nutritional facts of fruit and health benefits - focus-balkans ohrid mardon final1.pdf ·...
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Nutritional facts of fruit and health benefits
Julie MardonEnita Clermont, France
Training 2 - Fruit consumptionOhrid, 23 June 2009
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Nutritional quality = health preventionNutrient content
Introduction
Is there a relationship between fruit intake and health ?
Fruit
Taste
Color
Texture
AromaNutritional quality
Safety (pesticides,
microbiological qality)
One of the key priority of the EU
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Mother Father DIET and activity level
You can enhance your chances for a long and healthy life by changing your:
Introduction
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Low intake of fruits and vegetables was associated with excess mortality in men (Kuopio Ischaemic Heart Disease Risk Factor Study) :
Introduction
F&V < 133 g
F&V > 408 g
Cumulative all-cause mortality according to the fifths of intake of fruits, berries and vegetables
(Rissanen et al., J. Nutr. 133: 199–204, 2003)
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Nutritional facts of fruits
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Nutritional facts of fruits
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Nutritional facts of fruits
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Fruits : « low energy density » foods
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Fruits : « low energy density » foods
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Low calorie content≈ 20 to 70 kcal/100 g
Fruits : « low energy density » foods
High micronutrient content&
Fruit consumption contributes to decrease daily calorie intake while providing a high
level of essential nutrients
Prevention of overweight and obesity ?
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WHO report: Dietary intake of fruit and vegetables and management of body weight (2005)
Fruit and vegetables may play an important role in weight management
How fruit and vegetables could affect energy regulation ?
• Low energy density (high water, low fat content)
• High fibre content (associated with increased satiety and decreased energy intake)
Fruits : « low energy density » foods
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Fruits : « low energy density » foods
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Fruits as a source of fibres
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Fruits as a source of fibres
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Remnants of edible plant cell polysaccharides (nondigestible carbohydrates) and associated substances resistant to hydrolysis by human alimentary enzymes (Cherbut, Brit J Nut, 2002, 87 Suppl. 2, S159-S162)
Complex group of substances
Classified according to their solubility and fermentescibility
Well-known physiological effects : • Influence the digestion process
• Affect transit through their fermentation in the large intestine
Fibres
Fruits as a source of fibres
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Fibres content of fruits:
(Anderson and Bridges, Am J Clin Nutr l988;47:440-7)
TDF, total dietary fiber; TNS, total nonstarch polysaccarides; SNSP, soluble nonstarch polysaccarides; INCP, insoluble noncellulose polysaccarides; CELL, cellulose; and LIG, lignin.
Recommendations (Institute of Medicine) : to consume 14 g /1 000 calories.
Fibre intake: ≈ 15 g (median intakes evaluated from 16.5 to 17.9 g/d for menand 12.1 to 13.8 g/d for women in the United States ; FNB, 2005).
Fruits as a source of fibres
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Nutritional facts of fruits(James et al., Intern Med J 2003; 33: 291–296)Healh effects of fibres:
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Fruits as a source of antioxidant micronutrients
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Fruits as a source of antioxidant micronutrients
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Water-soluble vitaminFruits rich in vitamin C:
strawberries, lemons, kiwi fruit, melons, oranges, grapefruit, tomatoes...Functions:
• strong antioxidant involved in prevention of the effects of free radicals. • involved in the synthesis of collagen, neurotransmitters and carnitine• acts as an enzyme co-factor • involved in the gastrointestinal absorption of iron.
Vitamin C or ascorbic acid
Fat-soluble compounds synthesised only by plants Fruits containing vitamin E: peanuts, almonds, hazelnuts, avocado...Functions:
• strong antioxidant involved in prevention of the effects of free radicals.
Vitamin E or tocopherols
Fruits as a source of antioxidant micronutrients
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Fruits as a source of antioxidant micronutrients
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Functions: present in haem proteins (haemoglobin, myoglobin and cytochromes), involved in oxygen transport or electron transfer, in the biological function of many enzymes
Functions: involved in the function of several enzymes, part of the body's antioxidant defence system, preventing damage to cells and tissues. ...
Functions: included in proteins, part of the body's antioxidant defence system, preventing damage to cells and tissues, involved in the immune system's function, thyroid hormone metabolism, reproduction...
Functions: constituent of numerous metalloenzymes, involved in the synthesis of genetic material, cell division, ...
Copper
Selenium
Zinc
Iron
Fruits as a source of antioxidant micronutrients
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Natural pigments synthesized by plants and microorganisms
600 carotenoids found in nature, 40 present in a typical human diet
Carotenoids concentrations in F&V vary with :• plant variety• degree of ripeness• time of harvest
Biological mechanisms : • conversion to retinoids (provitamin A activity)• modulation of enzymatic activities (proinflammatory molecules)• antioxidant properties• activation of genes expression
• growing conditions• storage conditions
Carotenoids
And other micronutrients !Fruits as a source of antioxidant micronutrients
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Carotenoids: main compounds and food sources
(3) β-carotene
HO
HO
OHHO
OH
(1) Lycopene
(2) α-carotene
(4) β -cryptoxanthin
(5) zeaxanthin
(6) lutein
Food sources
tomato
carrots, apricots, pumpkin, …
Mango, peaches, plums, oranges, kiwi, green fruits and vegetables …
Fruits as a source of antioxidant micronutrients
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Several thousand of molecules found in higher plants, and several hundreds in edible plants !
Secondary metabolites of plants (defense against UV radiation, aggression by pathogens)
Polyphenol concentrations in F&V vary with numerous factors
Biological mechanisms :• modulation of enzymatic activities and cell receptors • antioxidant properties• other specific biological actions ?
Polyphenols
Fruits as a source of antioxidant micronutrients
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Polyphenols: structures and classification
(Manach et al., Am J Clin Nutr 2004; 79: 727-47)
Fruits as a source of antioxidant micronutrients
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Polyphenols: food sources and dailyintake
Total polyphenol intake is considered to be ≈ 1g/d.
Fruit and vegetable intake accounts for 28% to 40% of daily polyphenol intake.
Other main contributors : • coffee• tea• wine• fruit juices• cereals
Total Polyphenol Content of fresh fruit
(Brat et al., J Nutr. 136: 2368-2373, 2006)
Fruits as a source of antioxidant micronutrients
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AntioxidantsReactive oxygen species
Oxidative stress
small molecules that carry one or more unpaired electron
Fruits as a source of antioxidant micronutrients
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Reactive oxygen species are reactive compounds that react with and potentially alter the structure and function of several cellular components (cell membranes, lipoproteins, proteins, carbohydrates, DNA…)
Oxidative damage
Fruits as a source of antioxidant micronutrients
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Oxidative stress and cardiovascular disease Oxidative stress and cancer
DNA damage (mutation)LDL oxidation
Fruits as a source of antioxidant micronutrients
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AntioxidantsReactive oxygen species
Oxidative stress
Endogenous:• Superoxide dismutases
(Cu, Zn)• Catalases• Glutathion peroxidase
(Se)Exogenous:• Vitamin E • Vitamin C• Polyphenols • Carotenoids
small molecules that carry one or more unpaired electron
substances which inhibit or delay oxidation of a substrat
Fruits as a source of antioxidant micronutrients
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Fruit intake and cardiovascular disease
The risk of CHD was decreased by 4% for each additional portion per day of fruit and vegetable intake and by 7% for fruit intake.
Pooled estimate of relative risk (RR) and 95% CI of ischemic heart disease rates for one portion increment per day of ‘fruit.
Fruits as a source of antioxidant micronutrients
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Fruit intake and cancer
A validated food frequency questionnaire was administered in nine areas to 77,891 men and women aged 45–74 years. Higher consumption of fruit, but not vegetables, was associated with significantly lower risk of CVD. Consumption of fruit or vegetables was not associated with decreased risk of total cancer.
Fruits as a source of antioxidant micronutrients
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What about antioxidant supplements ?
Fruits as a source of antioxidant micronutrients
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Authors’ conclusions:
We found no evidence to support antioxidant supplements for primary or secondary prevention.Vitamin A, beta-carotene, and vitamin E may increase mortality. Future randomised trials couldevaluate the potential effects of vitamin C and selenium for primary and secondary prevention.Such trials should be closely monitored for potential harmful effects. Antioxidant supplements needto be considered medicinal products and should undergo sufficient evaluation before marketing.
Fruits as a source of antioxidant micronutrients
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Fruits as a source of alkali nutrients to fight against low grade acidosis
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Western diets (rich in proteins and salt) are known to generate an acid load which can lead to a disturbance of metabolism homeostasisFruits are rich in dietary organic anions mainly present as K salts (K citrate, K malate,…)These anions finally yield KHCO3 which is used by the kidneys to neutralise fixed acidity
Fruits as a source of alkali nutrients
Sulfur amino-acids PH Homeostasis
disturbance
NaCl
Proteins
K, Mg, organic acids
XWestern
diets
Fruits (and vegetables)
Kidney health (kidney stones)
Bone health (urinary Ca losses)
HypertensionKHCO3
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-10
0
10
20
30
spinachblackcurrant
bananacarrot
apricot
cabbage
potatoeseggplant
French beantom
atoorange
ananaslettuceapple
strawberry
water m
elon
leekbroccoli
whole m
ilkpeas
yoghourtw
holemeal bread
lentilW
hite bread
rye breadw
hite ricecornflakesnoodle & eggspaghetti
haddockherringbeef
lean pigegg
chicken
oat flakestroutcam
embert
goudacheddarparm
esanfruits & vegetables (- 3)
Fruits, vegetables
CheesesMeats, fishes
Cereals, legumes
cereals & legumes (+ 4)
meats & fishes (+ 8)
cheeses(+13 à +33)
milk& yogurts (+ 1)
(Demigné, 2007)
Milk & yogurts
Potential Renal Acid Load (PRAL)
0,49xprotéines + 0.037xP – 0.021xK – 0.026xMg – 0.013xCa
Fruits as a source of alkali nutrients
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Conclusion
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Large potential of health gain by increasing fruit and vegetable intake !
Promotion of Fruit consumption represents an enormous public health challenge in the European Union
What about european recommendations on dietary intake ?EFSA expects to deliver the first part of its work related to energy and macronutrient, such as fats, proteins and carbohydrates, by 2009. Work on micronutrients (vitamins and minerals) will start in mid-2009.
So…Let’s have 5 pieces of fruit a day !
Conclusion
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Conclusion
Green
Yellow - orange
Red
Blue purple
White
LuteinZeaxanthinIndolesVitamin KPotassiumβ-carotenViamin ABioflavonoidsVitamin CPotassiumVitamin CLycopeneAnthocyanins
AnthocyaninsVitamin CPhenolics
AlliumAllicin
SpinachCabbageLettuceBroccoli
CarrotsOrangesBananas
TomatoesStrawberries
BlueberriesEggplant
GarlicOnions
Another way to promote F&V intake ???
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Thank you for your attention