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Drafted and presented by the author himself. It is meant for aquaculture experts or scholars only. visit http://www.facebook.com/89koushik.roy Seminar on Nutrients in Pond Fish Farming

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Page 1: Nutrients in aquaculture (Sources, Types, Dynamics, Effect, Quality and Quantity in aquatic ecosystem)
Page 2: Nutrients in aquaculture (Sources, Types, Dynamics, Effect, Quality and Quantity in aquatic ecosystem)
Page 3: Nutrients in aquaculture (Sources, Types, Dynamics, Effect, Quality and Quantity in aquatic ecosystem)
Page 4: Nutrients in aquaculture (Sources, Types, Dynamics, Effect, Quality and Quantity in aquatic ecosystem)
Page 5: Nutrients in aquaculture (Sources, Types, Dynamics, Effect, Quality and Quantity in aquatic ecosystem)
Page 6: Nutrients in aquaculture (Sources, Types, Dynamics, Effect, Quality and Quantity in aquatic ecosystem)

Fertilizer and organic derived

nutrients

Food nutrients

Nutrients fixed in biomass

Page 7: Nutrients in aquaculture (Sources, Types, Dynamics, Effect, Quality and Quantity in aquatic ecosystem)

SOURCE

• Inorganic fertilizers (E.g.- urea, ssp, etc.)

• Organic manures (E.g.- FYM, Animal excreta, etc.)

• Benthic sediments (E.g.- Bottom muck, silt, etc.)

• Dead and decaying organic matter (E.g.-

Decomposing feed, dead plants/animals, etc.)

• Run-off from adjacent fields & catchment areas

SINK

• Utilization by primary producers.

• Assimilation by secondary & tertiary

consumers.

• Lost into the atmosphere or surrounding

environment.

• Locked or trapped within benthic sediments.

Page 8: Nutrients in aquaculture (Sources, Types, Dynamics, Effect, Quality and Quantity in aquatic ecosystem)

SOURCE

• Feed (E.g.- Natural, supplementary, artificial)

• Absorption from environment (E.g.- Through skin,

gills & during osmoregulatory processes)

SINK

• Proteins & enzymes.

• Carbohydrates

• Lipids

• Vitamins, minerals & hormones.

Page 9: Nutrients in aquaculture (Sources, Types, Dynamics, Effect, Quality and Quantity in aquatic ecosystem)

• Nitrogen (N), Phoshphorus (P), Pottasium (K), Inorganic carbon (C) (in Kg)

Macro-nutrients

(required in larger

quantities, i.e.- in

Kg, gm, etc.)

• Iron (Fe), Cobalt (Co), Copper (Cu), Chlorine (Cl), Boron (B), Selenium (Se), Chromium (Cr), Molybdenum (Mo), Zinc (Zn), Manganese (Mn), Sillicon (Si), Sodium (Na), Magnesium (Mg). (in mg)

• Vitamins A,D,E,K, (in µg ) B-complex, C, Choline, Inositol, biotin, etc. (in I.U.)

Micro-nutrients

(required in minute

quantities, i.e.- in

mg, µg, I.U., etc.)

• Sulphur (S), Calcium (Ca), Hydrogen (H), Oxygen (O) (in gm)

Page 10: Nutrients in aquaculture (Sources, Types, Dynamics, Effect, Quality and Quantity in aquatic ecosystem)

SOURCE

• Natural food (E.g.- Phytoplankton, plants,

zooplankton, bacterioplankton)

• Supplementary feed (E.g.- larval feed, grow out

feed, broodstock feed.)

• Detritus

SINK

• Fixed into biomass or standing crop.

• Lost through harvested biomass or crop.

• Recycled into environment by bacterioplankton.

• Locked or trapped within benthic sediments.

Page 11: Nutrients in aquaculture (Sources, Types, Dynamics, Effect, Quality and Quantity in aquatic ecosystem)
Page 12: Nutrients in aquaculture (Sources, Types, Dynamics, Effect, Quality and Quantity in aquatic ecosystem)
Page 13: Nutrients in aquaculture (Sources, Types, Dynamics, Effect, Quality and Quantity in aquatic ecosystem)
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Page 15: Nutrients in aquaculture (Sources, Types, Dynamics, Effect, Quality and Quantity in aquatic ecosystem)

SOURCE (in aquatic systems)

Weathering of phosphorus

containing rocks, Phosphate fertilizers

Agricultural and urban drainage

Atmospheric dust

Animal wasteDecomposition of

organic matter

Page 16: Nutrients in aquaculture (Sources, Types, Dynamics, Effect, Quality and Quantity in aquatic ecosystem)
Page 17: Nutrients in aquaculture (Sources, Types, Dynamics, Effect, Quality and Quantity in aquatic ecosystem)
Page 18: Nutrients in aquaculture (Sources, Types, Dynamics, Effect, Quality and Quantity in aquatic ecosystem)

(From Knud-Hansen, 1998)

Page 19: Nutrients in aquaculture (Sources, Types, Dynamics, Effect, Quality and Quantity in aquatic ecosystem)
Page 20: Nutrients in aquaculture (Sources, Types, Dynamics, Effect, Quality and Quantity in aquatic ecosystem)

(From Knud-Hansen, 1998)

Page 21: Nutrients in aquaculture (Sources, Types, Dynamics, Effect, Quality and Quantity in aquatic ecosystem)
Page 22: Nutrients in aquaculture (Sources, Types, Dynamics, Effect, Quality and Quantity in aquatic ecosystem)

SOURCE (in aquatic systems)

Fertilisation Precipitation Run-off N-fixing algaeDecomposition of

organic matterSeepage

Page 23: Nutrients in aquaculture (Sources, Types, Dynamics, Effect, Quality and Quantity in aquatic ecosystem)
Page 24: Nutrients in aquaculture (Sources, Types, Dynamics, Effect, Quality and Quantity in aquatic ecosystem)
Page 25: Nutrients in aquaculture (Sources, Types, Dynamics, Effect, Quality and Quantity in aquatic ecosystem)
Page 26: Nutrients in aquaculture (Sources, Types, Dynamics, Effect, Quality and Quantity in aquatic ecosystem)
Page 27: Nutrients in aquaculture (Sources, Types, Dynamics, Effect, Quality and Quantity in aquatic ecosystem)
Page 28: Nutrients in aquaculture (Sources, Types, Dynamics, Effect, Quality and Quantity in aquatic ecosystem)

(From Knud-Hansen, 1998)

Page 29: Nutrients in aquaculture (Sources, Types, Dynamics, Effect, Quality and Quantity in aquatic ecosystem)

(From Knud-Hansen, 1998)

Page 30: Nutrients in aquaculture (Sources, Types, Dynamics, Effect, Quality and Quantity in aquatic ecosystem)

Forms of Carbon

Carbon dioxide (CO2)

Bicarbonate (HCO3

-)

Carbonate (CO32-)

Page 31: Nutrients in aquaculture (Sources, Types, Dynamics, Effect, Quality and Quantity in aquatic ecosystem)

SOURCES (in aquatic systems)

Solution of atmospheric CO2

Dissolution of the common rock limestone

Decomposition of organic matter

Page 32: Nutrients in aquaculture (Sources, Types, Dynamics, Effect, Quality and Quantity in aquatic ecosystem)
Page 33: Nutrients in aquaculture (Sources, Types, Dynamics, Effect, Quality and Quantity in aquatic ecosystem)

Relationship between pH and approximate relative percentages of total dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) (Knud-hansen, 1998)

Page 34: Nutrients in aquaculture (Sources, Types, Dynamics, Effect, Quality and Quantity in aquatic ecosystem)

Diel (24-hour) curves of total dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC), ammonia-

N, alkalinity, pH, and dissolved oxygen (DO) in a productive pond. (Knud-hansen, 1998)

Page 35: Nutrients in aquaculture (Sources, Types, Dynamics, Effect, Quality and Quantity in aquatic ecosystem)
Page 36: Nutrients in aquaculture (Sources, Types, Dynamics, Effect, Quality and Quantity in aquatic ecosystem)

Oxygen & Water Cycle in Pond

Page 37: Nutrients in aquaculture (Sources, Types, Dynamics, Effect, Quality and Quantity in aquatic ecosystem)

Oxygen consumption pattern (Principles of aquaculture, 1998)

IdealDuring algal bloom or weed infestation

During cloudy day

During continuous cloudy day

Page 38: Nutrients in aquaculture (Sources, Types, Dynamics, Effect, Quality and Quantity in aquatic ecosystem)
Page 39: Nutrients in aquaculture (Sources, Types, Dynamics, Effect, Quality and Quantity in aquatic ecosystem)
Page 40: Nutrients in aquaculture (Sources, Types, Dynamics, Effect, Quality and Quantity in aquatic ecosystem)

Element % of dry weight Source Function

Carbon 50organic compounds or CO2

Main constituent of cellular material

Oxygen 20H2O, organic compounds, CO2, and O2

Constituent of cell material and cell water; O2 is electron acceptor in aerobic respiration

Nitrogen 14NH3, NO3, organic compounds, N2

Constituent of amino acids, nucleic acids nucleotides, and coenzymes

Hydrogen 8H2O, organic compounds, H2

Main constituent of organic compounds and cell water

Phosphorus 3inorganic phosphates (PO4)

Constituent of nucleic acids, nucleotides, phospholipids, LPS, teichoic acids

Page 41: Nutrients in aquaculture (Sources, Types, Dynamics, Effect, Quality and Quantity in aquatic ecosystem)

Sulfur 1SO4, H2S, S, organic sulfur compounds

Constituent of cysteine, methionine, glutathione, several coenzymes

Potassium 1 Potassium saltsMain cellular inorganic cation and cofactor for certain enzymes

Magnesium 0.5 Magnesium saltsInorganic cellular cation, cofactor for certain enzymatic reactions

Calcium 0.5 Calcium saltsInorganic cellular cation, cofactor for certain enzymes and a component of endospores

Iron 0.2 Iron salts

Component of cytochromes and certain nonheme iron-proteins and a cofactor for some enzymatic reactions

Page 42: Nutrients in aquaculture (Sources, Types, Dynamics, Effect, Quality and Quantity in aquatic ecosystem)

Micronutrient Utility Active Form

Page 43: Nutrients in aquaculture (Sources, Types, Dynamics, Effect, Quality and Quantity in aquatic ecosystem)
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Page 45: Nutrients in aquaculture (Sources, Types, Dynamics, Effect, Quality and Quantity in aquatic ecosystem)
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Page 47: Nutrients in aquaculture (Sources, Types, Dynamics, Effect, Quality and Quantity in aquatic ecosystem)
Page 48: Nutrients in aquaculture (Sources, Types, Dynamics, Effect, Quality and Quantity in aquatic ecosystem)

Inorganic

Major nutrients: Nitrogen, Phosphorus, Potash and Calcium

Minor elements: Manganese, Boron, Sulphur, Iron, Cobalt, Copper, Zinc

Organic

Animal waste

Green manure

Compost

Page 49: Nutrients in aquaculture (Sources, Types, Dynamics, Effect, Quality and Quantity in aquatic ecosystem)

Item Organic fertilizers Inorganic fertilizers

Storage Difficult, only short time Easy, possibly for long time

Distribution Difficult, esp. on larger scale Easy

Mineral content Variable, low Consistent, high to very high

Organic matter Present Absent

Effect on soil structure Improvement No

Direct food for fish Yes No

Decomposition process Yes, with oxygen consumption No

Price Low to medium High to very high

Cost per nutrient unit Higher Lower

AvailabilityPossibly in neighbourhood or even on own farm

Commercial suppliers only; sometimes imported

Direct pond fertilizationPossible by raising animals on or near the pond

Not feasible

Page 50: Nutrients in aquaculture (Sources, Types, Dynamics, Effect, Quality and Quantity in aquatic ecosystem)

Poor:

<0.5%

Medium:

0.5-1.5%

High: 1.5-2.5%

Excessive: >2.5%

Organic Carbon content vs. Productivity of pond

(Handbook of Fisheries, 2011, ICAR Publ.)

Page 51: Nutrients in aquaculture (Sources, Types, Dynamics, Effect, Quality and Quantity in aquatic ecosystem)

Available-Nitrogen content vs. Productivity of pond

Low:

<250ppm

Medium: 250-

500ppm

High:

>500ppm

(Handbook of Fisheries, 2011, ICAR Publ.)

Page 52: Nutrients in aquaculture (Sources, Types, Dynamics, Effect, Quality and Quantity in aquatic ecosystem)

Available-Phosphorus content vs. Productivity of pond

Poor:

<30ppm

Average:

30-60ppm

Good: 60-

120ppm

High:

>120ppm

(Handbook of Fisheries, 2011, ICAR Publ.)

Page 53: Nutrients in aquaculture (Sources, Types, Dynamics, Effect, Quality and Quantity in aquatic ecosystem)

C:N Ratio vs. Productivity of pond via Mineralization

Unsuitable

: <10

Best: 10-15

Good: 15-20

Bad: >20

(Handbook of Fisheries, 2011, ICAR Publ.)

Page 54: Nutrients in aquaculture (Sources, Types, Dynamics, Effect, Quality and Quantity in aquatic ecosystem)

Poor:

>12

Bad: 8-12

Good : 4-8

Best: <4

N:P Ratio vs. Productivity of pond via Assimilation

(Handbook of Fisheries, 2011, ICAR Publ.)

Page 55: Nutrients in aquaculture (Sources, Types, Dynamics, Effect, Quality and Quantity in aquatic ecosystem)

Desirable

concentrations

for good algal

production:

Phosphates

> 0.2 mg/l

Total P > 0.4

mg/l

Nitrates

> 2 mg/l

Total N > 1.5-3

mg/l

Potassium

> 1 mg/l

Oxygen

> 4 mg/lit

Best P:N ratio =

1:4 to 1:8

Total alkalinity

60 – 400 ppm

Total Hardness

40 – 300 ppmpH – 7.5 to 8.5

(Handbook of Fisheries, 2011, ICAR Publ.)

Page 56: Nutrients in aquaculture (Sources, Types, Dynamics, Effect, Quality and Quantity in aquatic ecosystem)

Fertilizer Phosphorus Potassium

Eq. P2O5 Total P(P2O5 x 0.44)

Eq. K2O Total K(K2O x 0.83)

PHOSPHATE FERTILISERS

Basic slag 16-20 7.0-8.8 - -

Superphosphate 14-20 6.2-8.8 - Trace

Triple superphosphate 44-54 19.4-23.8 - -

Page 57: Nutrients in aquaculture (Sources, Types, Dynamics, Effect, Quality and Quantity in aquatic ecosystem)

Fertilizer Phosphorus Nitrogen

Eq. P2O5 Total P(P2O5 x 0.44)

N

NITROGENOUS FERTILISERS

Ammonium nitrate - - 33-35

Ammonium sulphate - - 20-22

Ammonium phosphate 20-48 8.8-21.1 11-16

Di-ammonium phosphate 48-52 21.1-22.9 18-21

Calcium nitrate - - 15-16

Sodium nitrate - - 15-16

Urea - - 42-47

Page 58: Nutrients in aquaculture (Sources, Types, Dynamics, Effect, Quality and Quantity in aquatic ecosystem)

Fertilizer Nitrogen Potassium

N Eq. K2O Total K(K2O x 0.83)

POTASSIC FERTILIZERS

Kainite (MgS04+KCI) - 20 16.6

Potassium nitrate 13-14 44-46 36.5-38.2

Potassium sulphate - 45-54 37.4-44.8

Muriate of potash - 50-62 41.5-51.5

Page 59: Nutrients in aquaculture (Sources, Types, Dynamics, Effect, Quality and Quantity in aquatic ecosystem)

Animal/Poultry Country N P K

percent of oven-dry weight

Buffalo Dung India 0.750.20 2.00

Horse Dung India 1.88 0.52 1.00

Cattle Dung India 1.65 0.44 0.83

Sheep Dung India 1.55 0.70 0.72

Goat Dung India 2.04 0.73 0.47

Page 60: Nutrients in aquaculture (Sources, Types, Dynamics, Effect, Quality and Quantity in aquatic ecosystem)

Animal/Poultry Country N P K

Pig Dung China 2.66 1.37 1.47

Duck Droppings India 2.15 1.13 1.15

Chicken Droppings India 2.87 1.28 1.95

Page 61: Nutrients in aquaculture (Sources, Types, Dynamics, Effect, Quality and Quantity in aquatic ecosystem)

Pond Types(Productivity)

Organic Carbon(%)

Available Nutrients (mg/100g)

Nutrient requirement

(Kg/ha)

Total quantity of fertilizer or

manure(Kg/ha/yr)

Low Below 0.5 N: below 25

P2O5: below 3

N: 200-250P2O5: 100-125

Org. C: 600-720

Urea @225-290SSP@315-405Cow dung@ 10000-12000

Medium 0.5 – 1.5 N: 25 - 50

P2O5: 3 - 6

N: 150-200P2O5: 75-100

Org. C: 480-600

Urea @156-225SSP@219-315Cow dung@ 8000-10000

High 1.5 – 2.5 N: above 25

P2O5: above 3

N: 150-200P2O5: 75-100

Org. C: 480-600

Urea @112-156SSP@156-219Cow dung@ 5000-8000

Page 62: Nutrients in aquaculture (Sources, Types, Dynamics, Effect, Quality and Quantity in aquatic ecosystem)
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Page 65: Nutrients in aquaculture (Sources, Types, Dynamics, Effect, Quality and Quantity in aquatic ecosystem)

(Handbook of Fisheries, 2011, ICAR Publ.)

Page 66: Nutrients in aquaculture (Sources, Types, Dynamics, Effect, Quality and Quantity in aquatic ecosystem)

Amino acid % of protein % of diet

Arginine 4.2 1.6

Histadine 2.1 0.8

Isoleucine 2.3 0.9

Leucine 3.4 1.3

Lysine 5.7 2.2

Methionine 3.1 1.2

Phenylalanine 6.5 2.5

Threonine 3.9 1.5

Tryptophan 0.8 0.3

Valine 3.6 1.4

Page 67: Nutrients in aquaculture (Sources, Types, Dynamics, Effect, Quality and Quantity in aquatic ecosystem)
Page 68: Nutrients in aquaculture (Sources, Types, Dynamics, Effect, Quality and Quantity in aquatic ecosystem)

(Handbook of Fisheries, 2011, ICAR Publ.)

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Page 70: Nutrients in aquaculture (Sources, Types, Dynamics, Effect, Quality and Quantity in aquatic ecosystem)

(Handbook of Fisheries, 2011, ICAR Publ.)

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Vitamin Requirement (mg/kg diet)Major vitamin deficiency

symptoms

FAT-SOLUBLE VITAMINS

Vitamin A 10 000 IUFaded colour, exophthalmia, hemorrhages

on fin and skin

Vitamin D N None detected

Vitamin E 200–300 Muscular dystrophy, mortality

Vitamin K N None detected

Page 73: Nutrients in aquaculture (Sources, Types, Dynamics, Effect, Quality and Quantity in aquatic ecosystem)

WATER-SOLUBLE VITAMINS

Thiamin Na Nervousness and fading of body colour.

Riboflavin 7.0 Hemorrhages on skin, fin, mortality

Pyridoxine 5–6 Nervous disorders

Pantothenicacid

30–50Poor growth, anaemia, skin hemorrhages,exophthalmia

Nidcotinic acid 28 Hemorrhages on skin, mortality

Biotin 1 Poor growth

Folic acid N None detected

Vitamin B12 N None detected

Choline 4 000 Fatty liver

Inositol 440 Skin lesions

Ascorbic acid Na Impaired collagen formation

Page 74: Nutrients in aquaculture (Sources, Types, Dynamics, Effect, Quality and Quantity in aquatic ecosystem)

Minerals Quantity/Kg of diet

Primary minerals

Calcium 10-18 g

Phosphorus 18 g

Magnesium 0.8-1 g

Sodium 6 g

Potassium 9 g

Sulphur 0.2 g

Page 75: Nutrients in aquaculture (Sources, Types, Dynamics, Effect, Quality and Quantity in aquatic ecosystem)

Minerals Quantity/Kg of diet

Trace Elements

Manganese 20 mg

Zinc 50-100 mg

Iron 5-20 mg

Cobalt 10 mg

Selenium 1 mg

Chlorine Traces

Copper 25 mg

Molybdenum Traces

Chromium Traces

Fluorine Traces

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