEHkhj pqukSrh cuh gqbZ gSA ysfdu ;g Ñf=e

vf/kd gS vkSj blds fy, ns'k ds jktuhfrd ny cM+s iSekus ij ftEesnkj gSa D;ksafd vius rqPN vkSj ladqfpr

jktuhfrd LokFkks± dks iwjk djus ds fy, os jk"Vªh; fgrksa dks vkt rd iyhrk yxkrs jgs gSaA blds foijhr Hkkjr

ds lHkh fuokfl;ksa esa jk"Vªh; ,dhdj.k dh Hkkouk,a vUrfufjr gSaA phuh geys vkSj ikfdLrku ds lkFk gq, ;q)ksa ds

nkSjku ;g çHkkoh :i ls çdV gqbZ gSaA vr% vc lHkh ns'kokfl;ksa dks ,dtqV gksdj jk"Vªh; ,dhdj.k dh fn'kk esa

çHkkoh dne mBkus pkfg,A D;ksafd bl ij gh vius ns'k dk vfLrRo vkSj bldh çxfr ,oa fodkl fuHkZj gSA

tcrd ns'k esa lkEçnkf;drk] çknsf'kdrk] Hkk"kkokn vkSj tkfrokn ds [krjs cus jgsaxs] lPps vFkZ esa jk"Vªh;

,dhdj.k dk vHkko cuk jgsxk vkSj ns'k ds fodkl esa ck/kk,a vkrh jgsaxhA vko';drk bl ckr dh gS fd ns'k ds

lHkh çns'kksa o {ks=kksa rFkk turk ds lHkh oxks± dk lUrqfyr vkSj leku :i ls vkfFkZd o vkS|ksfxd fodkl gks]

ftlls fd fdlh Hkh çns'k vkSj oxZ ds yksxksa dks bl vk/kkj ij dksbZ f'kdk;r u jgsA

Hkkjr esa jk"Vªh; ,dhdj.k ds fy, ljdkjh rFkk xSj ljdkjh Lrj ij fd, x, fofHkUu ç;kl (Efforts made at

government and non-government levels to promote national integration in India)

Hkkjr esa jk"Vªh; ,drk rFkk v[k.Mrk dks cuk, j[kus ds fy, le;≤ ij tks ç;kl fd, x, gSa os

fuEufyf[kr gSa&

¼1½ jk"Vªh; ,dhdj.k lEesyu] 1961 (National Integration Conference, 1961): iaŒ tokgj yky usg# dh

çsj.kk ls 28 flrEcj] 1961 dks jk"Vªh; ,dhdj.k lEesyu gqvk] ftlls jk"Vªh; ,drk dh leL;k ij

fopkj fd;k x;kA tks eq[; fu.kZ; fy, x,] os bl çdkj Fks & çFke] çR;sd O;Ld ukxfjd ;g çfrKk

djsa fd og >xMs+ dk fuiVkjk 'kkfUriwoZd <ax ls djsxkA nwljs] f'k{kk i)fr esa bl çdkj lq/kkj yk;k

tk, ftlls fgUnh dk fodkl gksA rhljs] jktuhfrd nyksa] lekpkj i=ksa] Nk=ksa vkSj turk ds fy, vkpkj

lafgrk dks fuf'pr fd;k tk,A pkSFks] vkfFkZd fodkl esa fiNM+s {ks=ksa ds fodkl ij fo'ks"k /;ku fn;k

tk,A

¼2½ jk"Vªh; ,drk ifj"kn~ dk iquxZBu] 1968 (Re-orgnaisation of National Integration Council, 1968):

Hkkjr ljdkj us ekpZ] 1968 esa jk"Vªh; ,drk ifj"kn~ dh LFkkiuk dh] ftlls lHkh {ks=ksa ds 55 lnL; FksA

twu] 1968 esa bldh cSBd gqbZ] ftlls fuEufyf[kr fo"k;ksa ij lq>ko fn, x, FksA

¼3½ jk"Vªh; ,dhdj.k ds fy, lkr&lw=h dk;ZØe (Seven Point Action Programme for National

Integration): twu] 1975 esa vkUrfjd vkikrdkyhu ?kks"k.kk ds ckn Jhefr xka/kh us jk"Vªh; ,dhdj.k dh

leL;k ij fopkj djus ds fy, nks lfefr;ksa dk xBu fd;kA buesa ,d lfefr ds v/;{k czãkuUn jsM~Mh


157

vkSj nwljh lfefr ds v/;{k çksŒ uq#y glu FksA czãuUn jsM~Mh dh v/;{krk esa 28 uoEcj] 1976 dks

fnYyh esa ,d cSBd vk;ksftr dh xbZ] ftlesa jk"Vªh; ,drk ds fy, lkr&lw=h dk;ZØe rS;kj fd;k

x;kA ;s lkr lw=&Nk= fgalk] vkS|ksfxd lEcU/k] mxziafFk;ksa dh fgalk] vYila[;d] gfjtuks a ls vPNk

crkZo] vuqlwfpr tu&tkfr;ksa rFkk {ks=h; lerk ls lEcfU/kr gSA

¼4½ ge ,d gSa] çn'kZuh dk vk;kstu (We are One Organised Exhibition): 1979 esa xka/kh t;Urh ds volj

ij ^ge ,d gSa* çn'kZuh dk vk;kstu fd;k x;k] ftlls ;g fn[kyk;k x;k fd Hkkjr dh ,drk dks cuk,

j[kus ds fy, D;k fd;k tk,A

¼5½ jk"Vªh; ,drk vkSj v[k.Mrk (National Integration and Unity): jk"Vªh; ,drk vkSj v[k.Mrk ds fy,

tgk¡ ljdkj dh vksj ls ç;Ru gksrs jgs gSa] ogk¡ vukSipkfjd laxBuksa tSls bUlkuh fcjknjh rFkk vf[ky

Hkkjrh; lkEçnkf;drk fojks/kh lfefr us Hkh egRoiw.kZ dk;Z fd;k gSA


Hkkjr ,d fo'kky ns'k gSA Hkkjr esa lafo/kku ds vUrxZr yksdra=] /keZfujis{krk rFkk lektokn dh /kkj.kk dks

viuk;k x;k gSA orZeku le; esa Hkkjrh; jk"Vª dkQh xEHkhj voLFkk esa ls xqtj jgk gSA blfy, ;g vfuok;Z gS

fd jk"Vªh; ,dhdj.k ifj"kn~ dh flQkfj'kksa dks okLrfod :i nsus ds vfrfjDr vU; çR;sd çdkj ds ,sls dne

mBk, tk,] ftlls Hkkjrh; yksxksa dk HkkoukRed rFkk jk"Vªh; ,dhdj.k gks ldsA


fucU/kkRed iz'u (Essay Type Questions) 1- jk"Vª dh ifjHkk"kk nhft,A jk"Vª vFkok jk"Vªh;rk ds fuekZ.k ds rRoksa dk o.kZu dhft,A

Define Nation. Discuss the factors which promote the feeling of nation or nationality.

2- jk"Vª&fuekZ.k ds eq[; rRo dkSu&ls gSa\ jk"Vª&fuekZ.k esa jkT; dh Hkwfedk dk o.kZu dhft,A

What are the elements of Nation-building? Discuss the role of state in Nation-building.

3- jk"Vªh; ,dhdj.k dk D;k vfHkçk; gS\ Hkkjr esa jk"Vªh; ,dhdj.k ds fofHkUu vk;keksa dk o.kZu dhft,A

What do you mean by National Integration. Discuss the various dimensions or aspects of National

Integration in India.

4- Hkkjr esa jk"Vªh; ,dhdj.k ds ekxZ esa dkSu&dkSu lh ck/kk,¡ gS\ mUgsa dSls nwj fd;k tk ldrk gS\

What are the obstacles in the way of National Integration in India? How can they removed?

5- Hkkjr esa jk"Vªh; ,dhdj.k ds fy, mBk;s x;s dneksa dk o.kZu dhft,A

Discuss the various steps taken for National Integration in India.

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158

v/;k; 13 miHkksDrk laj{k.k (Consumer Protection)

miHkksDrk dkSu gS\

miHkksDrk dh leL;k,¡

miHkksDrk laj{k.k&fo'oO;kih vkanksyu

miHkksDrk laj{k.k dh O;oLFkk,a

vk/kqfud jkT; ,d yksddY;k.kdkjh jkT; gS] ftlesa ljdkj dks turk dh HkykbZ rFkk fgrksa dh j{kk ds fy;s

vusd dk;Z djus iM+rs gSaA bl jkT; esa miHkksDrkvks ds fgrksa dk laj{k.k djuk Hkh ljdkj dh vge dk;ks± esa ls

,d gSA miHkksDrk ds lkFk oLrqvksa dh xq.kork rFkk ek=k esa deh rFkk mudh dherksa ds vk/kkj ij 'kks"k.k fd;k

tkrk gSA dbZ ckj ukSdj'kkgh dh lsokvks ds fujadq'k O;ogkj ds dkj.k miHkksDrkvksa dks Hkkjh leL;kvks dk lkeuk

djuk iM+rk gS( tSls VsyhQksu dh ykbZu [kjkc gksus] fctyh dh ykbZu [kjkc gksus] ikuh dh lIykbZ [kjkc gksus

vkfn ij izk;% miHkksDrk ljdkjh ukSdj'kkgksa ds vuqfpr O;ogkj dk f'kdkj jgrs gSaA blds vfrfjDr fdlh fo'ks"k

m|ksx ds {ks= esa fdlh ,d vFkok nks daifu;ks dh fLFkfr bruh izHkkoh rFkk egÙoiw.kZ gks tkrh gS fd yksxksa dks

mUgha dk cuk;k gqvk lkeku [kjhnuk iM+rk gS] pkgs ml oLrq dk ewY; fdruk gh egaxk rFkk xq.koÙkk ?kfV;k D;ksa

u gksA vr% miHkksDrkvksa ds bl 'kks"k.k ls laj{k.k ds fy;s Hkkjrh; lafo/kku esa of.kZr ukxfjdksa ds lkekftd

vkfFkZd U;k; dh vo/kkj.kk ds vuqlkj le;≤ ij fofHkUu dkuwu cuk, x;sA bu dkuwuksa dh v/khu ljdkj ds

}kjk ukxfjdksaa ds fgrksa ds laj{k.k gsrq fofHkUu O;oLFkkvksa dk izko/kku fd;k x;k gSA

miHkksDrk dkSu gS\ (Who is Consumer?)

Hkkjr ljdkj }kjk ikfjr lqj{kk vf/kfu;e] 1986 (Consumer Protection Act 1986) ds vuqlkj miHkksDrk

dh ifjHkk"kk nsrs gq, dgk x;k gS fd dksbZ O;fDr tks ewY; ds ,ot esa oLrq [kjhnrk gS ;k fdlh izdkj dh

lsok izkIr djrk gS] og O;fDr dkuwu dh n`f"V esa miHkksDrk gSA dqN o"kZ iwoZ rd eky [kjhnus okys O;fDr

dh ftEesokjh gksrh Fkh fd og eky dh ek=k rFkk xq.kork dh tkap dj [kjhns D;ksafd ml le; oLrqvksa dh

fdLesa bruh tfVy ugha gksrh Fkh vkSj mudh tk¡p&iM+rky dh tk ldrh FkhA ysfdu vkt ds oSKkfud o

rduhdh ds nkSj esa oLrqvksa dh Hkjekj rFkk tfVyrk ds dkj.k miHkksDrk ds fy;s oLrqvksa dh tk¡p&iM+rky

djuk dfBu gh ugha vlaHko gks x;k gSA vr% miHkksDrk ds fgrksa dks lqjf{kr j[kuk cgqr vko';d cu x;k

gSA vk/kqfud dY;k.kdkjh jkT; esa foØsrk Hkh vius csps x;s eky ds fy;s mÙkjnk;h gS vkSj mls Hkh mu

'krks± dk /;ku j[kuk pkfg,] ftu ij og eky csp jgk gSA vr% jkT; rFkk vU; laLFkkvksa }kjk O;kikjh ;k

vU; ,tsafl;ksa ds }kjk miHkksDrk ds 'kks"k.k dks lekIr djuk rFkk fgrksa dk laj{k.k gh miHkksDrk laj{k.k dgykrk

gSA

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159

miHkksDrk dh leL;k,¡ (Problems of Consumers)

miHkksDrk dks vusd izdkj dh leL;kvksa dk lkeuk djuk iM+rk gSA dHkh os csbZeku nqdkunkjks }kjk ijs'kku fd,

tkrs gSa rks dHkh yqHkkous Ldheksa vkSj iqjLdkjksa }kjk mUgsa Bxk tkrk gSA vkb;s ge miHkksDrkvksa dh leL;kvksa ds

ckjs esa i<+s&

1- oLrqvksa dh tkudkjh yksxksa rd igqapkus ds fy, foKkiuksa dk lgkjk fy;k tkrk gSA O;kikjh oxZ vkSj

nqdkunkj foKkiuksa ds ek/;e ls xzkgdksa dks vkdf"kZr djrs gSaA ysfdu foKkiuksa esa nh xbZ tkudkjh ges'kk

lgh ugha gksrh vkSj vDlj foKkiu yqHkkous rks vf/kd gksrs gSa fdaarq oLrq,a ?kfV;k gksrh gSA bl izdkj

xyr foKkiuksa }kjk xzkgdksa dks Bxk tkrk gSA

2- ftl izdkj O;kikjh&foKkiuksa dk bLrseky xzkgdksa dks vkÑ"V djus ds fy, djrs gSa] mlh izdkj os nwljs

lk/kuksa dk lgkjk ysrs gSaA buesa ^^lsy** (Sale) vkSj ^^Ldhe** (Scheme) dkQh izpy esa gSA ^^lsy** esa

nqdkunkj ;g nkok djrk gS fd og oLrqvks dks vius vafdr ewY; ls de ij csp jgk gSA v[kckjks ads

iUus vk, fnu ^^lsy** dh foKkiuksa ls Hkjs jgrs gSaA ysfdu vDlj] ftl eky ij ^^lsy* dk nkok fd;k

tkrk gS og ?kfV;k gksrk gS ;k ml oLrq dh dher okLro esa de dh gh ugha tkrhA bl izdkj dh phtsa

[kjhndj xzkgd /kks[kk [kkrk gSA

vktdy] ,d vkSj lk/ku ^^Ldhe** gS ftlds }kjk foØsrk ;g izpkj djrk gS fd veqd pht [kjhnus ij

dksbZ nwljh oLrq iqjLdkj esa nh tk,xhA fdarq okLrfodrk ;g gksrh gS fd ;k rks vf/kdka'k oLrqvks ij

dksbZ iqjLdkj gh ugha fudyrk ;k fudyrk Hkh rks cM+k ekewyh vkSj csdkjA bl izdkj foØsrk ,d rjg ls

xzkgd dks csodwQ cukdj vius eky cspus esa lQy gks tkrs gSaA

3- udyh eky dh fcØh dh [kcj Hkh ges'kk gh lekpkj i=ksa ls feyrh jgrh gSA dqN O;kikjh cM+h rFkk

LFkkfir ukeksa (Branded) okyh daifu;ksa dh phtksa ls feyrh&tqyrh oLrq,a rS;kj dj ysrs gSaA ;s oLrq,a

?kfV;k izdkj dh gksrh gS vkSj dHkh&dHkh rks xzkgdksa ds tku dks [krjk Hkh igqapk ldrh gSA udyh thou

j{kd nokvksa ls dbZ tkus tkrh gSA mlh izdkj udyh fctyh ds midj.kksa ls yksxksa dh e`R;q rd fo|qr

>Vdksa ls gks tkrh gSA udyh phtksa dh dksbZ xq.koÙkk ugha gksrhA bldks ,d rjQ tgka xzkgdksa dks {kfr

igqaprh gS ogh O;kikjh dkQh equkQk dekrs gSa D;ksafd os ?kfV;ka eky dh dkQh Å¡ps nke ij cspus esa

lQy gks tkrs gSaA

4- feykoV ds }kjk Hkh xzkgdksa dks Nyk tkrk gSA O;kikjh [kk| lkefxz;ksa esa Hkh mudh ek=k c<+kus vkSj

ykxr ewY; de djus ds fy, feykoV djrs gSaA ;s vDlj yksxksa ds LokLF; ij izfrdwy izzHkko Mkyrs gSaA

;g ,d xaHkhj leL;k gSA

5- miHkksDrkvksa dks lHkh phtksa dh xq.koÙkk dh tkap djus dh tkudkjh ugha gksrh gSA vr% ljdkj us oLrqvks

dh xq.koÙkk vkSj mldh fo'oluh;rk fuf'pr djus ds fy, vusd fpUg dks ekudksa ds :i esa bLrseky

dks vfuok;Z dj fn;k gSA blds vfrfjDr xyr ekud&fpUgksa ;k xq.koÙkk dh Lrj dks izkIr fd, fcuk

mudk bLrseky xSj dkuwuh gSA ysfdu oLrq fLFkfr ;g gS fd vusd dksf'k'kksa ds ckotwn vusd mRiknksa ij

,sls dksbZ fpUg ugha gksrs vkSj dbZ ckj gksrs Hkh gS rks xyr gksrs gSaA

6- ljdkj dh dksf'k'k jgrh gS fd vko';d oLrqvksa dh miyC/krk lqfuf'pr dh tk, vkSj muds ewY; fLFkj

jgsA ewY; fLFkj gksus ls yksxksa ds Bxs tkus dh laHkkouk de gksrh gS fdarq dbZ ckj mRiknksa vkSj oLrqvksa

dh Ñf=e deh flQZ blfy, dj nh tkrh gS rkfd ewY;ksa es ao`f) dj vf/kdkf/kd equkQk dek;k tk

ldsA blls Hkh miHkksDrkvksa dk 'kks"k.k gksrk gSA

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7- ,dkf/kdkj miHkksDrk 'kks"k.k dks c<+kok nsrh gSA ,dkf/kdkj og fLFkr gS ftlesa ,d mRiknd ;k lsok

iznkÙkk (Service Provider) gksrk gS vkSj xzkgdksa dh la[;k vf/kd gksrh gSA ,slh fLFkfr esa ,dkf/kdkjh

mRiknd xzkgdksa dks viuh 'krks± ij upkrk gS vkSj euekuh olwy djrk gSA

8- ljdkj miHkksDrkvksa dks dbZ izdkj dh lqfo/kk,¡ iznku djrh gSA blesa yksxksa dks ljdkjh deZpkfj;ksa vkSj

ukSdj'kkgksa ls nks&pkj gksuk iM+rk gSA izk;% miHkksDrk ljdkjh deZpkfj;ksa o vf/kdkfj;ksa ds 'kks"k.k dk

f'kdkj gksrs gSaaA os mUgsa lsokvksa ds cnys fj'or ysrs gSaA

miHkksDrk laj{k.k&fo'oO;kih vkanksyu (Consumer Protecion-A Worldwide movement)

miHkksDrkvksa ds fgrksa dh j{kk djuk ,d t:jr cu x;k gSA blfy, fo'o ds lHkh ns'kksa us vius&vius ns'kksa esa

dkuwu cuk, gSaA fdarq vkt dk ;qx lapkj dk ;qx gSA fo'o NksVk gks x;k gSA ,slh fLFkfr esa fofHkUu ns'k vius esa

vkRefuHkZj ugha gS vkSj ,d nwljs ij fuHkZj gSA vr,o] miHkksDrk laj{k.k dk eqík flQZ jk"Vªh; u jgdj] varjkZ"Vªh;

gks x;k gSA blh mís'; ls 9 vizSy] 1985 bZŒ esa la;qDr jk"Vª laa?k dh egklHkk (UN General Assambly) us

miHkksDr laj{k.k laca/kh dkuwu ikfjr djus fo'o dh ljdkjksa ds fy, dqN fn'kk funs'k tkjh fd, ftlds vuqlkj&

(i) ns'kksa ls dgk x;k fd miHkksDrkvksa ds fgrksa dh j{kk ds fy, mi;qDr dkuwu cuk;k tk,A

(ii) mRikndksa ds uSfrd Lrj dks lq/kkjus dk iz;Ru fd;k tk, vkSj vuqfpr vkpj.k ds fy, mfpr fujks/kd

mik; fd, tk,

(iii) miHkksDrkvksa dh vko';drkvksa dh iwfrZ dh tk, vkSj blds fy, mRiknu vkSj forj.k lqO;ofLFkr fd;k

tk,A

(iv) miHkksDrk fgrksa ds laj{k.k gsrq varjkZ"Vªh; lg;ksx dks cy fn;k tk,A

bl fn'kk esa vesfjdk vkfn ns'kksa us dkjZokbZ dh vkSj fuEu dkuwuksa dks ikfjr fd;k&

1- 'ksjeku ,DV] (Shaerman Act, 1890)

2- Consumer Credit Protection Act

3- Consumer learning Act

4- Poison Prevnetion Act

5- Australian Industries Act, 1965

6- England's Fair Trading Act

7- Consumer Protection Act of England, 1987.

Hkkjr us bl fn'kk esa fuEu dkuwu ikfjr fd;k&

1- vko';d oLrqvksa laca/kh dkuwu] 1955 (Essential Commodities Act, 1955)

2- vtkjsnkjh ,oa lhferdkjh O;olkf;d O;ogkjksa laca/kh vf/kfu;e (The Monopolies and Restrictive Trade

Practices Act, 1969 ;k MRTP)

3- eki rksy laca/kh vf/kfu;e] 1976 (The standard weight & Measures Act, 1976

4- [kk| esa feykoV jksd laca/kh dkuwu (The Prevention of Food Adulteration Act)

5- dkyk /ka/kk jksd ,oa vko';d oLrqvksa dh iwfrZ laca/kh dkuwu (The prevention of Black Marketing,

Maintenance and supplies of essential commodities Act, 1980)

6- miHkksDrk laj{k.k dkuwu (Consumer's Protection Act, 1986)

7- miHkksDrk laj{k.k la'kks/ku vf/kfu;e] 1993 (Consumer Protection Amendment Act, 1993)

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161

;gka ;g mYys[kuh; gS fd Hkkjr ljdkj us miHkksDrkvksa ds fgrksa dh j{kk ds fy, dkuwu rks cuk fn;s gSa fdarq egr~

dkuwu cuk nsus ls miHkksDrkvksa ds fgrksa dh j{kk laHko ugha gSA t:jr bl ckr dh gS fd miHkksDrkvksa dks

tkx#d cuk;k tk,A blds vfrfjDr miHkksDrkvksa ds laxBuksa dks vf/kd l'kDr cukus rFkk fooknksa ds fuiVkjs dh

izfØ;k dks rst djus dh vko';drk gSA

miHkksDrk laj{k.k dh O;oLFkk,a (Provisions for Consumer Protection)

tSlk fd Åij crk;k x;k gS] 1986 bZŒ esa Hkkjr ljdkj us miHkksDrk fgrksa dh j{kk ds fy, miHkksDrk laj{k.k

vf/kfu;e cuk;kA blds varxZr vusd izko/kku gSa] ftuesa izeq[k izko/kku fuEufyf[kr gS%&

(i) miHkksDrk lqj{kk ifj"knsa (Consumer Protection Councils) : miHkksDrk laj{k.k dkuwu rFkk 1993 ds

la'kks/ku vf/kfu;e esa nks izdkj ds lqj{kk ifj"knksa dk izko/kku gSA

¼d½ dsanzh; miHkksDrk lqj{kk ifj"kn (Central Consumer Protection Council)

¼[k½ jkT; miHkksDrk lqj{kk ifj"kn (State Consumer Protection Act)

nksuksa ifj"knksa dk dk;Z dsUnzh; o jkT; ljdkj dks miHkksDrk dh fgrksa dh j{kk vkSj lao/kZu ds laca/k esa

flQkfj'ksa nsuk gSA jkT; ifj"kn jkT; ljdkj dks rFkk dsUnzh; ifj"kn dsUnz ljdkj dks viuh flQkfj'ksa

izLrqr djrk gSA

¼d½ dsUnzh; miHkksDrk lqj{kk ifj"kn (Central Consumer Protection Council) : dsaUnzh; ljdkj

vius vkns'k ds }kjk 150 lnL;h ,d lfefr dk xBu djrh gS ftls dsUnzh; miHkksDrk lqj{kk

ifj"kn ;k dsUnzh; ifj"kn Hkh dgrs gSaA ;s ifj"kn miHkksDrkvksa] miHkksDrk laxBuksa ds izfrfuf/k;ksa]

efgyk izfrfuf/k;ksa] tkfr ,oa vuqlwfpr tu tkfr;ksa ds izfrfuf/kRoksa] O;kikfj;ksa ,oa fdlkuksa ds

izfrfuf/k;ksa rFkk dqN ukSdj'kkgksa ls feydj curh gSA blds lnL;ksa dh fu;qfDr dsUnz ljdkj

djrh gSA bl ifj"kn dh ljapuk fuEufyf[kr gSA

v/;{k&dsUnzh; ljdkj esa [kk| ,oa vkiwfrZ&foHkkx dk ea=h bl ifj"kn dk insu (ex-officio)

v/;{k gksrk gSA

mik/;{k&dsUnzh; ljdkj esa [kk| ,oa vkiwfrZ foHkkx dk jkT;ea=h bldk mik/;{k gksrk gSA ;fn

og foHkkx dk Lora= izHkkjh gS rks ml foHkkx dk miea=h ifj"kn dk mik/;{k gksrk gSA

lfpo& lHkh jkT; ds [kk| ,oa vkiwfrZ foHkkx dk lfpo bl ifj"kn dk lfpo gksrk gSA

lnL;&

(i) ikap yksd lHkk lnL; rFkk rhu jkT; lHkk lnL;A

(ii) vuqlwfpr tkfr ,oa vuqlwfpr tu tkfr dk vk;qDrA

(iii) miHkksDrk ekeyksa ls lacaf/kr dsUnzh; foHkkxksa ds 20 lnL;A

(iv) miHkksDrkvksa vkSj miHkksDrk laxBuksa ds 35 lnL;A

(v) miHkksDrk ds fgrksa dk izfrfuf/kRo djus okys 15 lnL;A

(vi) efgykvksa ds de ls de 10 izfrfuf/kA

(vii) fdlkuksa] O;kikfj;ksa ,oa m|ksxifr;ksa dks vf/kd ls vf/kd 20 lnL;A

ifj"kn dk dk;Zdky&ifj"kn ds lnL;ksa dk dk;Zdky 3 o"kZ dk gksrk gS ij blds lnL; 3 lky ls igys

R;kxi= }kjk vius in dk R;kx dj ldrs gSaA mudk R;kxi= ifj"kn ds v/;{k dks lEcksf/kr gksrk gSA

R;kxi= ls mRiUu [kkyh txg ckdh cps le; ds fy, Hkj fn, tkrs gSaA

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162

xSj ljdkjh lnL;ksa dks jsyos esa izFke Js.kh okrkuqdwfyr f}rh; Js.kh esa eq¶r ;k=k dh lqfo/kk izkIr gSA

ifj"kn dh dk;Z'kSyh&miHkksDrk laj{k.k vf/kfu;e dh /kkjk 5 ds vuqlkj dsUnzh; ifj"kn dh cSBd o"kZ esa

,d ckj vo'; gksxh vkSj bldh v/;{krk ifj"kn dk v/;{k djsxkA mldh vuqifLFkfr esa ;g dk;Z

mik/;{k rFkk mldh Hkh vuqifLFkfr esa ;g dk;Z ifj"kn ds lnL;ksa }kjk p;fur v/;{k djsxkA dsUnzh;

ifj"kn cSBd ds fy, de ls de 10 fnuksa dk uksfVl nsxhA ljdkj dks flQkfj'ksa nsus ds fy, ifj"kn

dk;Zdkjh xqzi cuk,xh tks mls lkSis x, dk;Z ds laca/k esa ifj"kn dks viuh fjiksVZ izLrqr djsxhA

ifj"kn dh 'kfDr;ka&dsUnzh; ifj"kn dks miHkksDrkvksa ds vf/kdkjksa dh j{kk ds fy, fuEufyf[kr 'kfDr;ka

iznku dh xbZ gSa&

1- miHkksDrkvksa dh lqj{kk dk vf/kdkj

2- fdlh Hkh foHkkx ls lwpuk izkIr djus dk vf/kdkj

3- O;kikj laca/kh f'kdk;rsa lquus dk vf/kdkj

4- lquokbZ djus dk vf/kdkj

5- miHkksDrk f'k{kk dk vf/kdkj

6- p;u djus dk vf/kdkj

¼[k½ jkT; miHkksDrk lqj{kk ifj"kn (State Consumer Protection Coucil) : miHkksDrk lja{k.k vf/kfu;e esa

jkT; miHkksDrk lqj{kk ifj"kn ds fuekZ.k dk izko/kku gSA ;s jkT; Lrj dh lfefr gksrh gSA ftldk xBu

izR;sd jkT; ljdkj djrh gSA lacaf/kr jkT;ksa ds [kk| ,oa vkiwfrZ ea=h bl ifj"kn ds v/;{k gksrs gSaA

jkT; ifj"kn dh cSBd ,d o"kZ esa 2 ckj vo'; gksrh gS vkSj bldh v/;{krk jkT; ifj"kn dk v/;{k

djrk gSA

miHkksDrk >xM+s fuokj.k laxBu (Counsumer disputes Redressal Agencies): tSls fd geus igys ns[kk gS

fd miHkksDrk dh vusd leL;k,a gSa vkSj budk fuokj.k vko';d gSA miHkksDrk lkefxz;ksa vkSj lsokvksa ls

lacaf/kr foHkkxksa ds fuiVkjs ds fy, miHkksDrk laj{k.k dkuwu 1986 esa ,d f=Lrjh; iz.kkyh dh O;oLFkk dh

xbZ gSA blds vuqlkj ftyk Lrj ij ftyk Lrjh; Qksje] jkT; Lrj ij jkT; Lrjh; Qksje (State Level

Commission) vkSj jk"Vªh; Lrj ij jk"Vªh; Lrjh; vk;ksx (National Level Commission) dh O;oLFkk dh

xbZ gSA

1- ftyk Lrjh; Qksje (District Level Forum) : miHkksDrk fgrksa dh j{kk vkSj >xM+s ds fuiVkjs gsrq

jkT; ljdkj ,d ;k ,d ls vf/kd ftyksa dks feykdj muds fy, ftyk Qksje LFkkfir dj

ldrh gSA

ljapuk (Composition) : ftyk Qksje ,d rhu lnL;h laxBu gksrk gSA blesa ,d v/;{k vkSj nks

lnL; gksrs gSaA ftyk Qksje dk v/;{k ,slk O;fDr gksrk gS tks ftyk U;k;/kh'k cuus dh ;ksX;rk

j[krk gksA ftyk Qksje ds nks vU; lnL; ,sls O;fDr gksaxs ftUgsa f'k{kk] dkuwu] O;kikj] ys[kk

vkfn fo"k;ksa esa fo'ks"k Kku o vuqHko gksA bu nks lnL;ksa esa ,d dk efgyk gksuk vfuok;Z gSA

lnL;ksa dh fu;qfDr (Appointment of Members) : ftyk Qksje ds lnL;ksa dk p;u jkT; ljdkj

}kjk xfBr ,d p;u lfefr ds flQkfj'kksa ds vk/kkj ij gksrk gSA bl p;u lfefr esa jkT;

vk;ksx dk v/;{k] jkT; ds dkuwu foHkkx dk lfpo rFkk jkT; esa miHkksDrk ekeyksa ls lacaf/kr

foHkkx ds lfpo gksrs gSaA

lnL;ksa dk dk;Zdky o lsok 'krs± (Time and Service Condition) : ftyk Qksje ds lnL;ksa dh

fu;qfDr ik¡p o"kks± ds fy, vFkok 65 o"kZ dh vk;q rd buesa tks Hkh gks] ds fy, dh tkrh gSA dksbZ

Hkh lnL; nwljh ckj ftyk Qksje dk lnL; ugha fu;qDr gks ldrk gSA

miHkksDrk laj{k.k

163

lnL;ksa dh lsok 'krs± vkSj osru jkT; ljdkj fuf'pr djrh gSA

ftyk Qksje dk {ks=kf/kdkj (Juridiction of Distric Forum) : ftyk Qksje dk vf/kdkj {ks= laca/k

ftys rd ;k laca/k ftys lewg] ftlds fy, og xfBr fd;k x;k gS] rd gksrk gSA buesa ftys ds

lhek ds vUrxZr mu fooknksa dh f'kdk;r dh tk ldrh gS tks 5 yk[k #i;s ;k blls vf/kd

jkf'k ds gksaA f'kdk;r fookn dh frfFk ds nks o"kZ ds Hkhrj ntZ djkbZ tkuh pkfg,A

fuEu izdkj dh f'kdk;rsa ntZ djkbZ tk ldrh gS&

(i) oLrqvksa ;k nh tkus okyh lsokvksa ds deh gksus ij

(ii) O;kikjh ;k foØsrk }kjk xyr rjhds viuk, tkus ij

(iii) ,sls ekyksa dh fcØh ij tks ekuo thou ds fy, gkfudkjd gksA

(iv) ;fn miHkksDrk dks O;kikjh ;k foØsrk ds dkj.k uqdlku igqapk gksA

(v) miHkksDrk ls fuf'pr ewY; ls vf/kd ewY; olwy fd, tkus ijA

f'kdk;r ntZ djus dk <ax (Manner of Complainaing) : fuEufyf[kr O;fDr ;k laxBuksa }kjk

ftyk Qksje esa f'kdk;rsa ntZ dh tk ldrh gS&

(i) ihfM+r miHkksDrk@miHkksDrkvksa }kjk Lo;a f'kdk;r ntZ dh tk ldrh gSA

(ii) ekU;rk izkIr miHkksDrk laxBu f'kdk;r ntZ dj ldrk gSA

(iii) dsUnzh; jkT; ljdkj }kjk f'kdk;r ntZ dh tk ldrh gSA

ftyk Qksje dh dk;Z'kSyh rFkk fu.kZ; % ftyk Qksje ,d vlSfud U;k;ky; dh rjg dk;Z djrk

gS vkSj izR;sd i{k dks viuh fLFkfr Li"V djus ds fy, de ls de 30 fnu vkSj vf/kd ls

vf/kd 45 fnu dk le; nsrk gSA nksuksa i{kksa dks lquus ds ckn ftyk Qksje fuEufyf[kr izdkj ds

vkns'k tkjh dj ldrh gS&

(i) mRikn dh deh dks nwj fd;k tk,A

(ii) mRikn dks cnyk tk,A

(iii) mRikn dh dher okil dh tk,A

(iv) miHkksDrk dks Qksje }kjk fuf'pr fd;k x;k eqqvkotk fn;k tk,

(v) lsok dh dfe;ksa dks nwj fd;k tk,A

(vi) [krjukd eky dh fcØh can dh tk,A

(vii) xyr rjhds ls O;kikj can fd;k tk,A

(viii) miHkksDrk }kjk fd, x, O;; okil fd;k tk,A

2- jkT; Lrjh; vk;ksx (State Level Commission) : miHkksDrkvksa dh f'kdk;rksa dks lquus ds fy,

izR;sd jkT; esa jkT; Lrjh; vk;ksx dk xBu fd;k tkrk gSA

ljapuk (Composition) : jkT; vk;ksx esa rhu lnL; gkssrs gSa buesa ,d v/;{k vkSj nks vU; lnL;

gksrs gSaA jkT; vk;ksx dk v/;{k jkT; ljdkj] jkT; ds mPp&U;k;ky; ds eq[; U;k;/kh'k ds

flQkfj'kksa ds vk/kkj ij djrh gSA v/;{k ,slk O;fDr fu;qDr fd;k tkrk gS tks mPp U;k;ky;

dk U;k;/kh'k gks ;k jgk gks ;k bldh ;ksX;rk j[krk gksA jkT; Lrjh; vk;ksx ds nks vU; lnL;

,sls O;fDr gksrs gSa ftUgsa O;kikj] vFkZ'kkL=] iz'kklu vkfn dk fo'ks"k Kku rFkk vuqHko gksA bu nks

lnL;ksa esa ls ,d dk efgyk gksuk vfuok;Z gSA

mailto:miHkksDrk@miHkksDrkvksa

jktuhfrd fl)kUr

164

lnL;ksa dh fu;qfDr (Appointment of members) : jkT; vk;ksx ds lnL;ksa dk p;u jkT; ljdkj

}kjk xfBr ,d p;u lfefr ds flQkfj'kksa ds vk/kkj ij gksrk gS] bl p;u lfefr esa jkT;

vk;ksx dk v/;{k] jkT; ds dkuwu foHkkx dk lfpo rFkk jkT; ds miHkksDrk ekeyksa ds lfpo

gksrs gSaA

lnL;ksa dk dk;Zdky ,oa lsok 'krs± % jkT; vk;ksx ds lnL;ksa dh fu;qfDr 5 o"kZ ds fy, vFkok

67 o"kZ dh vk;q rd] buesa tks Hkh NksVk gks] ds fy, dh tkrh gSA dksbZ Hkh lnL; nwljh ckj

jkT; vk;ksx dk lnL; fu;qDr ugha gks ldrkA

lnL;ksa dh lsok 'krs± rFkk osru jkT; ljdkj r; djrh gSA

jkT; vk;ksx dk {ks=kf/kdkj (Juridiction of State Commisison) : jkT; vk;ksx jkT; dh lhek ds

varxZr gq, fooknksa dh lquokbZ djrh gSA dqN ekeys lh/ks jkT; vk;ksx ds ikl ntZ fd, tk

ldrs gSaA tcfd dqN ftyk Qksje ds fu.kZ; ds fo#) jkT; vk;ksx esa ntZ fd, tkrs gSaA

5 yk[k ls 20 yk[k ds ekeys lh/ks jkT; vk;ksx esa ntZ fd, tkrs gSaA bls jkT; vk;ksx dk

izkjafHkd {ks=kf/kdkj (Original Juridiction) dgrs gSaA ftyk Qksjeksa ds fu.kZ;ksa ds fo#) tks vihy

jkT; vk;ksx esa ntZ fd, tkrs gSa mls vihyh; {ks=kf/kdkj dgrs gSaA

jkT; vk;ksx dh dk;Z'kSyh rFkk fu.kZ; % jkT; vk;ksx ,d vlSfud U;k;ky; dh rjg dk;Z

djrk gSA fdlh f'kdk;r dÙkkZ ds f'kdk;r ij og izfroknh dks vius le{k mifLFkr gksus rFkk

lacaf/kr dkxtkr izLrqr djus dk vkns'k ns ldrk gSA jkT; vk;ksx vius vkns'kksa dh vogsyuk

ds fy, nks"kh dks ,d ls rhu eghus rd dh dSn dh ltk ns ldrk gSA

3- jk"Vªh; Lrjh; vk;ksx (National Level Commission) : Hkkjr ljdkj miHkksDrk ds fgrksa dh j{kk

ds fy, ,d jk"Vªh; Lrj dh vk;ksx dk xBu djrh gSA

ljapuk (Composition) : jk"Vªh; vk;ksx esa ik¡p lnL; gksrs gSa blesa ,d v/;{k ,oa pkj vU;

lnL; gksrs gSaA vk;ksx dk v/;{k ,slk O;fDr gksrk gS tks loksZPp U;k;ky; dk U;k;/kh'k gks ;k

jg pqdk gks ;k gksus dh ;ksX;rk j[krk gksA pkj vU; lnL; ,sls O;fDr gksrs gSa ftUgsa vkfFkZd

dkuwu] ys[kk] vkfn {ks=ksa esa fo'ks"k Kku rFkk vuqHko gksA bu pkj lnL;ksa esa fdlh ,d dk efgyk

gksuk vko';d gSA

lnL;ksa dh fu;qfDr (Appointment of Members) : jk"Vªh; vk;ksx ds lnL;ksa dh fu;qfDr dsUnzh;

ljdkj }kjk xfBr ,d p;u lfefr dh flQkfj'kksa ds vk/kkj ij fd;k tkrk gSA bl p;u

lfefr esa vk;ksx ds v/;{k] Hkkjr ljdkj ds dkuwuh ekeyksa dk lfpo] rFkk Hkkjr ljdkj esa

miHkksDrk ekeyksa esa foHkkx ds lfpo gksrs gSaA

lnL;ksa dk dk;Zdky o lsok 'krs± % blds lnL;ksa dh fu;qfDr 5 o"kZ ds fy, vFkok 70 o"kZ dh

vk;q rd vFkok buesa tks Hkh NksVk gks] ds fy, dh tkrh gSA dksbZ Hkh lnL; nwljh ckj fu;qDr

ugha fd;k tk ldrkA

jk"Vªh; vk;ksx ds v/;{k dks loksZPp U;k;ky; ds U;k;/kh'k ds leku osru ,oa HkÙks fn, tkrs gSaA

vU; lnL;ksa dks 6 gtkj #I;s dk ekfld ikfjJfed feyrk gSA blds osru ,oa HkÙks Hkkjr ds

lafpr fuf/k ij Hkkfjr gksrs gSaA

jk"Vªh; vk;ksx dk {ks=kf/kdkj (Juridiction of National Commission) : bls Hkh izkjfEHkd rFkk

vihyh; {ks=kf/kdkj izkIr gSaA izkjafHkd {ks=kf/kdkj ds vUrxZr 20 yk[k ls vf/kd ds ekeyks]

jk"Vªh; vk;ksx esa ntZ gksrs gSaA blds vfrfjDr bUgsa jkT; vk;ksx ds fu.kZ; ds fo#) vihyh;

miHkksDrk laj{k.k

165

lquokbZ dk vf/kdkj Hkh gSA jk"Vªh; vk;ksx pkgs rks fdlh jkT; vk;ksx dks fdlh ekeys dks

mlds ikl Hkstus dk vkns'k ns ldrk gSA

jk"Vªh; vk;ksx dh dk;Z'kSyh o fu.kZ;% jk"Vªh; vk;ksx ,d vlSfud U;k;ky; dh rjg dk;Z djrk

gS vkSj ;gka fu.kZ; cgqer }kjk fy;k tkrk gSA jk"Vªh; vk;ksx fnYyh esa fLFkr gSA vius fu.kZ;

dh vogsyuk ds fy, nks"kh O;fDr dks 1 ls 3 o"kZ dh ltk ns ldrh gSA jk"Vªh; vk;ksx ds fu.kZ;

ds fo#) vihy flQZ loksZPp U;k;ky; esa dh tk ldrh gSA


fuca/kkRed iz'u (Essay Type Questions) 1- miHkksDrk laj{k.k dk D;k vFkZ gS\ ,d miHkksDrk dks fdu leL;kvksa dk lkeuk djuk iM+rk gS\

What is meant by consumer protection? Discuss the various problems which the consumer has to face.

2- miHkksDrkvksa dh leL;kvksa dks lqy>kus ds fy, xfBr fofHkUu O;oLFkkvksa dk o.kZu dhft,A

Explain the different provisions made for solving the problem faced by the consumers.

jktuhfrd fl)kUr

166

v/;k; 1

(Political Theory: Meaning, Nature and Significance)

y/kqrjkRed iz'u

Short Answer Type Questions)

1- jktuhfrd fl)kar dh ifjHkk"kk nhft,A

mÙkj% jktuhfrd fl)kar jkT; ls lacaf/kr Kku gS ftlesa jktuhfr dk vFkZ gS Øec) KkuA ;kfu jktuhfrd

fl)kar dk vFkZ gqvk jkT; }kjk lkoZtfud fgr ds fo";ksa ij fy;s tkus okys fu.kZ;ksa ds laca/k esa Øec)

Kku djuk ;k [kkst djukA

fofHkUu fo}kuksa us jktuhfrd flgakr dh fHkUu&fHkUu ifjHkk"kk,a nh gSaA

MsfoM gsYM (David Held) ds vuqlkj&Þjktuhfrd fl)kar jktuhfrd thou ls lacaf/kr vo/kkj.kkvksa vkSj

O;kid vuqekuksa dk ,d ,slk rkuk ckuk gS ftlesa 'kklu jkT; vkSj lekt dh izÑfr o ln;ksa vkSj

euq";ksa dh jktuhfrd {kervksa dk fooj.k 'kkfey gSAß

dksdj ds vuqlkj& Þtc jktuhfrd 'kklu mlds :i ,oa mldh xfrfo/k;ksa dk v/;;u dsoy v/;;u

;k rqyuk ek= ds fy;s gh ugha fd;k tkrk vFkok mudks ml le; ds fy;s vLFkk;h izHkkoksa ds lanHkZ esa

gh ugha vkadk tkrk cfYd budks yksxksa dh vko';drkvksa bPNkvksa ,oa muds erksa ds lanHkZ esa ?kVukvksa dks

le>k o budk ewY; vkadk tkrk gSA rc ge bls jktuhfrd fl)kar dgrs gSaAß

,.Mª;q gSdj ds vuqlkj& Þjktuhfrd fl)kar ,d vksj fcuk fdlh i{kikr ds vPNs jkT; rFkk lekt dh

ryk'k gS rks nwljh vksj jktuhfrd ,oa lkekftd okLrfodrvksa dh i{kikr jfgr tkudkjh dk feJ.k gSAß

tfeZuksa ds vuqlkj& jktuhfrd fl)kar ekuoh; lkekftd vkfLrRo dh mfpr O;oLFkk ds fl)kUrksa dk

vkykspukRed v/;;u gSA

mi;qZDr ifjHkk"kkvksa ds vk/kkj ij ge ;g fu"d"kZ fudky ldrs gSa fd jktuhfrd fl)kar eq[;r% nk'kZfud

,oa O;ogkfjd n`f"Vdks.k ls jkT; dk v?;;u gksA jktuhfrd fl)akr esa voyksdu] O;k[;k rFkk eqY;kadu

rhu rRo 'kkfey gSA jktuhfrd fl}karksa dks ,d ,slh xfrfof/k ds :i esa ns[kk tk ldrk gS tks O;fDr

ds lkoZtfud vkSj lkeqnkf;d thou ls iz'u iqNrh gSA mlds mfpr mÙkj dk ryk'k djrh gS rFkk

dkYifud fodYiksa dk fuekZ.k djrh gSA

2- jktuhfrd fl)kar ds dk;Z {ks= ls lacaf/kr fdUgha pkj fo"k;ksa dk mYys[k dhft,A

mÙkj% bl ;qx esa euq"k; ds thou dk dksbZ Hkh igyw jktuhfr ls vNqrk ugha jg x;k gSA mnkjokfn;ksa us jkT;

rFkk jktuhfr dk laca/k dsoy ljdkj rFkk ukxfjdksa rd gh j[kk gS] tcfd ekDlZokfn;ksa us mRiknu ds

lHkh lk/kuksa ij jkT; dk LokfeRo ekuk gSA vkt ds ukjhoknh ys[kd ikfjokfjd rFkk ?kjsyw ekeyksa esa Hkh

jkT; ds gLr{ksi dk leFkZu djrs gSaA bl izdkj jktuhfrd foKku dk {ks= cgqr O;kid gks x;k gSA

jktuhfrd&fl)kar&'kkfL=;ksa dks vc cgqr ls fo"k;ksa ds ckjs esa fl)karksa dk fuekZ.k iM+rk gSA

jktuhfrd fla)kar ls lacaf/kr mlds pkj dk;Z {ks= fuEufyf[kr gSaA


167

¼1½ jkT; dk v/;;u&izkphudky ls gh jkT; dh mRifr çÑfr rFkk dk;Z {ks= ds ckjs esa fopkj nsrk

jgk gS] tSls jkT; dh mRifr dSls gbZ mldk fodkl dSls gqvk rFkk uxj jkT; ds le; ls

ysdj vc rd ds jk"Vªh; jkT; ds :i esa igqapus rd blds Lo:i dk fdl rjg fodkl gqvkA

blfy, jkT; ls lacaf/kr izR;sd xfrfof/k dks jktuhfrd fl)kar dh dk;Z {ks= esa 'kkfey fd;k

tkrk gSA

¼2½ ljdkj dk v/;;u&ljdkj gh jkT; dk og rRo gS ftlds }kjk jkT; dh vfHkO;fä gksrh gSA

ljdkj ds rhu vax O;oLFkkfidk dk;Zikfydk rFkk U;k;ikfydk ekus x;s gSaA jktuhfr'kkL= esa

ljdkj ds vax mlds izdkj rFkk mlds laxBu vkfn dk Hkh v/;;u fd;k tkrk gSA vr%

ljdkj Hkh jktuhfrd fl)kar ds {ks= dk ,d egRoiw.kZ fo"k; gSA

¼3½ uhfr&fuekZ.k dh izfØ;k&vk/kqfud fo}kuksa ds vuqlkj uhfr&fuekZ.k izfØ;k dk Hkh jktuhfrd

fl)kar ds {ks= esa v/;;u fd;k tkuk pkfg,A bl fo"k; esa mu lc lk/kuksa dk v/;;u gksuk

pkfg, tks 'kkldh; uhfr fuekZ.k esa egRoiw.kZ ;ksxnku djrs gSaA bl izdkj fo/kkuikfydk]

dk;Zikfydk rFkk U;k;ikfydk ds 'kklu laca/kh dk;ksZa] ernkrkvksa] jktuhfrd ny muds laxBu

rFkk mudks izkHkkfor djus okys <ax dk v/;;u Hkh fd;k tkrk gSA

¼4½ ekuo O;ogkj dk v/;;u&jktuhfr ds vk/kqfud fo}kuksa us jktuhfrd O;ogkj dks jktuhfr

'kkL= dk eq[; fo"k; ekuk gSA vk/kqfud fo}kuksa tks O;ogkjoknh n`f"Vdks.k ls jktuhfrd fl)kar

ds fo"k; dk v/;;u djrs gSa mudh viuh izÑfr;ka vkSj bPNk,a gksrh gSa ftuds vuqlkj mldk

jktuhfrd O;ogkj fu;af=r gksrk gSA bl izdkj jktuhfr euq"; O;ogkj ds vfrfjDr dqN ugha

gSaA

3- ijaijkxr jktuhfrd fl)kar dh fdUgh pkj fo'ks"krkvksa dk o.kZu dhft,A

mÙkj% jktuhfrd fl)kar dk bfrgkl dkQh iqjkuk gSA eq[; :i ls bldks nks Hkkxksa esa ckaVk tk ldrk gSA

d- 'kkL=h; ;k ijaijkxr jktuhfrd fl}kar

[k- vk/kqfud jktuhfrd fl)kar

ijaijkxr jktuhfrd fl)kar ls lacaf/kr ys[kdksa esa IysVks] vjLrq] gkOl] ykWd] dsaV] ghxy] dkyZ ekolZ

vkfn dk uke mYys[kuh; gSA tcfd orZeku 'krkCnh esa ykMZ czkbl] eSdkboj rFkk ykLdh dk Hkh bl {ks=

esa egRoiw.kZ ;ksxnku jgk gSA

ijaijkxr jktuhfrd fl)kar dh pkj fo'ks"krk,a fuEufyf[kr gSaA

1- eq[;r% o.kZukRed v/;;u&ijaijkxr fl)kar ;k fparu dh eq[; fo'ks"kRkk ;g fd ;g eq[;r%

o.kZukRed gSA bldk vFkZ ;g gS fd blesa jktuhfrd laLFkkvksa dk dsoy o.kZu fd;k x;k gSA

vr% u rks O;k[;kRed gS u iz;ksxkRed gS u fo'ys"k.kRed vkSj u gh blds ek/;e ls jktuhfrd

leL;k dk lek/kku gks ik;k gSA

2- eq[;r% dkuwuh] vkSipkfjd rFkk laLFkkxr v/;;u&ijaijkxr v/;;u eq[;r% fof/k rFkk lafo/kku

}kjk fufeZr vkSipkfjd laLFkkvksa ls lacaf/kr FkkA ml dky ds ys[kdksa us bl ckr dks le>us dk

iz;kl ugha fd;k fd laLFkk ds vkSipkfjd :i ls ckgj ;kfu vukSipkfjd :i ls mlds O;ogkj

dk v/;;u fd;k tk;A ftlls mlds fof'k"V O;ogkj dk ifj{k.k fd;k tk ldsA

3- eq[;r% vkn'kZkRed v/;;u&ijaijkxr fpardksa ds xzUFkksa dks i<+us ls ;g irk pyrk gS fd os

ekuoh; mn~xe (Normative Approach) dk lgkjk ysdj vkn'kZ jkT; dh jpuk dk iz;kl fd;kA

ekuoh; mn~xe dk vFkZ ;g gS fd igys ekfLr"D esa fdlh fo'ks"k izdkj ds vkn'kZ dh dYiuk dj

yh tkrh gS vkSj fQj ml dYiuk dks O;ogkfjd :i nsus ds fy;s fl)kar dk fuekZ.k fd;k tkrk

jktuhfrd fl)kUr

168

gSA bl v/;;u in`fr dks viukus okys ys[kdksa esa IysVks] gkWCl] :lks] FkkVs rFkk ghxy vkfn ds

uke fo'ks"k :i ls mYys[kuh; gSA

4- ijaijkxr fparu ;k fl)kar ij n'kZu] /keZ rFkk uhfr'kL= dk izHkko&ijaijkxr fparu dh ,d

egRoiw.kZ fo'ks"krk ;g gS fd os n'kZu rFkk /keZ ls izHkkfor jgs gSa rFkk muesa usfrd ewY; fo|eku

jgs gSaA

4- vk/kqfud jktuhfrd fl)akr dh fdUgha pkj izeq[k fo'ks"krkvksa dk o.kZu dhft,A

mÙkj% vk/kqfud jktuhfrd fl)kar ds fodkl esa lcls vf/kd ;ksxnku vkuqHkkfod i)fr (Empirical Methods) us

fn;kA bu i)fr;ksa esa bl ckr ij cy fn;k x;k gS fd jktuhfr ds v/;;u ds fy;s oSKkfud n`f"Vdks.k

viuk;k tk; vkSj rF;ksa rFkk vk¡dM+ksa ij fo'ks"k cy fn;k tk,A

vk/kqfud jktuhfrd fl)kar dh eq[; fo'ks"krk,a fuEufyf[kr gSA

1- fo'ys"k.kkRed v/;;u&vk/kqfud ys[kdksa us fo'ys"k.kRed }f"Vdks.k dks viuk;k gSA mUgksaus

O;fDr;ksa o la[;kvksa ds okLrfod O;ogkj dks le>us ds fy;s vukSipkfjd lajpukvksa] jktuhfrd

izfØ;kvksa o O;ogkj ds fo'ys"k.k ij cy fn;kA bZLVu] Mgy] cscj rFkk vke.M bR;kfn vusd

fo}kuksa us O;fDr ds dk;ksZa o mlds O;ogkj ij vf/kd cy fn;k gS D;ksfd muds fo'ys"k.k djus

ls jktuhfrd O;oLFkk dks le>uk vklku FkkA

2- v/;;u dh vUr 'kkL=h; i)fr&vk/kqfud fo)kuksa dh ;g ekU;rk gS fd jktuhfrd O;oLFkk

lekt O;oLFkk dh vusd mi&O;oLFkkvksa esa ls ,d gS vkSj mu lHkh O;oLFkkvksa dk v/;;u

vyx vyx ugha fd;k tk ldrk gSA jktuhfrd O;oLFkk ij lekt dh vkfFkZd] /kkfeZd]

lkekftd o lkaLÑfrd vkfn O;oLFkkvksa dk i;kZIr izHkko iM+rk gSA vr% gesa fdlh lekt dh

jktuhfrd O;oLFkk dks Bhd <ax ls le>us ds fy;s ml lekt dh vkfFkZd lkekftd] /kkfeZd

rFkk lkaLÑfrd O;oLFkkvksa dk v/;;u djuk vko';d gSA ;gh i)fr vUr% 'kkL=h; i)fr

dgykrh gSA

3- vukSipkfjd dkjdksa dk v/;;u&vk/kqfud fo)ku jktuhfrd okLrfodrkvksa dks le>us ds fy;s

mu lHkh vukSipkfjd dkjdksa dk v/;;u djuk vko';d le>rs gSa tks jktuhfrd laxBu ds

O;ogkj dks izHkkfor djrs gSaA og tuer] ernku] vkpj.k] fo/kkueaMy dk;Zikfydk] U;k;ikfydk]

jktuhfrd ny] nokc lewg] rFkk tulsodksa ds v/;;u ij Hkh cy nsrs gSaA

4- vkuqHkkfod v/;;u&jktuhfr ds vk/kqfud fo}kuksa us jktuhfr dks 'kq) foKku cukus ds fy;s

jktuhfrd rF;ksa ds eki rksy ij cy fn;k gSA ;g rF; iz/kku v/;;u gSa ftlesa okLrkZodrvksa

dk v/;;u gksrk gSA

5- jktuhfrd fl)kar dh dksbZ pkj mi;ksfxrk crkb,A vFkok jktuhfrd fl)kar ds dksbZ pkj mís';ksa dk

o.kZu dhft,A

mÙkj% jktuhfrd fl)kar dk eq[; mís'; euq"; ds le{k vkus okyh lkekftd] vkfFkZd o jktuhfrd leL;kvksa

dk lek/kku <wa<+uk gSA ;g euq"; ds lkeus vkus okyh dfBukbZ;ksa dh O;kLFkk djrk gSa rFkk lqHkko nsrk gS

ftlls dh euq"; viuk thou vPNh rjg O;rhr dj ldsA

jktuhfrd fl)kar ds v/;;u ds egRo ¼m)s';½ dks fuEufyf[kr rjhdksa ls izdV fd;k tk ldrk gSA

1- Hkfo"; dh ;kstuk laHko cukrk gS&jktuhfrd fl)kar lkekU;hdj.k ij vk/kkfjr gSA vr% ;g

fl)kar oSKkfud gksrk gS blh vk/kkj ij og jktuhfr foKku dks rFkk jktuhfrd O;ogkj dks Hkh

,d foKku cukus dk iz;kl djrk gSA blds fy;s u;s u;s {ks= <w<+rk gS rFkk ubZ ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa

leL;kvksa ds lek/kku ds fy;s u;s u;s fl)kar dk fuekZ.k djrk gSA ;s fl)kar u dsoy


169

rkRdkyhu leL;kvksa dk lek/kku izLrqr djrs gSa cfYd Hkfo"; dh ifjfLFkfr;ksa dk Hkh vkadyu

djrs gSaA bl izdkj ns'k o lekt ds fgrksa dks Hkh /;ku esa j[kdj Hkfo"; dh ;kstuk cukuk laHko

gksrk gSA

2- leL;kvksa ds lek/kku esa lgk;d&jktuhfrd fl)kar dk iz;ksx 'kkfUr] fodkl] vHkko rFkk vU;

lkekftd vkfFkZd rFkk jktuhfrd leL;kvksa ds lek/kku ds fy;s Hkh fd;k tkrk gSA jk"Vªokn]

vyxkookn] izHkqlÙkk] tkfrokn rFkk ;q) tSlh leL;kvksa dks fl)kar dh lgk;rk ls gh fu;af=r

fd;k tk ldrk gSA fcuk fdlh fl)kar ds tfVy leL;vksa dks lqy>kuk vklku ugha gksrk nsA

3- okLrfodrk dks le>us dk lk/ku&jktuhfrd fl)kar gesa jktuhfrd okLrfodrkvksa dks le>us

esa lgk;rk iznku djrk gSA fl)k aUr’kkL=h] fl)kar ds fuekZ.k djus ls igys lekt esa fo|eku

lkekftd] vkfFkZd] o jktuhfrd ifjfLFkfr;ksa dk rFkk lekt dh bPNkvksa vkdka{kkvksa o izÑfr;ksa

dk v/;;u djrk gSA rFkk mUgsa mtkxj djrk gSA ;g v/;;u ds }kjk rF;ksa rFkk ?kVukvksa dk

fo’ys"k.k djds lekt esa izpfyr dqjhfr;ksa rFkk vU/kfo'oklksa dks mtkxj djrk gSA vr% ;g gesa

vleatl dh fLFkfr ls ckgj fudky nsrk gSA

4- lkekftd ifjorZu dks le>us esa lgk;d&ekuo&lekt ,d xfr'khy lekt gS ftlesa fnu

izfrfnu ifjorZu gksrs jgrs gSaA ;s ifjorZu lekt ds jktuhfrd vkfFkZd rFkk lkaLÑfrd thou

ij dqN u dqN izHkko t:j Mkyrs gSaA ,sls ifjorZu ds fofHkUu i{kksa rFkk muds }kjk mRiUu

izHkkoksa dks le>us ds fy;s jktuhfrd fl)kar lgk;d fl) gksrk gSA


fuEufyf[kr iz'uksa ds dqN oSdfYid mÙkj fn;s x;s gSa muesa ls Bhd mÙkj dk p;u dhft,A

1- fuEufyf[kr esa ls fdls igyk jktuhfrd oSKkfud dgk tkrk gS&

¼d½ IysVks

¼[k½ vjLrq

¼x½ ekDlZ

¼?k½ eSds;kosyh

2- F;wjh (Theory) 'kCn dh mRifr F;ksfj;k (Theoria) 'kCn ls gqbZ gSA ;g 'kCn fuEufyf[kr esa ls fdl Hkk"kk

dk gSA

¼d½ vaxzst+h

¼[k½ xzhd

¼x½ V~;wVksfud

¼?k½ ÝSap

3- fuEufyf[kr esa ls fdldk v/;;u jktuhfrd fl)kar ds {ks= esa 'kkfey gS&

¼d½ jkT; rFkk ljdkj

¼[k½ 'kfDr

¼x½ ukjhokn

¼?k½ mijksDr rhuksa

4- jktuhfrd fl)kar dks eq[;r% fdrus Hkkxksa esa ck¡Vk x;k gS&

jktuhfrd fl)kUr

170

¼d½ nks

¼[k½ rhu

¼x½ pkj

¼?k½ ikap

5- fuEufyf[kr esa dkSu&lk fo}ku vk/kqfud jktuhfrd fl)kar ls lacaf/kr gS&

¼d½ gkWcl

¼[k½ ghxy

¼x½ eSdkboj

¼?k½ MsfoM bZLVu

6- fuEufyf[kr esa dkSu ijaijkxr jktuhfrd fl)kar 'kkL=h gS&

¼d½ MsfoM bZLVu

¼[k½ yklosy

¼x½ ghxy

¼?k½ dkyZ ikWij

7- fuEufyf[kr dk v/;;u jktuhfrd fl)kar ds {ks= esa 'kkfey ugha gSA

¼d½ 'kfä

¼[k½ O;fDr rFkk jkT; ds laca/k

¼x½ vUrjkZ"Vªh; laca/kksa dk v/;;u

¼?k½ laiw.kZ lekt dk v/;;u

8- jktuhfrd fl)kar jktuhfr foKku dk ,d vR;Ur vfu;kaf=r mi{ks= gS** ;g dFku gSA

¼d½ yklosy

¼[k½ okLch

¼x½ MsfoM bZLVu

¼?k½ oh-oh- Mkbd

9- fuEufyf[kr esa jktuhfrd fl)kar ds rRo ekus tkrs gS&

¼d½ voyksdu

¼[k½ O;k[;k

¼x½ eqY;kadu

¼?k½ mijksDr lHkh

10- fodkl'khy ns'kksa esa fuEufyf[kr esa jktuhfrd fl)kar dh fLFkfr gS&

¼d½ jktuhfrd fl)kar ds oSKkfud cuk fn;k x;k gS

¼[k½ jktuhfrd fl)kar dk vk/kqfudhdj.k gks pqdk gS

¼x½ jktuhfrd fl)kar dks oSKkfud cukus esa dksbZ iz;kl ugha fd;s x;s gSA


171


11- fuEufyf[kr esa ijaijkxr jktuhfrd fl)kar dk y{k.k ugha gS&

¼d½ vkn'kZkRed v/;;u

¼[k½ dkuwuh] vkSipkfjd rFkk laLFkkxr v/;;u

¼x½ o.kZukRed v/;;u

¼?k½ vUr% 'kkL=h; i)fr

12- fuEufy[kr esa vk/kqfud jktuhfrd fl)kar dk y{.k ugha gS&

¼d½ vkuqHkkfod v/;;u

¼[k½ fo'ys"k.kkRed v/;;u

¼x½ vukSipkfjd dkjdksa dk v/;;u

¼?k½ vkn'kkZRed v/;;u

13- O;ogkjokfn;ksa dk eq[;r% cy jgk gS&

¼d½ eqY;ksa

¼[k½ D;k gksuk pkfg, ds v/;;u ij cy

¼x½ ewY;&foghu v/;;u


14- O;ogkjokfn;ksa dk laca/k fuEufyf[kr ls gSA

¼d½ ekuoh; mn~xe

¼[k½ vkuqHkkfod mn~xe

¼x½ ekuoh; rFkk vkuqHkkfod nksuksa


15- jktuhfrd fl)kar&

¼d½ Hkfo"; dh ;kstuk laHko cukrk gS

¼[k½ leL;kvksa ds lek/kku esa lgk;d gksrk gSA

¼x½ vuqxkfe;ksa dk ekxZ n'kZu djrk gS

¼?k½ mijksDr rhuksa dk;Z djrk gSA

16- fuEufyf[kr vk/kqfud jktuhfrd fl)kar dk y{.k gS&

¼d½ n'kZu rFkk /keZ dk izHkko

¼[k½ eq[;r% o.kkZRed v/;;u

¼x½ eq[; dkuwuh] vkSipkfjd rFkk laLFkkxr v/;;u

¼?k½ vUr%'kkL=h; v/;;u

17- jktuhfrd fl)kar dh mi;ksfxrk gS&

¼d½ jktuhfrd fl)kar Hkfo"; dh ;kstuk laHko cukrs gSaA

¼[k½ jktuhfrd fl)kra jktuhfrd okLrfoDrk le>us esa lgk;d gksrs gSa

¼x½ jktuhfrd fl)kar ljdkj ¼'kklu½ dks vkSfpR; iznku djus esa lgk;r gks

jktuhfrd fl)kUr

172

¼?k½ mijksDr lHkh

mÙkj% ¼1½ [k ¼2½ [k ¼3½ ?k ¼4½ [k ¼5½ ?k

¼6½ x ¼7½ ?k ¼8½ [k ¼9½ ?k ¼10½ x

¼11½ ?k ¼12½ ?k ¼13½ x ¼14½ x ¼15½ ?k

¼16½ ?k ¼17½ ?k

'kfDr dh vo/kkj.kk

173

v/;k; 2 'kfDr dh vo/kkj.kk (Concept of Power)

y/kqrjkRed iz'u (Short Answer Type Questions)

1- 'kfDr ls vkidk D;k vfHkizk; gS\

mÙkj% 'kfDr jktuhfr 'kkL= ds v/;;u dk ,d egRoiw.kZ fo"k; gSA lk/kkj.kr% 'kfDr ,d ,slh ;ksX;rk gS

ftlls O;fä nwljksa ls viuh vkKk ikyu djokrk gS vkSj ;fn nwljs ,slk ugha djrs rks mUgsa ?kksj {kfr

lgu djuh iM+rh gSA ykloSy us 'kfDr dks jktuhfr 'kL= dks v/;;u dk ewyfo"k; ekuk gSA fofHkUu

fo)kuksa }kjk 'kfDr dh fuEufyf[kr ifjHkk"kk,¡ nh x;h gSaA

ykloSy ds vuqlkj&,d vuqHkooknh O;oLFkk ds :i esa jktuhfr&'kkL= ds :i jpuk rFkk mi;ksx dk

v/;;u gSA

csQj ds vuqlkj&jktuhfr dks 'kfä ls vyx ugha fd;k tk ldrk gSA

,e- th- fLeFk ds vuqlkj&yksxksa rFkk oLrqvksa ds mij cy ;k izksRlkgu }kjk izHkko'kkyh :i esa dk;Z djus

dh ;ksX;rk dks 'kfDr dgrs gSaA

eSdkboj ds vuqlkj&'kfDr ls gekjk vFkZ O;fDr;ksa ;k O;ogkj dks fu;kaf=r] fofu;fer vkSj funksZ'kr djus

dh {kerk ls gSA

jkWcVZ ,- Mgy ds vuqlkj&'kfDr dh ifjHkk"kk izk;% izHkko dh ,d fo'ks"k fLFkfr ds :i esa dh tkrh gSA

ftlesa vkKk dk vuqikyu u djus ij Hkkjh gkfu mBkuh iM+rh gSA

ykloSy vkSj dSifyu ds vuqlkj&'kfä izHkko dks ykxq djus dh ,d fo'ks"k fLFkfr gS vkSj okafNr uhfr;ksa

dk ikyu u djus ij okLrfod ;k ?kedhiq.kZ izfØ;k ds lkFk Hkkjh gkfu igq¡pkus dk ,d rjhdk gSA

mi;qZDr ifjek"kkvksa ds vk/kkj ij ;g dgk tk ldrk gS fd 'kfDr og ;ksX;rk vFkok lkeF;Z gSA ftlds

}kjk O;fDr losPNk ls nwljs ds dk;ksZ o uhfr;ksa dks bl rF; dh lgk;rk ls bl izdkj izHkkfor djrk gS

fd ;fn mldh bPNkvksa ds vuqlkj dk;Z u fd;k tk;s rks voKk djus okyksa dk gkfu vBkuh iM+ ldrh

gSA

2- 'kfDr dh dksbZ pkj fo'ks"krk,a fyf[k,A

mÙkj% 'kfDr dh pkj fo'ks"krk,a fuEufyf[kr gSaA

(i) 'kfDr nqljksa ij bPNk Fkksiuks dh {kerk gS rFkk blds iz;ksx }kjk O;fDr nwljksa dks og dk;Z

djus ds fy;s foo'k dj ldrk gS] tks mUgsa oSlk ugha djuk FkkA

(ii) 'kfDr dk laca/k fLFkfr vFkok in ds lkFk gksrk gSA tc rd O;fDr fo'ks"k fLFkfr vFkok in ij

gksrk gS og 'kfDr dk iz;ksx djrk gSA in NksM+us ds lkFk 'kfDr Hkh lekIr gks tkrh gSA

(iii) 'kfDr ds iz;ksx ds fy;s ijLij fojks/kh fgrksa dk gksuk vko';d gksrk gSA mnkgj.kLo:i dksbZ Hkh

O;fDr dj ugha nsuk pkgrk] ijUrq mldks 'kfDr ds Hk; ds dkj.k ,slk djuk gh iM+rk gSA

jktuhfrd fl)kUr

174

(iv) 'kfDr ds lkFk oS/krk dh vo/kkj.k tqM+h gSA lÙkk dks izHkkoh cukus ds fy;s oS/krk t:jh gSA

3- 'kfDr ds fdUgh pkj {ks=ksa dk o.kZu dhft,A

mÙkj% 'kfDr vusd L=ksrksa ls mRiUu gksdj vius vkidks fofHkUu :iksa esa izdV djrh gSA

'kfDr ds izeq[k L=ksrksa dk o.kZu fuEufyf[kr gSA

(i) Kku&ekuoh; {ks= esa 'kfDr dk igyk L=ksr Kku gSA lk/kkj.k vFkZ esa Kku] O;fDr ;k

O;fDr&lewg dks vius y{;ksa dks iqu% izcfU/kr djus vkSj feykus dh ;ksX;rk iznku djrk gSA Kku

}kjk O;fDr ds fofHkUu fo'ks"krkvksa dks bl rjg lapkfyr fd;k tkrk gS ftlls os 'kfDr dk

lk/ku cu ldsA O;fDr esa usr`Ro djus dk xq.k mldh bPNk&'kfDr] lgu&'kfDr vius vkidks

O;Dr djus dh 'kfDr vkfn fofHkUu rRo 'kfDr ds egRoiw.kZ igyw gSA

(ii) laxBu&laxBu vius&vkidks esa 'kfDr dk egRoiw.kZ L=ksr gSA vlaxfBr O;fDr;ksa ds eqdkcys esa

laxfBr O;fDr;ksa ds ikl vf/kd 'kfDr gksrh gSA

(iii) vkfFkZd lk/ku&ftl O;fDr ds ikl vkfFkZd lk/kuksa dh cgqrk;r gksrh gS] og pquko thrdj

'kfDr izkIr dj ysrk gSA blh izdkj ftl jk"Vª ds vkfFkZd lk/ku cgqr gksrs gSa og nqfu;k ds vU;

ns'kksa dks vkfFkZd lgk;rk vkfn nsus ds uke ij cgqr vf/kd izHkkfor djrs gSaA

(iv) lÙkk&ftu lHkh rRoksa ds dkj.k 'kfDr vkfFkZd egRoiw.kZ curh gS mls ge lÙkk dgrs gSaA tc

dksbZ O;fDr ea=h] eq[;ea=h] iz/kkuea=h cu tkrk gS] rks og cgqr vf/kd 'kfDr'kkyh gks tkrk gS

D;ksafd ljdkjh ra= esa og lfØ; :i ls Hkkxhnkj cu tkrk gSA

4- jk"Vªh; 'kfDr dk D;k vFkZ gS\ fVIi.kh fy[ksaA

mÙkj% ,d jk"Vª }kjk iz;ksx dh tkus okyh 'kfDr ftlds vk/kkj ij og vU; jk"Vªksa ds lkFk laca/kksa dks LFkkfir

djrk gS] mldh jk"Vªh; 'kfDr dgykrh gSA fdlh Hkh jk"Vª dh lSfud 'kfDr] vkfFkZd 'kfDr] euksoSKkfud

'kfDr vkfn dk lkewfgd :i jk"Vªh; 'kfDr dgykrk gSA ;g 'kfDr jk"Vª esa lÙkk/kkjh;ksa o uhfr&fuekZrkvksa

dh 'kfDr gkrh gSA fo'o ds lHkh jk"Vªksa dh jk"Vªh; 'kfDr dk Lrj ,d tSlk ugha gksrk ftu jk"Vªksa esa

jk"Vªh; 'kfDr ds fu/kkZfjd rRoksa dh cgqyrk gksrh gS] mu jk"Vªksa dh jk"Vªh; 'kfDr i;kZIr :i ls fodflr

gksrh gSA lSfud 'kfDr dk laca/k jkT; dh ml {kerk ls gS] ftlds }kjk og ns'k dh ckgjh vkØe.kksa ls

j{kk djrk gS rFkk ns'k esa 'kkfUr ,oa O;oLFkk cuk,a j[krk gSA vkfFkZd 'kfDr dk laca/k jk"Vª dh vkfFkZd

lk/kuksa] vkS/kksfxd ,oa rduhdh fodkl rFkk jk"Vª dh ekuo /ku ls gkrk gSA jk"Vª dh euksoSKkfud 'kfDr

ls vfHkizk; gSA jk"Vª ds usrkvksa rFkk fopkjdksa dh uhfr;ka fu.kZ;ksa rFkk O;fDrxr ;ksX;rkvksa ds }kjk jk"Vªh;

fgrksa ds y{; dh izkfIrA izR;sd jk"Vª ds fy;s bu rhuksa izdkj dh 'kfDr;ksa dk gksuk vfuok;Z gS vkSj buesa

ls izR;sd 'kfDr dh izkfIr ,d nwljs ds lg;ksx ij fuHkZj djrh gSA fdlh Hkh jk"Vª dh jk"Vªh; 'kfDr ml

jk"Vª ds Hkksxksfyd fLFkfr rduhdh mUufr tula[;k dk vk/kkj] vkfFkZd i}fr fons'k uhfr 'kklu&iz.kkyh]

usr`Ro] jk"Vªh; pfj= vkSj jk"Vªh; eukscy bR;kfn rRoksa ij fuHkZj djrh gSA

5- 'kfDr rFkk izHkko esa vUrj Li"V dhft,A

mÙkj% 'kfDr ,oa izHkko jktuhfr'kL= dh nks vyx vyx vo/kkj.kk,a gSaA 'kfDr ,oa izHkko ds laca/kksa dh izÑfr

tfVy gSA 'kfDr rFkk izHkko esa vUrj fuEufyf[kr ckrksa ds vk/kkj ij Li"V fd;k tk ldrk gSA

(i) 'kfDr neukRed gksrh gSA tc 'kfDr dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gS rks yksxksa ds ikl mldks ekuus ds

flok; vkSj dksbZ pkjk ugha gksrkA izHkko esa O;fDr dh viuh bPNk dk;Z djrh gSA

(ii) 'kfDr ,d HkkSfrd rRo gS] vr% mldk iz;ksx ,oa mldk ifj.kke Li"Vr% fn[kk;h nsrk gSA

(iii) 'kfDr ck/;dkjh Lo:i dh gksrh gSA vr% ftu ij 'kfDr iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gS muesa dVqrk

mRiUu gksrh gSA fdUrq izHkko uSfrd ,oa ekufld gSA

'kfDr dh vo/kkj.kk

175

(iv) 'kfDr dks vyksdra=h; ekuk tkrk gS] D;ksafd og Hk; ij vk/kkfjr gksrh gSA tcfd izHkko dks

yksdra=h; ekuk tkrk gS D;ksafd mldk vk/kkj LosPNk ij vk/kkfjr gksrk gS] Hk; ughaA

oLrqfu"B ¼cgq&fodYih iz'u½ (Objective Type Questions)

fuEufyf[kr iz'uksa ds dqN oSdfYid mÙkj fn;s x;s gSaA muesa ls Bhd mÙkj dk p;u dhft,A

1- 'kfDr dh vo/kkj.kk loZizFke fdlus nh\

¼d½ eSD;koyh

¼[k½ yklsoSy

¼x½ dkyZ ekDlZ

¼?k½ MsfoM bZLVu

2- ‘Modern Political Analysis’ uked iqLrd fdl foKku esa fy[kh gS\

¼d½ jkcVZ ,- Mgy

¼[k½ MsfoM bZLVu

¼x½ ykloSy

¼?k½ cSdj

3- ‘Politics- Who, what, get, when and how’ dk ys[kd dkSu gS\

¼d½ jkcVZ ,- Mgy

¼[k½ dSVfyu

¼x½ ykloSy

¼?k½ MsfoM bZLVu

4- ßjktuhfr dks 'kfDr ls vyx ugha fd;k tk ldrkAß ;g dFku fdl fo}ku dk gSA

¼d½ jkcVZ ,- Mgy

¼[k½ cSdj

¼x½ MsfoM bZLVu

¼?k½ dSVfyu

5- ß'kfDr jktuhfr dk ân; gSÞ ;g dFku fdl fo}ku dk gS\

¼d½ dSVfyu

¼[k½ ÝsMfjd

¼x½ ykloSy

¼?k½ jkcVZ ,- Mgy

6- ß'kfDr fe= cukus vkSj yksxksa dks izHkkfor djus dh ;ksX;rk gSÞ ;g dFku fdldk gS\

¼d½ MsfoM bZLVu

¼[k½ jkcVZ ,- Mgy

¼x½ ÝsMfjd rFkk 'kweks

jktuhfrd fl)kUr

176

¼?k½ ykloSy

7- Þ,d O;fDr dk izHkko nwljs O;fDr dh 'kfDr gSß] ;g dFku fdldk gS\

¼d½ lsE;qy ch;j

¼[k½ xkuZj

¼x½ fxyØkbLV

¼?k½ jkcVZ ,- Mgy

8- fuEufyf[kr esa dkSu 'kfDr dk L=ksr gS\

¼d½ vkReKku

¼[k½ laxBu

¼x½ O;fDrxr vkd"kZ.k


9- fuEufyf[kr esa dkSu 'kfDr dh fo'ks"krk ugha gS\

¼d½ lkis{kokn

¼[k½ lEcU/kkRedrk

¼x½ /keZ

¼?k½ fLFkfr ijdrk

10- jk"Vªh; 'kfDr esa dkSu lk rF; 'kkfey ugha gSA

¼d½ lSfud 'kfDr

¼[k½ /kkfeZd 'kfDr

¼x½ vkfFkZd 'kfDr

¼?k½ euksoSKkfud 'kfDr

mÙkj% ¼1½ d ¼2½ d ¼3½ x ¼4½ [k ¼5½ [k

¼6½ x ¼7½ ?k ¼8½ ?k ¼9½ x ¼10½ x

lÙkk

177

v/;k; 3 lÙkk (Authority)

1- lÙkk dk D;k vFkZ gS\

mÙkj% lÙkk 'kCn] ftls vaxzst+h esa Authority dgrs gSa] dh mRifŸk ySfVu Hkk"kk ds 'kCn vkDVksjkbVl (Auctorities)

ls gqbZ gS] ftldk vFkZ ml Hkk"kk esa vFkZ lgefr vFkok LohÑfr gSA jktuhfr foKku esa lÙkk dh vo/kkj.kk

dk cgqr egRo gSA lÙkk dk jkT; esa ogh LFkku gS tks vkRek dk 'kjhj esa gSA lÙkk }kjk gh lHkh egRoiw.kZ

fu.kZ; fy;s tkrs gSa rFkk v/khuLFkksa }kjk mudks Lohdkj fd;k tkrk gSA vkKk,a nsuk rFkk v/khuL;ksa }kjk

Lohdkjuk] lÙkk ds ;g nks izeq[k igyw gSA vr% jkT; dh 'kfDr ds ogk¡ dh turk dh oS/k leFkZu izkIr

gks tkrk gS rks mls lÙkk dgk tkrk gSA lÙkk dh ifjHkk"kk,a fofHkUu fo}kuksa ds erkuqlkj fuEufyf[kr gSA

eSdkboj ds vuqlkj] ÞlÙkk vkns'kksa dk ikyu djokus dh 'kfDr ;k izHkko dks izk;% lÙkk dgrs gSAß

tksosuy ds vuqlkj] ÞlÙkk nwljs O;fDr dh LohÑfr izkIr djus dk xq.k gSAß

chp ds vuqlkj] Þnwljksa dks izHkkfor djus ;k funksZf'kr djus dk vkSfpR;iw.kZ vf/kdkj dks lÙkk dgrs gSaAß

,p- ,- lkbeu ds vuqlkj] ÞlÙkk fu.kZ; ysus dh dg 'kfDr gS tks nwljs ds dk;ksZa dks funsZf'kr djrh gSA

;g mu nks O;fDr;ksa ds chp dk laca/k gS ftuesa ,d fof'k"V vkSj nqljk mlds v/khu gksrk gSAß

vr% mijksDr ifjHkk"kkvksa ds vk/kkj ij ge ;g fud"kZ ij igqaprs gSa fd lÙkk dk vk/kkj foosd;qDr ,oa

vkSfpU;iw.kZ gksrk gS rFkk blesa jktuhfrd O;oLFkk dks yksxksa dh lgefr vFkok LohÑfr izkIr gksrh gSA

2- lÙkk ds dksbZ pkj rRo ,oa fo'ks"krk,¡ crk,¡A

mÙkj% lÙkk ds dksbZ pkj rRo fuEufyf[kr gSaA

(i) izHkqRo&lÙkk }kjk jktuhfrd O;oLFkk dh lajpukvksa] fØ;kvksa rFkk dk;ksZa dk lapkyu ,oa fu;a=.k

fd;k tkrk gSA vU; 'kCnksa esa jktuhfrd lÙkk dk jktuhfrd O;oLFkk ij izHkqRo jgrk gSA

(ii) inlksiku&lÙkk dh LFkkiuk fofHkUu vf/kdkfj;ksa ds vkilh laca/kksa ls gksrh gS] ftUgsa in&lksiku ds

:i esa Lohdkj fd;k tkrk gSA mPp vf/kdkjh ds ikl vf/kd lÙkk gksrh gS vkSj mlds vkns'kksa

dk ikyu vU; vf/kdkfj;ksa dks djuk iM+rk gSA

(iii) mrjnkf;Ro&lÙkk dk ,d vU; rRo mrjnkf;Ro gksrk gSA ,d jktuhfrd O;oLFkk esa yksd

dY;k.k] fof/k O;oLFkk dk mrjnkf;Ro ml O;oLFkk esa lÙkk/kkjh dk gksrk gSA

(iv) fuf'prrk&lÙkk dks fuf'pr gksuk vfr vko';d gSA vfu'prk dh fLFkfr esa lrk dh vogsyuk

gksus dh iwjh laHkkouk jgrh gSA lÙkk izR;sd jktuhfrd laxBu esa lnSo vkSipkfjd o fuf'pr

gksrh gSA fuf'prrk ds vk/kkj ij laxBu ds izR;sd vf/kdkjh ds dk;Z] 'kfDr;k¡ o mrjnkf;Ro

fuf'pr fd;s tkrs gSaA

3- lÙkk ds fdUgh pkj :iks dk o.kZu dhft,A

mÙkj% lÙkk ds pkj :i fuEufyf[kr gSaA

jktuhfrd fl)kUr

178

(i) ijaijkxr lÙkk&tc v/khuLFk O;fDr mPp vf/kdkfj;ksa dh vkKkvksa dks bl vk/kkj ij Lohdkj

djrs gSa fd ,slk rks lnk ls gksrk gS rks bl izdkj dh lÙkk dks ijaijkxr lÙkk dgk tkrk gSA

tSls&jktra= esa iztk jktk dh vkKkvksa dk ikyu djrh gSA

(ii) laoS/kfud lÙkk&tc fdlh O;fDr dks lafo/kku }kjk lÙkk izkIr gksrh gS rks mls laoS/kkfud lÙkk

dgk tk;sxkA tSls Hkkjr ds jk"Vªifr dh lafo/kku Kjk tks 'kfDr;ka nh x;h gS] budk vk/kkj

laoS/kkfud lÙkk gSA

(iii) vkSfpR;iw.kZ lÙkk&og lÙkk tks dkuwu ds vuqlkj mfpr gks vkSj ftls lc O;fDr viuh vUrjkRek

ds vk/kkj ij Lohdkj djrs gS] mls vkSpfR;iw.kZ lÙkk dgrs gSaA tSls yksdra= esa turk }kjk pquh

x;h ljdkj dh lÙkk vkSfpR;iw.kZ gksrh gSA

(iv) dfj'ekoknh lÙkk&tc ,d lÙkk/kkjh dh 'kfDr dks ogk¡ dh turk mlds vlk/kkj.k xq.kksa] pfj=]

O;fDrRo ds dkj.k egRo nsrh gS vkSj mldh vkKvksa dk ikyu djrh gS rks bls peRdkjh lŸkk

dgk tkrk gSA tSls Hkkjr esa usg: ds lÙkk dk vk/kkj dfj'ekoknh O;fDrRo FkkA

4- lÙkk rFkk 'kfDr esa dksbZ pkj vUrj dk o.kZu dhft,A

mÙkj% lÙkk rFkk 'kfDr jktuhfrd foKku dh nks egRoiw.kZ rFkk fHkUu fHkUu vo/kkj.k,a gSA lÙkk dks vkns'k nsus

dk vf/kdkj gS tcfd 'kfDr vkns'k nsus dk {kerk gSA lÙkk dk Lr:i dkuwuh gksrk gS] tcfd ;g

vko';d ugha fd 'kfDr dk :i Hkh dkuwuh gh gksA

fuEufyf[kr eq[; vk/kkjksa ij 'kfDr rFkk lÙkk dk vUrj Li"V fd;k tk ldrk gSA

(i) 'kfDr cy ij] tcfd lÙkk fu;eksa o /kkj.kkvksa ij vk/kkfjr&'kfDr o lÙkk nksuksa dk vFkZ lk/kkj.k

rkSj ij fu;a=.k esa j[kus dh fLFkfr ls fy;k tkrk gS] ijUrq okLro esa 'kfDr dk vk/kkj cy

vFkkZr vU;ksa ij vius fu.kZ;ksa dks cy&iwoZd ykxw djkus dks 'kfDr dgk tk ldrk gSA tcfd

dkuwuksa] fu;eksa] /kkj.kkvksa] fo'okl rFkk eqY;ksa ds vuqlkj vius fu.kZ; dks vU;ksa ij ykxw djus dks

lÙkk dgk tk;xkA

(ii) 'kfDr oS/k ;k voS/k] ijUrq lÙkk oS/k&'kfDr vkSpfR;iw.kZ Hkh gks ldrh gS vFkok voS/k ;kfu

vukSfpR;iw.kZ Hkh gks ldrk gS ijUrq lÙkk izk;% vkSfpR;iw.kZ ;k oS/k gh gksxhA

(iii) lÙkk esa foosd dk va'k gksrk gS tcfd 'kfDr esa ;g va'k ugha gksrk&lÙkk ds fy;s ;g vko';d gS

fd foosd ds vk/kkj ij vius fopkjksa }kjk vU; yksxksa dks lger djkuk tcfd 'kfDr vU; ds

O;ogkjksa dks vius i{k esa djus dh {kerk dk uke gS] D;ksfd vkKk iznku djus dh {kerk gh

'kfDr gSA

(iv) lÙkk 'kfDr dh rqyuk cgqmís';h; gS&'kfDr dh rqyuk esa lÙkk cgqmís';h; gS lÙkk dk iz;ksx

lkekU; mís';ksa ds fy;s fd;k tkrk gSA tcfd 'kfDr dk iz;ksx fo'ks"k mís';ksa dh iwfrZ ds fy;s

fd;k x;k gSA

oLrqfu"B ¼cgq&oSdfYid½ iz'u (Objective Type Questions)

fuEufyf[kr iz'uksa ds dqNsd oSdfYid mÙkj fn;s x;s gSa A muesa ls lgh mÙkj dk p;u dhft,A

1- ^^lÙkk nwljs O;fDr dh LohÑr izkIr djus dk xq.k gS** ;g dFku fdldk gS\

¼d½ VkWuh

¼[k½ MsfoM bZLVu

¼x½ tkscsuy

¼?k½ jkcVZ Mgqy

lÙkk

179

2- lÙkk dh fo'ks"krkvksa ds laca/k esa fuEufyf[kr esa ls dkSu Bhd gS\

¼d½ LohÑfr

¼[k½ ijaijkxr lÙkk

¼x½ jktuhfrd lÙkk

¼?k½ voS/k lÙkk

3- 'Politics-Who gets, whats, when and how' uked iqLrd fdl fo)ku us fy[kh gSA

¼d½ jkcVZ ,- Mgy

¼[k½ ykloSy

¼x½ MsfoM bZLVu

¼?k½ cSdj

4- lÙkk rFkk 'kfDr

¼d½ ijLij fojks/kh gSa

¼[k½ ,d gh /kkj.kk ds nks uke gSa

¼x½ nks vyx&vyx vo/kkj.k,a gS

¼?k½ nksuksa esa dksbZ laca/k ugha gS

5- lÙkk ftls vaxzst+h esa Authority dgrs gSa dh mRifr ysfVu Hkk"kk ds fuEufyf[kr 'kCn ls gqbZ gS&

¼d½ LVsVl

¼[k½ flfoVkl

¼x½ vkDVksjkbZVl

¼?k½ lqijsul

6- Þmfpr 'kfDr dks izk;% lÙkk dgk tkrk gSAß ;g dFku gSA

¼d½ jkcVZ ,- Mgy

¼[k½ MsfoM bZLVu

¼x½ ykloSy

¼?k½ dSVfyu

7- ÞlÙkk ls esjk vfHkizk; O;fDr dh og ;ksX;rk gS ftlds }kjk og viuh ;kstukvksa dks LohÑr djokrk gSß]

;g dFku gS&

¼d½ tksfouy

¼[k½ MsfoM bZLVu

¼x½ jkcVZ ,- Mgy

¼?k½ ykloSy

8- ßlÙkk vkns'kksa dk ikyu djokus dh 'kfDr gSÞ ;g dFku gS

¼d½ jkcVZ ,- Mgy

¼[k½ ykloSy

jktuhfrd fl)kUr

180

¼x½ MsfoM bZLVu

¼?k½ mijksDr rhuksa esa ls dksbZ ugha

9- fuEufyf[kr esa dkSu lÙkk dk vk/kkj gS

¼d½ lafo/kku

¼[k½ vuSfrdrk

¼x½ cy

¼?k½ vR;kpkj

10- fuEufyf[kr esa ls dkSu&lk rRo lÙkk dh LohÑfr ugha gSA

¼d½ lkekftd ncko

¼[k½ eukSoSKkfud ncko

¼x½ O;fDrxr xq.k

¼?k½ fgrksa dk ncko

mÙkj% ¼1½ x ¼2½ d ¼3½ [k ¼4½ x ¼5½ x

¼6½ d ¼7½ d ¼8½ d ¼9½ d ¼10½ ?k


181

v/;k; 4 vkSfpR;iw.kZ ¼oS/krk½ (Legitimacy)


1- vkSfpR;iw.kZrk ¼oS/krk½ dk D;k vFkZ gS\

mÙkj% lk/kkj.kr% oS/krk dk vFkZ gS fdlh uhfr dkuwu vFkok fu.kZ; dk lekt ds }kjk dkuwuksa jhfr fjoktksa]

yksxksa ds fo'oklksa esa Bhd ;k U;k;laxr le>k tkukA ysfdu nwljs 'kCnksa esa tc ljdkj ds fdlh dk;Z

dks turk mfpr ekurh gS rFkk mls viuk leFkZu nsrh gS rks ml dk;Z dks vkSfpR;iw.kZ ;k oS/k ekuk tkrk

gSA jktfufrd O;oLFkk dh uhfr;ksa dk;Z&dykiksa] lajpukvksa] usrkvksa] vf/kdkfj;ksa ds izfr mDr fo'okl dks

gh jktuhfr 'kkL= esa ^vkSfpR;iw.kZrk* dgk tkrk gSA

fofHkUu fo}kuksa }kjk vkSfpR;iw.kZrk dh fuEufyf[kr ifjHkk"kk,a nh x;h gSa&

,lŒ,eŒ fyIlsV ds vuqlkj&ÞvkSfpR;iw.kZrk dk vFkZ O;oLFkk dh ml {kerk ls gS ftlds }kjk ;g

fo'okl iSnk fd;k tk, rFkk cuk, j[kk tk; fd orZeku jktuhfrd laLFkk,a lekt ds fy;s lcls vf/kd

mi;ksxh gSaAß

Iykuks rFkk fjXl ds vuqlkj&ÞoS/krk ,slk xq.k gS ftlds v/khu deZpkjh bPNkiwoZd Lohdkj djrs gSaa] tks

jktuhfrd 'kfDr ds iz;ksx dks vkSfpR;iw.k lÙkk esa ifjofrZr djrk gSA oS/krk ml fofgr lgefr dks Li"V

djrh gS tks O;fDrxr usrkvksa laLFkvksa vkSj O;ogkjksa laca/kh fu;eksa dks lRdkj rFkk LohÑfr iznku djrh

gSAß

esDl cScj ds vuqlkj&vkSfpR;iw.kZrk fo'okl ij vk/kkfjr gksrh gS vkSj vuqikyu izkIr djrh gSA

mijksDr ifjHkk"kkvksa ds vk/kkj ij ;g Li"V gks tkrk gS fd vkSfpR;iw.kZrk 'kklu vkSj 'kkflr ds laca/k

rFkk vkns'k nsus dh 'kfDr ,oa mlds vuqikyu dh fLFkfr dk fu/kkZj.k djrh gSA ;g jktuhfrd O;oLFkk

dk og xq.k gS ftlds vk/kkj ij turk dks ;g fo'okl gks tkrk gS fd jktuhfrd lÙkk dh lajpuk]

mldh uhfr;k¡ rFkk dk;Z lekt dY;k.k ds fy;s mfpr gS vkSj turk mls fu%ladksp viuk leFkZu rFkk

lgefr iznku djrh gSA

2- vkSfpR;iw.kZrk dh dksbZ pkj fo'ks"krk,a fyf[k,A

mÙkj% vkSfpR;iw.kZrk dh pkj fo'ks"krk,a fuEufyf[kr gSA

1- fo'okl iSnk djus dh ;ksX;rk& vkSfpR;iw.kZrk dh egRoiw.kZ fo'ks"krk ;g gS fd blesa fo'okl iSnk djus

dh ;ksX;rk gksrh gS vkSj bl fo'okl ds dkj.k gh turk jktuhfrd lÙkk dks Lohdkj djrh gS rFkk

mldk leFkZu djrh gSA

2- vkSfpR;iw.kZrk 'kfDr dks lÙkk esa cnyus dk lk/ku& vkSfpR;iw.kZrk 'kfDr dks lÙkk esa cnyus dk lk/ku gSA

tgk¡ dsoy 'kfDr gksrh ogk¡ lÙkk ugha gksrh gSA 'kfDr tgk¡ oS/k gks tkrh gS rc lÙkk esa cny tkrh gSA

vkSfpR;iw.kZrk ds vkus ij gh 'kkld 'kklu djus dh lÙkk izkIr djrk gSA

jktuhfrd fl)kUr

182

3- vkSfpR;iw.kZrk O;oLFkk esa LFkkf;Ro ykrh gS& vkSfpR;iw.kZrk fdlh Hkh O;oLFkk esa LFkkf;Ro ykus ds fy;s

vko';d gS fdlh Hkh O;oLFkk esa LFkkf;Ro rc vkrk gS tc yksxksa dk ml O;oLFkk esa fo'okl gks vkSj

fo'okl iSnk djus dh ;ksX;rk vkSfpR;iw.kZrk esa gSA

4- vkSfpR;iw.kZrk jktuhfrd O;oLFkk dh izHkko'khyrk dks fuf'pr djrh gS& vkSfpR;iw.kZrk jktuhfrd

O;oLFkk dh izHkko'khyrk dks fuf'pr djrh gSA ;fn dksbZ ljdkj vkSfpR;iw.kZ u gks rks og vf/kd

izHkko'kkyh ugha gksrh] tcfd vkSfpR;iw.kZ ljdkj vf/kd izHkko'kkyh gksrh gSA blfy, rkuk'kkg Hkh vius

'kklu dks vkfpR;iw.kZ fl) djus ds fy;s iz;Ru'khy jgrk gSA

3- vkSfpR;iw.kZrk ds ladV ls vki D;k le>rs gSa\

mÙkj% vkSfpR;iw.kZrk rFkk lkekftd ifjorZu esa xgjk laca/k gSA lekt esa tc Hkh dHkh egRoiw.kZ ifjorZu gksrk gS

rks ifjorZu dk izHkko jktuSfrd O;oLFkk ij vo'; iM+rk gSA vkSfpR;iw.kZrk ds ladV dk vFkZ ;g gS fd

jktuhfrd O;oLFkk ;k fdlh la[;k ds ckjs esa turk dh lgefr de gks x;h gks] ;k lekIr gksus dh

vk'kadk iSnk gks x;h gSA tSls tc Jherh bfUnjk xk¡/kh us 1975 esa vkUrfjd ladV dh ?kks"k.kk dj nh rFkk

gt+kjksa yksxksa dks tsy Hkst fn;k rFkk yksdlHkk dk dk;Zdky c<+k fn;k rks yksxksa ds eu esa bfUnjk ljdkj

dh vkSfpR;iw.kZrk ds laca/k esa 'kadk mRiUu gks x;h FkhA vkerkSj ij jktuhfrd O;oLFkk dh vkSfpR;iw.kZrk

dh leL;k ds fy;s u;h ifjfLFkfr;k¡] vuqnkjoknh lewgksa ds Lrj dks [krjk rFkk fdlh O;oLFkk ls vf/kd

vk'kk,a bR;kfn dkj.k eq[; Hkqfedk fuHkkrh gSa vr% ge ;g dg ldrs gSa fd tc dksbZ jktuhfrd O;oLFkk

turk dk leFkZu [kksuk 'kq: dj nsrh gS rks vkSfpR;iw.kZrk dk ladV iSnk gks tkrk gSA

4- vkSfpR;iw.kZrk dh oS/krk dks izkIr djus rFkk mls cuk,a j[kus ds dksbZ pkj mik; crk,aA

mÙkj% izR;sd ljdkj dks viuh uhfr;ksa dks euokus ds fy;s le;≤ ij cy iz;ksx djuk iM+rk gSA ijUrq

bldk iz;ksx dkuwuksa ds vuqlkj gh gksuk pkfg,] rHkh oS/k ekuk tk ldrk gSA vusd ljdkjh vf/kdkfj;ksa

dks lÙkk ;k izf/kdkj dkuwuksa ;k fu;eksa ds vuqlkj fn;k tkrk gSA ;fn os mu dkuwuksa ;k fu;eksa ls vf/kd

viuh 'kfDr;ksa dk iz;ksx djsa rks mudh lÙkk ;k izf/kdkj oS/k ugha jgsxkA

,d jktuhfrd O;oLFkk dh vkSfpR;iw.kZrk dks izkIr djus rFkk cuk, j[kus ds pkj mik; vFkok lk/ku

fuEufyf[kr gSA

1- jktuhfrd O;oLFkk dh ifjorZu'khyrk&fdlh Hkh jktuhfrd O;oLFkk ds fy;s oS/krk dh fLFkfr

rHkh cuh jg ldrh gS tc og viuh cnyrh gqbZ lkekftd] vkfFkZd] jktuhfrd rFkk lakLÑfrd

ifjfLFkfr;ksa ds vuqlkj cny ldsA

2- dkuwuh O;oLFkk dh ifjorZu'khyrk&oS/krk dh fLFkfr ds fy;s ;g vko';d gS fd jktuhfrd

O;oLFkk dk vk/kkj oS/kkfud gksA bldk vFkZ ;g gS fd jktlÙkk Hkys gh ,d O;fDr vFkok

O;fDr&lewg }kjk izkIr dh x;h gks] fdUrq mldh LohÑfr dk vk/kkj dkuwuh gksuk pkfg,A

3- ijaijkvksa dks mfpr ekU;rk&fdlh Hkh jktuhfrd O;oLFkk dh oS/krk dks cukus ds fy;s ;g

vko';d gS fd ml ns'k dh ijaijvksa çFkkvksa o jhfr fjotksa dks mfpr ekU;rk nh tk,A ;fn

dksbZ ifjoZru ijaijkvksa dh iw.kZ vogsyuk djds fd;k tkrk gS rks mlds fy;s ladV mRiUu gksuk

LoHkkfod gSA

4- futh peRdkjh xq.k&fdlh Hkh jktuhfrd O;oLFkk dh oS/krk ds fy, peRdkjh usr`Ro dk gksuk

vfr vko';d gSA D;ksafd usr`Ro ls jktuhfrd O;oLFkk dh oS/krk dks fLFkjrk o <q<+rk izkIr

gksrh gS] D;ksafd tulk/kkj.k bl izdkj ds usrkvksa dh vkxkvksa dk ikyu djuk viuk drZO;

le>us yxrh gSA


183

oLrqfu"B ¼cgq&fodYih½ iz'u (Objective Type Questions)

fuEufyf[kr iz'uksa ds dqNsd oSdfYid mÙkj fn;s x;s gSaA lgh mÙkj dk p;u dhft,A

1- vkSfpR;iw.kZrk (Legitimacy) 'kCn fdl Hkk"kk ls fy;k x;k gS\

¼d½ xzhd

¼[k½ ySfVu

¼x½ vaxzsth

¼?k½ ÝSap

2- fuEufyf[kr esa ls dksu lk vkSfpR;iw.kZrk dk vk/kkj gS\

¼d½ fopkj/kkjk dk lEeku

¼[k½ uohu vkLFkkvksa dk fodkl

¼x½ 'kfDr dks lÙkk esa ifjofrZr djus dk xq.k

¼?k½ l'kL= lsukvksa dk vf/kd ls vf/kd iz;ksx

3- fuEufyf[kr esa vkSfpR;iw.kZrk dk vk/kkj dkSu ugha gSA

¼d½ uSfrdrk

¼[k½ LFkkf;r fo'okl

¼x½ fopkj/kkjk dk lEeku

¼?k½ ikf'od 'kfDr

4- fuEufyf[kr esa dkSu lk rRo vkSfpR;iw.kZrk ds ladV dks tUe ugha nsrk gS\

¼d½ ijaijkvksa dks mfpr ekU;rk

¼[k½ ubZ voLFkkvksa dk fodkl

¼x½ dfj'ekoknh usr`Ro

¼?k½ yksxksa ds /kfeZd fopkjksa esa fxjkoV

5- fuEufyf[kr rRo vkSfpR;iw.kZrk ds ladV dks tUe nsrk gS&

¼d½ uohu voLFkk,a

¼[k½ ijaijvksa dks mfpr ekU;rk

¼x½ dfj'ekoknh usr`Ro


6- ÞvkSfpR;iw.kZrk dk ladV ifjoZru dk ladV gSß] ;g dFku fdldk gS\

¼d½ jkWcVZ ,- Mgy

¼[k½ MsfoM bZLVu

¼x½ fyIlsV

¼?k½ jkWcV~l

jktuhfrd fl)kUr

184

7- vk/kqfud ;qx esa vkSfpR;iw.kZrk dh vo/kkj.kk dh O;k[;k loZizFke fuEufyf[kr foKku ds }kjk dh xbZ&

¼d½ jkWcVZ ,- Mgy

¼[k½ vkj- vkbZ- fjXl

¼x½ MsfoM bZLVu

¼?k½ ykloSy

8- vkSfpR;iw.kZrk dh fo'ks"krkvksa ds laca/k esa Bhd ugha gS&

¼d½ O;oLFkk esa LFkkf;Ro ykuk

¼[k½ LokHkkfod lgefr

¼x½ 'kfDr ds iz;ksx dks c<+kok nsuk

¼?k½ cfynku dh Hkkouk iSnk djuk

9- ,d jktuhfrd iz.kkyh dh vkSfpR;iw.kZrk mruh gh vf/kd gksxh

¼d½ ftruh vf/kd og iz.kkyh yksdra=h; gksxh

¼[k½ ftruh vf/kd ml iz.kkyh dh izHkkfodrk gksxh

¼x½ ftruk vf/kd ml ns'k dk vkfFkZd fodkl gksxk

¼?k½ ftruh vf/kd ml iz.kkyh dh lkekftd ekU;rk gksxhA

mÙkj% ¼1½ [k ¼2½ d ¼3½ ?k ¼4½ ?k ¼5½ ?k

¼6½ x ¼7½ [k ¼8½ x ¼9½ [k


185

v/;k; 5 fof'k"V&oxZ ¼vfHktu½ rFkk fof'k"V&oxZ ds fl)kar (Elite and Theories of Elite)

y/kqrjkRed iz'u (Short Answer Type questions)

1- fof'k"V&oxZ (Elite) dk D;k vFkZ gS\

mÙkj% lekt esa dqN pqus gq, O;fDr;ksa ds lewg dks fof'k"V&oxZ dgk tkrk gSA yksdrkaf=d O;oLFkk dks turk

dh turk }kjk rFkk turk ds fy, dgk tkrk gS ijUrq O;ogkfjd rkSj ij og turk ds ,d ,d fof'k"V

oxZ dh ljdkj gksrh gSA ;s lekt ds dqN ,sls O;fDr gksrs gSa tks viuh c`f)] ;ksX;rk] izHkko vFkok

O;ogkj ds dkj.k lekt esa ,d fo'ks"k LFkku j[krs gSaA ;g fof'k"V&oxZ lkekftd thou ds izR;sd {ks= esa

dk;Z djrs gSaA ftlls gesa dbZ izdkj ds fof'k"V oxZ fn[kk;h nsrs gSa&uxj dk fof'k"V&oxZ] odhyksa dk

fof'k"V&oxZ] MkWDVjksa dk fof'k"V&oxZ vkSj ;gk¡ rd fd ifjokj esa fof'k"V&oxZA bl oxZ esa fofHkUu {ks=ksa

ds dqN pqfuUnk O;fDr gksrs gSa tks vius {ks= ds laca/k esa fu.kZ; ysus vFkok fu.kZ;ksa dks izHkkfor djus dh

fLFkfr esa gksrs gSaA jktuhfrd {ks= esa fof'k"V oxZ mu O;fDr;ksa dks dgk tkrk gS tks ns'k dh jktuhfrd

O;oLFkk esa jktuhfrd 'kfDr dk iz;ksx djrs gSaA ;|fi ;g oxZ vYila[;d Js.kh esa gksrk gS ijarq ns'k ds

lHkh jktuhfrd fu.kZ; bl oxZ dh bPNkuqlkj fy;s tkrs gSaA

2- fof'k"V oxZ dh ifjHkk"kk nhft,A

mÙkj% lekt esa dqN pqus gq, O;fDr;ksa ds leqg dks fof'k"V oxZ dgk tkrk gSA ;s lekt ds dqN ,sls O;fDr gSa

tks viuh cqf)] ;ksX;rk izHkko vFkok ifjfLFkfr;ksa dsdkj.k lekt esa vU; O;fDr;ksa ls dqN mPp LFkku

j[krs gSaaA

fofHkUu foKkuksa }kjk fof'k"V oxZ dh fHkUu fHkUu ifjHkk"kk,a nh x;h gSa tks fuEufyf[kr gSaA

izsLFkl ds vuqlkj&fof'k"V&oxZ vyila[;k esa fof'k"V usrk gksrs gSa tks lkeqnkf;d fo"k;ksa ds vuqikr

vf/kd 'kfDr j[krs gSaA

lhŒ jkbZV feYl ds vuqlkj&fof'k"V&oxZ os O;fDr gksrs gSa tks vkKk nsus okys inksa ij vklhu gksrs gsaA

tsfj;UV lhŒ isjh ds vuqlkj&fof'k"V&oxZ os vYila[;d yksx gS tks jktuhfrd ,oa lkekftd ekeyksa ij

vfuok;Z :i ls egRoiw.kZ izHkko j[krs gSaA

yklcSy ds vuqlkj&jktuhfrd fof'k"V&oxZ ,d jktuhfrd O;oLFkk esa 'kfDr j[kus okyksa dk oxZ gksrk

gSA lÙkk/kkfj;ksa esa usrk rFkk os lkekftd laxaBu gksrs gSa ftuds izfr mÙkjnkf;Ro dks ,d fuf'pr vof/k

ds nkSjku dk;e j[kk tkrk gSA

ijsVks ds vuqlkj&ladh.kZ :i esa 'kkldh; fof'k"V oxZ esa os dqN yksx 'kkfey gksrs gSa tks lQy gksrs gSa

vkSj tks jktuhfrd rFkk lkekftd :i esa 'kkldh; dk;Z djrs gSaA

jktuhfrd fl)kUr

186

mijksDr ifjHkk"kkvksa ds vk/kkj ij ge ;g dg ldrs gSa fd fof'k"V oxZ vYila[;dksa dk ,d ,slk lewg

gksrk gS tks izR;sd lekt ¼jktuhfrd O;oLFkk½ esa 'kfDr dk iz;ksx djrk gSA izR;sd jktuhfrd O;oLFkk]

'kklu&'kkflr yksxksa ds ,d NksVs ls lewg ¼fof'k"V oxZ½ ds gkFkksa esa gksrh gSA

3- fof'k"V oxZ ds dksbZ pkj fo'ks"krk,a ¼y{.k½ dk o.kZu dhft,A

mÙkj% vfHktu lekt dk ,d fof'k"V oxZ gksrk gS ftldk dk;Z lkekftd vkfFkZd vkSj jktuhfrd thou ds

fofHkUu {ks=ksa esa lekt dks usr`Ro iznku djuk gksrk gSA

fof'k"V&oxZ ds fuEufyf[kr pkj fo'ks"krk,a ¼y{.k½ gSaA

(i) vYila[;d lewg&fof'k"V&oxZ esa lekt ds dqN pqfuUnk yksx gksrs gSa tks lHkh jktuhfrd

laLFkkvksa ij fu;a=.k j[krs gSa rFkk O;oLFkk ds fy, lHkh jktuhfrd fu.kZ; ysrs gSaA IysVks rFkk

vjLrq us dgk gS fd 'kklu djus ds xq.k rks dsoy dqN gh O;fDr;ksa esa gksrs gSa vkSj ,sls yksxksa

dk tUe gh 'kklu djus ds fy;s gksrk gSA

(ii) fof'k"V&oxZ dk fo'ks"k egRo&izR;sd jktuhfrd O;oLFkk esa fof'k"V&oxZ dks fo'ks"k LFkku izkIr

gksrk gSA og oxZ ns'k dh jktuhfrd n'kk dks fuf'pr djrk gS vkSj bl y{; dks izkIr djus ds

fy;s lk/ku fuf'pr djrk gSA bl oxZ dks turk dk Hkh leFkZu izkIr gksrk gS vkSj turk dk

muesa fo'okl gksrk gSA

(iii) Js"V oxZ ¼fof'k"V&oxZ½ dh vo/kkj.k euq";ksa dh izkÑfrd vlkekurk ds fl)kar ij

vk/kkfjr&fof'k"V&oxZ dh vo/kkj.kk bl fl)kr ij vk/kkfjr gS fd euq";ksa esa izkÑfrd :i ls

vlkekurk ikbZ tkrh gSA izR;sd lekt esa nks izdkj ds oxZ gksrs gSaA ,d og oxZ gS ftlesa 'kklu

djus rFkk lk/kkj.k O;fDr;ksa dk usr`Ro djus dh ;ksX;rk gksrh gSA vkSj nwljs oxZ esa os yksx

'kkfey gksrs gSa ftuesa usr`Ro djus vFkok jktuhfrd fu.kZ; ysus dh ;ksX;rk ugha gksrh] os nwljksa

ds v/khu jgdj gh larq"V jgrs gSaA buesa ls izFke oxZ dks gh fof'k"V oxZ dgk tkrk gSA

(iv) lekt ds lHkh {ks=ksa esa fof'k"V&oxZ&fof'k"V&oxZ lekt ds izR;ksd {ks= esa ik;s tkrs gSaA

lkekftd thou ds fofHkUu {ks=ksa esa vkfFkZd fof'k"V&oxZ lkekftd fof'k"V&oxZ jktuhfrd

fof'k"V&oxZ] /kkfeZd fof'k"V&oxZ rFkk lsfud fof'k"V oxZ vkfn ik;s tkrs gSaA

4- isjsVks }kjk izfrikfnr fof'k"V&oxZ ds fl)kar ij laf{kIr uksV fyf[k,A

mÙkj% isjsVks bVyh dk ,d izfl) lekt 'kkL=h Fkk ftlus viuh iqLrd 'The Mind and Society' esa vius

fof'k"V&oxZ laca/kh fl)kar dh O;k[;k dh gSA isjsVks dk fof'k"V&oxhZ; fl)kar bl fopkj ij vk/kkfjr gS

fd euq"; viuh ewy ;ksX;rkvksa o {kerkvksa esa ,d nwljs ls fHkUu gksrs gSa] vkSj ;g fo'ks"krk lekt esa

vlekurk dks vfuok;Z cuk nsrh gSA izR;sd lekt esa ,d vYila[;d oxZ gksrk gS tks izHkko'kkyh <ax ls

'kklu djrk gS vkSj 'kfDr rFkk izHkko dk iz;ksx djrk gSA isjsVks ds vuqlkj os O;fDr tks vius dk;Z{ks=

ds vUrxZr lcls vf/kd mPp Js.kh ij gSa] os gh fof'k"V&oxZ gksrs gSaA

isjsVks ds vuqlkj izR;sd lekt dh tula[;k dks nks oxksZa esa foHkkftr fd;k tk ldrk gSA fuEu oxZ rFkk

mPp oxZA fuEu oxZ esa lk/kkj.k turk dks 'kkfey fd;k tkrk gS] tcfd mPp oxZ esa fof'k"V&oxZ ds

yksx 'kkfey gksrs gsaA isjsVks us fQj fof'k"V oxZ dks nks Jsf.k;ksa esa ckaVk gS 'kkldh; fof'k"V oxZ rFkk xSj

'kkldh; fof'k"V&oxZ A

'kkldh; fof'k"V oxZ esa 'kkjhfjd rFkk ekufld xq.k ik;s tkrs gSa rFkk muds ikl 'kfDr gksrh gS ftudk

iz;ksx ;s lekt ij 'kklu djus gsrq djrs gSaA ;s lkekU; turk ij cy rFkk mudk leFkZu izkIr djus

ds fy, izpkj] nksuksa dk gh iz;ksx djrs gSaA 'kkldh; fof'k"V oxZ cy rFkk Ny diV nksuksa }kjk turk

ij 'kklu djrk gSA


187

5- isjsVks ds vuqlkj fof'k"V&oxZ ds lapkyu dh ?kkj.kk D;k gS\

mÙkj% isjsVks ds vuqlkj] izR;sd lekt esa O;fDr vkSj fof'k"V dks vuojr :i ls Å¡ps Lrj ls uhps Lrj dh vksj

vkSj uhps Lrj ls m¡ps Lrj dh vkSj vkrs&tkrs jgrs gSaA irudkjd rRoksa dh la[;k c<+rh jgrh gS vkSj

nwljh vkSj 'kkflr oxksZ Åaps xq.kksa ls lEiUu rRo mHkjrs jgrs gSaA isjsVks dk dguk gS bl izfØ;k d

ek/;e ls lekt dk izR;sd fof'k"V oxZ vUrr% u"V gks tkrk gS vkSj mlds LFkku ij nwljs yksx vk tkrs

gSaA ;g fof'k"V oxZ ds lapkyu dk fl)kar gSA isjsVks ds vuqlkj le; rFkk ifjfLFkfr;ksa ds vuqlkj

fof'k"V oxZ esa dqN u, O;fDr vkrs jgrs gSa vkSj bl oxZ ds dqN O;fDr vke turk dh Js.kh esa tkrs

jgrs gSaA ;g Øe lnk pyrk jgrk gSA pw¡fd O;fDr;ksa ds eqY; esa le; Kku rFkk ifjfLFkfr;ksa ds vuqlkj

ifjoZru gksrk jgrk gSA blfy, fof'k"V&oxZ esa Hkh ifjoZru gksrk jgrk gSA ijsVks dk dguk gS fd fof'k"V

oxZ dk lapkyu dk izHkko ØkfUr;ksa dks jksdus rFkk lekt esa xfr'khyrk cuk, j[kus ds fy;s cgqr

vko';d gksrk gSA

6- eksLdk (Mosca) ds fof'k"V&oxZ laca/kh fl)kar ij fVIi.kh fyf[k,A

mÙkj% eksLdk ,d bVkfy;u fo)ku Fkk] ftlus viuh iqLrd ‘The Ruling Class’ esa vius fof'k"V oxhZ; fl)kar

dk izfriknu fd;k gSA eksLdk us vius fl)kar dk vkjaHk vjLrq ds ljdkjksa ds oxhZdj.k&jktra=

dqyhura= rFkk yksdra= dks vLohdkj djrs gq, fd;k gSA eksLdk dk dguk gS fd fo'o esa flQZ ,d gh

izdkj dh ljdkj dk;Z'khy gS vkSj og gS vYira=A eksLdk dk dguk gS de fodflr lekt ls ysdj

iw.kZr;k fodflr lekt rd izR;sd lekt esa yksxksa ds lnSo nks oxZ mHkjrs gSa ,d oxZ tks 'kklu djrk

gS vkSj nwljk oxZ tks 'kkflr gksrk gSA igyk oxZ tks lnSo de la[;k esa jgrk gS lHkh jktuhfrd dk;Z

djrk gSA 'kfDr ij ,dkf/kdkj j[krk gS vkSj 'kfDr }kjk yk;s x, ykHk dk vkuUn ysrk gSA tcfd nwljk

oxZ] ftlesa cgqr vf/kd la[;k esa yksx gksrs gSa igys }kjk funsZf'kr rFkk fu;af=r fd;k tkrk gSA FkksM+k ;k

cgqr dkuwuh <ax ls rFkk cgqr LosPNk pkjh rFkk fgald <ax ls ;g igys dks de ls de fn[kkus ds fy,

thfodk dks ekSfyd lk/ku rFkk jktuhfrd rU= dh psruk ds fy;s vfuok;Z dRkZO; lk/ku iznku djrk gSA

eksLdk us vkxs fy[kk gS] Þftruk cM+k jktuhfrd leqnk; gksxk vkSj cgqla[;dksa ds fy;s 'kkflr gksuk

vf/kd dfBu gksxk] cgqla[;dksa ds fy;s vYila[;dksa ds fojks/k esa izfrfØ;k djus ds fy;s laxfBr gksuk

mruk gh dfBu gksxkAß

eksLdk ds vuqlkj 'kkld oxZ Js"V laxfBr rFkk vius xq.kksa ds dkj.k lekt }kjk lEekfur gksrk gSA vkSj

bls gh fof'k"V oxZ dgk tkrk gSA

7- fof'k"V&oxZ ds fofHkUu fl)karksa ds dksbZ pkj fo'ks"krk,a fyf[k,A

mÙkj% fof'k"V oxZ laca/kh fofHkUu fl)karksa ds vk/kkj ij pkj fo'ks"krk,a fuEufyf[kr gSaA

(i) fof'k"V oxZ ds fl)kar dk izfriknu djus okys lHkh fo}ku bl ckr dks Lohdkj djrs gSa fd

izR;sd lekt esa nks oxZ gksrs gSa&fof'k"V oxZ rFkk lk/kkj.k oxZA fof'k"V oxZ 'kklu djrk gS rFkk

lk/kkj.k oxZ ;kfu turk fof'k"V oxZ ds }kjk 'kflr gksrk gSA

(ii) izR;sd lekt esa lÙkk dqN fof'k"V oxZ ds gkFkksa esa gksrh gSA tks vYila[;d gksrh gS ;kfu mudh

la[;k de gksrh gSA

(iii) fof'k"V&oxZ ds fl)kar dk izfriknu djus okys lHkh fo}ku ekurs gSa fd fof'k"V oxZ lnk cnyrs

gSaA ;kfu le; rFkk ifjfLFkfr;ksa ds vuqlkj fof'k"V oxZ esa dqN u, O;fDr vkrs jgrs gSaA vkSj

bl oxZ ds dqN O;fDr vke turk dh Js.kh esa tkrs jgrs gSaA bls fof'k"V oxZ dk ifjpyu ;k

lapkyu dgk tkrk gSA

(iv) fof'k"V&oxZ dk fl)kar euq";ksa esa izkÑfrd lekurk ds fl)kar dks ugha ekurk gSA ;g ;ksX;rk]

/ku] pfj=] xq.k] {kerk] le;] rFkk ifjfLFkfr;ksa ds vk/kkj ij vlekurk dks Lohdkj djrk gSA

jktuhfrd fl)kUr

188

oLrqfu"B ¼cgq&oSdfYid½ iz'u (Objective Questions)

fuEufyf[kr iz'uksa ds dqNsd oSdfYid mÙkj fn;s x;s gSaA muesa ls lgh mÙkj dk p;u dhft,A

1- Þfof'k"V&oxZ os O;fDr gksrs gSa tks vkKk nsus okys inksa ij vklhu gksrs gSaAß fof'k"V oxZ dh ;g ifjHkk"kk

fuEufyf[kr fo}ku dh gSA

¼d½ lh- jkbZV feYl

¼[k½ isjsVks

¼x½ eksLdk

¼?k½ tsfj;UV lh- isjh

2- Þfof'k"V&oxZ os vYila;d yksx gSa tks jktuhfrd ,oa lkekftd ekeyksa ij vfuok;Z :i ls egRoiw.kZ

izHkko j[krs gSaß] fof'k"V oxZ dh ;g ifjHkk"kk fuEufyf[kr fo}ku dh gSA

¼d½ eksLdk

¼[k½ tsfj;UV lh- isjh

¼x½ lwtu dSyj

¼?k½ ykloSy

3- fuEufyf[kr fof'k"V&oxZ dk y{.k gS&

¼d½ euq";ksa dh izkÑfrd vlekurk

¼[k½ vYila[;d lewg

¼x½ fof'k"V&oxZ LFkk;h ugha gksrk


4- ^nh ekb.M ,.M lkslkbVh* (The Mind and Society) uked iqLrd fuEufyf[kr fo}ku us fy[kh gS

¼d½ isjsVks

¼[k½ eksLdk

¼x½ lh- jkbZV feYl

¼?k½ ykloSy

5- Þbfrgkl dqyhurU=ksa dk dfczLrku gSß] ;g dFku gS

¼d½ MsfoM bZLVu

¼[k½ isjsVks

¼x½ eksLdk

¼?k½ fe'kyl

6- ‘The Ruling Class’ uked iqLrd dk ys[kd gS&

¼d½ isjsVks

¼[k½ eksLdk

¼x½ jkcVZ fe'kYl

¼?k½ jkbZV feYl


189

7- ‘The Managerial Revolution’ uked iqLrd dk ys[kd gS&

¼d½ cuZgke

¼[k½ isjsVks

¼x½ eksLdk

¼?k½ vkjVsxk okbZ- xkls

8- Þjktuhfrd laLFkk ds lÙkk/kkfj;ksa dks jktuhfrd fof'k"V oxZ dgk tkrk gSß] ;g dFku gS

¼d½ MsfoM bZLVu

¼[k½ isjsVks

¼x½ ykloSy

¼?k½ lh- jkbZV feYl

9- fuEufyf[kr esa ls fdl fo}ku dk uke vYira= ds ykSg fu;e ds lkFk tqM+k gqvk gSA

¼d½ eksLdk

¼[k½ jkcVZ fe'kYl

¼x½ tsEl cuZgke

¼?k½ ykloSy

10- jktuhfrd fof'k"V&oxZ fuEufyf[kr izdkj dh 'kklu iz.kkyh esa ekStwn gksrk gS&

¼d½ jktra=

¼[k½ yksdra=

¼x½ lkE;oknh 'kklu&iz.kkyh

¼?k½ izR;sd izdkj dh 'kklu iz.kkyh esa

11- dkSu&ls fuEufyf[kr fo)ku us fof'k"V&oxZ ds fl)kar ds ckjs esa ugha fy[kk gS&

¼d½ isjsVks

¼[k½ eksLdk

¼x½ jkcVZ fe'kYl

¼?k½ MsfoM bZLVu

12- Þturk dh] turk }kjk rFkk turk ds fy;s ljdkj dks turk esa ls mHkjs ,d fof'k"V oxZ dh ljdkj esa

cny fn;k tkrk gSß] ;g dFku gS&

¼d½ eksLdk

¼[k½ lh- jkbZV feYl

¼x½ ykloSy

¼?k½ eksfjl MqctZj

13- fof'k"V&oxZ lekt ds laLFkxr ân; dh mit gS ;g dFku fuEufyf[kr fo}ku dk gS

¼d½ eksLdk

¼[k½ lh- jkbZV feYl

jktuhfrd fl)kUr

190

¼x½ tsEl cuZgke

¼?k½ isjsVks

14- eksLdk us fof'k"V&oxZ dks fdl uke ls iqdkjk gS\

¼d½ 'kkld oxZ

¼[k½ 'kfDr vfHktu oxZ

¼x½ lÙkk vfHktu oxZ

¼?k½ 'kkldh; fof'k"V oxZ

mÙkj% ¼1½ d ¼2½ [k ¼3½ ?k ¼4½ d ¼5½ ?k

¼6½ [k ¼7½ d ¼8½ x ¼9½ [k ¼10½ ?k

¼11½ ?k ¼12½ ?k ¼13½ [k ¼14½ d

ukSdj'kkgh

191

v/;k; 6 ukSdj'kkgh (Bureaucracy)


1- ukSdj'kkgh ls vki D;k le>rs gSa\

vFkok

ukSdj 'kkgh dk D;k vFkZ gS\

vFkok

ukSdj'kkgh dk ifjHkk"kk nhft,A

mÙkj% ukSdj'kkgh ftls vaxzst+h esa Bureaucracy dgk tkrk gS okLro esa Ýkalhlh 'kCn C;wjks (Bureau) rFkk Øslh

(Cracy) ls fy;k x;k gSA C;wjks dk vFkZ gS MsLd vFkok fy[kus dh est rFkk Øslh dk vFkZ 'kklu gksrk gSA

blfy, ukSdj'kkgh dks MsLd ljdkj Hkh dgk tkrk gSA ukSdj 'kkgh mu ljdkjh deZpkfj;ksa ;k

vf/kdkfj;ksa ds oxZ dks dgk tkrk gS tks LFkk;h :i ls iz'kklfud dk;ksZ dh ftEesnkfj;ka laHkkyrs gSaA ;s

inlksikfud O;oLFkk ds vUrxZr ,d nwljs ls xqaFks jgrs gSaA bUgsa ljdkjh [ktkus ls fu/kkZfjr osru izfr

ekg rFkk lsokfuo`fr ds i'pkr isa'ku fn;k tkrk gSA budh fu;qfDr ;k HkrhZ izfr;ksfxrk ijh{kk ds vk/kkj

ij ¼fyf[kr rFkk ekSf[kd½ gksrh gSA fu;qfDr ls igys bUgsa izf'k{k.k dsUnzksa esa izf'k{k.k fn;k tkrk gSA budk

dk;Zdky LFkk;h gksrk gS ijUrq fo'ks"k ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa bUgsa le; ls igys gVk;k tk ldrk gSA bUgs

iz'kklfud leL;kvksa dh iwjh tkudkjh gksrh gS] vr% ljdkj dk lkjk iz'kklfud dk;Z bUgha ukSdj'kkgksa

dh lgk;rk }kjk fd;k tkrk gSA

ukSdj'kkgh ds laca/k esa fofHkUu fopkjdksa dk er fuEufyf[kr gS&

eSDl cScj ds vuqlkj&ukSdj'kkgh iz'kklu dh ml O;oLFkk dk uke gS ftldh fo'ks"krk gS& fo'ks"kKrk]

fu"ki{krk rFkk ekuork dk vHkkoA

Mhekd ds vuqlkj&ukSdj'kkgh dk vFkZ gS fo'ks"khÑr inlksiku ,oa lapkj dh yEch js[kk,¡A

Qkbuj ds vuqlkj&iz'kklfud lsok ,sls vf/kdkfj;ksa dk leqPp; gS tks LFkk;h] oSrfud rFkk izf'kf{kr gksrk

gSA

jkcVZ lh- LVksu ds vuqlkj&bl 'kCn dk 'kfCnd vFkZ dk;ksZy; }kjk 'kklu ;k vf/kdkfj;ksa }kjk 'kklu

gSA

2- ukSdj'kkgh dh pkj eq[; fo'ks"krkvksa dk o.kZu dhft,A

(i) ;ksX;rk ds vk/kkj ij fu;qfDr&iz'kklfud vf/kdkfj;ksa dh fu;qfDr fu/kkZfjr 'kS{kf.kd ;k vU;

;ksX;rk ds vk/kkj ij gksrh gSA mudh fu;qfDr jktuhfrd vk/kkjksa ij ugha dh tkrh gSA

(ii) inlksiku dk fl)kar&iz'kklfud vf/kdkjh vFkkZr uksdj'kkgh in&lksiku ds fl)kar ij xfBr

gksrh gSA vkns'k mPprj vf/kdkfj;ksa )kjk vkrs gSa rFkk fuEurj vf/kdkfj;ksa dks budh vkKkvksa dk

jktuhfrd fl)kUr

192

ikyu djuk iM+rk gSA fuEu vf/kdkjh vius dk;ksZa ds fy;s vius ls mPp vf/kdkjh ds izfr

mrjnk;h gksrk gSA

(iii) dk;ksZa dk mfpr foHkktu&ukSdj'kkgh esa iwjs iz'kklfud dk;Z dks rdZiw.kZ <ax ls mfpr :i esa

ckaVk tkrk gSaA inlksikfud O;oLFkk dsdkj.k iz'kklfud <kapk cu tkrk gS vkSj gj LÙkj ds

deZpkjh dks mldh ftEesnkjh rFkk dk;Z Li"V :i ls crk fn;k tkrk gSA

(iv) LFkk;h dk;Zdky&ukSdj'kkgh ds lnL;ksa dk dk;Zdky fuf'pr gksrk gSA ljdkj ds ifjoZru ls

muds dk;Zdky ij dksbZ izHkko ugha iM+rk gSA ijarq fo'ks"k ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa bUgsa le; ls iwoZ gVk;k

tk ldrk gSA

3- ukSdj'kkgh ds pkj dk;ksZa dk o.kZu dhft,A

mÙkj% ukSdj'kkgh ds pkj eq[; dk;Z fuEufyf[kr gSaA

(i) eaf=;ksa dh lgk;rk djuk&uhfr fuekZ.k ds dk;Z rFkk foHkkx ls lacaf/kr iz'kklfud dk;ksZa esa

eaf=;ksa dh lgk;rk iz'kklfud vf/kdkfj;ksa ds }kjk fd;k tkrk gSA

(ii) uhfr;ksa dks fØ;kfUor djuk&ns'k dk 'kklu pykus ds fy;s ea=h uhfr;ksa dk fuekZ.k djrs gSaA mu

uhfr;ksa dk fØ;kUo;u ukSdj'kkgh ;kfu iz'kklfud vf/kdkfj;ksa ds )kjk fd;k tkrk gSA

(iii) iz'kkldh; dk;Z&ljdkj dh uhfr;ksa dks ykxw djuk rFkk mlds vuqlkj iz'kklu pykuk

ukSdj'kkgh dk dk;Z gksrk gSA uhfr fuekZ.k ds le; eaf=;ksa dks vk¡dM+s rFkk rF; miyC/k djkuk

rFkk ea=h dks fo/kkueaMy esa iwNs x;s iz'uksa ds mÙkj nsus esa lgk;rk iz'kklfud vf/kdkfj;ksa )kjk

fn;k tkrk gSA

(iv) foHkkxksa esa leUo; LFkkfir djuk& ukSdj 'kkgh 'kklu ds fofHkUu foHkkxksa esa leUo; LFkkfir

djrh gSaA

4- yky Qhrk'kkgh dk vFkZ Li"V dhft,A

mÙkj% ukSdj'kkgh dh eq[; fo'ks"krk ykyQhrk 'kkgh gSA yky Qhrk 'kkgh dk vFkZ gS&yksd lsodksa }kjk vius

dk;ksZa esa vuko';d nsjh djukA ukSdj'kkgh viuk lc dk;Z fuf'pr fu;eksa rFkk fyf[kr fu;eksa ds vuqlkj

djrh gSaA os dBksj vuq'kklu rFkk fu;eksa ls cU/ks gksrs gSa vkSj bu fu;eksa dk lgkjk ysdj gh os fu.kZ;

djus rFkk vkns'k nsus esa O;FkZ dh nsjh yxkrs gSaA blds dkj.k dksbZ Hkh dk;Z le; ijugha gksrk rFkk yksxksa

dks n¶rjksa ds pDdj vuko';d :i ls dkVus iM+rs gSA bls gh ykyQhrk'kkgh dgrs gSaA ukSdj'kkgh

viuk ncnck blh vk/kkj ij cuk, j[krs gSaA ykyQhrk'kkgh ds dkj.k gh turk dks vf/kdkfj;ksa ds ihNs

?kweus rFkk mudh [kq'kken djus ds fy;s foo'k gksrs gSaA

5- yksd lsok dh rVLFkrk ls vkidk D;k vfHkizk; gS\

mÙkj% ea=h jktuhfrd ny ds lnL; gksrs gSa rFkk muds lHkh fu.kZ; jktuhfrd ls izsfjr gksrs gSaA eaf=;ksa dk

dk;Zdky vLFkk;h gksrk gSA eaf=;ksa ds ikl le; dh deh gksrh gS rFkk os iz'kklfud dk;ksZ ls Hkh vufeK]

gksrs gSaA blfy, lkjs iz'kklfud dk;ksZa dh ftEesokjh iz'kklfud vf/kdkfj;ksa ;kfu yksd lsodksa dks fuHkkuh

gksrh gSA vr% yksd lsodksa dks rVLFk gksuk vfr vko';d gks tkrk gSA rVLFk dk vFkZ gS fd yksd lsodksa

dks jktuhfr esa Hkkx ugha ysuk pkfg, rHkh os fu"i{k gksdj ljdkj ds uhfr;ksa dks fØ;kfUcr dj ldrs gSaA

Hkkjr esa iz'kklfud vf/kdkfj;ksa dks lfØ; jktuhfr esa Hkkx ysus rFkk fdlh Hkh jktuhfrd laxBu ds

lnL; cuus ij izfrca/k gSA ;kfu mUgsa fu"i{k gksdj lkoZtfud fgr esa ljdkj dh uhfr;ksa dk fØ;kUo;u

djrk gSA

ukSdj'kkgh

193

6- ukSdj'kkgh ds egRo dh pkj ckrksa dk o.kZu dhft,A

mÙkj% ukSdj'kkgh dk pkj egRo fuEufyf[kr gSaA

(i) iztkra= esa ljdkj vLFkk;h gksrh gS ;kfu ljdkjs cnyrh jgrh gS] ijUrq iz'kklfud vf/kdkfj;ksa

dk dk;Zdky LFkk;h gksrk gS ftlds dkj.k mudk egRo fnu izfrfnu c<+rk tk jgk gSA

(ii) iz'kklfud vf/kdkfj;ksa dk dk;Zdky LFkk;h gksus ds dkj.k os vius dk;Z esa n{k gksrs gSa rFkk muesa

vuqHkoksa dh Hkh cgqrk;r gksrh gSA ubZ ljdkj ;k eaf=;ksa ds cnyus ls Hkh iz'kklu ;k iz'kklfud

dk;ksZa esa dkbZ xfrjks/k ugha vkrk gS] ;kfu iz'kklu dk dk;Z fujarj pyrk jgrk gSA

(iii) ea=h ds ikl le; dh deh gksrh gS rFkk os fo'ks"kK Hkh ugha gksrs gSa blfy, iz'kklfud

vf/kdkfj;ksa ds fcuk 'kklu pykuk laHko ugha gksrk gSA

(iv) ea=h turk ds fgrksa dks /;ku j[kdj uhfr fuekZ.k dk dk;Z djrs gsA rFkk iz'kklfud vf/kdkjh

budksa fØ;kfUor djrs gSaA

7- ukSdj'kkgh ds pkj nks"kksa dk o.kZu dhft,A

mÙkj% (i) ykyQhrk'kkgh&ukSdj'kkgh fuf'pr rFkk dBksj fu;eksa ds v/kh dk;Z djrh gS vr% dk;ksZa esa

vuko';d foyac gksrk gSA

(ii) vkSipkfjdrk&ukSdj'kkgh esa vkSipkfjDrk ds dkj.k vkRe&fu.kZ; ysus dh 'kfDr lekIr gks tkrh

gSA vf/kdkfj;ksa dks iwoZ fu/kkZfjr fu;eksa ds vuqlkj dk;Z djuk gksrk gS ftlds dkj.k os ;a=or

gks tkrs gSa rFkk fu.kZ; ysus esa ?kcjkrs gSaA

(iii) lÙkk dh Hkw[k&ukSdj'kkgh lÙkk dh Hkw[kh gksrh gSA lÙkk dks c<+kus ds pDdj esa os turk dh

HkykbZ dks Hkwy tkrs gSaA

(iv) rkuk'kkgh O;ogkj&ukSdj'kkgh dk O;ogkj rkuk'kkgh dk gksrk gSA os fdlh nwljs dh ckr lquus dks

rS;kj ugha gksrs mudk rdZ gksrk gS fd os fu;eksa ds vuqlkj dk;Z djrs gSa] blfy, dksbZ xyr

dke ugha djrsA

8- ukSdj'kkgh ds nks"kksa dks nwj djus ds pkj mik; crkvksA

mÙkj% ukSdj'kkgh ds nks"kksa dks nwj djus ds pkj mik; fuEufyf[kr gSaA

(i) lÙkk dk fodsUnzhdj.k&ukSdj'kkgh dh fujadq'krk rFkk rkuk'kkgh ij izfrca/k yxkuk pkfg,A bl

dk;Z ds fy, 'kfDr;ksa rFkk lÙkk dk vf/kd ls vf/kd fodsUnzhdj.k fd;k tk,A

(ii) iz'kkldh; U;k;kf/kdj.kksa dh LFkkiuk&U;k;ikfydk }kjk U;k; nsus esa O;FkZ dh nsjh gksrh gS rFkk

vke turk dks O;FkZ dk [kpZ Hkh gksrk gSA lk/kkj.k U;k;ky; }kjk iz'kkldksa ;k ukSdj'kkgh ij

fu;a=.k djus esa dfBukbZ vkrh gSA blfy, ukSdj'kkgh dks vius dk;Z ds izfr mrjnk;h rFkk mu

ij fu;a=.k j[kus ds fy, iz'kldh; U;k;kf/kdkj.kksa dh LFkkiuk dh tkuh pkfg,A

(iii) iz'kklfud izfØ;k tfVy u gks&iz'kklu dks rFkk iz'kklfud izfØ;k dks ljy cuk;k tkuk pkfg,

rkfd vke turk dh le> esa vk lds vkSj turk dks ukSdj'kkgh ds 'kks"k.k ls cpk;k tk ldsA

(iv) turk esa tkx`fr iSnk djuk&ukSdj'kkgh dks lq/kkjus ds fy, ;g egRoiw.kZ gS fd ukSdj'kkgh ds

izfr turk dks tkx:d cuk;k tk; ;kfu turk dks ljdkjh dkuwuksa fu;eksa rFkk turk dks

muds drZO;ksa dh tkudkjh Hkh nh tkuh pkfg,A

9- LFkk;h rFkk jktuhfrd dk;Zikfydk esa pkj vUrj crk,A

jktuhfrd fl)kUr

194

mÙkj% jktuhfrd dk;Zikfydk dk rkRi;Z lalnh; ljdkj esa ea=h ls gS tcfd LFkk;h dk;Zikfydk dk rkRi;Z

iz'kkldh; vf/kdkjh ;k ukSdj'kkgh ls gSA LFkk;h rFkk jktuhfrd dk;Zikfydk esa pkj vUrj fuEufyf[kr

gSA

(i) jktuhfrd dk;Zikfydk fuokZfpr vkSj LFkk;h dk;Zikfydk fu;qDr gksrh gS& jktuhfrd

dk;Zikfydk ;kfu ea=h dk pquko yksdrU=h; 'kklu iz.kkyh esa ns'k ds ernkrkvksa )kjk izR;{k <ax

ls fd;k tkrk gS tcfd LFkk;h dk;Zikfydk ;kfu ukSdj'kkgh dh fu;qfDr ;ksX;rk ds vk/kkj ij

dh tkrh gSA

(ii) yksd lsok ds vf/kdkjh fo'ks"kK gksrs gSa ea=h ugha&ea=h ds fy;s dksbZ ;ksX;rk fu/kkZfjr ugha jgrh

gS rFkk izR;sd ea=h dks ,d vFkok ,d ls vf/kd foHkkx fn;s tkrs gSa blfy, ea=h vius foHkkx

ds fo'ks"kK ugha gksrs gSaA tcfd yksd lsod dk dk;Zdky LFkk;h gksrk gS] blfy, ;s cgqr vuqHkoh

vkSj fo'ks"kK gksrs gSaA

(iii) jktuhfrd dk;Zikfydk dk dk;Zdky vfuf'pr tcfd LFkk;h dk;Zikfydk dk

fuf'pr&jktuhfrd dk;Zikfydk ;kfu ea=h dk dk;Zdky vYi le; ds fy;s gksrk gS] ;kfu

ljdkj ds dk;Zdky ;k dk;Zikfydk izeq[k ij fuHkZj djrk gSA tcfd yksdlsokvksa dk dk;Zdky

fuf'pr gksrk gSA fuf'pr dk;Zdky ds igys mUgsa gVk;k ugha tk ldrkA

(iv) ea=h mÙkjnk;h gksrs gSa] ç'kklfud vf/kdkjh ugha&lalnh; ljdkj esa ea=h vius dk;ksZa ds fy;s

lh/ks rkSj ij laln rFkk turk ds izfr mrjnk;h gksrs gSaa tcfd iz'kklfud vf/kdkjh vius dk;ksZa

ds fy;s ea=h ds izfr mrjnk;h gksrs gSaA D;ksafd ;s vius leLr dk;Z eaf=;ksa ds v/khu jgrs gq,

djrs gSaA

10- vPNh yksd lsokvksa ds xq.kksa dk o.kZu dhft,A

mÙkj% vPNh yksd lsok ds eq[; xq.k fuEufyf[kr gSaA

(i) vPNh yksd lsok dk lcls egRoiw.kZ xq.k ;g gS fd yksd lsodksa dks nyxr jktuhfr ls vyx

gksuk pkfg,A ;kfu fu"i{k gksdj turk ds fgr esa dk;Z djuk pkfg,A mldk fdlh fo'ks"k ny

ds lkFk laca/k ugha gksuk pkfg,A

(ii) mUgsa bZekunkj rFkk fu%LokFkZ gksuk pkfg,A

(iii) mUgsa ;ksX; rFkk vuqHkoh gksuk pkfg, rkfd fdlh dks mu ij vuqfpr ncko Mkyus dk volj u

fey ldsA

(iv) mUgsa vius dk;ksZa rFkk drZo;ksa ds izfr tkx:d gksuk pkfg,A mUgsa ljdkj dh uhfr;ksa dks nyxr

Hkkouk rFkk fuLokFkZ Hkko ls iwjh fu"Bk ds lkFk ykxw djuk pkfg,

11- opuc) ukSdj'kkgh ls vkidk D;k vfHkizk; gS\

mÙkj% opuc) vFkok izfrc) ukSdj'kkgh dk rkRi;Z ukSdj'kkgh dk fdlh fof'k"V jktuhfrd ny ds fl)kUrksa

,oa uhfr;ksa dks ikyu djrs gq, fØ;kfUrr djus ls gSA ;kfu ml ny ds funsZ'kuqlkj dk;Z djrh gSA

izfrc) ;k opuc) ukSdj'kkgh fu"i{k ,oa Loar= gksdj dk;Z ugha djrh] cfYd bldk dk;Z fdlh ny

fo'ks"k dh ;kstukvksa dks vk¡[k cUn dj ykxq djuk gksrk gSA opuc) ukSdj'kkgh dsoy lkE;oknh ns'k]

tSls&:l o phu tSls ns'kksa esa ik;h tkrh gSaA bu ns'kksa esa ,d gh jktuhfrd ny dh ljdkj gS vkSj ogka

ij ukSdj'kkgh ml ns'k dh ljdkj ;kfu lkE;oknh ny ds fl)kUrksa] y{;ksa ,oa uhfr;ksa ds izfr izfrc)

gSA

12- ukSdj'kkgh rFkk fodkl dk;ksZa ij fVIi.kh fyf[k,A

ukSdj'kkgh

195

mÙkj% vk/kqfud jkT; ,d yksd dY;k.kdkjh jkT; gSA yksddY;k.k dkjh jkT; esa ljdkj dk y{; ukxfjdksa dks

vf/kdkf/kd lqfo/kk iznku djuk gSA ljdkj fodklkRed rFkk yksd dY;k.kdkjh uhfr;ksa ,oa ;kstukvksa ds

ek/;e ls yksxksa ds lkekftd vkfFkZd rFkk jktuhfrd fodkl esa Hkwfedk fuHkkrh gSA vr% dY;k.kdkjh

jkT; dh lQyrk pfj=oku iz'kldh; ;ksX;rk o O;ogkfjd Kku laiUu ukSdj'kkgh ij fuHkZj djrh gSA

jktuhfrd dk;Zikfydk ;kfu eaf=;ksa ds }kjk uhfr dk fuekZ.k fd;k tkrk gS ijarq bu uhfr;ksa

dk fØ;kUo;u ukSdj'kkgh ds }kjk fd;k tkrk gSA ;kfu okLrfod iz'kklu bUgha ds }kjk pyk;k tkrk gSA

bl izdkj ukSd'kkgh yksdlsodksa ds :i esa turk ds fodkl rFkk dY;k.k esa egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkk jgh

gSA

13- ukSdj'kkgh dh HkrhZ ds dkSu dkSu ls rjhds gSaA la{ksi esa le>k,aA

mÙkj% ukSdj'kkgh dh HkrhZ ds fy;s eq[;r% fuEufyf[kr rjhds viuk,a tkrs gSaA

1- jktuhfr ij vk/kkfjr fu;qfDr&dqN ns'kksa esa vf/kdkfj;ksa dh fu;qfDr jktuhfr ls izsfjr gksrh gSA

ljdkj ds cnyus ij mPp vf/kdkfj;ksa dks Hkh cny fn;k tkrk gSA vesfjdk esa pquko ds i'pkr~

izR;sd u;k jk"Vªifr viuh bPNk ls mPp vf/kdkfj;ksa dh fu;qfDr djrk gS rFkk iqjkus vf/kdkfj;ksa

dks vius in ls gVk nsrk gSA bu vf/kdkfj;ksa dh fu;qfDr ;ksX;rk ds vk/kkj ij ugha cfYd

jktuhfr ds vk/kkj ij dh tkrh gSA bl i)fr dks ywV&[klksV i)fr (Spoil System) dgrs

gSaA

2- ;ksX;rk ds vk/kkj ij fu;qfDr&bl i)fr esa vf/kdkfj;ksa dh fu;qfDr muds 'kS{kf.kd ;ksX;rk ,oa

vU; fu/kkZfjr ;ksX;rkvksa ds vk/kkj ij dh tkrh gSA fu;qfDr Bhd <ax ls djus ds fy, yksd

lsok vk;ksx dh O;oLFkk dh tkrh gS] tks fyf[kr rFkk ekSf[kd ijh{kk ds vk/kkj ij ;ksX;rk dh

lwph rS;kj djrh gS rFkk es/kkØe esa LFkku ikus okys vH;fFkZ;ksa dks fu;qfDr jk"Vªifr )kjk dh

tkrh gSA bl i)fr dks çR;{k HkrhZ Hkh dgrs gSaA ;g i)fr Hkkjr baxySaM teZeuh vkfn ns'kksa esa

viuk;h tkrh gSA

3- vizU;{k HkrhZ vFkok inksUufr& yksd lsokvksa dh HkrhZ dk ,d vU; rjhdk ;g gS fd ,d foHkkx

esa dke djus okys deZpkfj;ksa dks fuf'pr vuqHko izkIr djus ds i'pkr mPp inksa ij fu;qDr dj

fn;k tkrk gSA bl iz.kkyh ds }kjk vuqHkoh O;fDr pqus tkrs gSaa rFkk blls deZpkfj;ksa dk mRlkg

rFkk dk;Zdq'kyrk c<+rh gSA

4- O;fDrxr rFkk lkewfgd HkrhZ& O;fDrxr HkrhZ fo'ks"k ;skX;rk okys O;fDr;ksa dh lk{kkRdkj ds ckn

inksa ij fu;qfDr dh tkrh gSA ;fn inksa dh la[;k vf/kd gks vkSj vf/kd deZpkfj;ksa dh HkrhZ

djuh gks rks lkewfgd HkrhZ dk <+ax viuk;k tkrk gSA lkekftd HkrhZ esa fo'ks"k ;ksX;rk dh

vko;';drk ugha gksrh gSA

oLrqfu"B ¼cgq&oSdfYid½ iz'u (Objective Questions)

fuEufyf[kr ç'uksa ds dqN ds oSdfYid mŸkj fn;s x;s gSaA muesa ls lgh mŸkj dk p;u dhft,A

1- Bureaucracy 'kCn dh mifr fdl Hkk"kk ls gqbZ gS\

¼d½ ySfVu Hkk"kk

¼[k½ teZu Hkk"kk

¼x½ Ýkalhlh Hkk"kk

jktuhfrd fl)kUr

196

¼?k½ vaxzst+h Hkk"kk

2- Ýkalhlh Hkk"kk esa Bureau 'kCn dk vFkZ gksrk gS&

¼d½ MSLd

¼[k½ jkT;

¼x½ ljdkj

¼?k½ lekt

3- yksdlsodksa dh fu;qfDr gksrh gS&

¼d½ jktuhfrd vk/kkj ij

¼[k½ ;ksX;rk ds vk/kkj ij

¼x½ izR;{k fuokZpu ds vk/kkj ij

¼?k½ euksuhr fd;s tkrs gSa

4- uksdj'kkgh fdldks ijke'kZ nsrh gS\

¼d½ laln dks

¼[k½ jktuhfrd nyksa dks

¼x½ eaf=;ksa dks

¼?k½ U;k;ikfydk dks

5- turk rFkk ljdkj ds e/; dM+h dk dke djrs gS&

¼d½ yksdlsod

¼[k½ /kkfeZd usrk

¼x½ laln

¼?k½ U;k;ikfydk

6- ÞukSdj'kkgh lalnh; yksdra= dh okLrfod dher gSß] ;g dFku gS

¼d½ Qkbuj

¼[k½ xSVsy

¼x½ eksfjlu

¼?k½ eSDl oscj

7- ljdkj dh uhfr;ksa dks dk;kZfUor djus dk vf/kdkj gS&

¼d½ laln dks

¼[k½ U;k;ikfydk dks

¼x½ yksd lsodksa dks

¼?k½ mijksDr lHkh dks

8- fuEufyf[kr esa ls dkSu lk dk;Z ukSdj'kkgh dk ugha gS\

¼d½ eaf=;ksa dks ije'kZ nsuk

¼[k½ uhfr;ksa dk ykxw djuk

ukSdj'kkgh

197

¼x½ fcyksa dh :ijs[kk rS;kj djuk

¼?k½ laln lnL;ksa ds iz'uksa dk mÙkj nsuk

9- ukSdj'kkgh dk iz;ksx fdlds fy;s fd;k tkrk gS\

¼d½ jktuhfrd ny

¼[k½ laln

¼x½ ljdkjh deZpkjh

¼?k½ mijksDr esa ls fdlh ds fy;s ugha

10- Þiz'kklfud lsok ,sls vf/kdkfj;ksa dk leqPp; gS tks LFkk;h] oSrfud vkSj izf'kf{kr gksrk gSß] ;g dFku gS&

¼d½ Qkbuj

¼[k½ ykLdh

¼x½ MsfoM bZLVu

¼?k½ czkbl

11- ÞukSdj'kkgh og 'kklu&iz.kkyh gS ftlesa yksd lsodksa esa bruh vf/kd dsfUnzr gks tkrh gS fd lkekU;

ukxfjdksa dh Lora=rk [krjs esa iM+ tkrh gSAß] ;g fopkj gS&

¼d½ fxyØkbLV

¼[k½ isjsVks

¼x½ ykLdh

¼?k½ lhys

12- ÞukSdj'kkgh iz'kklu dh ml O;oLFkk dk uke gS ftldh fo'ks"krk gS*A fo'ks"kKrk] fu"i{krk vkSj ekuork

dk vHkkoß] ;g dFku gS

¼d½ jkcVZ ,- Mgy

¼[k½ Cya'kyh

¼x½ eSDl oscj

¼?k½ oS.Vys

13- ukSdj'kkgh dk vFkZ cnukeh rFkk fcxkM+ ds dkj.k ?kksVkyk] LosPNkpkfjrk dk;kZy; dh dkjZokbZ rFkk

rkuk'kkgh gksdj jg x;k gSß] ;g fopkj gS&

¼d½ foyksch

¼[k½ Qkbuj

¼x½ tkWu ,csx

¼?k½ equjks

14- Þeaf=;ksa ds mrjnkf;Ro dh Nk;k esa ukSdj'kkgh Qyrh Qwyrh gSß ;g fopkj gS&

¼d½ jSEts E;ksj

¼[k½ czkbl

¼x½ vkWXLVsu

jktuhfrd fl)kUr

198

¼?k½ ykLdh

15- Hkkjr esa LFkk;h dk;Zikfydk gS&

¼d½ eaf=eaMy

¼[k½ jk"Vªifr

¼x½ mi&jk"Vªifr

¼?k½ iz'kklfud vf/kdkjh

mÙkj% ¼1½ x ¼2½ d ¼3½ [k ¼4½ x ¼5½ d

¼6½ x ¼7½ x ¼8½ ?k ¼9½ x ¼10½ d

¼11½ x ¼12½ x ¼13½ x ¼14½ d ¼15½ ?k

jktuhfrd laLÑfr

199

v/;k; 7 jktuhfrd laLÑfr (Political Culture)

1- jktuhfrd laLÑfr ls vki D;k le>rs gSa\

vFkok

jktuhfrd laLÑfr dh eq[; ifjHkk"kk nhft,

vFkok

jktuhfrd laLÑfr dk vFkZ Li"V dhft,A

mÙkj% jktuhfrd laLÑfr ,d vk/kqfud o O;kid vo/kkj.kk gSA izR;sd lekt dh laLÑfr vyx&vyx gksrh gS

blfy, bldh jktuhfrd laLÑfr Hkh vyx gksrh gSa ftl rjg laLÑfr esa ekuo&leqg ds O;ogkjksa mldh

ekU;rkvksa fo'oklksa ?kz.kk drZO; vkfn lHkh ckrksa dks 'kkfey djrs gSa mlh rjg jktuhfrd laLÑfr esa

yksxksa dh jktuhfrd ekU;rkvksa] jktuhfrd O;ogkj] vf/kdkj] drZO; vkfn dks 'kkfey djrs gSaA vr% tc

ekuo leqnk; ds laLÑfr rRo jktuhfr O;ogkj dks izHkkfor djrs gSa rc mUgsa jktuhfrd laLÑfr dgk

tkrk gSA

jktuhfrd laLÑfr dks vk/kqfud ys[kdksa us fuEufyf[kr <ax ls ifjHkkf"kr fd;k gSA

vke.M ,o muds lg;ksxh ikosy ds vuqlkj] Þjktuhfrd laLÑfr ,d jktuhfrd O;oLFkk ds izfr mlds

lnL;ksa dh jktuhfrd leL;kvksa ds izfr feyus okys n`f"Vdks.kksa vkSj vfHko`fr;ksa ;k vuqdwyu dk uke gSAß

lfjd jkscks ds vuqlkj&jktuhfrd laLÑfr O;fDrxr ewY;ksa] fo'oklksa vkSj HkkoukRed n`f"Vdks.kksa ;k

O;ogkjksa dh izfrÑfr gSA

ikjlUl ds vuqlkj&jktuhfrd laLÑfr dk laca/k jktuhfrd mís';ksa ds izfr fd;k x;k vuqdwyu gSA

jk; eSØhfMl ds vuqlkj&jktuhfrd laLÑfr dk vFkZ ,d ekuo lewg ds }kjk LohÑr lkekU; y{.kksa vkSj

lkekU; fu;eksa ls gksrk gSA

2- jktuhfrd laLÑfr dh ikap fo'ks"krkvksa dk o.kZu dhft,A

mÙkj% jktuhfrd laLÑfr dh ikap fo'ks"krk,a fuEufyf[kr gSaA

(i) ,d O;kid /kkj.kk&jktuhfrd laLÑfr ds ckjs esa vk/kqfud fo}kuksa dk dguk gS fd og ,d

O;kid /kkj.kk gS tks ns'k esa jgus okys ekuo leqnk; }kjk viuh jktuhfrd O;oLFkk ds izfr

viuk;h x;h fo'oklksa ewY;ksa vkSj euksHkkoksa vkfn ls curh gSA ftl rjg ns'k dk lkfgR;] laxhr]

ijaijk,a vksj vkLFkk,¡ vkfn yxkrj pyus okyh /kkjk ml ns'k dh laLÑfr cu tkrh gS mlh rjg

,d ns'k dh jktuhfrd O;ogkj] jktuhfrd laLFkk,a ,oa mudh dk;Z iz)fr dh feyh tqyh /kkjk

ml ns'k ,oa lekt dh jktuhfrd laLÑfr dgykrh gSA

(ii) xfr'khyrk&jktuhfrd laLÑfr lkekftd vkSj vkfFkZd ifjokjksa ;k rRoksa ls cjkcj izkHkkfor gksrh

gSA ftlds dkj.k og fLFkj u gksdj lnSo xfr'khy jgrh gSA

jktuhfrd fl)kUr

200

(iv) vewrZ uSfrd vo/kkj.kk&jktuhfrd laLÑfr dks dsoy vuqHko fd;k tk ldrk gS ;k mls le>k

tk ldrk gSA vlfy, mls ,d vewrZ uSfrd vo/kkj.kk dgdj iqdkjk x;k gSA

(v) lkekU; laLÑfr dk Hkkx&fdlh Hkh ns'k dh jktuhfrd O;oLFkk ls lacaf/kr jktuhfrd laLÑfr

vk/kkjHkwr :i esa ml lekt dh lkekU; laLÑfr dk gh ,d vax ;k Hkk.k gksrh gS D;ksafd og

ml lekt dh fo'oklksa] ewY;ksa vkSj euksHkkoukvksa] vkfn fofHkUu :i esa tqM+h gqbZ gksrh gSA

3- ukxfjd jktuhfrd laLÑfr o lS)kfUrd jktuhfrd laLÑfr ij laf{kIr uksV fyf[k,A

mÙkj% ukxfjd jktuhfrd laLÑfr&ukxfjd jktuhfrd laLÑfr esa jktuhfrd xfrfof/k;ksa vkSj vius vf/kdkjksa

rFkk drZO;ksa ds ckjs esa lpsr ,oa tkx:d jgrs gSA blesa fof'k"V oxZ dks jktuhfrd fu.kZ; ysus dk

vf/kdkj gksrk gSA lkFk gh bl oxZ dks turk ds izfr mÙkjnk;h cuk;k tkrk gSA vesfjdk] fczVsu] :l

vkfn ns'k ,slh jktuhfrd laLÑfr ds mnkgj.k gSaA

lS)kfUrd jktuhfrd laLÑfr&bl izdkj dh jktuhfrd laLÑfr esa ,d fo'ks"k izdkj dh jktuhfrd

fopkj/kkjk dks izksRlkgu fn;k tkrk gS rFkk lekt ds O;fDr;ksa ds thou dks blh fopkj/kkjk ds vuqlkj

<kyus dk iz;Ru fd;k tkrk gSA blh jktuhfrd fopkj/kkjk dks lkekftd o jk"Vªh; thou esa iwjh rjg

ykxq fd;k tkrk gSA jktuhfrd fopkj/kkjk ds fojks/k dks fcYdqy Hkh lgu ugha fd;k tkrk vkSj blls

erHksn j[kus okyksa dk iwjh rjg neu ij fd;k tkrk gSA f}rh; egk;q) ds nkSjku vkSj mlls igys ds

eqlksfyuh&dkyhu bVyh vkSj fgVyj&dkyhu teZuh rFkk dE;wfu"V 'kklu&O;oLFkk,a blds mnkgj.k gSaA

lSfud rkuk'kkgh okyh ljdkj blh Js.kh ds vUrjxZr vkrs gSaA

4- le:i jktuhfrd laLÑfr o [kf.Mr jktuhfrd laLÑfr ij laf{kIr uksV fyf[k,A

mÙkj% le:i jktuhfrd laLÑfr&ftl ns'k ds fuokfl;ksa ds jktuhfrd fopkjksa esa cgqr vf/kd fo"kerk ugha

gksrh ogka le:i jktuhfrd laLÑfr ik;h tkrh gSA ,sls ns'kksa esa yksxksa ds jktuhfrd mís';ksa vksj mudh

izkfIr ds lk/kuksa ds fo"k; esa ,d tSls fopkj gksrs gSa vkSj fofHkUu usrkvksa rFkk nyksa esa vk/kkrewy ckrksa ij

xgjs erHksn ugha gksrsA tSls vesfjdk] fczVsu vkfn ns'kA

[kf.Mr jktuhfrd laLÑfr&cgqnyh; iz.kkyh okys ns'kksa esa [kf.Mr jktuhfrd laLÑfr izk;% ns[kus dks

feyrh gSA ;g laLÑfr izk;% ,sls ns'kksa esa feyrh gS tgka fofHkUu oxksZa ;k jktuhfrd nyksa ds jktuhfrd

izfreku vyx&vyx rjg ds gksrs gSaA vkSj muesa lgefr dk;e gksuk ljy ugha gksrk] tSls Ýakl ,oa

bVyh bR;kfnA

5- jktuhfrd laLÑfr ds vk/kkjksa dk fooj.k fnft,A

vFkok

jktuhfrd laLÑfr dks izkHkkfor djus okys dkjdksa dk o.kZu dhft,A

vFkok

jktuhfrd laLÑfr ds fu/kkZjd rRoksa dk mYys[k dhft,A

mÙkj% jktuhfrd laLÑfr ds fu/kkZjd rRo o vk/kkj fuEufyf[kr gSaa&

(i) ,sfrgkfld vk/kkj&jktuhfrd O;oLFkk o jktuhfrd LaLÑfr ds fuekZ.k esa ijaijkvksa dh viuh

Hkwfedk gksrh gSA jktuhfrd ?kVuk,a lnSo jktuhfrd laLÑfr dks izHkkfor djrh gSA tSls Ýkal

dh jktuhfrd laLÑfr ij ogka dh ØkfUr 1789 dk izHkko iM+kA Hkkjr dh jktuhfrd laLÑfr ij

Hkkjr NksM+ks vkUnksyu lkZou; voKk vkUnksyu vkfn vU; jktuhfrd ?kVukvksa dk izHkko iM+kA

vr% jktuhfrd laLÑfr ij ,sfrgkfld ?kVukvksa dk cgqr izHkko iM+rk gsA

(ii) Hkksxksfyd vk/kkj&fdlh Hkh ns'k dh jktuhfrd laLÑfr dks izHkkfor djus okyk nwljk o egRoiw.kZ

rRo HkkSxksfyd vk/kkj gSA cM+s {ks=Qy o cM+h tula[;k okys ns'k ij NksVs eksVs jktuhfrd

jktuhfrd laLÑfr

201

rwQkuksa dk dksbZ vlj ugha gksrk tcfd NksVs vkdkj ds ns'k esa fgalk }kjk 'kh?kz ifjoZru fd;k tk

ldrk gSA usiky dh jktuhfrd laLÑfr dks Hkkjr dh jktuhfrd laLÑfr us izHkkfor fd;k gS

bl dkj.k Hkkjr o usiky dh lhek lVh gksrk gSA viuh Hkksxksfyd fLFkfr ds dkj.k fLoV~tjySaM

us rVLFk fons'k uhfr ds viuk j[kk gSA vk/kqfud Hkkjr dh jktuhfrd laLÑfr dks HkkSxksfyd

fLFkfr us [kwc izHkkfor fd;k gSA

(iii) tkrh; rRo&izR;sd lekt esa fofHkUu tkrh; lewg gksrs gSa tks tkrh; HksnHkko o fojks/kksa ds tUe

nsrs gSaA tkrh; rRo jktuhfrd lLÑfr dks izHkkfor djus okyk egRoiw.kZ rRo gSA Hkk"kk;h]

lkaLÑfrd] lkekftd] {ks=h; o /kkfeZd fofHkUurk,a bu Hksnksa o fojks/kksa dks xgjk djrh gSA nf{k.k

vfÝdk dh jktuhfrd laLÑfr jkT; ds vU; Hkkxksa ls fHkUu gksrh gSA

6- jktuhfrd laLÑfr dh ikap mi;ksfxrk o.kZu dhft, vFkok jktuhfrd laLÑfr dk jktuhfr&'kkL= ds

v/;;u esa D;k egRo gSA

mÙkj% jktuhfrd laLÑfr dh mi;ksfxrk ;k egRo fuEufyf[kr gSA

(i) jktuhfrd O;oLFkk ij /;ku dsfUnzr&jktuhfrd laLÑfr dh loZizFke mi;ksfxrk ;g gS fd blus

fo}kuksa dk /;ku jktuhfrd O;oLFkk ij dsfUnzr fd;kA izfl) lekt'kkL=h ,l- ih- oekZ ds

vuqlkj O;ogkjoknh n`f"Vdks.k us jktuhfrd&'kL= ds v/;;u dks O;fDroknh cuk fn;k gS] ijUrq

ckn esa jktuhfrd laLÑfr us jktuhfrd O;oLFkk ds jktuhfrd 'kkL= fo"k; cuk fn;k gSA

(ii) jktuhfr 'kkL= dk fo"k; {ks= foLr`r djus esa lgk;d&jktuhfrd lekthdj.k dh izfØ;k esa

jktuhfrd rRoksa ds lkFk&lkFk xSj&jktuhfrd rRoksa&lekftd o vkfFkZd rRoksa dk Hkh v/;;u

fd;k tkrk gSA blh dkj.k jktuhfr 'kkL= ds foKkuksa dks jktuhfrd lLÑfr us x+Sj&jktuhfrd

rRoksa dk Hkh v/;;u djus ds fy, iszfjr fd;k vr% blls jktuhfr 'kkL= ds {ks= esa c<+ksrjh gqbZA

(iii) O;ogkj ds fu;kedksa ds v/;;u esa lgk;d&jktuhfrd laLÑfr] jktuhfrd O;ogkj ds le>us esa

lgkirk djrh gSA jktuhfrd laLÑfr gesa jktuhfr esa rdZ iw.kZ rRoksa ds lkFk&lkFk rdZghu rRoksa

ds v/;;u ds Hkh ;ksX; cukrh gSA

jktuhfrd fodkl ds fofHkUu vk;keksa o fn'kkvksa ds le>us esa lgk;d& jktuhfrd laLÑfr dh

vo/kkj.kk us jktuhfrd fodkl dh vo/kkj.kk ds le>us esa lgk;rk iznku dh gSA ;g jktuhfrd

O;oLFkk dk jktuhfrd gkzkl dSls vkSj D;ksa gksrk gS] le>us esa lgk;rk djrh gSA

7- jktuhfrd laLÑfr dh vkykspuk ds vk/kkj dk laf{kIr o.kZu dhft,A

mÙkj% jktuhfrd laLÑfr dh vkykspuk ds vk/kkj fuEufyf[kr gSA

(i) vLi"V vo/kkj.kk&jktuhfrd laLÑfr dh vo/kkj.kk vlI"V gSA fopkjdksa }kjk u rks mfpr

ifjHkk"kka, nh gS vkSj u gh dksbZ lqfuf'pr O;k[;k dh gSA

(ii) jktuhfrd laLÑfr dk rqyukRed v/;;u vlaHko&jktuhfrd laLÑfr dh lcls cM+h fo'ks"krk

;g gS fd blesa nks ;k nks ls vf/kd jktuhfrd laLÑfr;ksa dk rqyukRed v/;;u fd;k tk

ldrk gS] ijUrq ;g rqyukRed v/;;u dsoy yksdra=h; lektksa ;k jk"Vªksa esa gh fd;k tk ldrk

gSA vf/kuk;d oknh lektksa esa rqyukRed v/;;u dSls fd;k tk ldrk gS] blds ckjs esa

fopkjdksa us mYys[k ugha fd;k gSA

(iii) jktuhfrd laLÑfr o jktuhfrd lajpuk esa laca/k vLi"V&fopkjdksa us ;g Li"V ugha fd;k gS fd

jktuhfrd laLÑfr dk ml ns'k dh jktuhfrd lajpuk ls D;k laca/k gSA D;k dsoy jktuhfrd

laLÑfrd dh lajpuk dks izHkkfor djrh gS] bu iz'uksa dk jktuhfrd laLÑfr ds çfrikndksa us

dksbZ larks"ktud mÙkj ugha izLrqr fd;k gSA

jktuhfrd fl)kUr

202

(iv) iqjkuk fopkj] u;k uke&jktuhfrd laLÑfr dh ;g dgdj vkykspuk dh x;h gS fd ;g iqjkus

fopkjksa ds :i esa u;k uke gSA ;kfu ftudk jktuhfrd laLÑfr esa mYys[k fd;k x;k gS] mudk

v/;;u jktuhfrd 'kkL= esa igys Hkh fd;k tkrk FkkA tSls&jktuhfrd ewY;] jk"Vªh; pfj=

bR;kfnA ,slh fLFkfr esa ekSfydrk dgk¡ gS] uohurk D;k gS\


fuEufyf[kr iz'uksa ds dqN oSdfYid mÙkj fn;s x;s gSaA lgh mÙkj dk p;u dhft,A

1- jktuhfrd laLÑfr dh vo/kkj.kk dk lrZizFke iz;ksx fdl fo}ku us fd;k&

¼d½ vke.M

¼[k½ eSD;koyh

¼x½ MkW- ,l- ih- oekZ

¼?k½ ikjlUl

2- jktuhfrd laLÑfr dh fo'ks"krk gS&

¼d½ jktuhfrd nyksa ls laca/k

¼[k½ nokc lewgksa ls laca/k

¼x½ lkekU; laLÑfr dk Hkkx

¼?k½ ljdkj ls laca/k

3- vke.M o ikosy ds vuqlkj jktuhfrd laLÑfr ds ?kVd ¼vax½ gS&

¼d½ KkukRed vuqdwYu

¼[k½ izHkkokRed vuqdwyu

¼x½ eqY;kadu vuqdwYu

¼?k½ mijksDr lHkh

4- vke.M o cckZ ds vuqlkj jktuhfrd laLÑfr ds :i gSa&

¼d½ ladh.kZ jktuhfrd laLÑfr

¼[k½ ijk/khu jktuhfrd laLÑfr

¼x½ Hkkxhnkj jktuhfrd laLÑfr

¼?k½ mijksDr lHkh

5- jktuhfrd laLÑfr ds fu/kkZjd rRoksa ds laca/k esa Bhd ugha gS&

¼d½ ,sfrgkfld rRo

¼[k½ HkkSxksfyd rRo

¼x½ ekufld rRo

¼?k½ lkekftd rRo

6- jktuhfrd laLÑfr ds fu/kkZjd rRoksa ds laca/k esa fuEufrf[kr esa ls Bhd ugha gSA

¼d½ jktuhfrd O;oLFkk dk v/;;u

¼[k½ jktuhfrd 'kkL= dk {ks= foLr`r gS

jktuhfrd laLÑfr

203

¼x½ jktuhfrd O;ogkj ds fu/kkZfjdksa dk v/;;u

¼?k½ jktuhfrd nyksa o lewgksa dk v/;;u

7- ;s 'kCn fdl fopkjd ds gSa&Þjk"Vª dh jktuhfrd laLÑfr eq[; :i ls 'kkldksa bdkb;ksa vkSj izfØ;kvksa

dh vkSfpR;iw.kZrk ls lacaf/kr gSAß

¼d½ Qkbuj

¼[k½ ikjlUl

¼x½ vke.M

¼?k½ ,fjd jksos

8- ;g dFku fdl ys[kd dk gS&Þjktuhfrd laLÑfr O;fDrxr ewY;ksa fo'oklksa vkSj HkkoukRed n`f"Vdks.kksa ;k

O;ogkjksa dh izfrÑfr gSAß

¼d½ vke.M

¼[k½ ikosy

¼x½ ,fjd jkscs

¼?k½ buesa ls dksbZ Hkh ugha

9- ;g dFku fdl fo|ku dk gSa&Þjktuhfrd laLÑfrd laLÑfr dk laca/k jktuhfrd mís';ksa ds izfr fd;k

x;k vuwdwyu gSAß

¼d½ ikosy

¼[k½ Msful dkokukx

¼x½ ykLdh

¼?k½ ikjlUl

10- ;g dFku fdl jktuhfr 'kkL=h dk gSA jktuhfrd laLÑfr esa u dsoy jktuhfr ds izfr n`f"Vdks.k

jktuhfrd ewY;] fopkj /kkjk,a] jk"Vªh; pkfj= vkSj lkaLÑfrd izÑfr gh 'kkfey gS] cfYd blesa jktuhfr

dh 'kSyh] i)fr vkSj :i Hkh lfEefyr gksrs gSaA

¼d½ MkW- ,l- ih- oekZ

¼[k½ lh- ch- xSuk

¼x½ izks- ykLdh

¼?k½ ikosy

mÙkj% ¼1½ d ¼2½ x ¼3½ ?k ¼4½ ?k ¼5½ x

¼6½ ?k ¼7½ d ¼8½ x ¼9½ ?k ¼10½ d

jktuhfrd fl)kUr

204

v/;k; 8 jktuhfrd lekthdj.k (Political Socialization)

y/kqrjkRed iz'u

(Short Answer Type Questions) 1- jktuhfrd lekthdj.k dk vFkZ crkb,A

vFkok

jktuhfrd lekthdj.k dk ifjHkk"kk nhft,A

mÙkj% O;fDr lekt esa jguk ;k O;ogkj djuk lekt ls lh[krk gS /khjs&/khjs og lkekftd çk.kh ds :i esa

ifj.kr gks tkrk gSA blh Øe dks lekthdj.k dgrs gSaA jktuhfr'kkL= ds fo}kuksa us bl izfØ;k dk

iz;ksx jktuhfrd {ks= esa fd;k vkSj bl izfØ;k ds }kjk gh euq"; ds jktuhfrd O;ogkj dks le>us dk

iz;kl fd;k vkSj bl izfØ;k dks jktuhfrd lekthdj.k dk uke fn;kA bl izdkj jktuhfrd

lekthdj.k ,d ,slh izfØ;k nsa ftlds }kjk O;fDr ds jktuhfrd vuqdwyu dk irk yxrk gS vFkkZr

blds }kjk O;fDr ds jktuhfrd laLÑfr dh vksj :>ku dk irk yxrk gSA

jktuhfrd lekthdj.k dh izLrqr ifjHkk"kk,a fuEufyf[kr gSA

vke.M ,oa flMuh ockZ ds vuqlkj& jktuhfrd lekthdj.k ,d ,slh izfØ;k gS ftlds }kjk jktuhfrd

laLÑfr;ksa dks cuk;s j[kk tkrk gSa vkSj muesa ifjorZu fd;s tkrs gSaA

Msful dkokukx ds vuqlkj&jktuhfrd lekthdj.k 'kCn ml izfØ;k ds fy;s iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gS

ftuds }kjk O;fDr jktuhfr ds izfr vkdf"kZr gksrk gS vkSj mls lh[krk ,oa fodflr djrk gSA

gjcVZ ,p- gk;eu ds vuqlkj&jktuhfrd lekthdj.k fofHkUu e/;LFk ,tsfUl;ksa ds ek/;;e ls O;fDr

}kjk viuh lkekftd fLFkfr;ksa ds lacaf/kr çfr:iksa dk v/;;u gSA

,fjQ jks ds vuqlkj&jktuhfrd lekftdj.k og izfØ;k gS ftuds }kjk ,d jktuhfrd laLÑfr ds ewY;

fo'okl vkSj Hkkouk,a vkus okyh ihf<+;ksa rd igq¡pk, tkrs gSaA

2- jktuhfrd lekthdj.k dh pkj eq[; fo'ks"krkvksa dk o.kZu fdft,A

mÙkj% (i) ,d lkekftd izfØ;k&jktuhfrd lekthdj.k dh izfØ;k ,d lkekftd izfØ;k gS tks lHkh

lektksa esa pyrh jgrh gSA yksdrkfr=d jktuhfrd O;oLFkk esa bl izfØ;k dh xfr izk;% rst

gksrh gS vkSj lokZf/kdkjoknh jktuhfrd O;oLFkk esa bl izfØ;k dh xfr /kheh gksrh gSA

(ii) jktuhfrd ifjoZru ls xgjk laca/k&jktuhfrd lekthdj.k dk jktuhfrd cnyko ls Hkh xgjk

laca/k gSA ,d vkSj jktuhfrd lekthdj.k ls cuusokys u, fo'okl vkSj ewY; jktuhfrd

ifjoZru yk ldrs gSa rks nqljh vkSj jktuhfrd ifjoZru ds ckn Hkh jktuhfrd lekthdj.k dh

izfØ;k lekIr ugha gksrh gS vkSj og pyrh jgrh gSA

(iii) lh[kus dh izfØ;k&izR;sd O;fDr vius pkjksa vkSj ds ifjos'k ;k okrkoj.k ls izHkkfor gksrk gS vkSj

mlls mlesa jktuhfrd vuqdwyu dh Hkkouk,a fodflr gksrh gS vkSj mls ubZ ubZ ckrsa fl[kkrh gS]

ftUgsa jktuhfrd lekthdj.k dgk tkrk gSA

jktuhfrd lekthdj.k

205

(iv) jktuhfrd lekthdj.k vkSipkfjd rFkk vukSipkfjd gS&jktuhfrd lekthdj.k vkSipkfjd ,oa

vukSipkfjd nksuksa <ax ls gksrk gSA ;fn jktuhfrd lekthdj.k lpsr :i esa fofHkUu f'k{kk

laLFkkvksa] lekpkj i=ksa vkSj jktuhfrd nyksa }kjk izR;{k :i ls fd;k tkrk gS rks ;g jktuhfrd

lekthdj.k dh vkSipkfjd izfØ;k gSA nwljh vkSj ;fn yksxksa ds jktuhfrd ewY; fo'oklksa vkSj

vfHko`fr;ksa esa ifjoZru fo'ks"k iz;Ruksa ls u gksdj vius vki gksrk gS rks bls vukSipkfjd izfØ;k

dgrs gSA

3- jktuhfrd lekthdj.k ds ik¡p izeq[k vfHkdj.kksa dk laf{kIr fooj.k nhft,A

mÙkj% jktuhfrd lekthdj.k ds ik¡p izeq[k vfHkdj.k fuEufyf[kr gSA

(i) f'k{k.k laLFkk,a&fo|ky; dkWyst] fo'ofo|ky; vkfn jktuhfrd lekthdj.k esa egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk

fuHkkrh gSA fo|kFkhZ Ldwy dkWyst] fo'ofo|ky; vkfn esa vyx&vyx rjg dh

lkekftd&jktuhfrd fopkj/kkjkvksa ls ifjfpr gksrk gS vkSj blls mldk jktuhfrd lekthdj.k

gksus yxrk gSA

(ii) fe=&eaMyh&fe=x.k vkil esa ,d nwljs dh Hkkoukvksa vkSj ewY;ksa dks cgqr vf/kd izHkkfor djrs

gSaA vr% ;fn muesa lkoZtfud ekeyksa dh tkudkjh ikus dh :fp vf/kd gksrh gS] rc ml fLFkfr

esa jktuhfrd lekthdj.k dh izfØ;k rst gks tkrh gSA

(iii) izpkj ds vk/kqfud lk/ku&izpkj ds vk/kqfud lk/ku ;kfu jhfM;ks] nwjn'kZu] lekpkj&i=ksa vkfn dk

jktuhfrd lekthdj.k ij cgqr vf/kd izHkko iM+rk gSA ftu ns'kksa esa jsfM;ks] nwjn'kZu bR;kfn

izpkj ds lk/kuksa ij ljdkj dk dM+k fu;a=.k ugha gksrk gS ogk¡ jktuhfrd lekthdj.k dh xfr

cgqr rst gksrh gSA

(iv) vkthfodk ds lk/ku&vkthfodk ds fofHkUu lk/ku vkSj mlls tqM+s gq, gkykr Hkh O;fDr;ksa dks

lkspus le>us ds rjhdksa dks cgqr vf/kd izHkkfor djrs gSaA

(v) jktuhfrd ny&vk/kqfud yksdra= ds ;qx esa jktuhfrd nyksa dk jktuhfrd lekthdj.k esa

egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk gSA jktuhfrd ny vius ny ds okf"kZd vf/kos'ku] pqukoh ?kks"k.kk&i= lekpkj

i=ksa esa izdkf'kr ys[kksa }kjk yksxksa dks cgqr vf/kd izHkkfor djrs gSA vr% jktuhfrd ny yxkrkj

jktuhfrd lekthdj.k dh izfØ;k esa egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkkrh gSA

4- ifjokj dh jktuhfrd lekthdj.k esa Hkwfedk dk laf{kIr o.kZu dhft,A

mÙkj% ifjokj ,d ih<+h ls nqljs ih<+h rd jktuhfrd lekthdj.k dk lapkj djrk gSA f'k'kq dk igyk laca/k

ifjokj ds lnL;ksa ls gksrk gSA ifjokj esa jgdj /khjs&/khjs cM+k gksrs gq, vusd ckrksa dks lh[krs gq, lekt

ls tqM+rk gSA LFkkfir lÙkk 'kklu dk leFkZu ;k fojks/k cgqr gn rd O;fDr ds ifjokfjd laLdkjksa vkSj

ifjokjksa ls fu;f=r gksrs gSaA dksbZ O;fDr ;fn vius ns'k dh jktuhfrd O;oLFkk esa c<+ p<+ dj Hkkx ysrk

gS ;k mlls mnklhu jgrk gS] ;g cgqr gn rd ifjokfjd izHkko ds }kjk gksrk gSA lekt dh ;g /kkj.kk

gS fd ftu ifjokjksa esa ifjokj ds lnL; lkoZtfud ekeyksa esa :fp ysrs gSa] ;k jktuhfr ls tqM+s eqíksa ij

ppkZ djrs gSaA ml ifjokj ds cPpksa dk jktuhfrd lekthdj.k ljyrk ls vkSj tYnh ls gksrk gSA blds

foifjr xzekh.k ifjos'k esa tgk¡ ifjokj esa bl rjg ds okrkoj.k dk vHkko ns[kk tkrk gS ogka mu ifjokjksa

ds cPps cM+s gksus ij Hkh jktuhfrd dk;ksZa ds ckjs esa mnklhu ns[ks x;s gSA

5- jktuhfrd lekthdj.k ds ik¡p egRoksa dk o.kZu dhft,A

mÙkj% jktuhfrd lekthdj.k ds ik¡p egRoiw.kZ fuEufyf[kr gSA

(i) vk/kqfudrk dk vk/kkj&jktuhfrd lekthdj.k dks jktuhfrd lekt dh vk/kqfudrk dk vk/kkj

ekuk x;k gSaA blls jktuhfrd laLÑfr dk Kku izkIr djus dk volj izkIr gksrk gSaA

jktuhfrd fl)kUr

206

(ii) jktuhfrd fodkl esa lgk;d&jktufhrd lekthdj.k ,d ,slh izfØ;k gS ftlds }kjk

jktuhfrd laLÑfr dks cuk;s j[kk tk ldrk gS ;k fQj mlesa ifjoZru fd;k tk ldrk gSA ;g

jktuhfrd O;oLFkkvksa esa LQwfrZ ykus dk lk/ku gSA ;g ifjoZru dh vk/kkj Hkwfe rS;kj djrh gSA

;g jktuhfrd fodkl esa lgk;d gSA

(iii) O;fDr ds jktuhfrd O;ogkj dh fu;af=r djrh gS&fdlh O;fDr dk jktuhfrd O;ogkj dkQh

gn rd ml O;fDr ds jktuhfrd lekthdj.k dh ek=k ij fuHkZj djrk gSA ;fn jktuhfrd

lekthdj.k ifjiw.kZ gqvk gS rks og O;fDr jktuhfr O;oLFkk esa :fp ysxk] ijUrq ;fn mldk

jktuhfrd lekthdj.k v/kwjk gS rks og O;fDr jktuhfrd mnklhurk dk f'kdj gks tkrk gSA

(iv) jktuhfrd laLÑfr ds fy;s vko';d&ftl lekt esa jktuhfrd lekthdj.k Bhd o lqO;ofLFkr

gS ogk¡ jktuhfrd laLÑfr ds lUrqfyr fodkl esa lgk;rk feysxhA vxj jktuhfrd lekthdj.k

vfu;kfer v/kwjk vkSj vO;ofLFkr gS rks blls nwf"kr o v/kwjh jktuhfrd laLÑfr dk gh fuekZ.k

gksxkA

(v) euq"; dks jktuhfrd iz.kkyh cukus esa lgk;d&euq"; vkt ,d lkekftd izk.kh ls jktuhfrd

izk.kh cu x;k gSA jktuhfr mlds thou ds izR;sd i{k esa izR;{k vizR;{k :i ls lek x;h gSA

mldh xfrfof/k;ka jktuhfrd vfHko`fr;ksa ls izHkkfor gksus yxh gSA vr% O;fDr dk fuekZ.k

jktuhfrd lekthdj.k ls gksrk gSA


fuEufrf[kr iz'uksa ds dqN oSdfYid mrj fn;s x;s gSaA mUesa ls lgh mÙkj dk p;u dhft,A

1- fuEufyf[kr esa ls dkSu lk rRo jktuhfrd lekthdj.k dk ugha gS&

¼d½ ifjokj

¼[k½ fo|ky;

¼x½ /kkfeZd laLFkku

¼?k½ ØkfUr;k¡

2- fdu lektksa esa jktuhfrd lekthdj.k laHko gS\

¼d½ yksdrkaf=d lektksa esa

¼[k½ rkuk'kkgh lektksa esa

¼x½ fiNM+s lektksa esa

¼?k½ lHkh lektksa esa

3- jktuhfrd lekftdj.k dh fo'ks"krkvksa ds laca/k esa fuEufyf[kr esa ls dkSu lgh gSA

¼d½ ,d lkekftd izfØ;k

¼[k½ lh[kus dh izfØ;k

¼x½ vkSipkfjd ,oa vukSipkfjd f'k{kk

¼?k½ mi;qZDr lHkh

4- ;g dFku fdl fo}ku dk gS Þjktuhfrd lektuhdj.k dk vFkZ turk dk lekthdj.k gS] D;ksafd mlds

}kjk vke O;fDr viuh jktuhfrd O;oLFkk ds izfr viuk n`f"Vdks.k fodflr djrs gSaAß

¼d½ vkfLVu jsus

jktuhfrd lekthdj.k

207

¼[k½ tkWu vkWfLVu

¼x½ gjcVZ LiSalj

¼?k½ Msfol dkokukx

5- jktuhfr O;oLFkk ds ckjs esa n`f"Vdks.k vkSj fo'okl dh LFkkiuk vkSj fodkl jktuhfrd lekthdj.k

dgykrk gS]ß ;g dFku fdldk gS\

¼d½ ,syu vkj- cky

¼[k½ vke.M

¼x½ ikosy

¼?k½ flMuh ickZ

mÙkj% ¼1½ ?k ¼2½ ?k ¼3½ ?k ¼4½ ?k ¼5½ x

¼6½ x ¼7½ d ¼8½ d

jktuhfrd fl)kUr

208

v/;k; 9 jktuhfrd lgHkkfxrk (Political Participation)


1- jktuhfrd lgHkkfxrk ls vki D;k le>rs gS\

vFkok

jktuhfrd lgHkkfxrk dh ifjHkk"kk nhft,A

mÙkj% jktuhfrd lgHkkfxrk jktuhfr foKku dh ,d egRoiw.kZ vo/kkj.kk gSA jktuhfrd lgHkkfxrk o izfØ;k gS

ftlds vk/kkj ij yksx jktuhfrd O;oLFkk dh jktuhfrd izfØ;kvksa vFkok xfrfof/k;ksa esa Hkkx ysrs gSA

bldk vFkZ jktuhfrd fØ;k djuk vFkok jktuhfrd xfrfof/k;ksa esa 'kkfey gksuk gSA jktuhfrd fØ;kvksa

esa erkf/kdkj dk iz;ksx] jktuhfrd nyksa dh lnL;rk] lkoZtkfud ekeyksa ij vius fopkj izdV djuk]

pquko izpkj djuk rFkk jktuhfrd dk;Zikfydk ds lkFk laidZ LFkkfir djuk vkfn ckrsa 'kkfey gSaA

jktuhfrd lgHkkfxrk dh egRoiw.kZ ifjHkk"kk,a fuEufyf[kr gSaA

:'k rFkk ,YFkkWQ ds vuqlkj&jktuhfrd lgHkkfxrk dk Hkko jktuhfrd iz.kkyh ds i`Fkd&i`Fkd Lrjksa ij

O;fDr;ksa dks 'kkfey gksuk gSA

nhUt ;qykÅ ds vuqlkj&lk/kkj.k turk dh fu.kZ;&fuekZ.k izfØ;k vFkok uhfr&fuekZ.k izfØ;k esa

Hkkxhnkjh dks jktuhfrd Hkkxhnkjh dgk tkrk gSA

Mh- ds- fo'okl ds vuqlkj&jktuhfrd lgHkkfxrk dk vfHkizk; yksxksa }kjk jktuhfrd vf/kdkjksa dk dsoy

iz;ksx gh ugha vfirq bldk Hkko dk;Z dks okLro esa izHkkfor djrh gSA

tqfy;u ,y- oqMoMZ us ,slh xfrfof/k;ksa esa fuEufyf[kr ik¡p xfrfof/k;ksa dks 'kkfey fd;k gSA

1- pquko esa erkf/kdkj dk iz;ksx djuk A

2- fdlh ncko&lewg dk lnL; cudj mldk leFkZu djuk A

3- fo/kkueaMy ds lnL;ksa ds lkFk izR;{k :i ls ckr phr djuk A

4- fdlh jktuhfrd ny ds dk;Z esa Hkkx ysukA

5- vU; ukxfjdksa ds lkFk ekSf[kd :i ls jktuhfrd fo"k;ksa dk vknku iznku djukA

2- jktuhfrd leHkkfxrk ds pkj eq[; y{.kksa ;k fo'ks"krkvksa dk o.kZu dhft,A

mÙkj% jktuhfrd lgHkkfxrk ds pkj eq[; y{.k fuEufrf[kr gSa&

(i) lekurk&lekurk jktuhfrd lgHkkfxrk dh eq[; fo'ks"krk gSA ;kfu lHkh ukxfjdksa dks jktuhfrd

xfrfof/k;ksa esa Hkkx ysus dk leku volj izkIr gksuk pkfg, vkSj ukxfjdksa ds chp tkfr] /keZ

bR;kfn ds vk/kj ij Hksn&Hkko ugha gksuk pkfg,A

jktuhfrd lgHkkfxrk

209

(ii) Lora=rk&jktuhfrd lgHkkfxrk ds fy;s ukxfjdksa dks Lora=rk feyuh pkfg,] rkfd os jktuhfrd

xfrfof/k;ksa esa Hkkx ys ldsaA

(iii) ns'k HkfDr&jktuhfrd lgHkkfxrk ls yksxksa esa ns'kHkfDr dh Hkkouk iSnk gksrh gS D;ksafd lHkh dks

ns'k dh jktuhfr esa Hkkx ysus dk volj feyrk gSA

(iv) jktuhfrd vf/kdkj&jktuhfrd lgHkkfxrk dh ,d vU; fo'ks"krk ;g gS fd blesa izk; lHkh

O;Ld ukfxfjdksa dks leku jktuhfrd vf/kdkj iznku fd;s tkrs gSaA bl vf/kdkjksa dks iznku

djrs le; ukxfjdksa esa fdlh izdkj Hksn&Hkko ugha fd;k tkrkA

3- jktuhfrd lgHkkfxrk dks fu/kkZfjr djus okys rRoksa dk la{ksi esa o.kZu dhft,A

mÙkj% jktuhfrd lgHkkfxrk dks fu/kkfjZr djus okys rRo fuEufyf[kr gSA

(i) lkekftd rRo&,d O;fDr dh lkekftd fLFkfr mldh f'k{kk /keZ tkfr ifjokj] fyax] Hkk"kk vkfn

mldh jktuhfrd lgHkkfxrk dks cgqr izHkkfor djrs gSaA lk{kj O;fDr vlk{kj dh vis{kk

jktuhfrd esa vf/kd fnypLih j[krs gSa rFkk jktuhfrd dk;ksZ esa lfØ; :i ls Hkkx ysrs gSaA

(ii) vkfFkZd rRo&/ku dk jktuhfr ds lkFk dkQh ?kfu"B ;kfu fudV dk laca/k gSA ftu yksxksa ds

ikl vkfFkZd lk/ku gksrs gSa] os mUgsa lqjf{kr j[kus ds fy;s jktuhfrd lÙkk izkIr djus ;k lRdkj

ds fu.kZ;&fuekZ.k dh izfØ;k ij viuk fu;a=.k cuk;s j[kus dk iz;kl djrk gSA tcfd xjhc

O;fDr dks jksth jksVh dekus ls QqlZr gh ugha feyrh gSA vr% xjhc O;fDr lfØ; :i ls

jktuhfr esa Hkkx ysus esa vleFkZ gksrk gSA

(iii) jktuhfrd rRo&jktuhfrd Hkkxhnkjh eq[;r% ns'k esa LFkkfir jktuhfrd O;oLFkk ij fuHkZj djrh

gSA ;fn jktuhfrd O;oLFkk yksdra=h; gS rks jktuhfrd lgHkkfxrk dk Lrj Åapk gksxk tcfd

;fn loZlroknh jktuhfrd O;oLFkk esa jktuhfrd O;oLFkk fuEu Lrj dh gksxhA jktuhfrd

lgHkkfxrk dkQh gn rd yksxksa esa jktuhfrd tkx`fr rFkk jktuhfrd nyksa dh dk;Z'khyrk ij

Hkh fuHkZj djrh gSA

(iv) euksoSKkfud rRo&izR;sd O;fDr dks euksoSKkfud Hkkouk,a mldks cgqr gn rd izHkkfor djrh gSaA

ftu yksxksa esa usr`Ro] vkRe&fo'okl] lkekftd nkf;Ro rFkk jktuhfrd {kerk ds y{k.k gksrs gSa os

jktuhfrd esa lfØ; ;k vf/kd :i ls Hkkx ysrs gSa tcfd dqN yksx LoHkko ls gh mnklhu rFkk

fujk'koknh gksrs gSa vkSj muesa jktuhfr esa Hkkx ysus ds dksbZ mRlqdrk ugha gksrhA

4- jktuhfrd lgHkkfxrk dks fu/kkZfjr djus okys lkekftd rRoksa dh Hkwfedk dk la{ksi esa o.kZu dhft,A

mÙkj% jktuhfrd lgHkkfxrk dks fu/kkfjr djus esa fuEufyf[kr lkekftd rRo egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkkrs gSaA

(i) ikfjokfjd i`"BHkwfe&dbZ ifjokj jktuhfrd xfrfof/k;ksa esa vf/kd lfØ; gksrs gSa vkSj ,sls ifjokjksa

dh lUrku ij Hkh mldk vlj iM+rk gS tSls usg:&xk¡/kh ifjokj] nsohyky ifjokj] Hktu yky

ifjokj bR;kfnA

(ii) f'k{kk dk Lrj&f'kf{kr yksx jktuhfrd xfrfof/k;ksa esa vf/kd ,oa lfØ; :i ls Hkkx ysrs gSaA

tcfd vui<+ yksx jktuhfrd xfrfof/k;ksa esa de :fp j[krs gSaA

(iii) tkfr ,oa /keZ&Hkkjr esa tkfr o /keZ Hkh jktuhfrd lgHkkfxrk dks cgqr izHkkfor djrs gSaA ernkrk

tkrh; vFkok /keZ ds vk/kkj ij ernku djrs gSa jktuhfrd mEehnokjksa }kjk Hkh pquko vfHk;ku esa

bu rRoksa dks [kqydj izpkj djrs gSaA

(iv) fyax&fyax Hksn Hkh jktuhfrd lgHkkfxrk dks dkQh ek=k esa izHkkfor djrh gSA iq:"kksa dh rqyuk

esa fL=;k¡ jktuhfrd xfrfof/k;ksa esa izk;% de Hkkx ysrh gSaA

jktuhfrd fl)kUr

210

(v) vk;q&O;fDr dh vk;q Hkh mldh jktuhfrd lgHkkfxrk dks izHkkfor djrh gSA vDlj ;g ns[kk

x;k gS fd O;fDr dh vk;q c<+us ds lkFk lkFk mldh jktuhfrd lgHkkfxrk Hkh c<+rh jgrh gSA

5- jktuhfrd lgHkkfxrk ds egRo dk o.kZu dhft,A

mÙkj% jktuhfrd lgHkkfxrk ds fuEufyf[kr egRo gSA

(i) jktuhfrd O;oLFkk esa fLFkjrk&jktuhfrd lgHkkfxrk ljdkj ds izfr fo'okl iSnk djrh gSA

jktuhfrd lgHkkfxrk ds dkj.k yksx ljkdj dks le>rs gSa rFkk muds }kjk fufeZr dkuwuksa dks

LosPNk ls ikyu djrs gSaA

(ii) lekurk&jktuhfrd lgHkkfxrk lekt esa lekurk LFkkfir djrh gSA D;ksafd lekt esa lHkh

ukxfjdksa dks ,d izdkj ds jktuhfrd vf/kdkj fn;s x;s gSaA

(iii) uSfrd xq.kksa dk fodkl& jktufrd lgHkkfxrk yksxksa esa uSfrd xq.kksa dk fodkl djrh gS] blls

yksxksa esa lg;ksx lgu'khyrk rFkk O;fDrxr ftEesnkjh dh Hkkouk mRiUu gksrh gSA

(iv) 'kkldksa rFkk 'kkflrksa ds chp laca/k dk Kku&jktuhfrd lgHkkfxrk 'kkldksa o 'kkflrksa ds chp

e/kqj laca/kksa dks LFkkfir djus esa lgk;rk djrh gSA

(v) 'kkfUr o O;oLFkk&jktuhfrd lgHkkfxrk lekt esa 'kkfUr o O;oLFkk LFkkfir djus esa lgk;rk

iznku djrh gSA


fuEufyf[kr iz'uksa ds dqN oSdfYid mÙkj fn;s x;s gSaa muesa ls Bhd mÙkj dk p;u dhft,A

1- jktuhfrd lgHkkfxrk dh fo'ks"krk gS&

¼d½ lekurk

¼[k½ Lora=rk

¼x½ tu&izHkqlÙkk

¼?k½ mijksDr lHkh

2- fuEufyf[kr esa ls jktuhfrd lgHkkfxrk dks fu/kkZfjr vFkok izHkkfor djus okys dkSu rRo gSA

¼d½ euksoSKkfud

¼[k½ lkekftd rFkk vkfFkZd rRo

¼x½ jk"Vªh; rFkk vUrjkZ"Vªh; ?kVuk,a

¼?k½ mijksDr lHkh

3- tuer&laxzg fuEufyf[kr esa fdl jktuhfrd O;oLFkk esa jktuhfrd lgHkkfxrk dk ,d lk/ku gS&

¼d½ jktra=

¼[k½ rkuk'kkgh

¼x½ izR;{k yksdra=

¼?k½ vçR;{k yksdra=

4- jktuhfrd lgHkkfxrk dk egRo gS&

¼d½ jktuhfrd f'k{kk dh izkfIr

jktuhfrd lgHkkfxrk

211

¼[k½ 'kkfUr O;oLFkk

¼x½ jktuhfrd fLFkjrk

¼?k½ mijksDr lHkh

5- ‘Political Participation’ uked iqLrd fdl foKku }kjk fy[kh x;h gSA

¼d½ MfoM bZLVu

¼[k½ ysLVj feyczkFk

¼x½ ykMZ czkbZl

¼?k½ eSdykLdh

6- vke.M rFkk ockZ (Almond and Verba) us jktuhfrd lgHkkfxrk ds fdrus :i cuk, gSaA

¼d½ nks

¼[k½ rhu

¼x½ pkj

¼?k½ ik¡p

7- jktuhfrd lgHkkfxrk ds nks :iksa& (i) Lok;r lgHkkfxrk rFkk (ii) ifj;ksftr lgHkkfxrk dh ckr

fuEufyf[kr esa ls fdl fo}ku us dh gSA

¼d½ ykloSy

¼[k½ vke.M rFkk ockZ

¼x½ ekbZju

¼?k½ ykLdh

8- vke.M rFkk ikosy }kjk fuEufrf[kr esa ls fdl izdkj dh jktuhfrd lgHkkfxrk dk leFkZu fd;k x;k

gS&

¼d½ lfØ; lgHkkfxrk

¼[k½ iz'kklfud lgHkkfxrk

¼x½ ifj;ksftr lgHkkfxrk

¼?k½ vkSfpR;iw.kZ lgHkkfxrk

9- Þlk/kkj.k turk dh fu.kZ;&fuekZ.k izfØ;k vFkok uhfr&fuekZ.k izfØ;k esa Hkkxhnkfjrk dks jktuhfrd

Hkkxhnkjh dgk tkrk gSAß jktuhfrd lgHkkfxrk dh ;g ifjHkk"kk fuEufyf[kr esa ls fdl fo}ku us nh gSA

¼d½ ghUt ;qykÅ

¼[k½ ykLdh

¼x½ Mh- ds fo'okl

¼?k½ ykloSy

mÙkj% ¼1½ d ¼2½ ?k ¼3½ x ¼4½ ?k ¼5½ [k

¼6½ d ¼7½ x ¼8½ d ¼9½ d

jktuhfrd fl)kUr

212

v/;k; 10 jktuhfrd vk/kqfudhdj.k (Political Modernization)


1- vk/kqfudhdj.k ls vki D;k le>rs gSa\

;k

vk/kqfudhdj.k dk D;k vFkZ gS\

mÙkj% vk/kqfudhdj.k vk/kqfud ;qx dh fo'ks"krk gSA vk/kqfudhdj.k dh vo/kkj.k O;kid vkSj fo'kky vo/kkj.k gSA

vk/kqfudhdj.k esa HkkSxksfyd lkekftd] oSKkfud rFkk rduhdh f'k{kk ds {ks= esa ifjoZru dks 'kkfey fd;k

tkrk gSA vk/kqfudhdj.k lkekftd ,oa lkaLÑfrd ifjoZru dh og izfØ;k gS ftlds }kjk ifjoZruksa dks

lekt ds yksxksa us ykHknk;d o vko';d le>dj Lohdkj fd;k gSA dqN yksxksa us vk/kqfudhdj.k dh

vo/kkj.kk vkSj fodkl dh vo/kkj.kk dks ,d ekuk gS ysfdu ;g lgh ugha gS D;ksafd fodkl ds fy;s

fo'ks"k mís'; ;k {ks= fuf'fpr fd;k tkrk gSA tcfd vk/kqfudhdj.k dh vo/kkj.kk dk laca/k lekt ds

leqps ifjoZru ls gSA vk/kqfudrk us jhfr fjoktksa dkuwuksa 'kklu&i)fr;ksa] fl)karksa] vkfFkZd <kapksa o

jktuhfrd O;oLFkkvksa dks izHkkfor fd;k gSA

vk/kqfudrk dh fofHkUu ifjHkk"kk,a fuEufyf[kr gSa&

LeSyj ds vuqlkj&fdlh jkT; dh vkfFkZd mUufr dks vk/kqfudhdj.k dgrs gSaA

yjuj ds vuqlkj&;g foosdiw.kZ ifjoZru dh izfØ;k gSA

gkWfUVaxVu ds vuqlkj&vk/kqfudhdj.k ,d cgqeq[kh izfØ;k gS ftlds }kjk ekuoh; fopkjksa rFkk xfrfof/k;ksa

ds lHkh {ks=ksa esa ifjoZru 'kkfey jgrk gSA

vkbZŒvkjŒ fluk; ds vuqlkj&vk/kqfudhdj.k ijaijkoknh ds LFkku ij ubZ O;oLFkk vkSj lekt dk fodkl

gSA

2- vk/kqfudhdj.k dh fdUgha pkj fo'ks"krkvksa dk mYys[k dhft,A

mÙkj% vk/kqfudhdj.k dh fo'ks"krk,a fuEufyf[kr gSaA

(i) lkekftd ifjoZru&vk/kqfudhdj.k lkekftd ifjoZru ykrh gSA vk/kqfudhdj.k }kjk u;s lekt

;k vk/kqfud lekt dk fuekZ.k gksrk gSaA blesa vkS|ksfxd fodkl gksrk gSA 'kgjhdj.k gksrk gSA

yksxksa ds lkspus] jgus ds <ax esa ifjoZru vk tkrk gSA

(ii) foosdhdj.k&vk/kqfudhdj.k dh eq[; fo'ks"krk foosdhdj.k gSA ;g thou ds izfr rdZ'khy

n`f"Vdks.k dk fuekZ.k djrh gSA uhfr;ksa dk fuekZ.k rFkk fLFkfr;ksa dk fu/kkZj.k foosd ds vk/kkj ij

gksrk gSA


213

(iii) xfr'khyrk&vk/kqfudhdj.k dh ,d vkSj fo'ks"krk gSA xfr'khyrk vk/kqfudhdj.k dh izfØ;k

lkekftd vkfFkZd rFkk jktuhfrd {ks= ds ifjoZru ls tqM+h gqbZ gSA blfy, vk/kqfuhdj.k dh

izfØ;k #drh ugha gSA

(iv) f'k{kk dk izpkj&f'k{kk gh lekt ds fofHkUu {ks=ksa esa vkewy pwy ifjoZru ykus ,oa fodkl djus

dk vk/kkj gksrh gSA blfy, vk/kqfud o fodflr lekt f'k{kk ds izlkj ij gh ugha cfYd

fofo/krkiw.kZ f'k{kk ij Hkh cy ns jgk gSA

3- vk/kqfudhdj.k ds fdUgh pkj rRoksa dk la{ksi esa mYys[k dhft,A

mÙkj% vk/kqfudhdj.k ds pkj rRo fuEufyf[kr gSA

(i) lk{kjrk&vk/kqfudhdj.k lk{kjrk dh ek=k ij fuHkZj djrk gSA lk{kjrk vk/kqfudhdj.k dk vk/kkj

gSA fHkUu&fHkUu jkT;ksa ;k lektksa esa lk{kjrk dk Lrj fHkUu&fHkUu gksrk gSa] ftlds dkj.k

vk/kqfudhdj.k dk Lrj Hkh fHkUu gksrk gSaA Hkkjr esa lk{kjrk dh nj fnu&izfrnu c<+rh tk jgha

gSA vr% vk/kqfudhdj.k Hkh mlh nj ls c<+ jgha gSA

(ii) 'kgjhdj.k&vk/kqfudhdj.k dk ,d vkSj rRo 'kgjhdj.k gSA uxjksa dh o`f) ds lkFk&lkFk mudk

fodkl Hkh vfuok;Z gSA Hkkjr esa 'kgjksa dh la[;k esa o`f) gks jgh gS] tks vk/kqfudhdj.k dk fpgu

gSA

(iii) oSKkfud n`f"Vdks.k&yksxksa dk n`f"Vdks.k vk/kqfudhdj.k esa ,d egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkkrk gSA ;fn

yksxksa dk n`f"Vdks.k gS rks yksx ijaijkvksa ,oa jhfr fjoktksa ds dkj.k ifjoZru dk fojks/k djsaxsA

blds foifjr oSKkfud n`f"Vdks.k okys ukxfjdksa esa ifjoZru dh pkg jgrh gSA rFkk os

vk/kqfudhdj.k esa lgk;rk djrs gSaA

(iv) vkS|ksfxdj.k&vkS/kksfxdj.k us vk/kqfudhdj.k esa egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkk;h gSA tks jkT; vkS|ksfxd

:i ls ftruk fodflr o mUur gksxk mruk gh ogka vk/kqfudhdj.k gksxkA vkS/kksfxdj.k ls us

dsoy vkfFkZd fodkl gksrk gSA cfYd lkekftd fodkl Hkh gksrk gSA ;kfu Åap&uhp] Nqvk&Nwr]

tkfr izFkk bR;kfn dqfjfr;ka lekt ls nwj gksrh gSaA

4- vk/kqfudhdj.k ds ekxZ esa vkus okyh fdUgh pkj ck/kkvksa dk o.kZu dhft,A

mÙkj% vk/kqfudhdj.k dk vk/kkj ifjoZru gSA ijarq dqN rRo rFkk dqN yksx ifjoZru dk fojks/k djrs gSaA ;kfu

vk/kqfudhdj.k dk fojks/k djrs gSaA muds fojks/k ;kfu vk/kqfudhdj.k ds ekxZ esa vkus okyh pkj ck/kk,a

fuEufyf[kr gSA

(i) vKkurk&vKkurk ds dkj.k euq"; vk/kqfudj.k ds lk/kuksa ds Kku izkIr ugha dj ldrkA

vKkurk yksxksa ds :f<+oknh cuk nsrh gSA vr% vKkurk vk/kqfudrk ds ekxZ esa cgqr cM+h ok/kk gSA

(ii) vkfFkZd dj.k&vk/kqfudrk ifjorZu ykrh gSa vkSj vkfFkZd fLFkfr vPNh u gksus ds dkj.k ifjorZu

yksxksa ij cks> cu tkrk gSA muds [kpZ dks c<+k nsrk gSA vr% ,sls ifjorZuksa dk yksxksa }kjk fojks/k

fd;k tkrk gSA

(iii) :f<+oknh n`f"Vdks.k&yksx vius :f<+oknh n`f"Vdks.k ds dkj.k vk/kqfudhdj.k ds ugha viuk

ldrsA tSls&ifjokj fu;kstu vk/kqfudhdj.k dk ,d fpg~u gSA ijarq iqjkuh ih<+h ds yksx

:f<+oknh n`f"Vdks.k ds dkj.k ifjokj fu;kstu viukus ds i{k esa ugha gSA

(iv) ;FkkfLFkfr dh bPNk&vk/kqfudhdj.k dk vk/kkj ifjorZu gS rFkk ifjorZu esa vfuf'prrk dh

fLFkfr cuk jgrh gSA blfy, fojksf/k;ksa dk dguk gS fd ifjorZu dh fLFkfr esa Hkfo"; lqjf{kr

jgsxk ;k u ugha] blfy, os ;Fkk'kfä cuk, j[kus ds i{k esa gSA

jktuhfrd fl)kUr

214

5- jktuhfrd vk/kqfudhdj.k ls vki D;k le>rs gSa\

vFkok

jktuhfrd vk/kqfudhdj.k dk D;k vFkZ gS\

mÙkj% jktuhfrd vk/kqfudhdj.k dh vo/kkj.kk jktuhfr 'kkL= dh uohu vo/kkj.kkvksa esa ls ,d gSA jktuhfrd

vk/kqfudhdj.k ds dqN ys[kd vkS|ksfxd izfØ;k] dqN xSj&vkS|+ksfxd çfØ;k dqN ik'pkR;hdj.k bR;kfn

ekurs gSaA dqN vU; fopkjd }kjk bls lekt esa lkekftd rFkk HkkSfrd okrkoj.k dk ifjorZu ekuk gSA

ijarq jktuhfrd vk/kqfudhdj.k dh vo/kkj.kk dkQh O;kid gS D;ksafd blesa 'kgjhdj.k] vkS|ksxhdj.k]

ykSfddhdj.k] yksdra=hdj.k] 'kSf{kd rFkk tulgHkfxrk lfEefyr gSA

dqN fopkjdksa us jktuhfrd vk/kqfudhdj.k dh ifjHkk"kk fuEufyf[kr :i esa dh gS&

,l-ih-gkWfUVaxVu ds vuqlkj] Þjktuhfrd vk/kqfudhdj.k ,d cgqeq[kh çfØ;k gS ftlesa ekuoh; fpUru

rFkk fØ;kvksa ds lHkh {ks=ksa esa ifjorZu gksrs gSaAß

dksyeSu ds vuqlkj] ßjktuhfrd vk/kqfudhdj.k ,sls laLFkkxr <k¡ps dk fodkl gS tks i;kZIr yphyk rFkk

bruk 'kfä'kkyh gS fd mlesa mBus okyh ekaxksa dk lkeuk dj ldsA

dykmMu bZñ osY'k ds vuqlkj] Þjktuhfrd vk/kqfudhdj.k lk/kuksa ds foosdiw.kZ mi;ksx ij vk/kkfjr

izfØ;k gS rFkk bldk y{; ,d vk/kqfud lekt dh LFkkiuk gSA

Mkñ,lñihñoekZ ds vuqlkj] ßjktuhfrd vk/kqfudhdj.k ,d cgqeq[kh çfØ;k gS] muds vuqlkj jktuhfrd

vk/kqfudhdj.k dh çfØ;k euksoSKkfud Lrj] ckSf)d Lrj] tula[;k ds Lrj] lkekftd Lrj rFkk vkfFkZd

Lrj ij ekuoh; fpUru] dk;ks± ,oa laca/kksa esa ifjorZu djrh gSA

6- jktuhfrd vk/kqfudhdj.k dh fdUgha pkj eq[; fo'ks"krkvksa dk o.kZu dhft,A

mÙkj% jktuhfrd vk/kqfudhdj.k dh pkj eq[; fo'ks"krk fuEufyf[kr gSA

(i) 'kfDr;ksa dk dsUæhdj.k&jktuhfrd vk/kqfudhdj.k dh ,d egÙoiw.kZ fo'ks"krk ;g gS fd blesa

ekuo thou ls lacaf/kr xfrfof/k;ksa dh lHkh izdkj dh 'kfDr;ksa jkT; ;k jktuhfrd O;oLFkk esa

dsUæhÑr gksus yxrh gSA jkT; esa 'kfDr ds dsUæhdj.k dk vFkZ gS fd jktuhfrd 'kfDr egÙoiw.kZ

vkSj vU; 'kfDr;ksa dk fu;ked cu tk;A

(ii) lŸkk dk LFkkukUrj.k&jktuhfrd vk/kqfudhdj.k dh ,d vkSj fo'ks"krk gS] lrk dk LFkkukUrj.kA

lrk ds LFkkukUrj.k ls rkRi;Z gS fd iqjkuh jktuhfrd] lkekftd] vkfFkZd] euksoSKkfud lrkvksa

dk LFkku jktdh; jktuhfrd lrk ys ysrh gSA lrk ds ijaijkxr Lrzksr fucZy gksus yxrs gSa] rc

mudk LFkku jk"Vªh; jktuhfrd lrk ys ysrh gSA

(iii) jktuhfrd laLFkkvksa dk fo'ks"khdj.k&dY;k.kdkjh jkT; dh vo/kkj.kk ls ljdkj ds dk;ks± esa o`f)

gqbZ gS vkSj blh dkj.k ls vk/kqfud jktuhfrd O;oLFkk,a tfVy gks x;h gSaA blfy, tfVyrk ls

fuiVus ds fy;s vk/kqfud O;oLFkkvksa esa jktuhfrd laLFkkvksa dk fofHkUuhdj.k vkSj fo'ks"khdj.k

gksuk vfuok;Z gSA

(iv) dsUæ o ifjlj esa vUr% fØ;k&;gk¡ dsUæ ls rkRi;Z jktuhfrd O;oLFkk ls gS vkSj ifjlj ls

rkRi;Z lekt ls gSA dsUæ o lekt dh ikjLifjdrk dks c<+kus esa jktuhfrd ny rFkk

nokc&lewg] ukSdj'kkgh] fuokZpuksa ds ek/;e us lgk;rk dh gS rFkk lapkj ds lk/kuksa us blesa

fujUrjrk dks cuk, j[kk gSA


215

7- vk/kqfud jk"Vª ds :i esa ,MoMZ ,&f'kYl us jktuhfrd yksdra= dh D;k fo'ks"krk,a crkbZ gSa\

mÙkj% ,MoMZ ,&f'kYl us ^jktuhfrd yksdra=* dh izfrfuf/k;kRed laLFkkvksa vkSj lkoZtfud Lora=rk ds ek/;e

ls ukxfjd 'kklu ds jkT; ds :i esa ifjHkkf"kr fd;k gSA bl O;oLFkk dh fuEufyf[kr fo'ks"krk gS&

(i) loksZP; fo/kkueaMy&bl O;oLFkk esa fo/kkueaMy loksZPp gksrk gS fo/kkueaMy dk fuokZpu turk

}kjk lkoZHkkSfed erkf/kdkj ds vk/kkj ij fd;k tkrk gSA fo/kkueaMy dh LohÑfr ds fcuk

dk;Zikfydk }kjk izLrqr fo/ks;d vkf/kfu;e ugha cu ldrkA

(ii) jktuhfrd ny&bl O;oLFkk esa jktuhfrd ny gksrs gSa rFkk cgqer izkIr ny }kjk ljdkj dk

fuekZ.k fd;k tkrk gS rFkk vU; ny fojks/kh ny ds :i esa Hkwfedk fuHkkrs gSaA

(iii) fuf'pr vof/k&dk;Z;kfydk dh vof/k fuf'pr gksrh gS

(iv) lrk ij fu;a=.k&lrk ds nq#i;ksx ds ges'kk laHkkouk cuh jgrh gS blfy, ;g vko';d gS fd

lŸkk ds mi;ksx ij fu;a=.k cuk jgsA

(v) Lora= U;k;ikfydk&iztkrkfU=d O;oLFkk ds fy;s Lo=ar U;k;ikfydk dk gksuk vfuok;Z gSA

Lora= U;k;ikfydk gksus ls lafo/kku dh lqj{kk gksrh gS rFkk jktuhfrKksa ij fu;a=.k cuk jgrk

gSA

8- jktuhfrd vk/kqfudhdj.k ds izHkkfor djus okys pkj rRoksa dk la{ksi esa o.kZu dhft,A

mÙkj% jktuhfrd vk/kqfudhdj.k ds izHkkfor djus okys pkj izeq[k rRo fuEufyf[kr gSa

(i) jktuhfrd lajpuk,¡ vkSj laLÑfr&jktuhfrd vk/kqfudhdj.k dks izHkkfor djus okys rRoksa esa ls

izFke ns'k dh lajpuk,a vkSj laLÑfr gSA jktuhfrd vk/kqfudhdj.k ds fy;s jktuhfrd lajpukvksa

dks ijaijkxrrk dh Hkkouk ls eqDr gksuk gksxkA tSls&usiky o HkwVku ns'k ij vHkh rd Hkh

jktuhfrd lajpukvksa ij ijaijkxrrk dk iw.kZ izHkko fn[kk;h iM+rk gSA

(ii) jktuhfrd O;oLFkk dh izÑfr&jktuhfrd vk/kqfudhdj.k esa jktuhfrd O;oLFkk dh izÑfr dh

vge Hkwfedk gSA jktuhfrd O;oLFkk dk :i lkekftd O;oLFkk }kjk rS;kj fd;s x;s okrkoj.k ds

vuq:i gh gksrk gSA jktuhfrd O;oLFkk dh izÑfr] jktuhfrd vk/kqfudhdj.k dh izfØ;kvksa esa

rhozrk ;k f'kfFkyrk nksuksa yk ldrh gSA vxj jktuhfrd O;oLFkk iztkrkfU=d gS rks jktuhfrd

vk/kqfudhdj.k dks c<+kok nsxhA ijUrq vf/kuk;doknh jktuhfrd O;oLFkk jktuhfrd

vk/kqfudhdj.k ij udkjkRed izHkko Mkyrh gSA

(iii) jktuhfrd usr`Ro&jktuhfrd vk/kqfudhdj.k dks c<+kok nsus ;k jksdus esa jktuhfrd usr`Ro dk

egRoiw.kZ LFkku gksrk gSA ;fn jktuhfrd usr`Ro dh izÑfr vkSj vfHkeq[khdj.k vk/kqfudrk gS rks os

jktuhfr esa vk/kqfudhdj.k dks ykus esa iz;Ru djsaxsA tSls&Hkkjr esa jktuhfrd usrkvksa tokgjyky

usg:] egkRek xka/kh o vU; usrkvksa us jktuhfrd vk/kqfudhdj.k esa lgk;rk dhA

(iv) ,ssfrgkfld rRo&tc Hkh dHkh le; dh /kkjk ds foijhr dksbZ Hkh ifjorZu fd;k x;k rks og

ifjorZu gqvk gh ugha gSA blh rjg jktuhfrd O;oLFkk esa ifjorZu vFkok jktuhfrd O;oLFkk dks

vk/kqfud cukus dk iz;kl fdl le; fd;k tk;s ;g egRoiw.kZ LFkku j[krk gSA vr% bfrgkl dh

/kkjk ds vuqlkj ifjorZu ykuk vklku gh ugha gksrk] cfYd Lor% gh gksus yxrk gSA


fuEufyf[kr iz'uksa ds dqNsd oSdfYid mÙkj fn;s x;s gSaA muesa ls lgh mÙkj dk p;u dhft,&

1- ßfdlh jkT; dh vkfFkZd mUufr dks vk/kqfudhdj.k dgrs gSaÞ ;g dFku fdl fo}ku dk gS\

¼d½ LeSyj

jktuhfrd fl)kUr

216

¼[k½ yjuj

¼x½ çksñ ykLdh

¼?k½ Mkñ xqy'ku jk;

2- vk/kqfudhdj.k lk/;ksa ;k xUrO;ks dh cqf) laxrrk gSÞ ;s 'kCn fdl fo}ku us dgs\

¼d½ çksñ xkuZj

¼[k½ feñ cykí

¼x½ flMuh ockZ

¼?k½ jtuh dksBkjh

3- ßvk/kqfudhdj.k ijaijkoknh ds LFkku ij ubZ O;oLFkk vkSj lekt dk fodkl gSÞ ;g fopkj fdl ys[kd us

izdV fd;k gS\

¼d½ vkbZñvkjñfluk;

¼[k½ fel QkWysV

¼x½ lh-oh-xSuk

¼?k½ eSo;koyh

4- vk/kqfudhdj.k dh fo'ks"krkvksa ds laca/k esa fuEufyf[kr Bhd gS&

¼d½ foosdhdj.k

¼[k½ lkekftd ifjorZu

¼x½ jk"Vªh; ,dhdj.k

¼?k½ mijksDr lHkh

5- vk/kqfudhdj.k ds i{kksa ds laca/k esa fuEufyf[kr Bhd gS&

¼d½ lkekftd i{k

¼[k½ vkfFkZd i{k

¼x½ euksoSKkfud i{k

¼?k½ mijksDr lHkh

6- vk/kqfudhdj.k ds rRoksa ds laca/k esa fuEufyf[kr Bhd gS&

¼d½ lk{kjrk

¼[k½ mPp f'k{kk

¼x½ lekpkj&i=

¼?k½ mijksDr lHkh

7- vk/kqfudrk dks dkSu&dkSu ls rRo izHkkfor djrs gSa\

¼d½ /keZ dk ?kVrk izHkko

¼[k½ oSKkfud n`f"Vdks.k

¼x½ mPp thou&Lrj

¼?k½ mijksDr lHkh


217

8- vk/kqfudhdj.k ds jkLrs esa fuEufyf[kr ck/kk ugha gS&

¼d½ vKkurk

¼[k½ u;s vkfo"dkj dh viw.kZrk

¼x½ yksxksa dk LoHkko

¼?k½ yksxksa dk f'kf{kr gksuk

9- jktuhfrd vk/kqfudhdj.k dh fo'ks"krkvksa ds laca/k esa Bhd ugha gS&

¼d½ 'kfDr;ksa dk fodsUæhdj.k

¼[k½ jkT; dk vf/kdkf/kd izos'ku

¼x½ lÙkk dk LFkkukUrj.k

¼?k½ laLFkkvksa dk fo'ks"khdj.k

10- fuEufyf[kr esa ls dkSu&lk jktuhfrd vk/kqfudhdj.k dk fu/kkZjd ugha gS&

¼d½ jktuhfrd lajpuk,a

¼[k½ ijaijk,¡

¼x½ jktuhfrd usÙk`Ro

¼?k½ ,sfrgkfld rRo

11- Þjktuhfrd vk/kqfudhdj.k ,sls laLFkkxr <kaps dk fodkl gS tks i;kZIr yphyk rFkk bruk 'kfä'kkyh gks

fd mlesa mBus okyh ekaxksa dk lkeuk dj ldsaAÞ ;g 'kCn fdl foKku ds gSa\

¼d½ dkyZ eSu

¼[k½ Mkñ xkuZj

¼x½ MkW-ts-lh-tkSgjh

¼?k½ dykbM osY'k

12- Þjktuhfrd vk/kqfudhdj.k ,d cgqeq[kh izfØ;k gS ftlesa ekuoh; fpUru rFkk fØ;kvksa ds lHkh {ks=ksa esa

ifjorZu gksrs gSaAÞ ;s 'kCn fdl ys[kd us dgs\

¼d½ ,l-ih- gkWfUVaxVu

¼[k½ MkW- ,l-ih-oekZ

¼x½ jkcVZ okMZ

¼?k½ MkW- xqy'ku jk;

mÙkj% ¼1½ d ¼2½ [k ¼3½ d ¼4½ ?k ¼5½ ?k

¼6½ ?k ¼7½ ?k ¼8½ /k ¼9½ d ¼10½ [k

¼11½ d ¼12½ d

jktuhfrd fl)kUr

218

v/;k; 11 jktuhfrd fodkl (Political Development)

y?kqrjkRed ç'u (Short Answer Type questions)

1- fodkl ls vkidk D;k vfHkizk; gS\

vFkok

fodkl dh ifjHkk"kk nhft,A

mŸkj% fofHkUu ys[kdksa ds fodkl ds laca/k esa vyx&vyx n`f"Vdks.k gSA dqN fo}ku fodkl dks jktuhfr dh

,slh fLFkfr ekurs gSa tks vkfFkZd mUufr esa lqfo/kk igqapk ldsA dqN fo}ku bldk laca/k jktuhfrd]

lkekftd] vfFkZd ifjorZu ls crkrs gSaA dqN ys[kd fodkl dks vk/kqfudhdj.k dk lwpd ekurs gSaA dqN

fo)ku fodkl dk vFkZ iz'kklfud vkSj oS/kkfud fodkl ls ysrs gSaA

fodkl dh ifjHkk"kk fofHkUu foKkuksa us fuEufyf[kr :i esa nh gS&

y;qfl;u ikbZ ds vuqlkj&jktuhfrd fodkl] laLÑfr dk folj.k vkSj thou ds iqjkus izfrekuksa dks ubZ

ekaxksa ds vuqdwy cukus] mUgsa muds lkFk feykus ;k muds lkFk lkeatL; cSBkuk gSAÞ

eSadsth ds vuqlkj] ßfodkl lekt esa mPpLrjh; vuqdwyu ds izfr vuqdwy gksus dh {kerk gSAÞ

vke.M vkSj ikosy ds vuqlkj] ßfodkl jktuhfrd lajpukvksa dh vfHko`fn] fofHkUuhdj.k vkSj fo'ks"khdj.k

rFkk jktuhfrd laLÑfr dk c<+k gqvk ykSfddhj.k gSA

,p-feVyeSu ds vuqlkj] ßfodkl dk vFkZ lekftd y{;ksa dh iwfrZ ds fy, izkÑfrd vkSj ekuoh;

lalk/kuksa ds rdZ&laxr iz;ksx dh {kerk dks c<+kuk gSAß

mijksDr ifjHkk"kkvksa ds vk/kkj ij ge ;g dg ldrs gSa fd fodkl ,d fuf'pr y{; dh izkfIr ek= ugha

gS] cfYd ;g ,slh izfØ;k gS tks ,slh lajpukvksa ;k laLFkkvksa dk fuekZ.k djrh gS tks lekt esa mRiUu

leL;kvksa dk lek/kku fudkyus esa leFkZ gSA fodkl dh vo/kkj.kk dk laca/k ifjorZu ls gSA

2- fodkl ds fdUgha pkj mís’;ksa dk o.kZu dhft,A

mŸkj% igys fodkl dk vFkZ euq"; dh ekSfyd vko';drkvksa dh iwfrZ ls Fkk ijarq vkt ds lanHkZ esa fodkl dk

mís'; ;k y{; cny x;k gSA fodkl ds mís'; fuEufyf[kr gSaA

(i) thou dk Lrj&fodkl dk igyk vkSj egÙoiw.kZ y{; yksxksa ds jgu&lgu ds Lrj ds fodkl ls

gSA bldk rkRi;Z gS fd yksxksa dks thou ds Lrj dh u dsoy vko';d lqfo/kk,a gh izkIr gh

cfYd os viuh izfrHkk dk fodkl dj lds] viuh dk;Z&dq'kyrk dks c<+k ldsA

(ii) izÑfr dk nksgu&fodkl dk nwljk y{; gS] izÑfr dk nksguA ekuo ls ;g vk'kk dh tkrh gS fd

os izkÑfrd lk/kuksa dk iz;ksx ,d lhek esa jgdj djs ftlls izkÑfrd lk/kuksa dk uk'k u gks

vFkkZr izkÑfrd lk/kuksa dk 'kks"k.k u djds mudk ek= nksgu gksuk pkfg,A

jktuhfrd fodkl

219

(iii) jkstxkj miyC/k djokuk&fodkl dk vU; y{; gS] ns'k ds ukxfjdksa ds jkstxkj miyC/k djkukA

vf/kdrj ns'k esa csjkstxkjh dk laca/k ns'k dh tula[;k ls gS] vFkkZr ftl ns'k dh tula[;k

vf/kd gS] ogka ij csjkstxkjh dh leL;k vf/kd ik;h tkrh gSA fodkl ds y{; dks fu/kkfjr

djrs le; csjkstxkjh dks nwj djus dk y{; lkeus gksrk gSA

(iv) yksdra= dk fodkl&fodkl dk ,d vU; y{; gS& yksdra= dk fodkl yksdra= ds fuekZ.k esa

lgk;rk djrk gS vkSj blds QyLo:i yksdra= fodkl esa viuk ;ksxnku djrk gSA ;kfu tc

yksdra= lqjf{kr jgsxk] rHkh fodkl lokZf/kd lqfuf'pr gksxkA

3- jktuhfrd fodkl dk D;k vFkZ gS\

vFkok

jktuhfrd fodkl dh vo/kkj.kk ls vki D;k le>rs gSa\

mŸkj% lekt esa ifjorZu vkus dh izfØ;k dks fodkl dgk tkrk gSA lekt esa dbZ rjg ds ifjorZu vkrs gSaA

jktuhfrd ifjorZu dh izfØ;k dks jktuhfrd fodkl dh laKk nh tkrh gSA

jktuhfrd fodkl dh ifjHkk"kk fofHkUu fo}kuksa us fofHkUu rjhds ls fuEufyf[kr :i esa dh gS&

vke.M vkSj ikosy ds vuqlkj] ßjktuhfrd fodkl jktuhfrd lajpukvksa dh vfHko`f)] fofHkUuhdj.k vkSj

fo'ks"khdj.k rFkk jktuhfrd laLÑfr dk c<+k gqvk ykSfddhdj.k gSAÞ

,yÝM Mk;es.V ds vuqlkj] ßjktuhfrd fodkl ,d ,slh izfØ;k gS ftlds }kjk ,d jktuhfrd O;oLFkk

ds u;s izdkj ds y{;ksa dk fujUrj lQy :i esa izkIr djus dh {kerk cuh jgrh gSßA

tkXokjkbZo ds vuqlkj] ßjktuhfrd fodkl ,d çfØ;k ds :i esa jktuhfrd vk/kqfudhdj.k rFkk

jktuhfrd laLFkkdj.k dk tksM+ gSAß

Y;qfl;u ikbZ ds vuqlj] ßjktuhfrd fodkl] laLÑfr dk folj.k gS vkSj thou ds iqjkus izfrekuksa dks ubZ

ekaxksa ds vuqdwy cukus] mUgsa muds lkFk feykus ;k muds lkFk lkeatL; cSBkuk gSA

mijksDr ifjHkk"kkvksa ds vk/kkj ij ge ;g dg ldrs gSa fd jktuhfrd fodkl jktuhfrd lajpukvksa dk

fofHkfUudj.k rFkk fo'ks"khdj.k ,oa jktuhfrd laLÑfr dk ,slk c<+rk ykSfddhdj.k gS] ftlls turk esa

lekurk vkSj jktuhfrd O;oLFkk esa dk;Z{kerk rFkk mldh mi&O;oLFkkvksa esa Lok;rrk vk tk;sA

4- jktuhfrd fodkl ds lwpd ls D;k vfHkizk; gS\ fdUgha ikap ldkjkRed lwpdksa dk mYys[k dhft,A

mŸkj% izR;sd oLrq ;k pht dks ekius ds fy, dksbZ&u&dksbZ ekin.M gksrk gS] mlh rjg jktuhfrd fodkl dks

r; djus ds fy, ,d ekin.M gS ftls jktuhfrd fodkl ds lwpd dgk tkrk gSA fdlh ns'k dk

jktuhfrd fodkl gqvk gS ;k ugha] fodkl gks jgk gS ;k fd jktuhfrd O;oLFkk iru dh vksj tk jgh gS]

;g tc ekius ds fy, dqN ladsrd ;k lwpd fuf'pr fd;s x;s gSaA bu lwpdksa dks nks izdkj ds Hkkxksa esa

foHkkftr fd;k x;k gS& ¼1½ ldkjkRed lwpd ¼2½ udkjkRed lwpd

ldkjkRed lwpd&ldkjkRed lwpd dk laca/k lekt ;k ns'k ds fodkl ls gSA ,sls ikap ldkjkRed

lwpd fuEufyf[kr gSA

1- jkT;&fuekZ.k ;k izknsf'kd ,dhdj.kA

2- jk"Vª&fuekZ.k ;k jk"Vªh; ,dhdj.kA

3- ernku ds vf/kdkj esa o`f) rFkk c<+h la[;k esa ernku djus okyksa ds lkFk eqDr rFkk fui{k

pqukoA

4- fLFkj rFkk yksdrkaf=d nyksa }kjk c<+rk gqvk fgr lewghdj.kA

5- Lokxr laxBuksa }kjk c<+rk gqvk fgr Li"Vhdj.kA

jktuhfrd fl)kUr

220

5- jktuhfrd fodkl ds udkjkRed lwpdksa ls vki D;k le>rs gS] fdUgha ikap udkjkRed lwpdksa dk

mYys[k dhft,A

mŸkj% udkjkRed lwpdksa dk vFkZ lekt ;k ns'k ds jktuhfrd fodkl dks udkjkRed fn'kk esa ekiuA ,sls ikap

udkjkRed lwpd fuEufyf[kr gSaA

(i) pqukoh gsjkQsjh rFkk vfu;ferrk,aA

(ii) fgalkRed fojks/k izn'kZuA

(iii) LokFkhZ fgrksa ds fy;s ny&cnyA

(iv) 'kfDr;ksa dk dsUæhdj.kA

(v) vizfrHkkuh xM+ofM+;ka] Hkwfexr xfrfof/k;ka rFkk ljkLr vkØe.kA

6- tkWu ,p- dkWVLdh us jktuhfrd fodkl ds n`f"Vdks.k ls jktuhfrd O;oLFkkksa dh fdruh Jsf.k;ksa dk

mYys[k fd;k gSA

mŸkj% tkWu ,p- dkWVLdh us jktuhfrd fodkl ds n`f"Vdks.k ls jktuhfrd O;oLFkkvksa ds ikap oxZ crk,a gSa

ftldks fodkl ds c<+rs gq, Øe esa O;OfLFkr fd;k tk ldrk gSA

(i) ijaijkxr dqyhu&rU=h; loZlrkoknA

(ii) jk"Vªoknh cqf)thfo;ksa ds lÙkk dks izHkqRo dk laØe.kdkyhu LrjA

(iii) dqyhurU=h; lokZf/kdkjoknA

(iv) cqf)thfo;ksa dk lokZf/kdkjoknA

(v) yksdra=A

vr% dkWVLdh ds vuqlkj] jktuhfrd fodkl dk Øe ijaijkxr Lrj ls izkjaHk gksrk gS vkSj yksdra= ij

lekIr gks tkrk gSA

7- ,MoMZ f'kYl us jktuhfrd fodkl ds n`f"Vdks.k ls jktuhfrd O;oLFkkvksa dh fdruh Jsf.k;ksa dk mYys[k

fd;k gS\

mŸkj% ,MoMZ f'kYl us jktuhfrd fodkl ds laca/k esa vius fopkj izdV djrs gq, jktuhfrd O;oLFkkvksa dks

rhu Jsf.k;ksa esa foHkkftr fd;k gSA

1- ijaijkxr jktuhfrd O;oLFkk 2- laØe.kdkyhu jktuhfrd O;DLFkk rFkk 3- vk/kqfud jktuhfrd

O;oLFkk

laØe.kdkyhu Js.kh dks mUgksaus iqu% ikap Jsf.k;ksa esa foHkkftr fd;k gSA

1- jktuhfrd iztkra= 2- V;wVsyjh iztkra=] 3- vk/kqfudhdj.k'khy] oxZra=] 4- lokZf/kdkjh oxZra= ,o 5-

ijaijkxoknh oxZra=kA

jktuhfrd jkT;ksa ds bu izdkjksa ls ;g irk pyrk gS fd ijaijkxr ls jktuhfrd fodkl dh fn'kk esa

vk/kqfudrk dh vksj laØe.k] fof'k"V oxZ dh ;ksX;rk ij fuHkZj djrk gS tks ijaijkxr fo'oklksa ,oa ewY;ksa

ds lkFk lkeatL; cSSBkrs gq, vk/kqfudrk dh vksj c<+rs pys tkrs gSaA jktuhfrd jkT;ksa ds bu izdkjksa ls

mu fo'ks"krkvksa dk vkHkkl gksrk gS ftuesa okLrfod jktuhfrd O;oLFkk,a vk/kqfudrk dks izkIr djus ds

vius iz;Ruksa dks U;wukf/kd :i esa fodflr dj ldrh gSA

8- dSusFk vkWxsZfUldh us jktuhfrd fodkl ds vkuqdwekf.kd Lrj ¼pj.k½ dkSu&ls&crk, gSA

mŸkj% dSus; vkWxsZUldh us jktuhfrd fodkl ds Lrjksa dh [kkst djrs gq, fodkl ds pkj pj.k crk;s gSa tks

fuEufyf[kr gSaA

jktuhfrd fodkl

221

1- izFke pj.k vFkok izFke lksiku&jktuhfrd ,dhdj.k] ftlesa dsUæh; ljdkj jk"Vª dh ,drk ds

lw= esa laxfBr dj ysrh gS vkSj bl izdkj jk"Vªh; ljdkj dh çHkqlŸkk LFkkfir gks tkrh gSA ,slh

çHkqLrolaiUu ljdkj vkSj vkS|ksxhdj.k dh lQyrk dh izFke 'krZ cu tkrh gSA

2- f}rh; pj.k vFkok f}rh; lksiku&bl ij vkS|ksfxdj.k izkjaHk gks tkrk gSA

3- r`rh; pj.k vFkok r`rh; lksiku&bldk izkjaHk vkS|ksfxdj.k ds 'kq: gks tkus ds ckn gksrk gSA

vkS|ksfxdj.k jk"Vªh; fgr dh iw.kZ 'krZ cu tkrk gSA

4- prqFkZ pj.k vFkok prqFkZ lksiku &bl lksiku ij le`f) dh ekax dh tkrh gS] ftlesa vkS|ksfxd

rduhd dk fodkl viuh pje lhek ij igaqp tkrk gSA

9- jktuhfrd fodkl dh vo/kkj.kk dh fdUgha pkj mi;ksfxrkvksa dk la{ksi esa o.kZu dhft,A

mŸkj% jktuhfrd fodkl dh mi;ksfxrk dk o.kZu vke.M o ikosy us fuEufyf[kr vk/kkjksa ij dh gSA

1- jktuhfrd O;oLFkkvksa ds v/;;u esa lgk;d&vke.M ikosy dk dguk gS fd rduhdh ifjorZu

vkSj lkaLÑfrd folj.k ls jktuhfrd O;oLFkkvksa esa ifjorZu vkrk gSA ;g ifjorZu jktuhfrd

fodkl dk ladsr gS vr% jktuhfrd fodkl ftu ckrksa dks ysdj pyrk gS muds vk/kkj ij

jktuhfrd O;oLFkkvksa dk v/;;u fd;k tk ldrk gSA

2- jktuhfrd O;oLFkkvksa ds oxhZdj.k esa lgk;d&jktuhfrd O;oLFkkvksa ds vrhr ls ;g ladsr

feyrk gS fd veqd O;oLFkk us Hkwrdky esa fdl leL;k dk fdl rjg ls lkeuk vkSj lek/kku

fd;k ;k vkus okys le; esa fdl rjg vkus okyh leL;kvksa dk lkeuk djsxhA vr% vrhr ds

jktuhfrd fodklksa ds vk/kkj ij jktuhfrd O;oLFkkvksa dk oxhZdj.k fd;k tk ldrk gSA

3- jktuhfrd O;oLFkkvksa dh rqyuk esa lgk;d&jktuhfrd fodkl dh rhljh mi;ksfxrk ;g gS fd

;g jktuhfrd O;oLFkkvksa ds vFkZiw.kZ ekun.Mksa ds vk/kkj rFkk vkfFkZd lkekftd o lkaLÑfrd

rRoksa ds vk/kkj ij rqyuk djus esa lgk;d fl) gksrk gSA

4- jktuhfrd O;oLFkkvksa ds lkekU;hdj.k esa lgk;d&jktuhfrd fodkl dh vo/kkj.kk ;|fi ,d

fl)kar izLrqr djus esa l{ke fl) ugha gqbZ gS] ysfdu blus jktuhfrd O;oLFkkvksa ds

lkekU;hdj.k esa lgk;rk vo'; dh gSA bl lkekU;hdj.k dh izfØ;k esa jktuhfrd fodkl ds

ladsrdksa] fodkl ds fu/kkZjdksa] jktuhfrd fodkl dk vU; fodkl ls laca/k] jktuhfrd fodklksa

ls oxhZdj.k vkSj jktuhfrd O;oLFkkvksa dh rqyuk esa lgk;rk dh gSA

oLrqfu"B ¼cgq&fodYih½ ç'u (Objective Type Questions)

fuEufyf[kr iz'uksa ds dqN oSdfYid mÙkj fn;s x;s gSaA lgh mÙkj dk p;u dhft,A

1- rhljh nqfu;k ds jkT;ksa ds laca/k esa fuEufyf[kr esa ls dkSu ,d Bhd gS&

¼d½ uoksfnr jkT;

¼[k½ vk/kqfudhdj.k 'khy jkT;

¼[k½ fodkl'khy jkT;

¼?k½ mi;qZDr lHkh

2- jktuhfrd fodkl dh vo/kkj.kk dk fuekZ.k fdu ns'kksa ds jktuhfrd fodkl dk v/;;u djus ds fy;s

fd;k x;k gS&

¼d½ iwathoknh ns'k

jktuhfrd fl)kUr

222

¼[k½ lkE;oknh ns'k

¼[k½ fodflr ns'k

¼?k½ fodkl'khy ns'k

3- jktuhfrd fodkl dh vo/kkj.kk dks izeq[k fo}ku dkSu gS&

¼d½ Y;qfl;u MCyw ikbZ

¼[k½ dksy eSu

¼[k½ ukeZu ,l- oqpkuu

¼?k½ tkslsQ yk ikyksEckjk

4- fuEufyf[kr esa ls dkSu jktuhfrd fodkl dh vo/kkj.kk dk leFkZd ugha gS&

¼d½ ykLdh

¼[k½ lkekftd fodkl

¼[k½ Y;qfl;u ikbZ

¼?k½ ,Q-MCyw fjl

5- jktuhfrd fodkl dh fo'ks"krkvksa ds laca/k esa fodkl dk ^lef"V y{k.k* dh vo/kkj.kk dk fdlus

izfriknu fd;k gS\

¼d½ vkxsZUldh

¼[k½ dkWLVdh

¼[k½ Y;qfl;u

¼?k½ dkuZ gkWlj

6- ‘Political order in changing society’ ds ys[kd dkSu gS&

¼d½ gkWfUVaxVu

¼[k½ Y;qfl;u ikbZ

¼[k½ ,MoMZ ,-f'kYl

¼?k½ dkuZ gkWlj

7- ‘Stages of Political Development’ ds ys[kd fuEufyf[kr esa ls dkSu gS\&

¼d½ dsus; vkxsZUldh

¼[k½ dkuZ gkWlj

¼[k½ jtuh dksBkjh

¼?k½ lsE;qvy ih-gkWfUVaxVu

8- jktuhfrd fodkl dk lk/ku gS&

¼d½ jk"Vªh;rk dh Hkkouk

¼[k½ fodsUæhdj.k o turk dh lg&Hkkxhnkjh

¼x½ vk/kqfud ukSdj'kkgh

¼?k½ mijksDr lHkh

jktuhfrd fodkl

223

9- vke.M ,oa ikosy ds vuqlkj jktuhfrd O;oLFkk dks fodkl dh vksj ys tkus esa fuEufyf[kr dk ;ksxnku

gS&

¼d½ jkT; fuekZ.k

¼[k½ jk"Vª fuekZ.k

¼[k½ lgHkkfxrk

¼?k½ mi;qDr laHkh

10- ,MoMZ f'kYl us uoksfnr jkT;ksa ds fdrus uewus crk,a gSa&

¼d½ ik¡p

¼[k½ nl

¼[k½ lkr

¼?k½ pkj

11- jktuhfrd fodkl dks fuEufyf[kr esa ls fdl us jk"Vªh; jkT; ds fodkl ds :i esa ns[kk gS&

¼d½ dksyeSu

¼[k½ jkslVkso

¼[k½ MsfoM ,IVj

¼?k½ ,MoMZ f'kYl

12- jktuhfrd fodkl lekt ds mPp&Lrjh; vuqdwyu ds izfr vuqdwyu gksus dh {kerk gS& ;g dFku

fuEufyf[kr dk gS&

¼d½ MCyw- ts- eSdsath

¼[k½ vke.M rFkk dksYeSu

¼[k½ ,YÝsM Mk;esaV

¼?k½ ,Q- MCyw fjXl

mÙkj% ¼1½ ?k ¼2½ ?k ¼3½ d ¼4½ d ¼5½ x

¼6½ d ¼7½ d ¼8½ ?k ¼9½ ?k ¼10½ d

¼11½ ?k ¼12½ d

jktuhfrd fl)kUr

224

v/;k; 12 jk"Vª&fuekZ.k rFkk jk"Vªh; ,dhdj.k (Nation-Building and National Integration)


1- jk"Vª dh ifjHkk"kk nhft,A

mÙkj% jktuhfr foKku ds fo}kuksa us jk"Vª dh ifjHkk"kk vyx vyx n`f"Vdks.k ls dh gS ftUgsa ge Øe'k% tkrh;

n`f"Vdks.k] jktuhfrd n`f"Vdks.k vkSj HkkoukRed ,drk laca/kh n`f"Vdks.k dg ldrs gSA

1- tkrh; ,drk laca/kh&jk"Vª ;k vaxzsth Hkk"kk dk us'ku 'kCn dh mRifr ySfVu Hkk"kk dh usf'k;ks 'kCn

ls gqbZ gSA bldk vFkZ tUe ;k uLy vFkok tkfr] oa'k ;k uLy] tqM+s gq, laxfBr tu&lewg dks

,d jk"Vª dgk tkrk gSA fofHkUu fo}kuksa us jk"Vª 'kCn dh ifjHkk"kk blh vk/kkj ij dh gS tks

fuEufyf[kr gSA

yhdkWd ds vuqlkj] Þjk"Vª ls vfHkizk; ,d tkfr vFkok oa'kxr fo'ks"krkvksa okyk ekuo laxBu

gSAß

oxsZl ds vuqlkj] Þog tu&lewg ftlesa tkrh; ,drk gks vkSj HkkSxksfyd ,drk okys izns'k esa

clk gqvk gks] jk"Vª dgykrk gSA

2- jktuhfrd ,drk laca/kh&dqN fo}ku jk"Vª ds jktuhfrd Lc:i dks vf/kd egRo nsrs gSaA muds

vuqlkj] jk"Vª ds fy;s jkT;Ro izkIr djuk t:jh gSA

gst ds vuqlkj] ,d jk"Vªh;rk jktuhfrd ,drk vkSj laizHkqrk dks izkIr djds jk"Vª cu tkrh gSA

3- HkkoukRed ,drk laca/kh n`f"Vdks.k&dqN fo}kuksa dk dguk gS fd jk"Vª ,sls O;fDr;ksa dk lewg

gksrk gS ftuesa ,drk dh Hkkouk ekStwn gksus ds lkFk&lkFk bl tu leg esa vius vkidks nqfu;k

ds nwljs tu lewgksa ls vyx le>us dh izcy Hkkouk gksrh gSA os ;g Hkh ekurs gSa fd bl rjg

dh ,drk dh Hkkouk leku tkfr] /keZ] jhfr&fjokt] lkfgR;] laLÑfr] bfrgkl vkfn ls vklkuh

ds lkFk mRiUu gks tkrh gSA bl n`f"Vdks.k ds leFkZd CyU'kyh] xkuZu] okdZj] gkmlj] LVkfyu]

uksfodksr vkfn gSaA

cyu'kyh ds vuqlkj&Þjk"Vª ,sls euq";ksa ds lewg dks dgrs gSa tks fo'ks"kr;k Hkk"kk vkSj jhfr

fjoktksa ds }kjk ,d leku lH;rk ls ca/ks gq, gksa ftlls muesa vU; lHkh fonsf'k;ksa ls vyx

,drk dh l`n`<+ Hkkouk iSnk gksrh gksA

2- jk"Vª ,oa jk"Vªh;rk ds fuekZ.k ds eq[; pkj rRoksa dk Kku dhft,A

mÙkj% (i) HkkSxksfyd ,drk&jk"Vª vkSj jk"Vªh;rk ds tUe vkSj fodkl esa ekr`Hkwfe ds izfr xgjh J)k Hkh

Hkkouk ,d izeq[k lgk;d rRo ds :i esa gksrh gSA ijarq dqN mnkgj.k ,sls Hkh gSa tks ,d

HkkSxksfyd ,drk okys Hkkx ds u jgus ij Hkh vius vkidks thfor cuk, j[kk gSA ijarq ,sls

tu&lewg viuh ekr`Hkwfe dks izkIr djus ds iz;Ru Hkh cjkcj tkjh j[ks gSaA tSls&;gwfn;ksa dk


225

fQfuLrhu ds bykds esa Loar= btjkby jkT; ds dk;e gks tkus ls mudh jk"Vªh;rk vkSj jk"Vª ds

fodkl esa dkQh lgk;rk feyh gSA

(ii) leku fgr&fdlh Hkh O;fDr&lewg esa leku lkekftd] vkfFkZd vkSj jktuhfrd fgrksa dh psruk

Hkh jk"Vªh;rk ds fuekZ.k esa lgk;d gksrh gSaA tSls 18oh 'krkCnh esa vesfjdk esa jg jgs fofHkUu

;wjksih; oa'k ds yksx fczVsu ds f[kykQ lkekftd vkfFkZd ,oa jktuhfrd fgrksa ds fy, ,d tqV

gksdj Lora=rk ds fy;s [kM+s gks x;s rFkk Lora=rk Hkh izkIr dhA

(iii) /keZ dh lekurk&izkphu dky esa /keZ dh lekurk us jk"Vª vkSj jk"Vªh;rk ds fuekZ.k esa cgqr vf/kd

;ksxnku fn;k gSA vk/kqfud ;qx esa Hkkjr dk foHkktu Hkh eqfLye yhx vkSj mlds usrk eqgEen

vyh ftUukg dh dksf'k'kksa ls /keZ dh fHkUurk ds vk/kkj ij gqbZ FkhaA ysfdu vk/kqfud ;qx esa /keZ

dh lekurk dks bruk egRo ugha fn;k tkrkA

(iv) Hkk"kk] laLÑfr vkSj ijaijkvksa dh lekurk&Hkk"kk;h ,drk Hkh jk"Vª vkSj jk"Vªh;rk ds fodkl esa

lgk;d gksrh gSA Hkk"kk ds }kjk gh lkfgR; dk fuekZ.k gksrk gSA vkSj mlls vkxs pydj laLÑfr

dk fodkl gksrk gSa tks fd leku ijaijkvksa dh tUe nsrh gSA blfy, Hkk"kk dh lekurk dks Hkh

jk"Vª vkSj jk"Vªh;rk ds fuekZ.k esa ,d izeq[k rRo ekuk x;k gSA

3- jk"Vª&fuekZ.k ls vki D;k le>rs gSa\

vFkok

jk"Vª&fuekZ.k dk vFkZ Li"V dhft,A

mÙkj% jk"Vª&fuekZ.k dk vFkZ gS&jk"Vª dk fuekZ.k djukA jk"Vª fuekZ.k og izfØ;k gS tks iwjs jk"Vª esa ,drk dh

Hkkouk mRiUu djrh gS rFkk iwjs jk"Vª ds fy;s fu"Bk dk dsUnz fodflr djrh gS rkfd turk ladh.kZ

Hkkoukvksa dk ifjU;kx dj ldsA jk"Vª fuekZ.k og izfØ;k gS tks yksxksa dks tkrh;] {ks=h;] /kkfeZd] Hkk"kk;h

rFkk lkaLÑfrd vusd ladh.kZ Hkkoukvksa dks u"V djds jk"Vªh; Hkkovukvksa rFkk fu"Bkvksa dks fofdflr

djrh gSA

dqN fo)kuksa us jk"Vª&fuekZ.k dh ifjHkk"kk fuEufyf[kr rjhdksa ls nh gSA

QsfMªd ds vuqlkj&jk"Vª&fuekZ.k ,d lewg dks laxfBr djuk rFkk vUrjkZ"Vªh; çfrfuf/kRo vkSj ?kjsyw

;kstukvksa ds fy, leqg ds izfr oQknkjh gSA

Y;qfl;u ikbZ ds vuqlkj&jk"Vª&fuekZ.k dk vFkZ gS og izfØ;k ftlds }kjk yksx NksVs dchyksa] xk¡oksa] uxjksa

;k NksVh fj;klrksa ds izfr oQknkjh vkSj ca/kuksa dks fo'kky dsUnzh; jktuhfrd iz.kkyh dh vkSj eksM+ ysrs

gSaAß

4- jk"Vª&fuekZ.k esa jkT; ds Hkwfedk dk la{ksi esa o.kZu dhft,A

mÙkj% vjLrq us fy[kk gS&jkT; dh mRifŸk euq"; dh vfuok;Z vko';drkvksa dh iqfrZ ds fy, gqbZ gS ijUrq og

vPNk thou cuk, j[kus ds fy;s ekStwn gSA

xzhu ds vuqlkj&jkT; dk dk;Z dsoy vijkf/k;ksa dks idM+uk] le>kSrksa dks ykxw djuk vFkkZr iqfyl dk;Z

gh ugha gS cfYd mldk dk;Z equ";ksa dks tgk¡ rd gks lds] leku volj iznku djuk gS] rkfd os viuk

ckSf)d vkSj uSfrd fodkl dj ldsA

vk/kqfud jkT; fuEufyf[kr rRoksa ds vk/kkj ij jk"Vª&fuekZ.k esa egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkkrk gSA

(i) jkT; rFkk HkkSxkfyd ,drk&,d fuf'pr HkkSxksfyd ,drk okys {ks= esa jgus okys yksxksa esa leku

laLÑfr [kku&iku] jgu&lgu rFkk ijaijkvksa dh lekurk mRiUu gksrh gSA tks jk"Vª ds fuekZ.k esa

cgqr lgk;rk djrh gSA ;|fi vk/kqfud le; esa oSKkfud mUufr rFkk vkokxeu ds lk/kkuksa ds

fodkl ds QyLo:i jk"Vª&fuekZ.k ds bl rRo dk egRo de gks x;k gSA

jktuhfrd fl)kUr

226

(ii) jkT; rFkk jk"Vª&fuekZ.k dk jktuhfrd igyw&jkT; gh jk"Vª dks jktuhfrd lqj{kk iznku djrk gS

vkSj jktuhfrd fLFkjrk 'kkfUr rFkk dkuwu O;oLFkk cuk, j[kus esa lgk;rk djrk gSA yksdra=h;

'kklu&iz.kkyh esa lHkh ukfxfjdksa dh jktuhfrd Hkkxhnkjh gksrh gSA tks jk"Vª&fuekZ.k esa egRoiw.kZ

Hkwfedk vnk dj ldrk gSA

(iii) jkT; rFkk jk"Vª&fuekZ.k ds vkfFkZd igyw&fdlh Hkh ns'k ds jk"Vª&fuekZ.k ds fy;s mldk vkfFkZd

fodkl gksuk vko';d gS ;fn fdlh ns'k esa /ku dqN gh O;fDr;ksa ds gkFkksa esa dsfUnzr gksxk rks

lk/kkj.k turk cgqr fu/kZu gksxh rks og ns'k jk"Vª&fuekZ.k esa lQy ugha gks ldrkA

(iv) jkT; rFkk jk"Vª&fuekZ.k dk lkekftd igyw&jkT; lkekftd lekurk dh LFkkiuk djrk gS rkfd

ukxfjdksa esa tkfr] uLy] /keZ] fyax rFkk jax vkfn ds vk/kkj ij fdlh izdkj ls HksnHkko u fd;k

tk ldsA vr% lkekftd lekurk jk"Vª fuekZ.k esa egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkkrh gSA

5- jk"Vªh; ,dhdj.k ls vkidk D;k vfHkizk; gS\

vFkok

jk"Vªh; ,dhdj.k dk D;k vFkZ gS\

mÙkj% jk"Vªh; ,dhdj.k ml HkkoukRed rFkk fopkjkRed ,drk dk uke gS tks lHkh Hkkjrokfl;ksa dks izkUr] Hkk"kk]

tkfr] et+gc] {ks= vkfn ladh.kZ Hkkoukvksa ls Åij mBkdj mUgsa ,drk dh Hkkouk esa Mqcksdj mUgsa bl jk"Vª

dh lukru ijaijk ds vuqlkj fofo/krk esa ,drk ykrh gSA

dqN izfl) fo}kuksa us fuEufy[kr rjhdksa ls jk"Vªh; ,dhdj.k dk vFkZ crk;k gSA

ekbZju chuj ds vuqlkj& jk"Vªh; ,dhdj.k dk vfHkizk; ,d lqfuf'pr Hkw Hkkx ds izfr ,slh xgjh

jk"Vªh;rk dh Hkkouk dk fodkl djuk gS tks ladh.kZ vkSj ladqfpr okQknkfj;ksa dks cuk nsrh gS ;k mUgs

Uk"V dj Mkyrh gSA

MkW- ,l- jk/kkÑ".kuu ds vuqlkj& jk"Vªh; ,dhdj.k ,d ?kj ugha gS tks pqus vkSj bZV ls cuk;k tk ldrk

gSA ;g ,d vkS|ksfxd ;kstuk Hkh ugha gS ftl ij fo'ks"Kksa }kjk fopkj fd;k tk ldrk gS vkSj jpukRed

:i fn;k tk ldrk gSA blds foifjr ,dhdj.k ,d ,slk fopkj gS ftldk fodkl yksxksa ds fnyksa esa

gksrk gSA ;g ,d psruk gS ftlus tulk/kkj.k dks tkx̀r djuk gSA

6- jk"Vªh; ,dhdj.k ds ekxZ esa vkus okyh fdUgha pkj ck/kkvksa dk mYys[k dhft,A

mÙkj% jk"Vªh; ,dhdj.k ds ekxZ esa vkus okyh pkj eq[; ck/kk,a fuEufyf[kr gSaA

(i) tkfrokn&tkfrokn dh leL;k us jk"Vªh; ,dhdj.k ds ekxZ esa egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkk;h gSA

tkrh; laxBuksa dh Hkkjrh; jktuhfr esa egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk gSA pquko ds le; mEehnokjksa dk p;u

tkfr ds vk/kkj ij fd;k tkrk gSA pquko izpkj esa tkfr ds vk/kkj ij oksV ekaxh tkrh gSA

iz'kklu esa Hkh tkrh;rk dk lekos'k gks x;k gSA

(ii) {ks=okn&vusd jktuhfrd ny Hkkjr dks ,d jk"Vª ds LFkku ij cgqjk"Vªh; jkT; dk >wBk izpkj

djds {ks=okn dks c<+kok nsrs gSaA Hkkjr dh lkaLÑfrd ,drk dks u igpkus dh dkj.k turk esa

tks vKkurk QSyk gqvk gS] jktuhfrK mldk ykHk mBkus ds mís'; ls jktuhfrd {ks=h;rk dh

ladqfpr Hkkouk,a QSykrs gSA

(iii) f'k{kk dk vkHkko&vf'k{kk vkSj vKkurk ekuo ds fodkl ds lcls cM+k 'k=q gSaA bl vKkurk dk

nw:i;ksx djds jktuhfrd usrk vkSj ny lkEiznkf;drk] {ks=okn] Hkk"kkokn] tkfrokn vkfn rRoksa

dk c<+kok nsdj jk"Vªh; ,dhdj.k ds ekxZ esa ck/kk igq¡pkrs gSaA


227

(iv) iz'kklu dk fxjrk Lrj&HkkbZ&Hkrhtkokn] ykyQhrk'kkh] ukSdj'kkgh dh lÙkk/kkjh ny ds lkFk

xBca/ku iz'kklu esa jktuhfrd gLr{ksi vkfn us iz'kklu esa Hkz"Vkpkj QSyk j[kk gSA bu lHkh ckrksa

ls jkf"Vªh; ,dhdj.k dks gkfu igqaprh gSA

7- Hkkjr esa jk"Vªh; ,dhdj.k ds ekxZ esa vkus okyh ck/kkvksa dks nwj djus ds dksbZ ikap mik; crk,aA

mÙkj% Hkkjr dh ,drk rFkk v[k.Mrk dks cuk, j[kus ds fy, jk"Vªh; ,dhdj.k vfuok;Z gSA vr% jk"Vªh;

,dhdj.k dks cuk, j[kus ds fy, ck/kkvksa dks nwj djus ds fuEufyf[kr mik; viuk;k tkuk vfr

vko';d gSA

(i) lkekftd lekurk&lekt esa çpfyr Å¡p&uhp] tkr&ikr] NvkNwr dh Hkkouk dks izHkko'kkyh

<ax ls nwj djuk rFkk fiNM+s cxksZ dh dkuwuh laj{k.k nsdj lkekftd ghurk dks Hkkouk dh nwj

djuk pkft,A

(ii) vkfFkZd lekurk dh LFkkiuk&Hkkjr esa bl izdkj dh vkfFkZd uhfr viuk;h tkuh pkfg, ftlls

xjhch vkSj csjkstxkjh nwj gks] /ku dk leku forj.k gks rkfd ns'k esa /ku dk dsUnzhdj.k dqN gkFksa

esa u gksA bl fn'kk es ans'k es alektoknh O;oLFkk dks viukuk pkfg,A

(iii) jk"Vªh; laLÑfr dk fodkl&Hkkjr dh laLÑfr izkphu vkSj vkn'kZe; gSA vr% jk"Vªh; laLÑfr dk

fodkl ;fn mfpr <ax ls fd;k tk; rks blls lkekftd] HkkoukRed vkSj jk"Vªh; ,drk dks

izksRlkgu feysxkA

(iv) ladh.kZ Hkkoukvksa dks nwj djuk&jk"Vª dh ,drk ,o v[k.Mrk ds fy;s tkfrokn Hkk"kkokn] {ks=okn]

bR;kfn ladh.kZ Hkkoukvksa dh nwj fd;k tkuk vfr vko';d gSA bu ladh.kZ Hkkoukvksa dks nwj djus

ds fy, f'k{kk] lekpkj i= if=dkvksa rFkk izpkj ds lk/kuksa dh lgk;rk ls yksxksa esa mnkj

n`f"Vdks.k fodflr fd;k tkuk pkfg,A

(v) iz'kklu esa turk dk fo'okl gksuk&iz'kklu esa turk dk fo'okl iSnk djus ds fy;s ea=h ,oa

ljdkjh deZpkjh dh bZekunkj fu"i{k ,oa dk;Zdq'ky cukuk gksxkA


fuEufyf[kr iz'uksa ds dqN oSdfYid mÙkj fn;s x;s gSa muesa ls Bhd mÙkj dk p;u dhft,A

1- jk"Vª (Nation) 'kCn dh mRifr usf';ks (Natio) 'kCn ls gqbZ gS] tks fuEufyf[kr esa ls fdl Hkk"kk dk 'kCn

gS&

¼d½ ;wukuh

¼[k½ ysfVu

¼x½ bVkfy;u

¼?k½ QSzp

2- fuEufyf[kr esa ls dkSu jk"Vª dk rRo gS&

¼d½ uLy dh lekurk

¼[k½ HkkSxksfyd ,drk

¼x½ leku Hkk"kk

¼/k½ mijksDr lHkh

3- fuEufyf[kr esa ls dkSu lk rRo jk"Vª fuekZ.k dks izHkkfor ugha djrk gS&

jktuhfrd fl)kUr

228

¼d½ vkS|ksxhdj.k

¼[k½ f'k{kk dk izlkj

¼x½ uxjhdj.k

¼/k½ lkEiznkf;drk

4- ßleku uLy] Hkk"kk] leku vknrksa] jhfr&fjoktksa rFkk leku /keZ tSls rRoksa }kjk jk"Vª dk fuekZ.k gksrk gSAß

jk"Vª dh ;g ifjHkk"kk fdl fo}ku us nh gSA

¼d½ cxsZl

¼[k½ QksMsj

¼x½ fxydzkbLV

¼?k½ yhdkWd

5- ß,d jk"Vªh;rk] jktuhfrd ,drk rFkk izHkqlrk dks izkIr djds jk"Vª cu tkrh gSÞ] ;g dFku fdl fo}ku

dk gS\

¼d½ fxydzkbLV

¼?k½ cxzsl

¼x½ gst

¼?k½ LVkWfyu

6- ßjk"Vªh;rk fdl O;fDr dk Lrj gS tks jkT; HkfDr ds cU/ku }kjk jkT; ls ca/kk gqvk gSß] ;g dFku fdl

fo}ku dk gS\

¼d½ tsñ ,lñ fey

¼[k½ fxydzkbLV

¼x½ fjpMZ Dysjuh

¼?k½ ykWMZ czkbl

7- Hkkjr esa fuEufyf[kr esa dkSu jk"Vª fuekZ.k esa ck/kk gS\

¼d½ lkEiznkf;drk

¼[k½ tkfrokn

¼x½ Hkz"Vkpkj


8- fuEufyf[kr esa ls dkSu lk rRo jk"Vª fuekZ.k dks izHkkfor djrk gS&

¼d½ vkS|kSfxdj.k

¼[k½ f'k{kk dk izlkj

¼x½ uxjhdj.k

¼/k½ mijksDr rhuksa

9- ßHkkjrh; jk"Vªh; fuekZ.k esa lQyrk ds dbZ dkj.k gS] ijarq muesa eq[; dkj.k if'peh fof'k"V oxZ dk

lekt ds lq/kkj rFkk Lor=rk izkfIr ds fy, opuo)rk dk gksuk gSß] ;g dFku fdldk gS\

¼d½ tokgjyky usg:


229

¼[k½ ljnkj iVsy

¼x½ Jhfuokl


10- fuEufyf[kr esa ls dkSu jk"Vªh; ,dhdj.k ds ekxZ esa ck/kk gS&

¼d½ tkfrokn

¼[k½ lkEiznkf;drk

¼x½ Hkk"kkokn

¼?k½ mijksDr rhuks

11- fuEufyf[kr esa ls dkSu jk"Vªh; ,dhdj.k ds ekxZ dh ck/kkvksa dks nwj djus dk mik; gS&

¼d½ lekurk

¼[k½ Hkk"kkokn

¼x½ lkEiznkf;drk

¼?k½ xjhch

12- Hkkjr esa jk"Vªh; ,dhdj.k dh leL;k dk eq[; dkj.k gS&

¼d½ fofHkUu /keksa ds yksxksa dk gksuk

¼[k½ Hkkjr dk ,d fo'kky ns'k gksuk

¼x½ fofHkUu Hkk"kk, cksyusa okys yksxksa dk gksuk

¼?k½ Hkkjr dh turk dk vui<+ ,oa vKkuh gksuk

13- Hkjrh; lafo/kku esa fuEufyf[kr dh O;oLFkk dh x;h gS&

¼d½ vUr% [k.M ifj"kn dh

¼[k½ vUrjkZT;h; ifj"kn dh

¼x½ vUr% ljdkj ifj"kn dh

¼[k½ mijksDr esa ls dksbZ ugha

14- vUrjkZT;h; ifj"kn (Inter State Council) dk v/;{k dkSu gksrk gS&

¼d½ iz/kkuea=h

¼[k½ jk"Vªifr

¼x½ eq[;ea=h

¼?k½ yksdlHkk dk v/;{k

15- ßjk"Vªh; ,dhdj.k yksxksa ds gn;ksa rFkk efLr"dksa dk ,dhdj.k gSÞ ;s 'kCn gS&

¼d½ tokgjyky usg#

¼[k½ egkRek xk¡/kh

¼x½ ljnkj iVsy

¼?k½ Mkñ jktsUnz izlkn

16- jk"Vªh; ,dhdj.k ifj"kn dh LFkkiuk fdl o"kZ dh x;h&

jktuhfrd fl)kUr

230

¼d½ 1956

¼[k½ 1990

¼x½ 1975

¼?k½ 1978

17- jk"Vªh; ,drk ifj"kn dk iquZxBu fuEufyf[kr esa ls fdl o"kZ fd;k x;k&

¼d½ 1975

¼[k½ 1980

¼x½ 1990

¼?k½ 1995

mÙkj% ¼1½ [k] ¼2½ ?k] ¼3½ ?k] ¼4½ [k] ¼5½ x ¼6½ x ¼7½ ?k ¼8½ ?k ¼9½ x ¼10½ ?k]

¼11½ d ¼12½ ?k ¼13½ [k ¼14½ d ¼15½ d ¼16½ d ¼17½ [k

miHkksDrk laj{k.k

231

v/;k; 13 miHkksDrk laj{k.k (Consumer Protection)

1- miHkksDrk laj{k.k ls vki D;k le>rs gS\

vFkok

miHkksDrk laj{k.k dk D;k vFkZ gS\

mÙkj% Hkkjr ljdkj }kjk lu~ 1986 esa ikfjr &^miHkksDrk* lqj{kk vf/kfu;e* oLrq ds vuqlkj miHkksDrk dh

ifjHkk"kk nsrs gq, dgk x;k gS fd tks O;fDr ewY; nsdj dksbZ oLrq [kjhnrk gS vFkok fdlh izdkj dh lsok

izkIr djrk gS] og O;fDr dkuwu dh n`f"V esa miHkksDrk gSA dqN o"kZ igys rd eky [kjhnus okyh O;fDr

dh ;g ftEesokjh gksrh Fkh fd og eky dh xq.kork dk ek=k dks tk¡pdj [kjhnsaA blds fy, og O;kikjh

ds ftEesokj ugha Bgjk ldrk FkkA ml le; oLrqvksa dh fdLesa brus tfVy ugha Fkh] ftlds dkj.k

mudh tk¡p&iM+rky dh tk ldrh FkhA ijarq vkt ds oSKkfud o rduhdh lekt esa miHkksDrk ds fy;s

oLrqvksa dh tk¡p&iM+rky djuk dkQh tfVy gks x;k gSA vr% miHkksDrk ds fgrksa lqjf{kr j[kuk cgqr

vko';d cu x;k gSA bl dY;k.kdkjh jkT; esa vc ;g fu;e izpfyr gS fd fodzsrk Hkh vius csps x;s

eky ds fy;s vÙkjnk;h gS vkSj mls Hkh mu 'krksZ dk /;ku j[kuk pkfg,] ftu ij og eky csp jgk gSA

vr% miHkksDrk ds 'kks"k.k ds lekIr djus ds fy;s jkT; rFkk vU; laLFkkvksa }kjk laj{k.k fn;k tkuk gh

^miHkksDrk laj{k.k* dgykrk gSA

2- miHkksDrkvksa ds lkeus vkus okyh fdUgh pkj izeq[k leL;kvksa dks la{ksi esa o.kZu dhft,A

mÙkj% miHkksDrkvksa ds le{k vkus okyh pkj izeq[k leL;k,a fuEufyf[kr gSA

¼1½ O;kikfjd laLFkkuksa rFkk nqdkunkjksa }kjk viuh oLrqvksa ,oa lsokvksa ds cspus ds fy;s lekpkj&i=ksa]

jsfM+;ks rFkk Vsfyfotu bR;kfn rjhdksa }kjk oLrqvksa ds xq.k c<+k&p<+dj izlkfjr fd;s tkrs gSa]

ftuds dkj.k miHkksDrk xqejkg gks tkrs gSa rFkk ?kfV;k ,oa udyh oLrq,a [kjhnus ds fy;s Hkh

rS;kj gks tkrs gSaA

¼2½ O;kikjh oxZ vf/kd ykHk dekus ds fy;s viuh fcdzh dh tkus okyh oLrqvksa esa feykoV djrs gSa

ftuls dbZ ckj ml oLrq dk iz;ksx djus okys ds LokLF; dks Hkh gkfu gks ldrh gSA

¼3½ dbZ mRikndksa }kjk ?kfV;k rFkk udyh oLrq,a cukdj rFkk mUgsa cspdj Hkh miHkksDrkvksa dk 'kks"k.k

fd;k tkrk gSA

¼4½ dbZ ckj ukSdj'kkgh dh lsokvksa ds fujdqa'k O;ogkj ds dkj.k miHkksDrkvksa dks Hkkjh Hkkjh leL;kvksa

dk lkeuk djuk iM+rk gS] tSls VsfyQksu dh ykbZu [kjkc gksus fctyh dh ykbZu [kjkc gksus

vkfn ij izk;% miHkksDrk ljdkjh ukSdj'kkgha ds vuqfpr O;oLFkk dk f'kdkj jgrs gSA

3- Hkkjr ljdkj us miHkksDrkvksa ds fgrksa ds fy;s dkSu&dkSu ls dkuwu ikfjr fd;s x;s gSa\ la{ksi esa fy[ksaA

mÙkj% Hkkjr ljdkj }kjk miHkksDrkvksa dk laj{k.k lac/kh fuEufyf[kr dkuwu ikfjr fd;s x;s gS&

¼1½ lu~ 1955 dk vko';d oLrqvksa lac/kh dkuwu (The essential Commodities Act, 1955)

¼2½ lu~ 1969 dk vtkjsnkjh ,oa lhferdkjh O;kolkf;d O;ogkjksa lac/kh dkuwu (MRTP Act, 1969)

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¼3½ lu~ 1976 dk eki&rkSy lac/kh dkuwu

¼4½ lu~ 1976 dk [kk| esa feykoV jksd laca/kh dkuwu

¼5½ lu~ 1980 dk dkyk/kU/kk jksd ,oa vko';d oLrqvksa dh iqfrZ dks dk;e j[kus laca/kh dkuwu

¼6½ miHkksDrk lqj{kk vf/kfu;r] 1986

¼7½ miHkksDrk laj{k.k la'kks/ku vf/kfu;e] 1993

4- dsUnzh; miHkksDrk lqj{kk ifj"kn ds xBu ,oa dk;ksZa dk la{ksi esa o.kZu dhft,A

mÙkj% dsUnzh; miHkksDrk lqj{kk ifj{kn dks dsfUnz; ifj"kn ds uke ls Hkh tkuk tkrk gSA budk xBu dsUnzh;

ljdkj ds vkns;kkuqlkj fuEufyf[kr rjhdksa ls fd;k tkrk gSA

¼1½ buds lnL;ksa dh la[;k 150 gksrh gSA

¼2½ dsUnzh; ljdkj ds [kk| o vkiwfrZ foHkkx dk ea=h bl ifj"kn dk insu v/;{k gksxk rFkk

jkT;ea=h mik/;{k gksxkA

¼3½ ik¡p lnL; yksdlFkk ds rFkk rhu lnL; jkT; lHkk ls fy;s yk;sxsA

¼4½ 20 lnL; dsUnzh; ljdkj ds foHkkxksa ls ftudk laca/k miHkksDrk fgrks dh lqj{kk ls gSA

¼5½ 35 lnL; miHkksDrkvksa ,oa muds laxBuksa ds izfrfuf/k gksxsaA

¼6½ efgykvksa dks Hkh izfrfuf/kRo fn;k x;k gSA ftudh la[;k 10 ls de ugha gksxhA

¼7½ fdlkuksa] O;kikfj;ksa o m|ksxks ds çfrfuf/k;ksa dh la[;k 20 ls vf/kd ugha gksxhA

¼8½ jkT;ksa ds [kk| ,oa vkiwfrZ ea=hA

¼9½ blds vfrfjDr 15 ,sls izfrfuf?k gksxksa tks miHkksDrkvksa ds fgrksa dk izfrfuf/kRo djsaxsA

¼10½ dsUnzh; ljdkj esa [kk| o vkiwfrZ foHkkx dk lafpo bl ifj"kn dk lfpo gksxkA

ifj"kn dk dk;Zdky& dsUnzh; ifj"kn ds lnL;ksa dh fu;qfDr 3 o"kZ ds fy;s dh tkrh gSA ifj"kn ds

lnL; R;kxi= nsdj viuk in dk;Zdze ds iwoZ Hkh R;kx ldrs gSA R;kx i= fn;s tkus dh fLFkfr esa

[kkyh txg ckdh cps gq, le; ds fy;s Hkjk tkrk gSA

dsUnzh; ifj"kn dk dk;Z djus dk <a+x& dsUnzh; ifj"kn dh cSBd o"kZ esa ,d ckj vo'; gksxh rFkk bl

cSBd dh v/;{krk ifj"kn ds v/;{k ds }kjk dh tkrh gSA v/;{k dh vuqifLFkfr esa mik/;{k ,oa nksuksa dh

vuqifLFkfr esa dsUnzh; ifj"kn dkjZokbZ pyus ds fy;s lnL;ksa esa ls fdlh ,d dks v/;{k pqurh gSA dsUnzh;

ifj"kn cSBd ds fy;s de&ls&de 10 fnu dk uksfVl nsxhA dsUnzh; ifj"kn dk;ksZ dks lq[k: {i ls pyus

ds fy, dk;Zokgh xzqi dk xBu djrh gSA bu dk;Zdkjh xzqiksa dh flQkfj'kksa dsUnzh; ifj"kn ds lkeus

izLrqr dh tkrh gSA

dsUnzh; ifj"kn dks miHkksDrkvksa ds lqj{kk ds fy;s fuEufyf[kr Ng vf/kdkj fn;s x;s gSA

¼1½ lqj{kk dk vf/kdkjA

¼2½ lwpuk izkIr djus dk vf/kdkjA

¼3½ p;u djus dk vf/kdkjA

¼4½ lquokbZ dk vf/kdkjA

¼5½ O;kikj lac/kh f'kdk;rsa lquus dk vf/kdkjA

¼6½ miHkksDrk f'k{kk dk vf/kdkjA

5- jkT; miHkksDrk lqj{kk ifj"kn ds xBu ,oa mís';ksa ij la{ksi esa izdk'k Mkfy,A

miHkksDrk laj{k.k

233

mÙkj% dsUnzh; miHkksDrk lqj{kk ifj{kn dh rjg 1986 ds miHkksDrk lqj{kk vf/kfu;e esa jkT; miHkksDrk lqj{kk

ifj"knksa dk xBu djus dk vf/kdkj izR;sd jkT; dks izkIr gSA

jkT; miHkksDrk lqj{kk ifj{kn dk xBu&jkT; ljdkj ds [kk| o vkiwfrZ ea=h dks jkT; viHkksDrk lqj{kk

ifj{kn dk v/;{k fu;qDr fd;k tkrk gS rFkk nqljs lnL;ksa dh fu;qfDr jkT; ljdkj }kjk dh tkrh gSA

bldh cSBd o"kZ esa nks ckj vo'; gksxhA

mís'; o dk;Z&jkT; ifj"kn ds dk;Z o mís'; dsUnzh; ifj"kn dh rjg gSA vUrj flQZ bruk gS fd ;g

flQZ jkT; Lrj ij gksxhA ;g miHkksDrk ds fgrksa dks c<+kok ,oa lja{k,k dk dk;Z djsxhA

6- ftyk Qksje esa f'kdk;r djus dk vf/kdkj fdUgsa izkIr gS rFkk D;k fu.kZ; ns ldrk gS\

mÙkj% ftyk Qksje esa fuEufyf[kr rjg ds O;fDr f'kdk;r dj ldrs gSa&

¼1½ miHkksDrk }kjk ftls oLrq,a csph x;h gksA

¼2½ ekU;rk izkIr miHkksDrk laLFkk }kjk

¼3½ dsUnz o jkT; ljdkj }kjk

¼4½ miHkksDrkvksa ds fgr dks /;ku esa j[kdj ,d ;k vf/kd miHkksDrkvksa }kjkA

ftyk Qksje ,d vlSfud U;k;ky; dh rjg dk;Z djrh gSA izR;sd i{k dks viuk i{k izLrqr djus ds

fy;s de&ls&de 30 fnu ,oa vf/kd ls vf/kd 45 fnu dk le; fn;k tkrk gSA lk/kkj.kr% ,d o"kZ ds

vUnj f'kdk;r izLrqr dh tk ldrh gS ysfdu bl vof/k ds ckn Hkh ftyk Qksje f'kdk;r dks Lohdkj

dj ldrh gSA

ftyk Qksje ds fu.kZ;%& ftyk Qksje f'kdk;r ds vk/kkj ij fuEufyf[kr dkjokbZ dj ldrh gSA

¼1½ oLrqvksa dh dfe;ksa dks nwj fd;k tk;sA

¼2½ oLrqvksa dks cnyk tk;A

¼3½ oLrq dh dher dk;e dh tk;A

¼4½ miHkksDrkvksa dks eqvkotk fn;k tk;sA

¼5½ lsok esa dfe;ksa dks nwj fd;k tk;sA

¼6½ [krjukd eky dh fcdzh u dh tk;sA

¼7½ xyr O;kikj ds rjhds cUn fd;s tk;sA

7- miHkksDrk lqj{kk vf/kfu;e ds vuqlkj jkT; vk;ksx ds dk;Z crkb,A

mÙkj% izR;sd jkT; esa miHkksDrkvksa dh f'kdk;rksa dks lquus ds fy;s ,d vk;ksx dh LFkkiuk dh x;h gS] ftls

jkT; vk;ksx dgk tkrk gSA jkT; vk;ksx esa ,d v/;{k ftldk pquko mPp U;k;ky; ls vodk'k izkIr

U;k;k/kh'k ds #i esa rFkk vU; nks lnL;ksa dh fu;qfDr O;kikj] vFkZ'kkL=] okf.kT;] m|kksx o iz'kklu ds

{ks= esa [;kfr izkIr O;fDr;ksa dh tkrh gSA bu nks lnL;ksa esa ,d efgyk lnL; gksrh gSA jkT; vk;ksx ds

v/;{k dh fu;qfDr jkT; ljdkj }kjk mPp U;k;ky; ds eq[; U;k;k/kh'k ds lykg ij dh tkrh gsA

fu;qfDr dk;Zdky ,oa osru&jkT; vk;ksx ds lnL;ksa dk p;u ,d p;u lhfer }kjk fd;k tkrk gSA

jkT; vk;ksx dk izR;sd lnL; dk dk;Zdky 5 o"kZ dk gksrk gSA izR;sd lnL; 67 o"kZ dh vk;q esa vius

in ls lsokfuo`r gksrk gSA fdlh Hkh O;fDr dks vf/kdre nks ckj lnL; fu;qDr fd;k tkrk gSA jkT;

vk;ksx ds lnL;ksa ds osru o HkÙks jkT; ljdkj }kjk fu;qDr fn;s tkrs gSA

vf/kdkj {ks=&miHkksDrk lqj{kk vf/kfu;e 1986 ds vuqlkj jkT; vk;ksx ds vf/kdkj {ks= dks nks Hkkxksa esa

ck¡Vk x;k gSA

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¼1½ izkjafHkd vf/kdkj {ks=&5 yk[k ls 20 yk[k rd ds ewY; ls lacf/kr oLrqvksa ds ekeys lh/ks jkT;

vk;ksx esa ys tk;s tk ldrs gSaA jkT; vk;ksx dks fdlh Hkh ftyk Qksje ds fjdkMZ dks vius ikl

e¡xokus dk vf/kdkj gS ;fn mlus vius vf/kdkjksa dk xyr iz;ksx fd;k gSA

¼2½ vihyh; vf/kdkj {ks=&miHkksDrkvksa dks ftyk Qksje ds fu.kZ;ksa ds fo:} jkT; vk;ksx es vihy

djus dk vf/kdkj izkIr gSA

jkT; vk;ksx ls lacf/kr izfdz;k&jkT; vk;ksx ,d vlSfud U;k;ky; dh rjg dk;Z djrk gSA jkT;

vk;ksx ds vkns'kksa dh vogsyuk gksus ij ,d eghus ls rhu eghus rd dh dSn dh ltk nh tk ldrh gSA

8- miHkksDrk lqj{kk vf/kfu;e esa jk"Vªh; vk;ksx dh Hkwfedk dk la{ksi esa o.kZu dhft,A

mÙkj% jk"Vªh; Lrj ds vk;ksx dks jk"Vªh; miHkksDrk fookn fuokj.k Hkh dgk tkrk gSA blds mnL;ksa dh la[;k

miHkksDrk vf/kfu;e 1986 ds }kjk 5 fu/kkZfjr fd;k gSA vk;ksx esa ,d v/;{k ftldh fu;qfDr lokZP;

U;k;ky; ds vodk'k izkIr U;k;k/kh'k es ls rFkk vU; 4 lnL;ksa dh fu;qfDr vkfFkZd {ks=] dkuwuh {ks=]

ys[kk o m|ksx {ks= ;k fQj iz'kklfud {ks= ds vuqHkoh izkIr O;fDr;ksa esa ls dh tkrh gSA 4 lnL;ksa esa ls

,d efgyk lnL; dk gksuk vfuok;Z gSA

fu;qfDr o dk;Zdky&vk;ksx ds lnL;ksa dh fu;qfDr ljdkj }kjk p;u lfefr dh flQkfj'k ij dh tkrh

gSA jk"Vªh; vk;ksx ds lnL;ksa dk dk;Zdky 5 o"kksZa dh gksrh gSA rFkk mudh lsokfuo`fÙk dh vk;q 70 o"kZ

fu/kkZfjr gSA fdlh lnL; dks nqckjk fu;qDr ugha fd;k tk ldrkA

osru rFkk HkÙks&jk"Vªh; vk;ksx ds v/;{k dks loksZP; U;k;k/kh'k ds leku osru o HkÙks fn;s tkrs gSaA nqljs

lnL;ksa dks 6000 :i;k ekfld ikfjJfed iqjs eghus ds fy;s rFkk ;fn lnL; de le; ds fy;s gS rks

300 :i;k izfrfnu ds fglkc ls ikfjJfed fn;k tkrk gSA lnL;ksa ds osru o HkÙks lafrr fuf/k esa ls fn;s

tkrs gSA

jk"Vªh; vk;ksx dk LFkku&jk"Vªh; vk;ksx dk eq[;ky; fnYyh esa gSA jk"Vªh; vk;ksx dh cSBd v/;{k }kjk

vko';drk iM+us ij cqyk;h tkrh gSA

jk"Vªh; vk;ksx dk vf/kdkj {ks=&jk"Vªh; vk;ksx dks izkjafHkd o vihyh; vf/kdkj izkIr gSA 20 yk[k :i;s

rd ds ekeys ds lqfuokbZ dk vf/kdkj jk"Vªh; vk;ksx ds ikl gSA fofHkUu jkT;ksa ds jkT; vk;ksx ds

fu.kZ; ds fo:} vihy jk"Vªh; vk;ksx ds ikl vkrh gSA

jk"Vªh; vk;ksx ds fu.kZ;&jk"Vªh; vk;ksx ,d vlSfud U;k;ky; dh rjg dk;Z djrh gS rFkk fu.kZ; cgqer

ds vk/kkj ij yh tkrh gSA jk"Vªh; vk;ksx ds fu.k;ksZa ds fo:} loksZPp I;k;ky; esa vihy dh tk ldrh

gSA jk"Vªh; vk;ksx ds fu.kZ; dh vogsyuk dh fLFkfr es ,d eghus ls ysdj 3 eguhus rd dh dSn dh

ltk nh tk ldrh gSA

oLrqfu"B ¼cgq fodYih½ iz'u (Objective Type Questions)

fuEufyf[kr iz'uksa ds dqN oSdfYid mÙkj fn;s x;s gSaA muesa ls Bhd mÙkj dk p;u dhft,A

1- Hkkjr esa miHkksDrk laj{k.k vf/kfu;e fdl o"kZ ikfjr fd;k x;k&

¼d½ lu~ 1986

¼[k½ lu~ 1992

¼x½ lu~ 1993

¼?k½ lu~ 1980

2- fuEufyf[kr esa ls lu~ 1969 esa dkSu lk vf/kfu;e ikl fd;k tkrk x;k\

miHkksDrk laj{k.k

235

¼d½ vko';d oLrqvksa lac/kh dkuwu

¼[k½ uki&rkSy lac/kh dkuwu

¼x½ btkjsnkjh ,oa lferdkjh lac/kh dkuwu

¼x½ miHkksDrk laj{k.k dkuwu

3- miHkksDrk laj{k.k vf/kfu;e] 1986 esa fuEufyf[kr o"kZ esa la'kks/ku fd;k x;k&

¼d½ lu~ 1990

¼[k½ lu~ 1992

¼x½ lu~ 1993

¼?k½ lu~ 1995

4- miHkksDrk fdruh vof/k ds Hkhrj viuh f'kdk;r ntZ dj ldrk gS\

¼d½ 2 o"kZ

¼[k½ 1 o"kZ

¼x½ 6 eghus

¼?k½ 3 eghus

5- jk"Vªh; miHkksDrk fookn fuokj.k vk;ksx dk v/;{k dkSu gks ldrk gS\

¼d½ dsUnzh; dkuwu ea=h

¼[k½ loksZPp U;k;ky; dk U;k;k/kh'k

¼x½ mPp U;k;ky; dk U;k;k/kh'k

¼?k½ iz/kkuea=h

6- M.R.T.P ,DV dsl o"kZ ykxw fd;k x;k&

¼d½ lu~ 1959

¼[k½ lu~ 1969

¼x½ lu~ 1986

¼?k½ lu~ 1976

7- ftyk &Qksje fdruh /kujkf'k ds ewY; rd dh {kkfriwfrZ dk fookn lqu ldrk gS\

¼d½ ,d yk[k

¼[k½ nks yk[k

¼x½ rhu yk[k

¼?k½ ikap yk[k

8- dsUnzh; miHkksDrk lqj{kk ifj"kn esa laln ds fdrus lnL; gksrs gS

¼d½ 5 lnL;

¼[k½ 7 lnL;

¼x½ 8 lnL;

¼?k½ 11 lnL;

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236

9- dsUnzh; miHkksDrk lqj{kk ifj"kn ds lnL;ksa dh fu;qfDr fdrus o"kZ ds fy, dh tkrh gS&

¼d½ 2 o"kZ

¼[k½ 3 o"kZ

¼x½ 5 o"kZ

¼?k½ 7 o"kZ

10- dsUnzh; miHkksDrk lqj{kk ifj"kn dk insu v/;{k fuEufyf[kr esa ls dkSu gksrk gS&

¼d½ mijk"Vªifr

¼[k½ dsUnzh; [kk| ,oa vkiwfrZ foHkkx dk ea=h

¼x½ mijksDr esa ls dksbZ ugha

¼?k½ dsUnzh; [kk| ,oa vkiwfrZ foHkkx dk jkT;ea=h

11- 1986 ds miHkksDrk laj{k.k vf/kfu;e ds vUrxZr viHkksDrk Qksje ds ikl dkSu f'kdk;r dj ldrk gS\

¼d½ dksbZ Hkh ukxfjd

¼[k½ jktuhfrd ny

¼x½ miHkksDrk

¼?k½ ljdkjh vf/kdkjh

12- miHkksDrk laj{k.k vf/kfu;e 1993 ds vUrxZr fuEufyf[kr esa ls fdu lsokvksa ,oa oLrqvksa dks lfEefyr

fd;k x;k&

¼d½ MkDVjh lsok,¡

¼[k½ xSl&flfy.Mj

¼x½ nokbZ;k¡

¼?k½ mijksDr lHkh

mÙkj% ¼1½ d- ¼2½ x] ¼3½ x] ¼4½ d ¼5½ [k] ¼6½ [k] ¼7½ ?k] ¼8½x] ¼9½ [k] ¼10½ [k] ¼11½ x] ¼12½ ?k

nwjlfk f'k{kk funs'kky; egfkz n;kuun fo'ofo|ky;€¦ · · 2013-02-16nwjlfk...

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