nutrition - bakersfield college ©2010 pearson education, inc. proper diet •carbohydrates...
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NUTRITION
Professor Andrea Garrison Biology 11
Illustrations ©2010 Pearson Education, Inc.
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Proper Diet
• Carbohydrates
• Proteins
• Lipids (fats)
• Water
• Vitamins
• Fiber
• Inorganic salts
Nutrition 2
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Carbohydrates
• Sugar, starch, cellulose
• Function
– Energy source
– Carbon source for other molecules the cell makes
– Structure of cells and tissues
Nutrition 3
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Carbohydrates
• Sugars
– Very small carbohydrates • Monosaccharides – one
sugar subunit
• Disaccharides – two sugar subunits
Nutrition 4
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Carbohydrates
• Sugars
– Very small carbohydrates • Monosaccharides – one
sugar subunit
• Disaccharides – two sugar subunits
– Sugars are absorbed into blood quickly
Nutrition 5
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Carbohydrates
• Starch
– Very large carbohydrates • Polysaccharides
– Starch -- in plants
– Glycogen – in animals
– Cellulose – in plants
» Most animals have no enzyme to break it down
Nutrition 6
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Carbohydrates
• Starch
– Very large carbohydrates
• Polysaccharides
– Starch -- in plants
– Glycogen – in animals
– Cellulose – in plants
» Most animals have no enzyme to break it down
– Take long time to break down
• Absorbed into blood more slowly
– Associated with other nutrients
• Vitamins, minerals
Nutrition 7
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Carbohydrate Digestion
Nutrition 8
Most animals have no enzyme to digest cellulose
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Lipids
• Fats, oils, waxes
• Non-water soluble (non-polar)
• Function
– Energy source
– Structure of cells
– Carry fat soluble vitamins into cells
• Some are essential
– Must eat them, body cannot make them
Nutrition 9
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Lipids
Nutrition 10
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Lipid Digestion
Nutrition 11
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Saturated Fats vs Unsaturated Fats
• What do you know about saturated fats?
Nutrition 12
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Saturated Fats vs Unsaturated Fats
• What do you know about saturated fats?
– Solid at room temperature
– Found in animal fats
– Found in a few vegetable fats
• Palm oil
• Palm kernal oil
• Coconut oil
– Linked to heart disease
Nutrition 13
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Saturated Fats vs Unsaturated Fats
• What do you know about unsaturated fats?
– Liquid at room temperature
– Found in most vegetable fats
– Not linked to heart disease
• >50% of fat intake should be unsaturated fats
Nutrition 14
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Saturated vs unsaturated fats
Nutrition 15
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Trans fats
• What are trans fats?
Nutrition 16
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Trans fats
• What are trans fats?
– Seldom occur in nature
– Artificial hydrogenation of unsaturated fats
Nutrition 17
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Trans fats
• What are trans fats?
– Seldom occur in nature
– Artificial hydrogenation of unsaturated fats
• Why?
Nutrition 18
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Trans fats
• What are trans fats?
– Seldom occur in nature
– Artificial hydrogenation of unsaturated fats
• Why? – Make liquid fats more solid
– Can say it’s vegetable fat
– Longer shelf life
Nutrition 19
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Trans fats
• What are trans fats?
– Seldom occur in nature
– Artificial hydrogenation of unsaturated fats
• Why? – Make liquid fats more solid
– Can say it’s vegetable fat
– Longer shelf life
– WORST FATS FOR THE HEART
• NO ACCEPTABLE AMOUNT OF TRANS FAT
Nutrition 20
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Nutrition 21
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Modified Fat
• What is modified fat?
Nutrition 22
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Modified Fat
• What is modified fat?
– ????????????????
Nutrition 23
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Modified Fat
• What is modified fat?
– ????????????????
– Modified fat may refer to use of chemically modified fats
• Not trans fats
• Not adequately studied for health effects
– “Modified fat diet” is different
• Replace saturated fats with unsaturated fats from veg oils, fish and nuts
Nutrition 24
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How do you know what you are getting?
Nutrition 25
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How do you know what you are getting?
Nutrition 26
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How do you know what you are getting?
Nutrition 27
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How do you know what you are getting?
Nutrition 28
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Proteins
• Long chains of amino acids
• Contain nitrogen
• Function
– Structure of cells
– Enzymes
– Antibodies
– Work force of cell
Nutrition 29
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Proteins
Nutrition 30
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Proteins
Nutrition 31
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Proteins
Nutrition 32
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Proteins
Nutrition 33
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Proteins
• 20 different amino acids
– 8 are essential in adults (9 in infants)
Nutrition 34
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Proteins
• 20 different amino acids
– 8 are essential in adults (9 in infants)
– Complete protein foods have all 8
• Meat, dairy
Nutrition 35
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Proteins
• 20 different amino acids
– 8 are essential in adults (9 in infants)
– Complete protein foods have all 8
• Meat, dairy
– Incomplete proteins foods have some, but not all essential amino acids
– Protein complementarity
• Combine foods to get all 8
Nutrition 36
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Protein complementarity
Nutrition 37
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Kwashiokor
Nutrition 38
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Water
• Cell cytoplasm, extracellular fluid ~80% water
• Used by cells for many functions – Dissolves many substances (vitamins, salts)
– Transport (via blood, across cell membranes, excretion of wastes occurs in water)
– Evaporative cooling
– Most chemical reactions in body occur in water
– Reactant in many body reactions (breaking apart starches, fats, etc)
– Movement of sperm requires water
– Lubricant of materials moving through digestive system
Nutrition 39
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Inorganic Salts
• Na, Cl, K, Mg, Ca, P, I, Fe, Cu, Mn, Zn, Co
– Calcium, magnesium, phosphorus necessary for bone and tooth formation
– Iron necessary for hemoglobin
– Iodine necessary for thyroid function
– NaCl necessary for proper osmotic balance
Nutrition 40
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Vitamins
• Substance the body needs in very small amounts and cannot make (or makes in insufficient amounts)
• “Something that will make you sick if you don't get enough”
• Many function as coenzymes
• Not all organisms require same vitamins
Nutrition 41
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Vitamins
• Vitamins required for humans – Water soluble vitamins
• B1 (thiamin), B2 (riboflavin) B6, B12, nicotinic acid, *C, folic acid, pantothenic acid
– Fat soluble vitamins • *A, *D, E, *K
• Can be toxic if too much
*Know names of these vitamins and disorders associated with a lack of them
Nutrition 42
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Metabolism
• Utilization of end products of digestion
– Nutrients
– Energy
Nutrition 43
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Metabolism
• Utilization of end products of digestion
– Nutrients
– Energy
• Metabolic rate
– Energy needed for all activities
– Average 2000 Cal/day (varies with age, gender, activity)
Nutrition 44
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Metabolism
• Utilization of end products of digestion – Nutrients – Energy
• Metabolic rate – Energy needed for all activities – Average 2000 Cal/day (varies with age, gender,
activity)
• Basal metabolic rate – Energy needed to stay alive – Females – 1300 – 1500 Cal/day – Males – 1600 – 1800 Cal/day
Nutrition 45
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Metabolism
• Malnourished
– Adequate calories, but not right foods
Nutrition 46
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Kwashiokor
Nutrition 47
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Metabolism
• Malnourished
– Adequate calories, but not right foods
• Undernourished
– Inadequate calories
Nutrition 48
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Body Mass Index (BMI)
Nutrition 49
• Measure of body fat based on height and weight (applies ot adults)
– {weight (lb) / [height (in)]2 x 703
• < 18.5 – underweight
• 18.5 – 24.9 – normal
• > 25.0-29.9 – overweight
• > 29.9 -- obese
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Body Mass Index (BMI)
Nutrition 50